BIOLOGY
10 organisms that underwent genetic
engineering and identify the alteration
GLOW-IN-THEDARK ZEBRAFISH
Scientists have
engineered zebrafish
to express a green
fluorescent protein
(GFP) gene, making them glow in the dark.
MOSQUITOES
RESISTANT TO
MALARIA
Researchers are
working on
genetically modifying
mosquitoes to make them resistant to the
parasite that causes malaria.
ROUNDUP READY
CROPS
These crops are
engineered to be
resistant to the
herbicide glyphosate,
also known as Roundup.
GOLDEN RICE
This rice variety is
genetically
modified to
produce betacarotene, a precursor to vitamin A. This could
help address vitamin A deficiency, which is a
major public health problem in some parts of
the world.
AQUADVANTAGE
SALMON
This salmon is the first
genetically modified
animal approved for
human consumption in
the United States.
ENVIROPIG
This pig is engineered
to produce an enzyme
that breaks down
phosphorus in its
manure. This could
help reduce pollution from pig farms.
HAIRLESS CATS
Sphynx cats and
other hairless breeds
have a mutation in
the keratin gene,
which is responsible
for hair growth. This mutation was not
intentionally caused by genetic engineering,
but it is an example of how genetic
modification can occur naturally.
HORNLESS
CATTLE
Scientists are working
on developing
hornless cattle using
various methods,
including genetic engineering. This could
improve animal welfare and safety.
BIOLUMINESCENT
RABBITS
These rabbits express
the luciferase gene,
which allows them to
produce their own
light. This is a purely aesthetic modification,
but it demonstrates the potential of genetic
engineering for creative purposes.
E. COLI
PRODUCING
HUMAN INSULIN
Scientists have
engineered E. coli
bacteria to produce
human insulin.
PEDIGREE
-a family tree that describes the
interrelationships of parents and children
across generations
-inheritance patterns of particular traits that
can be traced and described using pedigrees
May either be:
I. Dominant. – A trait that requires at least
one dominant allele for the trait to be
expressed
II. Recessive. – A trait that requires two
recessive alleles for the trait
How to construct a pedigree?
I. Male (square) vs. Female (circle)
II. Affected (shaded) vs. Unaffected
(unshaded) individual
III. Marriage/mating line (line connecting
mates) vs. Sibship line (line connecting
siblings
IV. Fraternal twins (one birth line branching
out into the individual twin) vs. Identical
twins (same as fraternal twins but with a
horizontal bar connecting the branches)
V. Generation (Roman Numerals) vs.
Individuals with the same generation counting
left to right (designated by Hindu Arabic
numerals)
VI. Proband (arrow)
AUTOSOMAL TRAIT
-a trait whose alleles that control it are found
in the autosomes
PEDIGREE
-making use of diagrams showing the
ancestral relationships and transmission of
genetic traits over several generations in a
family
PROBAND
-the individual in the pedigree that led to the
construction of the pedigree
GENOTYPE
-the gene pair an individual carries for a
particular trait symbolized by a pair of letters
I. Homozygous dominant
II. Heterozygous
III. Homozygous recessive
PHENOTYPE
-the observable trait
46 chromosomes, 23 pairs
• first 22 chromosomes (pair)
• 23rd pair of chromosomes
•autosomes
• sex chromosomes (x, y)
SEX-LINKED TRAIT
-a trait in which a gene is located on a sex
chromosome
PHENOCOPY
-a trait that is expressed due to specific
environmental conditions (i.e., having half
that is dyed at different colors) and is not due
to the genotype
IDENTICAL TWINS
-also known as monozygotic twins
-derived from a single fertilization event
FRATERNAL TWINS
-twins that are derived from separate
fertilization events (two eggs fertilized by two
sperms) within the fallopian tube, resulting in
two separate zygotes: also known as dizygotic
twins
CLADOGRAM
LINKING CLASSIFICATION AND
PHYLOGENY
• The discipline of systematics classifies
organisms and determines their evolutionary
relationships
• Systematics use fossil, molecular, and
genetic data to infer evolutionary
relationships
• Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a
species or group of related species
• Dichotomous key and cladogram are useful
tools to see the similarities, difference, and
relationship at organisms.
