Alexander Pushkin
Russian poet, playwright, and novelist (1799–1837)
Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was born 6 June (26 May, Old Style) 1799, Moscow, and died 10
February 1837 (29 January, New Style), St Petersburg. He was a Russian poet, novelist, dramatist
and writer of short stories.
Aleksandr Pushkin by Vasily Tropinin
Many think he was the greatest Russian poet. He started the great tradition of Russian literature.
Pushkin wrote in a way that no other Russian had done before: he used the Russian language as it
was spoken instead of writing in a style based on old church books. His influence on other
Russian writers was enormous and several Russian composers set his stories and poems to
music. His poetry is very hard to translate well into other languages because the words are full of
special meanings in Russian culture. His novels, especially Eugene Onegin, are widely read.
Pushkin’s great-grandfather was an African slave who was set free by Tzar Peter the Great.
Pushkin was killed in a duel in 1837 at the age of 37.
Early years
Pushkin's father came from an old aristocratic family. On his mother's side Pushkin had African
ancestors. His great-grandfather Abram Gannibal was an Abyssinian who was living in a palace of
the Turkish sultan in Istanbul. The Russian ambassador bought him as a present for Peter the
Great, the tsar of Russia. Gannibal became a favourite of Peter the Great and he was sent to Paris
to study. He became very rich. Pushkin was proud of his great-grandfather and wrote about him in
a novel called The Negro of Peter the Great.
In 19th century Russia all aristocratic families learned to speak French, so Pushkin and his brother
and sister spoke and wrote in French more than in Russian. The children were cared for by a
nurse, Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva. It was the nurse who taught them to love the Russian
language. She told the children Russian folktales. Pushkin also spoke Russian to the peasants and
he read many books in his father's library.
When he was 12 he went to a new school called the Imperial Lyceum at Tsarskoye Selo. Years
later this school was renamed Pushkin after their famous pupil. He soon started writing romantic
poems in Russian using Russian tales of heroes and adventures. Ruslan and Ludmila was a poem
that was later to be made into an opera by Mikhael Glinka.
Adulthood
In 1817, Pushkin got a job in the foreign office at St. Petersburg. He soon became interested in
politics and supported the Decembrist revolt of 1825 when a group of noblemen and army officers
tried to put another tsar in power and make him less powerful. Pushkin wrote some political
poems. The result was that he was told he had to leave St. Petersburg. He had to spend six years
in exile in the south of the country: in the Caucasus and the Crimea. He wrote about his
experiences in the south in several romantic narrative poems (long poems which tell a story). He
started work on a novel in verse called Yevgeny Onegin (or Eugene Onegin). He did not finish it
until 1833. This was to be his most famous work. It was used by many musicians including Pyotr
Ilyich Tchaikovsky who made it into an opera. The poem shows typical Russian people in the
society of his day.
Pushkin was angry that he was still in exile and he wrote many letters to his friends. Many of
these letters were later published. He spent a lot of time drinking, gaming and fighting with
swords. He fell in love with the daughter of a Count for whom he was working. The Count
managed to get Pushkin exiled to his mother's estate near Pskov at the other end of Russia.
Pushkin spent two years here. He was lonely, but he studied Russian history and talked to the
peasants. The poems he wrote were full of ideas from Russian culture. He wrote one of his major
works: Boris Godunov, a drama about a story from Russian history. The composer Modest
Mussorgsky later made an opera from it. Boris Godunov was a cruel tsar in the 17th century.
Pushkin's play shows that the ordinary people had a lot of power. This made it difficult for Pushkin
to get it published.
Return from exile
After the revolt in 1825 the new tsar Nicholas I realized that Pushkin was by now very famous. He
also realized that he had not taken part in the revolt, so he allowed him to return. The tsar said that
he himself would censor Pushkin's works before they were allowed to be published. He said that
he was going to be a good tsar and help the poor people (the serfs) to become free. Pushkin was
in a difficult position because he could not write anything that the tsar would not like.
He had to be very careful not to say bad things about the rulers of the country. The police watched
him very carefully. Yet at this time Pushkin wrote a large number of great works, almost each one
of them being the first of their kind in Russian literature. One example is the short story The Queen
of Spades, which Tchaikovsky made into an opera and which was to be a great influence on the
novels of Fyodor Dostoevsky.
Last years
In his last years, Pushkin was again in government service in St. Petersburg. He married in 1831
and had to spend a lot of time in society at court. He wrote more and more prose. He wrote a
history of Peter the Great and a historical novel The Captain's Daughter. He kept asking the tsar to
let him resign from his job and go to the country to spend his time writing. The tsar would not
allow that. In 1837, Pushkin was killed in a duel. He had been forced to fight the duel in order to
defend his wife's honour.
Pushkin’s achievements
The Russian language today would be very different if it had not been for Pushkin. Using the
language as it was spoken by the people he made it into a language which was simple but which
could also express deep feelings. His works were a great influence on later writers like Ivan
Turgenev, Ivan Goncharov and Leo Tolstoy. Yevgeny Onegin was the first Russian novel which told
a story about the society of the time. His works have been translated into all the major languages
Related pages
List of Russian language poets
List of Russian-language novelists
Other websites
Eugene Onegin (http://www.poetryintranslation.com/klineaspushkin.htm)
Pushkin works available from archive.org (various languanges) (https://archive.org/search.php?
query=creator%3A%22Pushkin%2C%20Aleksandr%20Sergeevich%2C%201799-1837%22)
Pushkin poetical works (http://www.poetryloverspage.com/poets/pushkin/pushkin_ind.html)
(in Russian) Alexander Pushkin Fairy Tales: Russian Text (https://vseskazki.su/avtorskie-skazki/
skazki-pushkina-online.html)