Units 5 & 6
History of Sustainable Management Strategies
Process
Oriented
Product
Oriented
System
Oriented
Business As Usual
Extended Product
responsibility
Industrial Ecology
Compliance with regulation
Pollution Prevention
EIA
Energy Audit
Environment Audits
Employee Engagement
Eco – efficiency
Design for Environment
LCA
Packaging sustainability
LCA
Sustainable product design
Product certification & Labelling
Carbon foot print reduction
The Size of the box represents time and efforts needed.
Creating loop closing
industrial ecosystems
Promoting waste exchanges
Circular Economy
Supply chain sustainability
Sustainability as CORE to business
CSR
Technology Integration
Partnership and collaboration
S
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t
a
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a
b
i
l
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t
y
Sustainability
Stakeholders
Integrated
Systems
EMS
implementation
Design for Environment
Product Stewardship
Zero Discharge
Pollution Prevention
Compliance Audits
End of Pipe Treatment
Non - Compliance
Overall Product Management Strategies to
attain Sustainability
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1.Dematerialization
2.Life Cycle Management
3.Product Service Systems
4.The Triple Bottom Line Concept
5.Policies
6.Reporting
7.Education and training
1.Dematerialization
• Addressing needs and functionality rather than the product alone
• Reducing the material and resource intensity associated with the
production and use of goods and services.
• The goal is to achieve the same or higher levels of utility, performance,
or value while using fewer raw materials and minimizing
environmental impact.
• Tracking throughput of materials and energy in industrial and
consumption processes
• Major increase in resource productivity
2.Life Cycle Management
Return to the
environment
Consumption/
Use
Obsolescence Society’s Need
for Products and
Services
Re-Use
Manufacturing
• Life cycle thinking needs tools to make it practical
to regular activities and decisions.
Recycling
Exploration
Refining
Life cycle thinking provides a holistic
framework taking the entire system of a
product, process or service into account,
enabling us to make realistic choices for the
longer term taking multiple factors into
account.
Extraction
3.Product Service Systems: Definition
“A Product-Service System can be defined as the result of an innovation strategy,
shifting the business focus from designing and selling physical products only, to
selling a system of products and services which are jointly capable of fulfilling
specific client demands.”
(UNEP)
Three main approaches:
• Services providing added value to the product life cycle
• Services providing “final results” for customers
• Services providing “enabling platforms” for customers
Sustainable Procurement
Sustainable procurement is the process in which organisations buy supplies or services by
taking into account:
• the best value for money considerations such as, price, quality, availability,
functionality, etc.;
• environmental aspects ("green procurement": the effects on the environment that the
product and/or service has over its whole lifecycle, from cradle to the cradle);
• the entire Life Cycle of products;
• social aspects: effects on issues such as poverty eradication, international equity in the
distribution of resources, labour conditions, human rights.
4.The Triple Bottom Line Concept
Three Pillars of Sustainable Development
Society
Environment
Sustainable
Development
Economy
5.Policies and instruments
• Integrated Product Policy
• Policy instruments to encourage Sustainable Consumption and Production
 Regulatory: standards, norms, EPR (environmental performance reviews),
labelling, (enforcement)
 Economic instruments: taxes, subsidies, credits, financial incentives, etc.
 Social: awareness raising, education, information, voluntary initiatives
 Others: indicators, green accounting...
Integrated Product Policy (IPP)
• Life-Cycle Thinking – cumulative environmental impacts - from the “cradle to
the grave/cradle”. Plastic - Road (C – G); Plastic - Fuel (C – C)
• Working with the market – setting incentives so that the market moves in a
more sustainable direction by encouraging the supply and demand of greener
products.
• Stakeholder Involvement – it aims to encourage all those who come into
contact with the product
• Continuous Improvement – improvements can often be made to decrease a
product’s environmental impacts
• A Variety of Policy Instruments – the IPP approach requires a number of
different instruments because there are such a variety of products and
different stakeholders.
