VELTECH MULTITECH Dr. RANGARAJAN Dr. SAKUNTHALA ENGINEERING
COLLEGE
231GE111 - BASIC ENGINEERING SCIENCE
QUESTION BANK
UNIT 1
PART – A (MCQ QUESTIONS)
1. What are the main levels of a power system? ( CL 1) (CO1)
a) Generation , Consumption and control
b) Generation , Transmission and Distribution
c) Production, Storage, and Transportation
d) Renewable, Non-renewable, and Nuclear
2. Which level of the power system is responsible for generating electrical energy? ( C01.1)
(CL1)
a) Transmission
b) Distribution
c) Generation
d) Consumption
3. High-voltage transmission lines are primarily used for: ( CL 1.1) (CL 1)
a) Supplying electricity to homes and businesses
b) Distributing electricity within a city
c) Transmitting electricity over long distances
d) Generating electricity from renewable sources
4. The distribution level of a power system is responsible for: ( C01.1) (CL1)
a) Transmission
a) Generating electricity
b) Transmitting electricity to substations
c) Delivering electricity to end-users
d) Controlling the voltage in the transmission lines
5. Which type of power system structure involves decentralized generation and local
distribution, often with renewable energy sources? ( C01.2) (CL1)
a) Transmission
a) Centralized power system
b) Smart Grid system
c) Micro grid system
d) Conventional power system
6. Load shedding in a power system is done to: ( C01.2) (CL1)
a) Increase power generation
b) Reduce electricity bills for consumers
c) Prevent grid overload and maintain stability
d) Promote the use of renewable energy sources
7. Which of the following energy sources is commonly used for thermal power generation?
( C01.2) (CL1)
a) Wind
b) Solar
c) Coal
d) Hydro
8. Nuclear power plants primarily generate electricity through the process of: ( C01.2) (CL1)
a) Combustion
b) Fission
c) Fusion
d) Solar radiation
9. Which renewable energy source is harnessed through the use of photovoltaic cells? ( C01.3)
(CL1)
a) Wind
b) Biomass
c) Solar
d) Geothermal
10. What is the primary fuel source for most natural gas power plants? ( C01.3) (CL1)
a) Uranium
b) Petroleum
c) Natural gas
d) Coal
11. Geothermal power generation is based on: ( C01.3) (CL1)
a) Tapping into underground oil reserves
b) Extracting heat from Earth's interior
c) Capturing wind energy
d) Using ocean tides to generate electricity
12. Which of the following power generation methods produces no direct greenhouse gas
emissions during operation? ( C01.3) (CL1)
a) Coal-fired power plants
b) Natural gas combined cycle plants
c) Wind turbines
d) Diesel generators
13. Which type of power generation involves the combustion of organic materials like wood,
crop waste, and animal dung? ( C01.3) (CL1)
a) Nuclear
b) Hydroelectric
c) Biomass
d) Geothermal
14. What is the primary purpose of electrical transmission lines in a power system? ( C01.4)
(CL1 )
a) To generate electricity
b) To distribute electricity to homes
c) To transfer electricity over long distances
d) To control voltage in substations
15. Which of the following materials is commonly used for the construction of high-voltage
transmission lines due to its low electrical resistance? ( C01.4) (CL1)
a) Copper
b) Aluminum
c) Steel
d) Plastic
16. What device is used to increase the voltage of electricity for efficient long-distance
transmission and then decrease it for distribution to consumers? ( C01.4) (CL1
a) Circuit breaker
b) Transformer
c) Capacitor
d) Generator
17. Which of the following transmission line configurations is commonly used to transmit
electricity at ultra-high voltages (UHV)? ( C01.5) (CL1 )
a) Single-phase
b) Three-phase
c) DC (Direct Current)
d) HVDC (High-Voltage Direct Current)
18. What is the purpose of transmission substations in the power grid? ( C01.5) (CL1 )
a) To generate electricity
b) To distribute electricity to homes
c) To transform voltage levels and control power flow
d) To monitor weather conditions
19. Which of the following transmission line types is buried underground and is commonly used
in urban areas to minimize visual impact and environmental disruption? ( C01.6) (CL1 )
a) Overhead lines
b) Submarine cables
c) Underground cables
d) Aerial lines
20. In the context of grid reliability, what does the term "grid congestion" refer to? ( C01.6)
(CL1)
a) A sudden power outage affecting the entire grid
b) Overloading of transmission lines due to high demand or limited capacity
c) A network of transmission lines without any congestion
d) Excessive voltage in the transmission lines
21. What is the primary purpose of electrical distribution in a power system? ( C01.6) (CL1)
a) To generate electricity
b) To transmit electricity over long distances
c) To deliver electricity to end-users
d) To control voltage in substations
22. Overhead distribution lines often use insulators made of which material to support the
conductors and prevent electrical contact with the poles or towers? ( C01.6) (CL1)
a) Aluminum
b) Rubber
c) Porcelain
d) Wood
23. In underground distribution systems, what type of cables are typically used to transmit
electrical power beneath the ground surface? ( C01.6) (CL1)
a) Aluminum cables
b) Overhead cables
c) Underground cables
d) Aerial cables
24. In distribution systems, what is the typical voltage level used for residential and commercial
customers?
( C01.3) (CL1)
a) 110 volts
b) 240 volts
c) 480 volts
d) 13,800 volts
25. Which of the following materials is commonly used as a dielectric in high-voltage
underground cables to improve insulation properties? ( CL 1)(CO1)
a) Air
b) Water
c) Oil
d) Sulfur
26. Insulators are used in electrical systems primarily to: ( CL 1)(CO1)
a) Enhance electrical conductivity
b) Transmit electrical energy efficiently
c) Prevent electrical leakage and ensure safety
d) Generate electrical power
27. Which type of electrical machine converts mechanical energy into electrical energy when
rotated by an external source, such as a turbine? ( CL 1)(CO1)
a) Transformer
b) Generator
c) Motor
d) Inverter
28. An electric motor is commonly used in which of the following applications? ( CL 1)(CO1)
a) Generating electricity from sunlight
b) Propelling an electric vehicle
c) Converting AC power to DC power
d) Regulating voltage in power distribution
29. What is the primary function of a transformer in an electrical system? ( CL 1)(CO1)
a) To generate electricity
b) To convert electrical energy into mechanical energy
c) To change voltage levels in an alternating current (AC) circuit
d) To store electrical energy for later use
30. In which type of electrical machine do you find a stator and a rotor, with the rotor spinning to
produce mechanical motion? ( CL 1)(CO1)
a) Synchronous generator
b) Induction motor
c) DC motor
d) Step-up transformer
31. Which of the following is a primary benefit of energy-efficient lighting technologies like
LED bulbs? ( CL 1)(CO1)
a) They emit more heat, reducing the need for heating systems.