1962: Jellyfish protein turns into a tool to
observe invisible cellular processes (Osamu
Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, Roger Tsien)
Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
-is naturally present in Aequora Victoria
jellyfish and fluoresces with a green light
when exposed to blue wavelength
DICHOTOMOUS KEY
-guides toward the final identification of an
organism through several steps with two
statements that describe certain characteristics
1967: DNA Ligation Links DNA fragments
together (paved the way for splicing
experiments) paste or glue to DNA
1968: Discover of Restriction Enzymes by
Werner Arber
CLADOGRAM
-describe the path organisms follow to
become unique species starting with a
common ancestor or characteristics.
Restriction Enzymes – can identify and cut
foreign DNA
Modification Enzyme (methylase):
recognizes the host’s DNA
GENETIC ENGINEERING
-the process of inserting new genetic
information into existing cells to modify a
specific organism for the purpose of changing
its characteristics
1970: Purification of Type II Restriction
Enzymes
1971: Gene splicing experiment that paves the
way for Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
Type II Restriction Enzymes used for
mapping DNA
GENETICALLY [ENGINEERED]
MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOS)
Base Pairs in Genetic Coding
A -U T
C G
Example: RNA strand
Base
Pairs
HISTORY OF GMO DEVELOPMENT
1953: Discovery of the double helix (DNA)
The pioneering work of Rosalind Franklin;
James Watson and Francis Crick discovered
the double helix structure of our DNA
1958: DNA is made in a test tube for the first
time
Arthur Kornberg isolated DNA polymerase
from bacterial extracts
1972: Recombinant DNA is created
1974: National Academy Moratorium on
Genetic Engineering Experiments (dangers
associated with these experiments)
1975: Merging of Myeloma Cells leads to
revolutionizing modern genetic diagnostics
and immunology treatments
-After working separately on B cell
experiments, scientists George Kohler and
Cesar Milstein teamed up. Their work
together led to the discovery that merging
myeloma cells would lead to fast-reproducing
antibody-growing cells
Their discovery led to a complete change in
modern diagnostic methods and treatments
1981: The first transgenic animal
In 1981, Onio University became the first lab
in the world to perform DNA microinjection
on an animal.
In this experiment, they created a transgenic
animal (this simply means an animal that has
had its DNA “spliced” with DNA from
another animal).
He and his team introduced DNA from a
rabbit into a mouse
This was a founding experiment in the world
of transgenic animal experiments
1982: First genetically engineered human
drug synthetic insulin
1986: The first recombinant vaccine for
humans is approved (Hepatitis B)
1988: First BT corn appears in fields
1990s: Cloning and GMOs
1994: A tomato engineered to stay ripe is
brought to market
1996: The cloning of Dolly the Sheep
2003: Began to sell GMOs as pers (Glofish)
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
-breeds choose which organism to mate with
to produce offspring with desired traits
-they cannot control what genes are passed
THREE TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL
SELECTION:
A. SELECTIVE BREEDING
-when animals with desired characteristics are
mated to produce offspring with those desired
traits
-passing of important genes to next generation
Example: Champion race horses, cows with
tender meat, large juicy oranges on a tree
Examples of Selective Breeding:
• Angus cows are bred to increase muscle
mass so that we get
• Egg-laying Hen produces more eggs than
the average hen
B. HYBRIDIZATION
-two individuals with unlike characteristics
are crossed to produce the best in both
organisms
Example:
• Luther Burbank created a disease-resistant
potato called the Burbank potato
• He crossed a disease-resistant plant with one
that had a large food-producing capacity
• Result: disease-resistant plant that makes a
lot of potatoes
C. INBREEDING
• breeding of organisms that genetically
similar to maintain desired traits
• it keeps each breed unique from others
• Risk: since both have the same genes, the
chance that the baby will get a recessive
genetic disorder is high such as blindness,
joint deformities
GENETIC ENGINEERING
TECHNIQUES
• CLONING
-making genetically identical organisms have
genetically same component
DOLLY THE SHEEPS
• the first mammal to have been successfully
cloned from an adult cell
• formed by taking a cell from the udder (54
chromosomes) of her biological mother
• cloned at the Roslin Institute in Scotland and
lived there from her birth in 1996 until her
death in 2003 when she was six
• Dolly’s first lamb: BONNIE
GENE SPLICING
• piecing together segments of existing genes
in a process called molecular cloning,
scientists develop genes with new properties
• scientists perform gene splicing in the lab
and insert the DNA into plants, animals or
cell lines
• splicing and inserting genes in a plasmid
ADVANTAGES
1. It allows for a faster growth rate
2. It can create an extended life
3. Specific traits can be developed
4. New products can be created
5. Greater yields can be produced
DISADVANTAGES
1. Pathogens adapt to the genetic profiles
2. There can be negative side effects that are
unexpected
3. The amount of diversity developed can be
less favorable
4. Copyrighted genetic engineering can have
costly consequences
5. This knowledge and technology can be
easily abused.
