DETERMINE THE
RELEVANCE AND
TRUTHFULNESS OF THE
IDEAS PRESENTED
ACCURACY
RELEVANCE
RELIABILITY
REFERS TO BEING CLOSE AN
OBJECTIVE TARGET OR
MEASURE.
ACCURACY
REFERS TO HOW CLOSE
A MEASUREMENT IS TO
THE TRUE VALUE
ACCURACY
GETTING THE
RIGHT ANSWER
If a journalist is accurate
in reporting, then her
claims tend to be very
close to the truth.
ACCURACY
Refers to the degree to
which a certain subject or
topic directly relates or
applies to a specific
situation or context.
RELEVANCE
The quality of being
trustworthy or of
performing
consistently well.
RELIABILITY
DETERMINE THE
ARGUMENT/POINT
/CLAIM
ARE STATEMENTS ABOUT WHAT IS
TRUE OR GOOD OR ABOUT WHAT
SHOULD BE DONE OR BELIEVED.
CLAIM
CLAIMS MUST BE SUPPORTED BY
EVIDENCE. THE EVIDENCE CAN BE IN
THE FORM OF RESEARCH, DATA,
QUOTES, OR TEXTUAL EVIDENCE.
"DOGS MAKE BETTER PETS
THAN CATS" IS A CLAIM
THAT CAN BE ARGUED.
HAVE YOU EVER HAD TO MAKE A CHOICE ABOUT YOUR
EDUCATION? MOST PARENTS MAKE THE CHOICE OF A
PRIVATE OR A PUBLIC EDUCATION FOR THEIR CHILDREN, BUT
IF IT WERE LEFT UP TO YOU, WHAT WOULD YOU PICK? WOULD
YOU EVEN KNOW HOW TO PICK? IF GIVEN THE CHOICE OF
ATTENDING A PRIVATE OR A PUBLIC SCHOOL, THERE ARE
MANY THINGS TO CONSIDER. NEVERTHELESS, PRIVATE
SCHOOL IS A BETTER OPTION THAN PUBLIC SCHOOL FOR
STUDENTS TODAY.
THE CLAIM IS "PRIVATE SCHOOL IS A BETTER OPTION
THAN PUBLIC SCHOOL FOR STUDENTS TODAY.“
THE CLAIM IS IDENTIFIABLE BECAUSE THE ARGUMENT
THE WRITER IS MAKING IS THAT PUBLIC SCHOOL IS
BETTER THAN PRIVATE SCHOOL. IT IS ALSO THE LAST
SENTENCE IN THE INTRODUCTION.
THE AUTHOR'S
REASONS FOR A
PARTICULAR POINT OF
VIEW, AN OPINION OR A
STATEMENT OF "FACT"
ARGUMENT
JUDGE THE
VALIDITY OF
EVIDENCE
anything that can be
used to prove
something
EVIDENCE
FACTS, INFORMATION,
DOCUMENTS, ETC. THAT
GIVE REASON TO BELIEVE
THAT SOMETHING
IS TRUE
EVIDENCE
TYPES OF
EVIDENCE
STATISTICAL
TESTIMONIAL
ANECDOTAL
ANALOGICAL
COMPARISONS
BETWEEN TWO
THINGS, USUALLY FOR
THE PURPOSE OF
EXPLANATION OR
CLARIFICATION.
ANALOGICAL
EVIDENCE
PAOLA IS THE BEST
ATHLETE IN THE
STATE], BECAUSE
SHE WON THE MOST
ATHLETIC AWARDS.
LOOK AT JUDE,
WHO'S CURRENTLY
THE BEST CHEF IN
THE STATE BECAUSE
HE WON THE MOST
COOKING AWARDS.
AN EVIDENCE THAT USE DATA TO
PROVE A POINT.
USE NUMBERS TO SUPPORT A
MAIN POINT
STATISTICAL
EVIDENCE
MCDONALD’S SIGNS THAT SAID
“OVER 1 BILLION SERVED”?
TRIDENT CHEWING GUM
COMMERCIALS THAT SAY “4 OUT
OF 5 DENTISTS RECOMMEND
CHEWING SUGARLESS GUM”
STATISTICAL
EVIDENCE
EVIDENCE THAT IS
COMMONLY TURNED TO BY
PEOPLE TRYING TO PROVE A
POINT.
TESTIMONIAL
EVIDENCE
COMMERCIALS THAT USE
SPOKESPERSONS TO
TESTIFY ABOUT THE
QUALITY OF A COMPANY’S
PRODUCT
TESTIMONIAL
EVIDENCE
LAWYERS WHO RELY ON
EYE-WITNESS
ACCOUNTS TO WIN A CASE
TESTIMONIAL
EVIDENCE
STUDENTS WHO QUOTE
AN AUTHORITY IN THEIR
ESSAYS
TESTIMONIAL
EVIDENCE
BASED ON A PERSON’S OBSERVATIONS
OF THE WORLD.
IT CAN ACTUALLY BE VERY USEFUL
FOR DISPROVING GENERALIZATIONS
BECAUSE ALL YOU NEED IS ONE
EXAMPLE THAT CONTRADICTS A CLAIM.
ANECDOTAL
EVIDENCE
NON-NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKER WHO
HAS PERFECT GRAMMAR
DOES NOT PROVE THAT ALL NONNATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKERS HAVE
PERFECT GRAMMAR. ALL THE
ANECDOTE CAN DO IS DISPROVE THE
CLAIM THAT ALL IMMIGRANTS WHO ARE
NON-NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKERS HAVE
TERRIBLE GRAMMAR.
YOU CAN USE THIS TYPE OF EVIDENCE TO
SUPPORT CLAIMS, THOUGH, IF YOU USE IT IN
CONJUNCTION WITH OTHER TYPES OF
EVIDENCE. PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS CAN
SERVE AS WONDERFUL EXAMPLES TO
INTRODUCE A TOPIC AND BUILD IT UP – JUST
MAKE SURE YOU INCLUDE STATISTICAL
EVIDENCE SO THE READER OF YOUR PAPER
DOESN’T QUESTION WHETHER YOUR
EXAMPLES ARE JUST ISOLATED INCIDENTS.