b) They consume less electricity for the same amount of light output.
c) They require more frequent replacements, reducing waste.
d) They are less environmentally friendly due to their manufacturing process
32. What is the purpose of energy auditing in residential and commercial buildings? ( CL
1)(CO1)
a) To increase energy consumption
b) To identify opportunities for energy efficiency improvements
c) To maximize energy waste
d) To reduce energy costs
33. Which energy-saving technique involves using natural sunlight to illuminate indoor spaces
and reduce the need for artificial lighting? ( CL 1)(CO1)
a) Solar heating
b) Day lighting
c) Insulation
d) Geothermal cooling
PART – B (4 MARK QUESTIONS)
1. Describe the main components of a power generation system. Explain the role of a
turbine and generator in the generation of electrical energy. ( CL2) (CO1.1)
2. What is the purpose of a substation in a power transmission system? Briefly explain its
significance in maintaining grid reliability ( CL2) (CO1.2)
3. Enumerate the fundamental principle behind electricity generation in a thermal power
plant. Describe the key components involved in the process ( CL1) (CO1.2)
4. Describe the role of substations in the power transmission and distribution system.
Discuss how a substation helps in voltage transformation and its significance in grid
reliability ( CL 2) (CO1.3)
5. Discuss the distribution systems with neat block diagram ( CL 2) (CO1.3)
6. Discuss the importance of cable sizing in electrical distribution. Explain how the choice
of cable size depends on factors such as current, voltage, and load characteristics ( CL2)
(CO1.4)
7. Describe the working principle of an electric generator and its main components. Provide
an example of a practical application where generators are commonly used ( CL 2)
(CO1.5)
8. Describe the working principle of a transformer and its primary function in electrical
systems. Provide an example of how transformers are used to change voltage levels in the
power grid
( CL 2)
(CO1.6)
9. Illustrate the difference between AC and DC. ( CL 2) (CO1.7)
10. Illustrate the difference between overhead cables and underground cables. ( CL 2)
(CO1.7)
11. List the Energy Saving techniques ( CL 2) (CO1.8)
12. Tabulate the benefits of energy conservation? ( CL 2) (CO1.8)
PART – C (12 MARK QUESTIONS)
1. Discuss in detail the basic structure of a power system, including the functions and
components of each level (Generation, Transmission, and Distribution). Highlight
the key challenges associated with maintaining reliability and efficiency in such a
system
( CL 2) (CO1.1)
2. Examine the role of power generation in the overall power system. Provide an indepth explanation of different types of power plants and their contributions to
electricity generation. Discuss the environmental and economic implications of
various generation methods ( CL 2) (CO1.2)
3. Discuss the distribution level of a power system in detail. Explain the types of
distribution system and technologies used for distributing electricity to end-users. (
CL 3) (CO1.3)
4. How would you categorize the electrical power Sources? Discuss in detail. Discuss
different types of loads present in the distribution system and explain their
characteristics.
( CL 3)
(CO1.4)
5. Briefly discuss the different types of distribution systems ( CL 2) (CO1.5)
6. Briefly discuss the different types of cables and insulators with their neat diagram.
( CL 3) (CO1.6)
7. Discuss the principles of operation and applications of electric machines in detail.
Explain how generators work, the types of DC motor commonly used, and provide
examples of industries or scenarios where generators are essential for electricity
production ( CL 2) (CO1.7)
8. Categorize the energy saving and energy auditing techniques with perfect examples
( CL 2) (CO1.8)
UNIT II
1
The primary function of a resistor in an electronic circuit is --------- (CO2.1)
a) To store electrical energy
b) To amplify electrical signals
c) To control the flow of current
d) To convert AC to DC
The passive component stores electrical energy in an electric field
(CO2.1)
is ---------.
a) Resistor b) Capacitor c) Inductor d) Diode
(CL1)
The passive component allows current to flow in only one
direction and is commonly used for rectification purposes are -------.
a) Resistors b) Capacitors c) Inductors d) Diodes
Unit of capacitance is ___________
a)Volts b)Farad c)Henry d) Newton
The number of depletion layers in a transistor are ________.
a)four b)three c)one d)two
The frequency of a signal source that produces one cycle of a
waveform in one second is --------.
a) 1 Hz b) 1 kHz c) 1 MHz
d) 1 GHz
(CO2.1)
(CL1)
(CO2.1)
(CL1)
(CO2.1)
(CL1)
(CO2.1)
(CL1)
7
------------- of the following signal sources is commonly used in
digital logic circuits and microcontrollers.
a) Sine wave generator b) Square wave generator
c) Triangular wave generator d) Pulsed wave generator
(CO2.1)
(CL1)
8
A sawtooth wave generator is often used in applications related to:
a) Audio signal generation
b) Frequency modulation
c) Voltage regulation
d) Power amplification
Which of the following is a characteristic of an ideal DC signal
source?
a) It produces a varying voltage.
b) It produces a constant voltage.
c) It produces alternating voltage.
d) It produces pulsed voltage.