PLASMID
-is a small circular DNA molecule found in
bacteria and other cells
-small stable and easy to manipulate
• circular DNA in some bacteria and cells
used for gene splicing
• vector = plasmid
• donor = any genes (e.g., GFP)
RESTRICTION ENZYMES
• cuts like scissors
• open/cut plasmid
DNA LIGASE
• glue/paste
•catalyzed the recombination in the plasmid
USES OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
1. INDUSTRIAL – mass production of
hormones and biofuels
2. AGRICULTURAL – herbicide, insectresistant plants
3. ANIMALS – disease mechanisms and food
sources
4. MEDICAL – gene therapy
DIVERSITY OF LIFE
TAXONOMY
-field of biology that identifies and classifies
organisms is called TAXONOMY
-biological classification system groups the
most closely related organisms together
CAROLUS LINNAEUS (18th Century)
– published a system of taxonomy based on
resemblance
TWO KEY FEATURES OF HIS SYSTEM
REMAIN USEFUL
I. HIERARCHAL CLASSIFICATION
-a system grouping species in increasingly
broad categories
TAXONOMY GROUP BROAD TO
NARROW
• domain
• order
• kingdom
• family
• phylum/division
• genus
• class
• species
II. A TAXON
-taxonomy unit at any level of the hierarchy
KINGDOMS OF ARCHAEA
ARCHAEA
• a type of single-cell micro-organisms that
are often found in extreme environments such
as hot springs, salt flats, and deep-sea
hydrothermal vents.
• they are distinct from bacteria and
eukaryotes and are known for their ability to
thrive in harsh conditions.
FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF
BACTERIA
• Unicellular
• Prokaryotic
• Microscopic
• Lacking a Nucleus
• Plasma Membrane
KINGDOM OF FUNGI
• absorbs nutrients
• plays as decomposers
• low light conditions
• have a cell wall and the biopolymer chitin
• heterotrophic and eukaryotic
• they may be unicellular or filamentous
• by spores
• lack chlorophyll
• stored food in the form of starch
• chitin biosynthesis
• tiny nuclei
• no embryonic stage
• sexual or asexual
• certain fungi are parasitic
• create a substance known as pheromine
• largest organisms in the world (honey
fungus)
• glow in the dark
• closer to animals than plants
KINGDOM OF PLANTAE
• known as the plant kingdom
• one of the most diverse and widespread
kingdoms on Earth
METHANE-PRODUCING ARAHCAEA
-they play key roles in carbon cycling, inhabit
diverse environments, and have industrial
applications like biogas production.
KINGDOM OF BACTERIA
BACTERIA
• bacteria are small single-celled organisms.
• are found almost everywhere on Earth and
are vital to the planet’s ecosystem.
