P2: - Task 1 (Out of Class work) A: Internal combustion engines can be classified based on various criteria. Here's a breakdown according to the items you've listed: 1. Type of Ignition: • Spark Ignition (SI) Engines: Ignition is initiated by a spark plug. • Compression Ignition (CI) Engines: Ignition occurs due to the heat generated by compressing the air-fuel mixture. 2. Fuel Type: • Gasoline Engines: Use gasoline or petrol as fuel. • Diesel Engines: Utilize diesel as fuel. 3. Working Cycle: • Two-stroke Engines: Complete the power cycle in two strokes of the piston (intake/compression and power/exhaust). • Four-stroke Engines: Complete the power cycle in four strokes of the piston (intake, compression, power, exhaust). 4. Number of Strokes: • Two-Stroke Engines: Complete a power cycle in two strokes. • Four-Stroke Engines: Complete a power cycle in four strokes. 5. Type of Cooling System: • Air-Cooled Engines: Use airflow directed over the engine fins to dissipate heat. • Liquid-Cooled Engines: Utilize a liquid coolant circulated through the engine block and radiator to dissipate heat. 6. Cylinder Charging Methods: • Naturally Aspirated Engines: Rely on atmospheric pressure for air intake. • Supercharged Engines: Use a mechanical compressor to force more air into the combustion chamber. • Turbocharged Engines: Utilize a turbocharger driven by exhaust gases to increase air intake into the combustion chamber. Each of these classifications describes different characteristics of internal combustion engines, and many engines can fall into multiple categories based on these criteria. P2: - Task 1 (Out of Class work) B: Sure, here are the definitions for the terms you've mentioned in relation to internal combustion engines: 1. Cylinder: • In an engine, a cylinder is a hollow tube within which a piston moves. It forms the primary space where combustion occurs. The cylinder houses the piston and is sealed at one end by the cylinder head and at the other by the cylinder block. 2. Stroke: • In an engine, stroke refers to the movement of the piston from one end of the cylinder to the other. There are typically two types of strokes in an engine: • Intake Stroke: The piston moves downward, drawing in the air-fuel mixture (or air in the case of a diesel engine). • Power/Exhaust Stroke: The piston moves upward, compressing the airfuel mixture (compression stroke), igniting it (power stroke), and then expelling the exhaust gases (exhaust stroke). 3. Compression Ratio: • The compression ratio of an engine is the ratio of the total volume of the cylinder when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke (bottom dead center) to the volume when the piston is at the top of its stroke (top dead center). It indicates the degree of compression applied to the air-fuel mixture before ignition and affects engine efficiency and performance. 4. Clearance Volumes: • Clearance volumes refer to the spaces within the engine cylinder that exist when the piston is at the top dead center and bottom dead center positions. These volumes include the combustion chamber volume (when the piston is at top dead center) and any additional spaces, such as the volume between the piston crown and the cylinder head or valves, representing the minimum volume when the piston is at bottom dead center. 5. Top and Bottom Dead Centers: • Top Dead Center (TDC): This refers to the position of the piston at the extreme top of the cylinder. It's when the piston is at its highest point in the cylinder during its stroke. • Bottom Dead Center (BDC): This refers to the position of the piston at the extreme bottom of the cylinder. It's when the piston is at its lowest point in the cylinder during its stroke. P3: - Task 1 C: - Explain thermodynamic processes that represents the actual cycle of the two types of internal combustion engines. (Petrol engine, Diesel engine) Show the two cycle’s P-V diagrams. The two primary thermodynamic processes that represent the actual cycles in internal combustion engines, specifically petrol (spark ignition) and diesel (compression ignition) engines, are the Otto cycle and the Diesel cycle, respectively. P-V Diagram Otto Cycle (Petrol Engine) 1. (Otto Cycle (Petrol Engine): • The Otto cycle represents the ideal cycle for spark-ignition petrol engines. It consists of four processes: two isentropic (adiabatic and reversible) processes and two constant-volume processes. • Process 1-2 (Isentropic Compression): The air-fuel mixture is compressed adiabatically and reversibly from point 1 (bottom dead center) to point 2 (top dead center). • Process 2-3 (Isobaric Heat Addition): The compressed mixture undergoes constant-volume combustion at constant pressure, increasing the temperature and pressure in the cylinder from point 2 to point 3. • Process 3-4 (Isentropic Expansion): The burnt gases expand adiabatically and reversibly, pushing the piston down from point 3 to point 4. • Process 4-1 (Isochoric Heat Rejection): The exhaust gases are expelled at constant volume, reducing the temperature and pressure in the cylinder from point 4 to point 1. Diesel cycle PV diagram 2. Diesel Cycle (Diesel Engine): • The Diesel cycle represents the ideal cycle for compression-ignition diesel engines. It consists of four processes: two isentropic processes and two constant-pressure processes. • Process 1-2 (Isentropic Compression): Air is adiabatically and reversibly compressed from point 1 (bottom dead center) to point 2 (top dead center) without fuel injection. • Process 2-3 (Isobaric Heat Addition): Fuel is injected into the highly compressed air at constant pressure, resulting in combustion and an increase in pressure and temperature from point 