------------- of signal source generates a continuous waveform that
repeats indefinitely without any interruption.
a) AC signal source
b) DC signal source
c) Pulsed signal source d) Stepped signal source
When representing a non-ideal voltage source, what element is
often used in parallel to account for its internal resistance?
a) Capacitor b) Diode c) Resistor d) Inductor
(CO2.1)
(CL1)
(CO2.1)
(CL1)
(CO2.1)
(CL1)
(CO2.3)
(CL1)
2
3
4
5
6
9
10
11
(CL1)
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
In a non-ideal current source model, what element is typically
included in series to represent its internal resistance?
a) Capacitor b) Diode c) Resistor d) Inductor
A CRO can be used to measure _____________.
a) A.C. voltages only b) D.C. voltages only c) Frequency
d) All of the above
The cathode of a C.R.O. is usually coated with ___________.
a) Alkali metals
b) Tungsten or thorium oxide c) Copper
oxide
d) Barium or strontium oxide
In function generator, the output waveform of integrator is
__________.
a) sinusoidal b) square
c) triangular d) saw-tooth
The name of the model used to represent a non-ideal voltage
source with an internal resistance in a linear circuit is -----------.
a) Norton model
b) Thevenin model
c) Kirchhoff model
d) Maxwell model
The primary function of a DMM is -----------.
a) Generating signals
b) Measuring and displaying voltage,
current, and resistance
c) Controlling power supplies
d) Recording audio signals
-------------- is not typically measured by a DMM.
a) Voltage b) Temperature c) Current d) Resistance
The primary purpose of the continuity test mode on a DMM is -----. a) To measure voltage b) To check if a circuit is open or closed
c) To measure current d) To measure capacitance
The function of the "Auto Range" feature on a DMM is --------.
a) It automatically selects the appropriate measurement
range.
b) It provides auto-generated test reports.
c) It changes the units of measurement.
d) It records data for later analysis.
In a DMM, what is typically used to select the measurement
function (e.g., voltage, current, resistance)?
a) A touchscreen display
b) A voice command
c) A dial or rotary switch
d) A foot pedal
----------- is the typical range for measuring resistance with a
DMM.
a) 0-10 volts b) 0-100 amps c) 0-1 ohm d) 0-1000 hertz
The primary difference between a digital multimeter and an analog
multimeter is ----------------.
a) Digital multimeters display measurements as numbers,
while analog multimeters use a needle on a scale.
b) Digital multimeters are more durable.
c) Analog multimeters are more accurate.
d) Analog multimeters are more expensive.
In a VCVS, what is the primary relationship between the input
voltage (Vin) and the output voltage (Vout)?
(CO2.3)
(CL1)
(CO2.3)
(CL1)
(CO2.3)
(CL1)
(CO2.3)
(CL1)
(CO2.4)
(CL3)
(CO2.4)
(CL4)
(CO2.4)
(CL1)
(CO2.4)
(CL1)
(CO2.4)
(CL1)
(CO2.5)
(CL1)
(CO2.5)
(CL1)
(CO2.5)
(CL1)
(CO2.5)
(CL1)
25
26
27
28
29
30
a) Vin is proportional to Vout.
b) Vout is proportional to Vin.
c) Vin and Vout are inversely proportional.
d) There is no relationship between Vin and Vout.
---------- is the parameter used to represent the current gain of a
CCCS in circuit analysis.
a) A
b) B
c) K
d) G
-------- is the parameter used to represent the transconductance
(gain) of a VCCS in circuit analysis.
a) A
b) B
c) K
d) G
In a VCCS, what is the primary relationship between the input
voltage (Vin) and the output current (Iout)?
a) Vin is proportional to Iout.
b) Iout is proportional to Vin.
c) Vin and Iout are inversely proportional.
d) There is no relationship between Vin and Iout.
The function of the "trigger" in an oscilloscope is ---------.
a) Adjust the vertical scale b) Start and synchronize the
waveform display
c) Adjust the time base
d) Change the waveform shape
---------------- type of probe is commonly used with an oscilloscope
to measure high-frequency signals accurately?
a) Current probe b) Voltage probe c) Logic probe d) LCR probe
What does the "time/div" control on an oscilloscope allow you to
adjust?
a) Vertical scale b) Horizontal scale c) Trigger level d) Probe
attenuation
(CO2.5)
(CL1)
(CO2.6)
(CL1)
(CO2.6)
(CL1)
(CO2.6)
(CL1)
(CO2.6)
(CL1)
(CO2.6)
(CL1)
PART B
1-Give the differences between passive and active devices.-(CO2.1,CL2)
2-Mention in detail about the voltage and current sources.-(CO2.2,CL1)
3-Compare and contrast the characteristics of an ideal current source and a non-ideal current
source.-(CO2.3,CL2)
4-Write the concept behind current controlled current source.-(CO2.4,CL2)
5-Write the differences between ammeter and voltmeter-(CO2.5,CL2)
6-What is the need of RPS?-(CO2.6,CL2)
7-Mention the use of DMM in electronic circuits (CO2.6,CL2)
8-Why do we need an Oscilloscope?(CO2.5,CL1)
9-List out the applications of current controlled voltage source and voltage controlled current
source. (CO2.5,CL2)
10. List out the applications of CRO.(CO2.3,CL2)
11. A 120Ω resistor has a specified maximum power dissipation of 1 W. Calculate the maximum
current level. (CO2.1,CL2)
12. A potential difference across 24 Ω resistor is 12 V. What is the current through the resistor?
(CO2.1,CL2)
PART C
1. Explain the concept of an ideal voltage source. Discuss its characteristics and provide an
example.(CO2.1,CL2)
2- A circuit with three resistors in series and parallel. R1 = 4 ohms, R2 = 6 ohms, and R3 = 8
ohms. Calculate the total resistance of the circuit and the current passing through it when
connected to a 12-volt battery.(CO2.1,CL3)
3. Explain the concept of a current-controlled current source (CCCS) in electronic circuits.
Provide the symbol used to represent a CCCS and discuss its characteristics.(CO2.2,CL2)
4. Discuss the applications of VCCS in electronic circuits. Provide examples of circuits where
VCCS plays a crucial role in signal amplification or control.( CO2.3,CL2)
5. Consider a voltage-controlled current source (VCCS) with a gain factor of 5 mA/V. Connect
this VCCS to a 2 V input voltage source. Calculate the resulting output current and discuss how
the VCCS operates in this scenario. (CO2.4,CL2)
6. Discuss the advantages and limitations of using VCCS in electronic circuits. Highlight
scenarios where VCCS is particularly beneficial and cases where it may not be the best choice.