PLANTAE
-kingdom that encompasses all land plants
and algae
-this is the kingdom essential to life on Earth,
providing food, oxygen, and habitats for a
variety of organisms
-this is the captivating kingdom, which
includes organisms that are mainly
characterized by the presence of cell walls
• ability to photosynthesize or produce their
own food
• lack of mobility
• ability to reproduce through spores or seeds
• presence of complex cellular structures
• diverse growth forms
• presence of lignin
• their ability to alter generations
Plantae contain plant cells, which, on the
other hand, contain cell walls made of
cellulose, a complex carbohydrate that
provides support and protection to the cells
KINGDOM OF PROTISTA
PROTISTA
-it refers to a kingdom that includes a diverse
group of eukaryotic microorganisms that do
not fit into the categories of plants, animals,
or fungi.
-this kingdom considered a "grab bag"
because it encompasses a wide range of
organisms with different characteristics.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTISTA
• composed of eukaryotic cells
• unicellular or multicellular
• motility
• diversity
• they exhibit both autotrophs and
heterotrophs mode of nutrition
• cell wall
• they produce both asexually and sexually
• habitats
• genetic diversity
KINGDOM OF ANIMALIA
• they can move and so have locomotion
• they lack cell wall and plastids
• they are heterotrophic since they cannot
prepare their own food
• they have excretory and sensory organs, as
well as neurological system
• reproduction is generally sexual
BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT;
SPECIATION
SPECIES
– Latin word for “kind” or “appearance”
– compares morphology, physiology,
biochemistry, and DNA sequences
THE BIOLOGICAL SPECIES
CONCEPT
-emphasizes reproductive isolation
-species is a group of populations whose
members have the potential to interbreed in
nature and produce viable, fertile offspring
- however, species do not breed successfully
with other population
REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION
-existence of barriers that impede two species
from producing viable, fertile offspring.
BARRIERS
1. PREZYGOTIC BARRIERS
- Happens before formation of zygote
(combination of fertilized sperm + eggs
- Block fertilization from occurring by:
a.) Impede different species from attempting
to mate
b.) Prevent successful completion of mating
c.) hinder fertilization if mating is successful
I. Habitat Isolation
- two species encounter each other rarely, or
not at all
- species occupy different habitats, even if
they are not isolated by physical barriers.
example: Garter Snake
-occurs in the same geographic areas
-one lives in water other terrestrial
example: Gryllus Genus
-lives in close proximity, but due to different
soil preference they become genetically
isolated
II. Temporal Isolation
-species that breed at different times of the
day season or year
-result: cannot mix gametes
example: Eastern & Western Spotted Skunk
- North America
- Geographic ranges overlap
- Mates in lake summer & lake water
example: Rana Aurora & Rana bayli
- Breeds earlier in the year
III.) Behavioral Isolation
-courtship rituals and other behaviors unique
to a species
example: Blue – footed boobies
- Gala pagos
- Mate only after a courtship display
unique to their species
- Show off of male with bright blue
feet
IV.) Mechanical Isolation
-successful mating is prevented by
morphological difference
example: Bradybaena Genus
- Shells of the 2 species spiral in a
different direction
- Snail’s genetical openings are not
aligned
V.) Gametic Isolation
-the sperm of one species may not be able to
fertilize the egg of another species
-sperm may not be able to survive in the
reproductive tract of females
BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISM
-prevent the sperm from penetrating the
membrane surrounding the other species' eggs
-closely related species of aquatic animals
example: Sea Urchins
- Release their sperm and eggs
into a surrounding water
-
Difficult for gametes of other
species to use since proteins on
the surfaces of eggs and sperm
bind very poorly
2. POSTZYGOTIC BARRIER
-happens after the formation of zygote
-prevent the hybrid zygote from developing
into a viable, fertile adult
BARRIERS
1. REDUCED HYBRID VIABILITY
(DEVELOPMENT)
-genes of different parent species may interact
and impair hybrid’s development
example: Male Donkey + Female Horse =
Mule
-robust but strike
example: Hunny = (Female Donkey + Male
Horse)
-sterile
example: Zonkey - Male Zebra + Female
Donkey
Zedonk - Male donkey + female
zebra
2.) REDUCED HYBRID FERTILITY
- hybrid are vigorous but sterile (not fertile)
- they cannot reproduce
