Course Title: Drug Use and Abuse Course Code: PSY- 606 Credit Hours: 3(3-0) Semester: BS 8th Evening B/M. Sc 4th Teacher: Dr. Riffat Sadiq Department: Applied Psychology Institution: Govt. College Women University, Faisalabad Types of Drugs Opiates, Opium, Morphine, Codeine, Heroin Cannabis, Bhang, Stimulants, Cocaine, Amphetamines, Methamphetamine, Methcathinone Depressant, Tranquilizers, Alcohol Inhalants, Volatile substance abuse Hallucinogens, Phencyclidines, Lysergic acid diethylamide Tobacco Opiates and Opioids Opiates (Narcotic Drugs): The word, “narcotic” comes from the Greek word “narkos” meaning sleep. Narcotic are drugs that induce sleep specifically that mean the opiates. Opioids are a class of drugs that include the illegal drug 1. Opium Opium is a highly addictive narcotics drug acquired in the dried latex form from the opium poppy seed pod. • The resulting yellow-brown latex, which is scraped off of the pod, is bitter in taste and contains varying amounts of alkaloids such as: morphine, codeine. • Opium is obtained by slightly cutting the seed capsules of the poppy after the plant’s flower petals have fallen. 1. Opium The slit seedpods show exude milky latex (fluid) that coagulates (thick) and changes color, turning into a gum like brown mass upon exposure to air. It is available in the form of powder and black gum type substance. Street names: Gum, Afion, Taryaq, Afeem 1. Opium Desired effects Anxiety heart-pleasing mood mental changes Short term effects Reduced appetite Reduced energy Sweating Vomiting Constipation Long term effects Over dose Hallucinations Dizziness Confusion Vomiting Coma Reduced sex drive Death Brain damage 2. Morphine • Morphine is a powerful narcotic agent that has strong analgesic (pain relief) action and other significant effects on the central nervous system. 2. Morphine • Morphine is a derivative of the opium. • Medical uses: Morphine is used for medication purposes in the name of morphine or pectoral syrup as analgesic compound. • How is it abused? Morphine depending upon its form is swallowed, injected and smoked. 2. Morphine Desired effects Euphoria sleep preventing withdrawal Short term effects Long term effects Euphoria Sleep Drowsiness Constricted pupils Nausea Dependency Loss of appetite Constipation Severe withdrawal Over dose Slow breath Asphyxia (suffocation) Coma Death 3. Codeine Codeine is a narcotic drug, having the same effective properties as morphine exhibits. Codeine is used as controlled medication. 3. Codeine Codeine is an opiate used in the treatment of pain and to reduce coughing. It occurs naturally in the opium poppy and as such has a long history of human use. Codeine is available in the form of tablets, liquid and capsules. Street names: Codeine P, Cody, Schoolboy, Captain cody 3. Codeine Desired effects Short term effects Long term effects Over dose Mood Relaxing Pleasure Drowsiness Slow breathing Fainting Feeling dizzy Weak pulse Confusion Agitation Stomach pain Constipation Hallucinations Nausea Slow breath Coma Death 4. Heroin Heroin is most dangerous drug of narcotic analgesics or opioids group. Heroin is manufactured from morphine or codeine, which are chemicals in the juice of the opium poppy head. Mostly heroin comes in the form of off white, brown, black, yellow powder and possibly different color powder. Street names: Powder, Token, Brown sugar, Puri 4. Heroin Heroin can be injected, smoked or snorted, or its fumes inhaled. It is usually injected but smoking. Heroin is becoming more and more popular amongst youth. 4. Heroin Desired effects Central nervous system depressant pleasure relaxing state of mind Short term effects Depression Dry mouth Nausea Slow breathing Vomiting Long term effects Veins may collapse Liver disease Clogging of blood Hearth problem Lungs problem Sever impatient Over dose Pinpoint pupils Coma Confusion Death 5. Cannabis Cannabis is difficult to classify pharmacologically because it has a variety of effects. It is primarily a depressant drug. 5. Cannabis However, it can have hallucinogenic and some stimulant properties. Cannabis is made from the dried leaves and flowers of marijuana plant. It looks like dried tea leaves; usually green or brown Street names: Booti, Grass, Ganja Weed Herb Cannabis is used by smoking 5. Cannabis Desired effects Short term effects Long term effects Over dose Pleasure Relaxing mood Amusement Dizziness Anxiety Paranoia Coughing Disinterest in activities Redding eyes Racing heart Feeling tense Confusion Agitation Dizziness Panic attacks Risk of heart attack Risk of cancer Lung damage Brain damage 6. Hashish/Hash/Hash Oil Hash is the dried, compressed resin extracted from the flowering tops of the female plant. It is also called hemp plant. 6. Hashish/Hash/Hash Oil Hash ranges in color from light brown to nearly black. It is more potent than cannabis It is also present in the form of oil, thick and oily liquid extracted from the cannabis plant. Hash is the dried leave product of hemp plant. It is thick black waxy solid type material. It is available in the form of liquid that is called hash oil. Street names: Garda, Jora, Sheera, Dawaee, Chars, Cartoos, Missile, Turbo, Pakka 6. Hashish/Hash/Hash Oil Desired effects Short term effects Long term effects Over dose Pleasure Relaxation Lung damage Reduced coordination Fatigue Paranoia Psychosis Relaxed inhibition (shyness) Increase appetite Disoriented behavior Euphoria Distorted perception Dizziness 7. Bhang Bhang has been used as an intoxicant for centuries in the sub-continent. 