(CO2.5,CL2)
7. A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS) with a control factor of 2 V/A. Connect this
CCVS to a 3 A input current. Calculate the resulting output voltage.(CO2.6,CL2)
8. Discuss in detail the electronic systems used to measure various parameters in electronic
circuits. (CO2.7,CL2)
UNIT III
PART A (Objective Type – 1 mark)
1. What is the primary function of the CPU (Central Processing Unit) in a computer? (CO3.1,
CL1)
A) Storing data
B) Displaying graphics
C)
Executing instructions
D) Managing network connections
2. Which generation of computers used vacuum tubes for processing? (CO3.1, CL1)
A) First generation B) Second generation C) Third generation D) Fourth generation
3. The ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) in a computer is responsible for: (CO3.1, CL1)
A) Managing memory
B) Executing arithmetic and logic operations
C) Displaying output
D) Input processing
4. What is the function of the motherboard in a computer? (CO3.1, CL1)
A) Generating electricity
B) Providing internet connectivity
C) Connecting all internal components
D) Displaying images on the screen
5. Which component of a computer is responsible for temporarily storing data that can be quickly
accessed by the CPU? (CO3.2, CL1)
A) Hard disk drive (HDD)
B) Random Access Memory (RAM)
C) Central Processing Unit (CPU)
D) Power supply unit (PSU)
6. What does CPU stand for in the context of computer hardware? (CO3.2, CL1)
A) Central Processing Unit
B) Computer Peripheral Unit
C) Control Panel Unit
D) Central Power Unit
7. Which of the following is a volatile storage device used for temporarily storing data that the
CPU is currently processing? (CO3.2, CL1)
A) Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
B) Solid-State Drive (SSD)
C) Random Access Memory (RAM)
D) Read-Only Memory (ROM)
8. Which hardware component is responsible for displaying images and graphics on a computer
screen? (CO3.2, CL1)
A) Central Processing Unit (CPU)
B) Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
C) Motherboard
D) Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
9. What type of input device is a computer mouse? (CO3.2, CL1)
A) Output device
B) Storage device
C) Input device
D) Processing device
10. Which of the following is a removable storage device commonly used for data backup and
transfer? (CO3.2, CL1)
A) Optical drive
B) USB flash drive
C) Sound card
D) Power supply unit (PSU)
11. What is the term for software that manages computer hardware and provides common
services for computer programs? (CO3.2, CL1)
A) Application software
B) System software
C) Utility software
D) Firmware
12. Which type of software allows users to perform specific tasks such as word processing,
spread sheet calculations, or graphic design? (CO3.3, CL1)
A) System software
B) Utility software
C) Application software
D) Operating system software
13. Which operating system is known as an open-source and Linux-based operating system
widely used in servers and cloud computing? (CO3.3, CL1)
A) macOS
B) Windows
C) Ubuntu
D) Android
14. What is the role of an antivirus software program? (CO3.3, CL1)
A) Managing hardware resources
B) Creating documents and spreadsheets
C) Protecting against malware and viruses
D) Rendering graphics and images
15. Which software category includes programs that help optimize and maintain a computer's
performance, such as disk clean up and defragmentation tools? (CO3.3, CL1)
A) System software
B) Utility software
C) Application software
D) Operating system software
16. Which of the following is not a high-level programming language? (CO3.3, CL1)
A) Python
B) Assembly language
C) Java
D) C++
17. Which programming language is often used for web development and can be run on both the
client and server sides? (CO3.3, CL1)
A) C++
B) Python
C) JavaScript
D) Ruby
18. Which programming paradigm encourages the use of functions that do not change state and
avoid side effects? (CO3.3, CL1)
A) Object-oriented programming (OOP)
B) Procedural programming
C) Functional programming (FP)
D) Imperative programming
19. What is the primary advantage of using an interpreted language like Python compared to a
compiled language like C++? (CO3.3, CL1)
A) Better performance
B) Easier debugging
C) Stronger data typing
D) More efficient memory usage
20. Which programming language was developed by Sun Microsystems and is known for its
"write once, run anywhere" philosophy? (CO3.3, CL1)
A) Python
B) C#
C) Java
D) Ruby
21. In object-oriented programming, what is encapsulation? (CO3.3, CL1)
A) The process of converting code into machine language
B) The ability to hide an object's internal state and restrict access to it
C) The way objects communicate with each other
D) The process of defining classes and objects
22. Which programming language is often used for scientific computing, data analysis, and
machine learning? (CO3.4, CL1)
A) JavaScript
B) R
C) Swift
D) PHP
23. What is the purpose of a compiler in the context of programming languages?
(CO3.1, CL1)
A) To convert source code into machine code
B) To execute the program line by line
C) To provide a user interface for the program
D) To debug the program
24. Which programming language uses a "dot notation" for accessing methods and properties of
objects? (CO3.4, CL1)
A) C
B) Python
C) Ruby
D) Pascal
25. What is the purpose of using pseudo code in programming? (CO3.4, CL1)
A) To write code that is difficult to understand
B) To create detailed, machine-specific code
C) To outline the logic of a program in a human-readable way
D) To execute code directly without compilation
26. Which of the following is NOT a control structure used in programming? (CO3.4, CL1)
A) Sequence
B) Decision
C) Loop
D) Variable
27. In a flowchart, what shape is typically used to represent a process or action?
(CO3.5, CL1)
A) Rectangle
B) Diamond
C) Oval
D) Arrow
28. What is the purpose of an algorithm in programming? (CO3.5, CL1)
A) To write code that is optimized for specific hardware
B) To outline the logical steps to solve a problem
C) To design user interfaces for applications
D) To create graphical elements in a program
29. In pseudo code, what is the common way to represent the assignment of a value to a
variable? (CO3.5, CL2)
A) Using the "if" statement
B) Using the "for" loop
C) Using the "<-" symbol
D) Using the "#" symbol
30. What is the base of the binary number system? (CO3.5, CL1)
A) 8
B) 10
C) 16
D) 2
31. How many unique digits are there in the octal number system? (CO3.5, CL1)
A) 8
B) 10
C) 16
D) 2
32. What is the decimal equivalent of the binary number 1011? (CO3.5, CL1)
A) 7
B) 9
C) 11
D) 13
33. In the hexadecimal number system, what digit is represented by the letter 'A'?
(CO3.5, CL1)