3.) HYBRID BREAKDOWN
- some first generation hybrids are fertile, but
when they mate, offspring of the next
generation are feeble/sterile
LIMITATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL
SPECIES CONCEPT
- Biological Species Concept cannot be
applied to fossil/asexual organisms
- Biological Species Concept emphasizes
absence of gene flow (Occurs between
species)
OHER CONCEPT OF SPECIES
-emphasiszes unity within a species rather
than the separateness of different species
1.) Morphological Species Concept
- defines species by structural features
- applied to sexual & asexual species but
relies on subjective criteria
2.) Ecological Species Concept
- Veins a species in terms of its ecological
niche
- applies to sexual & asexual species and
emphasizes the role of disruptive selection
3.) Phylogenetic Species Concept
- applies to sexual & asexual species
- it can be difficult to determine the degree of
difference required to separate species
SPECIATION
-occurs when a group within a species
separates from other members of its species
and develops its own unique characteristic
TWO WAYS OF SPECIATION
1. ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION (“other
country”)
- gene flow is interrupted/reduced when
population is divided into geographically
isolated subpopulation
-definition of barriers depends on the ability
of a population to disperse
EVIDENCE:
a.) 15 pairs of sibling species of sibling
shrimp (Alpheus) are separated by the isthmus
of Panama
b.) Species are originated
9-13 million years ago when Isthmus of
Panama formed and separated the Atlantic &
Pacific Ocean
2.) SYMPATRIC SPECIATION (“SAME
COUNTRY”)
- speciation takes place in geographically
overlapping populations
-may also occur in the evolution of animals
but it is less common
POLYPLOIDY
a.) Polyploidy
-presence of sets of chromosomes due to
accidents during cell division
b.) Autopolyploid
-individual with more than 2 chromosome
sets, derived from one species
c.) Allopolyploid
-species with multiple sets of chromosomes
derived from different species
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
-is the mere creation of business
• seeking opportunities
• taking risks beyond security
• having the tenacity to push an idea through
to reality
-is an integrated concept that persuades an
individual business in an innovative manner
ROBERT C. RONSTADT
-the dynamic process of creating incremental
wealth
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
-a dynamic process of creating incremental
wealth
-this wealth is created by individuals who
assume major risks in terms of equality time,
and/or career commitment to providing value
for a product or service
-the product or service itself may or may not
be new or unique but the entrepreneur must
somehow infuse value by securing and
allocating the necessary skills and resources
ENTREPRENEUR
-a person who organizes and manages an
enterprise especially a business, usually with
considerable initiative
-from French “entreprende”, meaning to
undertake
-an entrepreneur is someone who perceives an
opportunity and creates an organization to
pursue it.
In the U.S. approximately 4% of the adult
population is actually involved in starting a
business at any given time.
REWARD OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
• being your own boss
• doing something you enjoy
• being creative
• setting your own schedule
• having job security
• making more money
• being recognized in the community
ESSENTIAL TO AN ENTREPRENEUR’S
OPPORTUNITY SEEKING
ENTREPRENEURIAL MIND FRAME
allows the entrepreneur to see things in a very
positive and optimistic light in the midst of
crisis or difficult situations. Instead of being
discouraged, the entrepreneur is able to use
these problematic situations as inspiration to
create something innovative. In fact, in
Chinese writing, the word “crisis” is
composed of two characters. The first
character means danger while the second
character means opportunity.
ENTREPRENEURIAL HEART FLAME
Is the great desire to attain a vision or fulfill a
mission. It is about wanting something so
much that a person would be willing to totally
devote one’s self to the quest. Despite several
setbacks or disappointments, the entrepreneur
is not easily disheartened but rather driven
toper persevere even more.
ENTREPRENEURIAL GUT GAME
This refers to the ability of the entrepreneur to
sense without using the five senses also
known as intuition. Somehow the
entrepreneur just knows whether something
will work or not without necessitating logical,
systematic, and sequential thinking, The gut
game also connotes courage or, in the local
dialect, “lakas ng loob” (strong intestinal
fortitude).