• Environmental Policy statement
• Environmental Impact assessment
• Emergency preparedness
• Environmental Statements
• Environmental communication
• Environmental Public relations
• ESG
Procedural tools to achieve sustainable business
management
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Environmental Management Systems
Environmental Audit
Eco-design (P2/CP)
Environmental Performance Review (E P R)
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Total Quality Environmental Management (TQEM)
Analytical tools to achieve sustainable business management
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Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
Material Input per Unit of Service (MIPS)
Environmental Risk Analysis (ERA)
Material Flow Accounting (MFA)
Cumulative Energy Requirements Analysis (CERA)
Environmental Input-Output Analysis (IOA)
Life Cycle Costing (LCC)
Total cost accounting (TCA)
Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Matrices
Checklists
Life Cycle Assessment
A Scientific Way to Look at
Going Green!
Being Green is Trendy . . . . . . . . . . .
What Does Science Say?
• Industry is looking for ways to green
their products and manufacturing
processes.
• How can you tell if something really is
green??
• What is currently happening to achieve
this goal?
• Scientists perform a Life Cycle Analysis
(LCA)
www.scienceinthebox.com
Life Cycle Analysis
The Life cycle concept (ISO 14040)
Industrial systems are comprised of interdependent processes and activities, requiring a
systems approach for considering technology from a “cradle-to-grave/cradle”
perspective.
The Environment
Inputs
The
Industrial
System
Outputs
Definition:
“Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs
and the potential environmental impacts of a
product system throughout its life cycle”
This establishes an environmental profile of the
system!
ISO = International Organization for
Standardization
Ensures that an LCA is completed
in a certain way.
WHAT CAN BE DONE
WITH LCA?
1.Product or project
development and
improvement
2.Strategic planning
3.Public policy making
4.Marketing and ecodeclarations
Product Life Cycle
M, E
M, E
Ra w Material
Acquisition
W
M, E
Ma terial
Processing
W
M, E
Ma nufacture
& Assembly
M, E
Use &
Service
W
W
M, E
Re tirement
& Recovery
Treatment
Disposal
W
W
reuse
rema nufacture
clo sed-loop recycle
open-loop
re cycle
M, E = Material and Energy inputs to process and distribution
W = Waste (gas, liquid, or solid) output from product, process, or distribution
Material flow of product component
Life Cycle Analysis
The Life Cycle Assessment
Framework
Direct applications
Inventory
Analysis
Impact
Assessment
source: www.epa.gov.in
Interpretation
Goal & scope
definition
Product development
 Strategic Planning
 Public policy making
 Marketing
 Other
• It is important to establish beforehand what purpose the
model is to serve, what one wishes to study, what depth and
degree of accuracy are required, and what will ultimately
become the decision criteria.
• In addition, the system boundaries - for both time and place should be determined.
Thus, pay special attention to:
• Basis for evaluation (what and why)
• Temporal boundaries (time scale)
• Spatial boundaries (geographic)
Goal and Scope
Wooden Pencil vs. Mechanical Pencil
Goal = Compare 2 writing utensils for classroom use.
Scope: Wooden Pencil (T = Transportation)
Process Flow Diagram
T
T
T
Lumber
Lumber
Forest
Mill
Rubber
Graphite
Manufacture
T
T
T
Packaging
Brass
T
Retailer
T
T
Use
End of
Life
(Landfill)
Scope: Mechanical Pencil
PE = Polyethylene
PP = Polypropylene
Both materials are plastic polymers (large
molecules) used to make many products.
T
Oil
T
PE / PP
Rubber
Graphite
Spring
T
Manufacture
T
Retailer
T
Use
T
T
T
Packaging
www.germes-online.com
T
End of
Life
(Landfill)
T = Transportation
• This means that the inputs and outputs of all life-cycle processes have
to be determined in terms of material and energy.
• Start with making a process tree or a flow-chart classifying the events in
a product’s life-cycle which are to be considered in the LCA, plus their
interrelations.