A) 9
B) 10
C) 15
D) 16
34. What is the decimal equivalent of the octal number 34?
(CO3.5, CL1)
A) 16
B) 25
C) 28
D) 30
35. How many bits are required to represent 16 unique values in binary? (CO3.5, CL1)
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
36. What is the hexadecimal equivalent of the decimal number 255? (CO3.5, CL1)
A) FF
B) 100
C) 1111
D) 1A
37. What is the largest decimal number that can be represented using 8 bits in binary? (CO3.6,
CL1)
A) 127
B) 255
C) 512
D) 1024
38. What is the octal equivalent of the binary number 110110?
(CO3.6, CL1)
A) 32
B) 54
C) 66
D) 76
39. How many unique values can be represented using 3 hexadecimal digits? (CO3.6, CL1)
A) 8
B) 16
C) 64
D) 256
40. What is the decimal equivalent of the binary number 1101?
(CO3.6, CL2)
A) 5
B) 8
C) 10
D) 13
41. Convert the decimal number 42 to binary.
(CO3.6, CL2)
A) 100100
B) 101010
C) 101011
D) 110110
42. What is the octal equivalent of the binary number 1101101?
(CO3.6, CL2)
A) 155
B) 215
C) 331
D) 545
43. Convert the decimal number 127 to hexadecimal.
(CO3.7, CL2)
A) 7F
B) 8F
C) FF
D) 9F
44. What is the binary equivalent of the hexadecimal number 1A?
(CO3.7, CL2)
A) 1010
B) 1100
C) 1110
D) 1001
45. Convert the octal number 36 to decimal.
(CO3.7, CL2)
A) 20
B) 30
C) 27
D) 54
46. What is the hexadecimal equivalent of the octal number 75?
(CO3.7, CL2)
A) 3E
B) 3D
C) 7D
D) 7E
47. Convert the hexadecimal number 2B to binary.
A) 00110110
B) 01011011
C) 10010110
48. What is the octal equivalent of the hexadecimal number A3?
A) 126
B) 243
C) 163
49. Convert the binary number 110110 to hexadecimal.
A) D
B) 1A
C) 36
(CO3.7, CL2)
D) 10110011
(CO3.7, CL2)
D) 323
(CO3.7, CL2)
D) 5B
PART B (Short Answers – 4 marks)
1. Display the Central Processing Unit (CPU) in a computer and its relationship with memory
(CO3.1, CL2)
2. Define "Cache memory" in a computer system and discuss its role in improving performance
(CO3.1, CL2)
3. Define the term "CPU" and briefly explain its primary function in a computer.
(CO3.2, CL2)
4. Describe the difference between system software and application software, providing
examples of each (CO3.2, CL2)
5. Sketch the difference between a high-level programming language and a low-level
programming language, providing an example of each (CO3.3, CL3)
6. Examine purpose of a compiler in programming, and how does it differ from an interpreter?
(CO3.3, CL3)
7. Describe what an algorithm is and explain why it is a fundamental concept in computer
programming (CO3.4, CL2)
8. Explain the difference between a linear search and a binary search algorithm, including when
each is most suitable. (CO3.4, CL2)
9. Interpret pseudo code and explain its purpose in the context of algorithm design.
(CO3.5, CL2)
10. Describe the key symbols used in flowcharts and their meanings. (CO3.5, CL2)
11. Enumerate the purpose of an operating system (OS) in computer applications and list at least
two common operating systems. (CO3.6, CL3)
12. Explain the concept of "file extensions" in computer applications. Provide examples of
common file extensions and their associated file types. (CO3.6, CL2)
13. Explain the concept of the binary number system and provide an example of a binary number
conversion to decimal. (CO3.7, CL2)
14. Describe the octal number system and its relationship to the binary number system. Provide
an example of an octal number conversion to binary. (CO3.7, CL2)
15. Convert the binary number 101101 to its decimal equivalent. (CO3.7, CL3)
16. Convert the decimal number 42 to its binary representation. (CO3.7, CL3)
PART C
1. Describe the major components of a computer system's motherboard and their functions.
Explain how these components work together to facilitate communication between different
parts of the computer. (CO3.1, CL2)
2. Compare and contrast the concepts of "RISC" (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) and
"CISC" (Complex Instruction Set Computer) architectures in terms of their design philosophy,
advantages, and disadvantages. (CO3.1, CL4)
3. Explain the concept of virtual memory in computer systems, including its purpose and how it
works. Discuss the importance of device drivers in computer systems. Explain what they are and
how they function. (CO3.2, CL2)
4. Compare and contrast procedural programming and object-oriented programming (OOP)
paradigms. Provide examples of situations where each paradigm is most suitable.
(CO3.2, CL4)
5. Contrasting the concept of "strongly typed" and "weakly typed" programming languages.
Provide examples of each type and explain their implications for programming.
(CO3.3, CL4)
6. Describe the process of designing an algorithm for a specific problem. Include the steps you
would follow and any considerations for efficiency and correctness. (CO3.3, CL2)
7. Experimenting recursion in algorithms. Provide an example of a problem that is well-suited
for a recursive solution and explain how the recursive approach works.
(CO3.4, CL3)
8. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using pseudo code and flowcharts for algorithm
design and documentation. Provide examples of scenarios where each method might be
preferred.
(CO3.5, CL2)
9. Conceptualize the cloud computing and its significance in modern computer applications.
Provide examples of cloud-based services.
(CO3.6, CL3)
10. Illustrate the role of spreadsheets in computer applications and provide examples of scenarios
where they are commonly used.
(CO3.6, CL3)
11. Discuss the importance of understanding and working with different number systems (binary,
decimal, octal, and hexadecimal) in computer science and digital electronics. Provide real-world
examples of their applications.
(CO3.7, CL4)
12. Enumerate the hexadecimal number system, its advantages, and its common usage in
computer applications. Provide an example of a hexadecimal number conversion to decimal.