7. Bhang Bhang is a beverage prepared from the leaves and flowers (buds) of the male cannabis plant. Bhang is thought to be a traditional beverage in South East Asian countries including Pakistan. In Pakistan, bhang drinks are also enjoyed by much of the public. The common man’s Pakistani bhang drink is often less elaborated. It is usually just almonds, cannabis and water. 7. Bhang Bhang in its pure form look like greenish shake. It smells bad. Bhang is also mixed with almond, water and sometimes with milk to make it delicious known as bhang lassi. Street names: Bhang lassi, Sardaei, Booti, Marijuana milk shake 7. Bhang Desired effects Short term effects Decrease the effect of temperature in summer for pleasure for enjoyment Drowsiness Stimulation Long term effects Over dose Increase heart beat Psychosis Liver problems High blood pressure Stimulants These drugs belong to the class of psychoactive drugs which induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical functions or both. They are also referred to as “ Uppers” 1. Cocaine Cocaine is an extremely powerful stimulant. It is usually available in form of fine powder and crack It is usually sniffed and inhaled through pipes. It can also be injected. Street names: Coke, Chemical, Snow, Hail, Flake, Dice, Smack, Hard Rock, Cola, Snow Coke Grit, Cookies 1. Cocaine Desired effects Short term effects Long term effects Over dose alter the brain’ sense of reward and punishment Constricted blood vessels Increased temperature Hyper stimulation Decreased appetite Dilated pupils Increased blood pressure Euphoria Anxiety Headaches Heart disease Lung damage and disease Damages infertility Seizures Stroke Sexual dysfunction Convulsions Agitation Hallucinations Hyperthermia Death 2. Amphetamines Amphetamine Type Stimulants (ATS) include some of the most common, well-known and used drug including Speed and Base, Ice. 2. Amphetamines ATS are available in form of small tablets, color powder and in crystal form. Street names: Ice, Black mollies, Jelly beans , Wake me ups, Benz, Speed, Super Jellies, Lightening , Ampes, Eye openers, Benzies, Lid poppers, Blue mollies, Pick me ups, Hearts, Upper On the basis of their availability, ATS can be abused by smoking, swallowing and snorting ATS are prescribed to treat major depression. 2. Amphetamines Desired effects Short term effects Long term effects Over dose Feel energetic Confident with a high sense of positive feelings for dance party Higher blood pressure Headaches Dry mouth Panic attacks Reduced appetite Sweating Sleeping disorders High blood pressure Irregular heart beat Anxiety Aggression Psychological disturbance Coma Death Heart attack Seizure 3. Methamphetamine Methamphetamine is one of most popular recreational psychoactive, most commonly sold in the form of ecstasy tablets. Street names: Ecstasy, Adderall, Dex, Speed, Dexamphetamine, Vyvanse • These medicines are taken orally 3. Methamphetamine Desired effects Short term effects Long term effects Over dose dance parties, night clubs Nausea Sweating Muscle cramping Hyperthermia High blood pressure Chills Jaw clenching Blurred vision Dehydration Kidney failure High blood pressure Panic attacks Seizures Faintness Loss of consciousness Heart failure Irritability Impulsivity Sleep disturbances Thirst Restlessness Aggression Lack of appetite Reductions in mental abilities 4. Meth-cathinone Methcathinone is a controlled synthetic stimulant. It is a structural analogue of methamphetamine and cathinone. 4. Methcathinone It is a white or off-white crystalline powder. Street names: Cat, Star, Mulka, Methcat, Jeff, Goob It is most commonly snorted, although it can be taken orally by mixing it with a beverage or diluted in water and it can be injected intravenously. 4. Methcathinone Desired effects Short term effects Long term effects Over dose Alertness Excitation Recreational purpose Thirst Impulsive Sleep disturbances Restlessness Aggression Lack of appetite ----- ----- Depressants Depressant drugs are known as the downers. These are also known as the Central Nervous System Depressants. These drugs lower the neurotransmission level of the brain. Depressants Doctors prescribe depressants to treat a variety of health conditions, like anxiety, panic attacks and sleep disorders. 1. Tranquilizers: These are sometimes known as the prescriptive drugs. Often sleeping pills also included in this category 1. Tranquilizers • These are available in form of different colored tablets and capsules. • Street names: Downers, Sleep tablets, Sleepers, ATIVAN, Temazzies, Vallies • Medical Uses: Tranquilizers are prescribed by the doctors to treat restlessness, depression, tension and anxiety as well as to induce sleep; as a muscle relaxant as a pre-surgery sedative or as an anti-drug Tranquilizers are swallowed depending upon the nature of their form. 1. Tranquilizers Desired effects Short term effects Long term effects Over dose Anxiety reduction Euphoria Sleep Loss of coordination Sluggishness Slurred speech Depression Dependency Lung damage Psychosis Neurological damage Cold skin Weak and rapid pulse Shallow respiration Dilated pupils Coma Death 2. Alcohol Alcohol is the most widely used beverage drug in the world. Alcohol belongs to the family of central nervous system depressants. 