2 to point 3. • Process 3-4 (Isentropic Expansion): The hot gases expand adiabatically and reversibly, driving the piston from point 3 to point 4. • Process 4-1 (Isochoric Heat Rejection): The exhaust gases are expelled at constant volume, reducing the temperature and pressure in the cylinder from point 4 to point 1. These PV (Pressure-Volume) diagrams illustrate the thermodynamic processes within the engine during a complete cycle. The x-axis represents volume, and the y-axis represents pressure. The different processes are shown as lines or curves on the diagram, indicating the changes in pressure and volume throughout the cycle. P4: - Task 1 D: - Discuss the difference between ideal and real thermal cycles for 1-Petrol internal combustion engine (sketch on P-V diagram) 2-Diesel in internal combustion engine (sketch on P-V diagram) 1. Petrol Engine: Ideal Otto Cycle: • 1-2: Isentropic compression (adiabatic) • 2-3: Constant-volume heat addition (isochoric) • 3-4: Isentropic expansion (adiabatic) • 4-1: Constant-volume heat rejection (isochoric) Real Otto Cycle: • 1-2': Non-isentropic compression (due to friction) • 2'-3': Constant-volume heat addition with heat losses to walls • 3'-4': Non-isentropic expansion (due to friction and incomplete combustion) • 4'-1': Constant-volume heat rejection with residual gas remaining in the cylinder P-V Diagram: Key Differences: • Compression and Expansion: Real cycle has lower pressure and temperature due to friction. • Combustion: Real cycle shows a gradual increase in temperature, not a sudden jump, due to incomplete combustion. • Exhaust: Real cycle does not reach the initial pressure due to residual gas. 2. Diesel Engine: Ideal Diesel Cycle: • 1-2: Isentropic compression (adiabatic) • 2-3: Constant-pressure heat addition (isobaric) • 3-4: Isentropic expansion (adiabatic) • 4-1: Constant-volume heat rejection (isochoric) Real Diesel Cycle: • 1-2': Non-isentropic compression (due to friction) • 2'-3': Constant-pressure heat addition with heat losses to walls, not perfectly constant due to fuel injection time • 3'-4': Non-isentropic expansion (due to friction and incomplete combustion) • 4'-1': Constant-volume heat rejection with residual gas remaining in the cylinder P-V Diagram: Key Differences: • Compression and Expansion: Similar to the Otto cycle, the real cycle has lower pressure and temperature due to friction. • Heat Addition: Real cycle shows a less steep line in the heat addition process, not perfectly horizontal due to fuel injection time. • Combustion and Expansion: Similar to the Otto cycle, the real cycle shows a gradual rise in temperature and non-isentropic expansion due to incomplete combustion and friction. P5: - Task 1 E: - Compare between spark and compression ignition engine according to the following parameters: (Type of fuel, Ignition methods, The related air standard cycle, Compression ratio, Thermal efficiency) Comparison of Spark Ignition (SI) and Compression Ignition (CI) Engines: Parameter Spark Ignition (SI) Engine Compression Ignition (CI) Engine Fuel Gasoline (petrol) Diesel Ignition Method Spark plug Compression-induced ignition Air Standard Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Compression Ratio Lower (typically 8 - 10:1) Higher (typically 15 - 25:1) Thermal Efficiency Lower (typically 25% - 30%) Higher (typically 30% - 35%) Additional Differences: • Power Output: SI engines typically have higher power output per unit of displacement due to higher RPMs. • Torque Output: CI engines have higher torque output per unit of displacement due to the higher compression ratio and fuel characteristics. • Emissions: SI engines tend to emit more NOx due to higher combustion temperatures, while CI engines emit more particulate matter (soot) due to incomplete combustion. • Applications: SI engines are commonly used in cars and light trucks, while CI engines are commonly used in heavy-duty vehicles like trucks and buses. Reasons for Differences: • Fuel: Gasoline is more volatile and easier to ignite, requiring a spark plug. Diesel is less volatile and self-ignites under high pressure and temperature. • Ignition: Spark plugs require a complex electrical system, while CI engines rely on the engine's mechanical design. • Compression Ratio: Higher compression ratios increase thermal efficiency but also increase the risk of knocking in SI engines. CI engines can handle higher compression ratios due to their fuel properties. • Combustion: SI engines have a more rapid combustion process due to the spark plug, leading to higher power output. CI engines have a slower, more controlled combustion process, leading to higher torque output and lower emissions. Task 3 (In Lab Task) Five Parts of Internal Combustion Engine with Functions and Simple Sketches: Part Name Function A cylindrical chamber Cylinder where the combustion process takes place. The piston moves up and down inside the cylinder, creating the four strokes of the engine cycle. Piston A reciprocating component that moves up and down inside the cylinder, transferring the force of expanding gases created during combustion into mechanical energy. Crankshaft A rotating shaft connected to the piston by a connecting rod. The piston's up-and-down motion is converted into rotary motion by the crankshaft, which drives the wheels or other machinery. Simple Sketch Connecting Rod A rod that connects the piston to the crankshaft. It transmits the force of the piston's up-anddown motion to the crankshaft, causing it to rotate. Combustion The part of the cylinder head where the fuel and Chamber air mixture are compressed and ignited. It is designed to promote efficient combustion and minimize heat loss.