(CO3.7, CL2)
UNIT IV
PART – A (MCQ QUESTIONS)
1. The art of applying mathematics and science to create better place for the inhabitant is called
as ___________ (CO4.1) [CL2]
a) Civil engineering b) Surveying c) Civil work d) Service
2. Choose the branches of civil engineering (CO4.2) [CL1]
a) Structural engineering
b) Geotechnical engineering
c) Environment engineering
d) All of the above
3. What is sand composed of? (CO4.2) [CL1]
a) Silica b) Silicon c) Silicon oxide d) Quartz
4. Among the options provided, which of the following does not represent an advantage of
utilizing
M-sand? (CO4.2) [CL2]
a) Cost-effective
b) Available in single size
c) Dust and impurity free
d) Can be obtained from hard rock
5. Which of the following types of bricks requires the least amount of clay to make? (CO4.3)
[CL2]
a) Hollow bricks
b) Coping bricks
c) Channel bricks
d) Perforated bricks
6. Floor in a building (CO4.3) [CL1]
a) Separates levels
b) Is laid below plinth
c) Contains R.C.C.
d) Hasthicknessof10cm
7. Among the choices provided, can you identify a stone that exhibits excellent fire resistance?
(CO4.3) [CL1]
a) Compact sandstone b) Granite
c)Quartz d)Limestone
8. Stones which are obtained from rocks are made up of________ (CO4.3) [CL2]
a) Ores
b) Minerals
c) Chemical compounds d) Crystals
9. At what rate and depth is a hypabyssal rock formed? (CO4.3) [CL2]
a) Slow cooling of magma at considerable depth
b) Quick cooling of magma at a shallow depth
c) Rapid cooling of magma at Earth’s surface
d) Rapid cooling of magma at a shallow depth
10. How many hours the brick has to be soaked in water for absorption test? (CO4.3) [CL1]
a)19hours b) 5hours c) 6hours
d) 24 hours
11. What are the specific acoustic properties and techniques used to assess the quality and
structural integrity of timber through sound analysis? (CO4.4) [CL2]
a) Ultrasonic Tests (UT)
b) Timber struck by hammer
c) Timber tapped by hand
d) Timber knocked by chisel
12. What is the most dominant constituent of cement? (CO4.4) [CL1]
a) Silica b) Lime c) Magnesia d) Alumina
13. Which of the below is constructed above doors, windows? (CO4.4) [CL1]
a) Joist b) Purlin
c) Lintel d) Arch
14. In the construction of marine structures, which type of cement is commonly used? (CO4.4)
[CL1]
a) Expanding cement
b) High alumina cement
c) Blast furnace slag cement
d) White cement
15. What is the level below window called? (CO4.5) [CL1]
a) Pane level
b) Lintel level
c) Sill level
d) Plinth level
16.
In a building, means the free passage of clean air in a building. (CO4.5) [CL2]
a) Habitation
b) Protection
c) Sanitation
d)Ventilation
17. The treatment given to the roof of a building to prevent the roof from the leakage of water is
Known as
(CO4.5) [CL2]
a) Fire proofing
b) Damp proofing c) Termite proofing d) Sound proofing
18. The part of a building constructed below ground level is known as
[CL1]
a) Plinth
b) Superstructure
c) Basement
d) Foundation
19. Foundations can be broadly classified under
(CO4.5)
(CO4.5) [CL1]
a) Shallow foundation and Deep foundation
b) Pile foundation
c) None of the mentioned
d) All of the above
20. Which of the following is a type of shallow footing? (CO4.6) [CL1]
a) Spread footing
b) Pile foundation
c) Pier foundation d) Well foundation
21. A soil mass in a three-phase system consists of (CO4.6) [CL1]
a) Solids, water and air
b) Sand, gravel and air
c) Solids and water only
d) Solids and air only
22. The definition of environmental engineering is which of the following? (CO4.6) [CL1]
a) Creation of procedures and infrastructure for water delivery
b) Waste disposal
c) Pollution control of various kinds
d) All of the above
23. Why carbon dioxide is called a greenhouse gas? (CO4.7) [CL1]
a) Because they absorb heat
b) Because they absorb moisture
c) Because they absorb oxygen
d) Because they absorb hydrogen
24. To prevent floating debris, branches, trees, or other large particles suspended in water, what
is the process of water treatment? (CO4.8) [CL2]
a) Primary sedimentation
b) Secondary sedimentation
c) Screening
d) Aeration
25. The first state in India to make rooftop rainwater harvesting compulsory for all houses _____
(CO4.8) [CL1]
a)Tamil Nadu
b)Kerala
c)Assam
d)Goa
26. Among the options provided, identifying the major source of fresh water available (CO4.9)
[CL1]
a) Ocean water b) River water c) Pond water
d) Groundwater
27. Knowledge of hydrology is necessary for civil engineers for; (CO4.9) [CL1]
a) Designing and construction of irrigation structures
b) Designing and construction of bridges and culverts
c) Flood control works
d) All the above.
28 .What is the process of downward movement of water called as? (CO4.9) [CL1]
a) Infiltration
b) Filtration
c) Deposition
d) Down-flow
29. Hydrologic cycle is also known as _______(CO4.9) [CL1]
a) Rain cycle b) Rain water c) Water cycle d) None of the above
30. In water demand estimation, water flow is measured in the metric unit of
a) Liters capita
b) Liters per capita per day
c) Liters per day
d) Liters
(CO4.9) [CL1]
Part –B (4 Mark)
1. List the functions and role of a civil engineer. (CO4.1)CL1
2. What are the branches in civil engineering and explain any two. (CO4.2)CL1
3. State the characteristics of good building stones. (CO4.3)CL2
4. What are the different categories of bricks categorized by their quality? (CO4.4)CL2
5. List any four significant characteristics of wood. (CO4.5)CL1
6. What is the use of timber in construction work? (CO4.6)CL2
7. Describe any four of the cement's essential characteristics. (CO4.6)CL2
8. Propose new idea for water conservation, Other than conventional method. (CO4.7)CL2
9. List the various sources of water used in the water supply scheme. (CO4.8)CL2
10. Explain briefly about the components of a residential building. (CO4.9)CL1
11. Write the difference between rivers and lakes. (CO4.9)CL2
12. Draw a clear diagram to illustrate the hydrological cycle. (CO4.9)CL4
Part –C (12 Mark)
1.Discuss how a civil engineer can help in the development of infrastructure for the society?
Propose new ideas. (CO4.1) CL2
2.Describe the significance of various specialized fields in civil engineering.
(CO4.2)CL2
3.What are the properties of good building stone? Explain them in detail. (CO4.3)CL2
4.Classify the characteristics of first, second, third and fourth class bricks. (CO4.4)CL2
5.What are the various sources of water used in water supply projects?
6.Write in detail about the process of manufacturing of cement?
(CO4.5)CL3
(CO4.6)CL2
7.Draw a neat sketch for the various components of a single storey building.