• Next, start collecting the relevant data for each event: the emissions
from each process and the resources (back to raw materials) used.
• Establish (correct) material and energy balance(s) for each process stage
and event.
Function & Functional Unit
Function
• Service provided by a system
• What it does!
Functional Unit
• Gives the function a number
value
• Allows comparison between
products
• Reference point
Example
Wooden Pencil vs. Mechanical
Pencil
• Function = “Writing”
• Functional Unit = “1 meter of
writing”
Items To Consider??
Inputs
What is needed to make
the substance!
1. Energy
2. Materials
3. Labor
Outputs
What comes out of the
system!
1. Products (electricity,
materials, goods,
services)
2. Waste
3. Emissions
4. Co-products
Data Collection
Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Time-sensitive = past 5 years
Geographical = does it match
the location from the goal
Technology = best available
technology for process
Representativeness = reflects
population of interest
Consistency = matches the
procedure
Reproducibility = another
person could find it
Never Forget . . . . . . .
Precision:
The consistent reproducibility
of a measurement
Completeness:
Covers all the areas outlined
in the scope
Problems in Inventory Analysis
• The inventory phase usually takes a great deal of time and effort and mistakes
are easily made.
• There exists published data on impacts of different materials such as plastics,
aluminum, steel, paper, etc.
• However, the data is often inconsistent and not directly applicable due to different goals and
scope.
• It is expected that both the quantity and quality of data will improve in the future.
• Mass and energy balances are not correct and defy laws of thermodynamics.
• Results are generalized improperly.
LCA in Action: Think About It!
Paper Plate vs. China (Plate You Wash & Reuse)
 What is the function?
 What is the functional unit?
 What materials & resources
are used?
 What does it take to produce
both?
 What are the impacts to the
environment?
 Is there waste?
 Does washing the China
produce waste?
 What types of data do you
need?
 How do you know
which is better?
Global Warming Potential
• Gases in the atmosphere that
absorb and emit radiation
• Trap heat from the sun
• Water vapor, CO2 , CH4 , ozone,
NO2
Abiotic Depletion
• Consumption of non-living
resources
Human Toxicity Potential
• Value that shows harm to
humans from chemicals
Land Use
• How much land is needed
Environmental Impact Categories
Continued . . . . .
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Eutrophication
Increase in chemical nutrients
containing nitrogen or phosphorus
land or water
overgrowth of plants
killing organisms at bottom of
water
Water Use
Mercury
Acidification
• caused by pollution from fuels &
acid rain
• low pH
Smog (Winter or Summer)
Energy Use
Solid Waste
Oil
. . . . . . . AND MANY MORE!!
• The final step in Life-Cycle Analysis is to identify areas for
improvement.
• Consult the original goal definition for the purpose of the analysis and
the target group.
• Life-cycle areas/processes/events with large impacts (i.e., high
numerical values) are clearly the most obvious candidates
• However, what are the resources required and risk involved?
• Good areas of improvement are those where large improvements can be made
with minimal (corporate) resource expenditure and low risk.
Life Cycle Analysis
Advantages of LCA
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Supports decision-making for product/production systems with scientific data
and competence
Identifies opportunities of improvement
Identifies key impacts and life-cycle stages of system
Improves marketability of product (ecolabelling, environmental
claim, product declaration)
Identifies trade offs and information gaps
Results in cost reductions, enhanced public image, competitive advantages,
performance, productivity and profits
Helps companies to adopt a remanufacture approach to reduce the resource use
and cost
Provides guidance towards optimizing the actual technology implementation by
pinpointing process steps with high environmental impact
Life Cycle Analysis
Limitations of LCA
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Availability and quality of life-cycle inventory data
Uncertainties in the inventory and in the impact assessment
methodology
Impossible to assess the quality of results due to its complexity
Differences in LCA problem formulation due to differences in
values
High cost associated with a comprehensive LCA
Practical difficulty in carrying out detailed life-cycle inventories and
also to translate the results into appropriate actions
Time consuming and complex nature of LCA