Petro Fajr Markazi Valve Manufacturer Co. GUIDE TO ASTM E446 REFERNCE RADIOGRAPHS FOR STEEL CASTINGS UP TO 2 In.(50.8 mm) IN THICKNESS E.Hatami MAY 2020 Quality Control Department Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5. Gas porosity AA Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 1 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5. Gas porosity AA Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 2 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5. Gas porosity AA Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 3 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5. Gas porosity AA Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 4 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5. Gas porosity AA Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 5 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category B—Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5. Sand and slag inclusions BB Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 6 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category B—Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5. Sand and slag inclusions BB Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 7 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category B—Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5. Sand and slag inclusions BB Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 8 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category B—Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5. Sand and slag inclusions BB Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 9 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category B—Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5. Sand and slag inclusions BB Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 10 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types: Ca—linear shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. Linear shrinkage Ca Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 11 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types: Ca—linear shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. Linear shrinkage Ca Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Gas porosity Sand and Inclusions slag inclusions Linear Linear shrinkage Ca Linear Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Linear Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 12 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types: Ca—linear shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. Linear shrinkage Ca Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Gas porosity Sand and Inclusions slag inclusions Linear Linear shrinkage Ca Linear Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Linear Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 13 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types: Ca—linear shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. Linear shrinkage Ca Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Gas porosity Sand and Inclusions slag inclusions Linear Linear shrinkage Ca Linear Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Linear Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 14 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types: Ca—linear shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. Linear shrinkage Ca Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 15 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types: Cb—feathery shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. Feathery shrinkage Cb Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 16 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types: Cb—feathery shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. Feathery shrinkage Cb Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 17 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types: Cb—feathery shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. Feathery shrinkage Cb Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 18 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types: Cb—feathery shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. Feathery shrinkage Cb Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 19 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types: Cb—feathery shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. Feathery shrinkage Cb Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 20 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types: Cc—sponge shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. Sponge shrinkage Cc Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 21 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types: Cc—sponge shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. Sponge shrinkage Cc Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 22 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types: Cc—sponge shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. Sponge shrinkage Cc Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 23 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types: Cc—sponge shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. Sponge shrinkage Cc Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 24 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types: Cc—sponge shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. Sponge shrinkage Cc Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 25 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types: Cd—combinations of linear, feathery and sponge shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. Combinations of linear Cd Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 26 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types: Cd—combinations of linear, feathery and sponge shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. Combinations of linear Cd Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 27 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types: Cd—combinations of linear, feathery and sponge shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. Combinations of linear Cd Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 28 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types: Cd—combinations of linear, feathery and sponge shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. Combinations of linear Cd Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 29 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types: Cd—combinations of linear, feathery and sponge shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5. Combinations of linear Cd Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 30 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category D—Crack; 1 illustration. , Category E—Hot tear; 1 illustration. Crack + Hot tear D+E Crack D Hot tear E Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 31 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category D—Crack; 1 illustration. , Category E—Hot tear; 1 illustration. Crack + Hot tear D+E Crack D Hot tear E Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 32 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category F—Insert; 1 illustration. , Category G—Mottling; 1 illustration. Insert + Mottling F+G Insert F Mottling G Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 33 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department Category F—Insert; 1 illustration. , Category G—Mottling; 1 illustration. Insert + Mottling F+G Insert F Mottling G Source : ASEM E446 Gas porosity Sand and slag inclusions Linear shrinkage Ca Feathery shrinkage Cb Sponge shrinkage Cc Combinations of linear Cd Crack + Hot tear Insert + Mottling D+E F+G 34 GUIDE TO ASTM E446 E.Hatami Quality Control Department GUIDE TO ASTM E446