(CO4.8)CL2
8.Explain in detail, the parameters for good drinking water. (CO4.9)CL2
Unit 5
Question Bank
1. What is the primary focus of mechanical engineering? (CO 5.1,CL1)
a) Designing electrical circuits
b) Building bridges and roads
c) Analyzing and designing mechanical systems
d) Developing software applications
2. Which of the following is not a branch of mechanical engineering? (CO 5.1, CL1)
a) Thermodynamics
b) Civil engineering
c) Fluid mechanics
d) Dynamics
3. Which term describes the study of the motion of objects and forces that act upon them? (CO
5.1, CL1)
a) Thermodynamics
b) Kinematics
c) Statics
d) Materials science
4. Which material property describes a material's ability to deform under load without breaking?
(CO 5.1, CL1)
a) Strength
b) Stiffness
c) Ductility
d) Hardness
5. What type of engineering deals with the conversion of heat energy into mechanical work? (CO
5.1, CL1)
a) Electrical engineering
b) Civil engineering
c) Chemical engineering
d) Thermal engineering
6. What is the SI unit of force? (CO 5.2, CL1)
a) Newton (N)
b) Kilogram (kg)
c) Watt (W)
d) Pascal (Pa)
7. Which law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred
or converted from one form to another? (CO 5.2, CL1)
a) First Law
b) Second Law
c) Third Law
d) Zeroth Law
8. What type of machine uses a rotating shaft to transmit power from one part to another? (CO 5.2,
CL1)
a) Lever
b) Pulley
c) Gear
d) Wedge
9. Which of the following is a simple machine used to lift heavy objects with a smaller force? (CO
5.2, CL1)
a) Screw
b) Wheel and axle
c) Inclined plane
d) Spring
10. What is the process of removing material from a workpiece to achieve the desired shape or
size? (CO 5.2, CL1)
a) Welding
b) Casting
c) Machining
d) Forging
11. Which of the following manufacturing processes is primarily used to shape metal parts by
removing material through cutting, grinding, or machining? (CO 5.2, CL1)
a) Welding
b) Forging
c) Casting
d) Machining
12. In which manufacturing process is molten metal poured into a mold to create a solid object?
(CO 5.2, CL1)
a) Machining
b) Welding
c) Casting
d) Forging
13. Which machining operation is typically used to create holes in metal workpieces? (CO 5.2,
CL1)
a) Milling
b) Turning
c) Drilling
d) Grinding
14. What is the primary advantage of CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machining over
conventional machining? (CO 5.2, CL2)
a) Lower cost
b) Faster production
c) Higher precision and automation
d) Greater material selection
15. Which of the following is a non-traditional machining process that uses electrical discharges
to shape conductive materials? (CO 5.2, CL1)
a) Laser cutting
b) Waterjet cutting
c) Electrochemical machining (ECM)
d) Ultrasonic machining
16. In metal forming processes, which operation involves compressing a metal workpiece between
two dies to reduce its thickness? (CO 5.2, CL2)
a) Forging
b) Rolling
c) Extrusion
d) Casting
17. Which manufacturing method is commonly used for creating plastic parts through injection
molding? (CO 5.2, CL1)
a) Die casting
b) Extrusion
c) Rotational molding
d) Compression molding
18. What is the primary purpose of heat treatment in metal manufacturing? (CO 5.2, CL2)
a) To remove impurities
b) To improve surface finish
c) To increase material strength or hardness
d) To decrease material density
19. Which of the following is a joining process that uses a filler material to create a strong bond
between two metal parts? (CO 5.3, CL1)
a) Forging
b) Welding
c) Casting
d) Extrusion
20. Which manufacturing process is used to create intricate and detailed shapes in ceramics and
glass? (CO 5.3, CL2)
a) Sintering
b) Injection molding
c) Blanking
d) Slush casting
21. What is the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics primarily concerned with? (CO 5.3, CL1)
a. Conservation of energy
b. Conservation of mass
c. Temperature and thermal equilibrium
d. Heat transfer
22. Which of the following statements best describes the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics? (CO
5.3, CL1)
a. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred.
b. Heat flows from hot to cold objects.
c. If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
d. The total entropy of an isolated system always increases.
23. When does thermal equilibrium between two objects occur according to the Zeroth Law? (CO
5.3, CL2)
a. When they have the same volume
b. When they have the same heat content
c. When they have the same temperature
d. When they have the same pressure
24. If object A is in thermal equilibrium with object B, and object B is in thermal equilibrium with
object C, what can you conclude according to the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics? (CO 5.3, CL1)
a. Object A is cooler than object B.
b. Object B is cooler than object C.
c. Object A is in thermal equilibrium with object C.
d. Object C is at absolute zero temperature.
25. The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics is essential for the development of which temperature
scale? (CO 5.3, CL2)
a. Fahrenheit scale
b. Celsius scale
c. Kelvin scale
d. Rankine scale
26. What is the fundamental difference between temperature and heat? (CO 5.3, CL1)
a) Temperature measures the amount of thermal energy, while heat measures the average kinetic
energy of particles.
b) Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of particles, while heat measures
the total thermal energy of a substance.
c) Temperature and heat are the same thing and can be used interchangeably.
d) Temperature is a measure of how hot something is, while heat is a measure of how cold
something is.
27. Which temperature scale uses degrees Fahrenheit? (CO 5.3, CL1)
a) Celsius
b) Kelvin
c) Fahrenheit
d) Rankine
28. At what temperature do Celsius and Fahrenheit scales have the same numerical value?
(CO 5.3, CL1)
a) -40°C / -40°F
b) 0°C / 32°F
c) 100°C / 212°F
d) 273.15°C / 32°F
29. When heat is added to a substance, what typically happens to its particles? (CO 5.4, CL1)
a) They slow down.
b) They become more ordered.
c) They remain unchanged.
d) They speed up and have greater kinetic energy.
30. Which of the following materials is generally a good conductor of heat? (CO 5.4, CL2)
a) Wood
b) Rubber
c) Metal
d) Styrofoam
31. Which of the following best describes the concept of specific heat capacity? (CO 5.4, CL2)
a) It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1°C (or 1
K).
b) It is the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid.
c) It is the ability of a substance to conduct heat.
d) It is the total thermal energy of a substance.