2. Alcohol It is prepared by the fermentation of molasses (syrup). It is also used in the parties as recreational drug. In Pakistan, it is an illegal drug but most part of the world it is legal, in few countries it is sold with some restrictions and under some laws. Alcohol in its pure form is colorless liquid. Chemical name for the alcohol is ethyl alcohol which is used for drinking purposes. Street names: Kuppi, Pawa, Desi, Botel, Turki, Pani 2. Alcohol Desired effects Short term effects Long term effects Over dose Anxiety reduction sense alteration Depression Sluggishness Slurred speech Disorientation Dependency Kidney damage Psychoses Neurological damage Loss of coordination Nausea Unconsciousness Vomiting Inhalants Inhalants are volatile substances that produce chemical vapors that can be inhaled to induce a psychoactive or mind altering effect. The volatility usually happens on the room temperature. For example: petrol, thinner, glue, nail polish. 1. Volatile Substance Abuse It has previously been called, “ glue sniffing” and “ solvent abuse”. The VSA term is now used to include all the volatile substances including gases such as: butane and aerosols which can be “sniffed” for their psychotropic effects. This was once known as “glue sniffing” but the term was broadened into “ solvent abuse” in recognition of the wider range of substances used. Inhalant abuse is common among street children. 1. Volatile Substance Abuse The contents of a tin, aerosol or canister may be emptied into a bag or sprayed into a cloth or sleeve and the vapors inhaled. Some users spray the contents of an aerosol or butane canister directly into the mouth. 1. Volatile Substance Abuse Desired effects Short term effects Long term effects sudden death Intoxication Disinhibition Reduced anxiety Drowsiness Visual disturbance Loss of coordinator Slurred speech death due to suffocation, choking, heart attack Confusion Nausea Hallucination Vomiting Hallucinogens These are a group of mind altering drugs that affect the brain and nervous system and bring about changes in thought, self-awareness, emotion and sensation. These drugs do not simply increase recognizable states of mind, but somewhat provoke experiences that are qualitatively different from those of ordinary perception. 1. Phencyclidine (PCP) • Phencyclidine is a synthetic dissociative drug originally developed as a general anesthetic. • In its pure form, PCP is a white crystalline powder that dissolves easily in water or alcohol. • As a liquid, it is clear, yellow or tan and often is sold in vanilla extract bottles. • PCP is also mixed with dyes to produce colored powder, tablets or capsules. 1. Phencyclidine (PCP) • It is usually found in the form of liquid, tablets, powder of different colors and capsules. • Street names: Angel dust, Animal, Amp, Zoom, Amoeba, Trank, Belladonna, Peace pills • PCP is ingested orally, snorted, smoked or injected. 1. Phencyclidine (PCP) Desired effects Short term effects Long term effects Overdose Altered perception of oneself Relaxation Happiness and Satisfaction Euphoria Feeling of weightlessness Difficulty in thinking Agitation Depression Relaxation Distributed sense Anxiety Confusion Drowsiness Flashbacks Severe anxiety Social withdrawal Speech problems Coma Death Convulsions /tremors/fits Aggressive behavior 2. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide LSD is known as the synthetic hallucinogens. Most common form is squares of gelatin or blotting paper. It can also be in liquid form, tablets, capsules or white powder It is swallowed, sniffed, injected or smoke. As a liquid, it can be rubbed on the skin Street names: Snake acid, white lightening, Microdots, Trips, Blue heaven, Bicycle, Paper acid, Blotter, Sugar cube, Alice, Liquid window pane, Microdots 2. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Desired effects Short term effects Long term effects Overdose altered perception of oneself, relaxation, happiness and satisfaction Rapid heart beat Hyperthermia Anxiety Impaired coordination Dizziness Vomiting Higher blood pressure Hallucinations Flashbacks Nausea Agitation/Tension Panic attacks Flashback Brain damage Impair memory Mood changes LSD is not directly responsible for death. It is associated with the behaviors responsible for accidents Tobacco Tobacco is the common name of several plants , and the general term for any product prepared from the cured leaves of these plants. Tobacco All forms of tobacco are harmful, and there is no safe level of exposure to tobacco. Cigarette smoking is the most common form of tobacco use worldwide. Other tobacco products include water pipe tobacco, various smokeless tobacco products, cigars, roll-yourown tobacco, pipe tobacco, bidis and kreteks. Chewing Tobacco in Pakistan Effects of Tobacco • Cancer, • Heart disease, • Stroke, • Lung diseases, • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), • Tuberculosis, • Certain eye diseases, and • Problems of the immune system Mouth cancer Quiz/Question How tobacco is being used in Pakistan? References Rasool, Q. (2015). Commonly Abused Narcotic & Drugs. ANF Regional Directorate-North 2. https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nihalmanac/national-institute-drug-abuse-nida 1.