32. Which state of matter has the highest kinetic energy and, therefore, the highest temperature?
(CO 5.4, CL1)
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas
d) Plasma
33. What is the unit of measurement for heat energy in the International System of Units (SI)? (CO
5.4, CL1)
a) Joule (J)
b) Watt (W)
c) Calorie (cal)
d) Kilogram (kg)
34. What is the principle behind a thermometer's operation? (CO 5.4, CL2)
a) Expansion and contraction of a fluid in response to temperature changes.
b) Measuring the resistance of a metal wire.
c) Using a laser to detect temperature changes.
d) Measuring the color changes of a substance.
35. Which law of thermodynamics states that heat energy naturally flows from an area of higher
temperature to an area of lower temperature? (CO 5.4, CL1)
a) First Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Energy Conservation)
b) Second Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Entropy)
c) Third Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Absolute Zero)
d) Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Thermal Equilibrium)
36. Which of the following is NOT a classification criterion for IC engines? (CO 5.5, CL1)
a) Fuel type
b) Cooling system
c) Number of cylinders
d) Ignition system
37. Diesel engines are primarily classified based on: (CO 5.5, CL1)
a) Compression ratio
b) Fuel injection system
c) Cylinder arrangement
d) Spark plug type
38. A two-stroke engine completes its cycle in how many strokes of the piston? (CO 5.5, CL1)
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
39. Which type of IC engine typically uses a spark plug for ignition? (CO 5.5, CL1)
a) Diesel engine
b) Gasoline engine
c) Wankel engine
d) Turbine engine
40. Rotary engines, such as the Wankel engine, are known for their: (CO 5.5, CL1)
a) High fuel efficiency
b) Low emissions
c) Simplicity of design
d) Unique rotor-based operation
41. What type of power plant harnesses the energy of ocean tides and currents to produce
electricity? (CO 5.6, CL1)
a) Solar power plant
b) Wind power plant
c) Biomass power plant
d) Tidal power plant
42. Which power plant uses the fission of uranium or plutonium nuclei to generate heat
and subsequently produce electricity? (CO 5.6, CL1)
a) Solar power plant
b) Wind power plant
c) Nuclear power plant
d) Hydroelectric power plant
43. What type of power plant utilizes organic materials like wood, crop residues, and
animal waste to generate electricity? (CO 5.6,CL1)
a) Geothermal power plant
b) Biomass power plant
c) Tidal power plant
PART B
1. Examine the environmental and sustainability considerations associated with different
mechanical manufacturing methods. (CL 4) (CO 5.1)
2. Write the significance of heat treatment in the manufacturing of metal components. (CL 3)
(CO 5.1)
3. Relate the key differences between casting and forging as metal shaping processes. (CL 4)
(CO 5.2)
4. Connect the advantages and limitations of CNC machining in modern manufacturing. (CL
4) (CO 5.2)
5. Illustrate the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics and its significance in the field of
engineering(CL 4) (CO 5.3)
6. Conclude the concept of thermal equilibrium as defined by the Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics. (CL 4) (CO 5.3)
7. Connect the key principles of temperature scales and their relationship to the Zeroth Law
of Thermodynamics. (CL 4) (C.O 5.3)
8. Relate how the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics is applied to ensure efficient heat transfer
in heat exchangers. (CL 3) (CO 5.4)
9. Categorize the classification of IC engines based on the type of fuel used. Provide examples
for each category and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using different fuels.
(CL 3) (CO 5.4)
10. Categorize the classification of IC engines based on the number of strokes in the engine
cycle. Compare and contrast two-stroke and four-stroke engines, highlighting their
applications and efficiency differences. (CL 4) (CO 5.5)
11. Relate the different types of renewable energy power plants? Provide examples of each and
discuss their potential contributions to reducing carbon emissions and addressing climate
change(CL 3) (CO 5.6)
12. Correlate the main components and working principle of a hydroelectric power plant.
Discuss the factors that influence the efficiency and location selection of hydroelectric
plants. (CL 4) (CO 5.6)
13. Illustrate the basic principles of operation of a nuclear power plant. Discuss the safety
measures and challenges associated with nuclear power generation. (CL 4) (CO 5.6)
14. Compare and contrast the operation and environmental impact of coal-fired and natural
gas-fired power plants. Highlight the key advantages and disadvantages of each type. (CL
4) (CO 5.6)
PART C
1. Illustrate tidal and wave power plants harness energy from the ocean? What challenges
do they face? (CL 4) (CO 5.6)
2. Relate the differences between fossil fuel power plants and renewable energy power
plants? (CL 3) (CO 5.5)
3. Connect the main categories of power plants based on the primary source of energy?
(CL 4) (CO 5.6)
4. Categorize in detail the classification of internal combustion (IC) engines based on their
working cycles. Provide examples of engines for each classification and discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of each type. (CL 3) (CO 5.5)
5. Categorize the classification of IC engines based on their number of strokes. Explain
the differences between two-stroke and four-stroke engines, including their working
principles, advantages, and limitations. Provide real-world examples of applications for
both types of engines. (CL 4) (CO 5.5)
6. Compare and contrast the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics with the First and Second
Laws of Thermodynamics. How do these laws complement each other in the study of
thermodynamics? (CL 4) (CO 5.3)
7. Relate how the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics is used to calibrate thermometers.
Provide a step-by-step procedure for calibrating a thermometer using the Zeroth Law.
(CL 3) (CO 5.3)
8. Discuss the role of the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics in defining temperature scales
such as the Celsius and Kelvin scales. How does it ensure consistency in temperature
measurements? (CL 3) (CO 5.2)
9. Connect the principles and advantages of traditional subtractive manufacturing
methods such as turning, milling, and drilling. Provide examples of applications where
each method is most suitable. (CL 4) (CO 5.3)
10. Complete the key steps involved in the process of CNC (Computer Numerical Control)
machining. Discuss how CNC machining has revolutionized precision manufacturing
(CL 4) (CO 5.3)
11. Write the concept of sheet metal forming techniques, including bending, drawing, and
deep drawing. Provide real-world examples of products that utilize these techniques.
(CL 6) (CO 5.1)
12. Illustrate the principles and applications of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods in
quality control and inspection in manufacturing. Provide examples of situations where
NDT is crucial. (CL 4) (CO 5.1)