SOURCES OF OPPORTUNITIES
1.) Change in the Environment
-ideas arise when changes happen in
the external environment
• External Environment – physical, societal,
industry environment
1.1 The Physical Environment includes
a. Climate – weather conditions
b. Natural Resources – such as minerals,
forest, water
c. Wildlife – includes all animals, that live in
the wild
1.2 The Societal Environment includes
various Forces like
a. Political Forces – including all the basic
rules and regulations that govern business
b. Economic Forces – income level of
employment role
c. Socio-cultural Forces – customs, and
lifestyle that characterize a society
d. Environmental Environment – new
invention and technology innovation
1.3 Industry environment or the business
includes
a. competitors
b. customers
c. creditors
d. employees
e. government
f. supplier
2. Technology discovery and advancement
-a person with entrepreneurial
interests sees -bility in business opportunities
in any new discovery or – of the use of the
latest technology
These are five forces competing within the
industry
• Buyer
• Potential new entrants
• Rivalry among existing firms
• Substitute product
• Supplier
1. BUYER – are the one that pays cash in
exchange to your goods and service
2. POTENTIAL NEW ENTRANTS
– destined as one who caters something
3. RIVALRY AMONG EXISTING FIRMS
– rivalry is the state of situation in which
people or groups computing with each other
4. SUBSTITUTE PRODUCT – means
anything that takes the place or function pf
another
5. SUPPLIERS PRODUCT – means
anything that takes the place or function of
another
6. SUPPLIERS – are the one who provide
something needed or wanted
3. Government’s trust, programs, and
policies
-the primary, projects, programs, and
policies of the government are also sources of
ideas
BASIC ELEMENT
• target customers
• needs opportunity
• name of the product
• name of the enterprise
4. People’s Interest
-interests, hobbies, and preferences
of people are men's source of entrepreneurial
ideas
VALUE PROPOSITION
-must be truthful that will establish credibility
5. Post Expenses
-expenses and skills developed by a person
FORCES OF COMPETITION MODEL
COMPETITION
-it is the act of proves of trying to go or
something
UNIQUE SELLING PROPOSITION
-refers to how you sell your product or service
TIPS
• Identify any rank the uniqueness of the
product or service character
• Very specific
• Kep it starts and simple
A. TARGET MARKET
-aims to determine layers commons used
1.GEOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION
– total market is divide according to
geographical location
a. climate
c. culture
b. dominant ethnic group d. density
2. DEMOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION
– divided based on consumer
a. gender
e. education
b. age
f. religion
c. income
g. ethnic group
d. occupation
h. family size
3. PSYCHOLOGICAL SEGMENTATION
– divided in costumers think find
a. needs and wants
e. knowledge
b. attitude
f. brand concept
c. social class
g. lifestyle
d. personality
4. BEHAVIORAL SEGMENTATION –
divided according to costumer behavioral
pattern on their interact with a company
a. perception
d. benefits
b. knowledge
e. loyalty
c, recreation
f. response
B. CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS
-thing or product that want able to be touched
but customers can feel fulfillment
• OUTPUT REQUIREMENT
-tangible thing that can be seen, characteristic
specification that a consumer express to be
fulfilled in a product
• MARKET SIZE
-most critical task to calculate the market size
COMMON COMPETENCIES IN
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1. DECISIVE
-an entrepreneur must be firm in making
decisions.
2. INNOVATIVE
-must have a convincing power
-constantly looks for new ideas, thus he needs
to be creative
3. PROFIT POTENTIAL
-must have the charisma to be obeyed by his
employees
4. RISK BEARING
-must have the ability to be the first to see
business chances
-entrepreneurs need to gamble but are wise
enough to offset the risk
5. PROACTIVE
-controlling a situation by making things to
happen or by preparing for possible future
problems
6. RISK TAKER
-they have the courage to pursue their
business ideas
7. ECONOMIC AND DYNAMIC
ACTIVITY
-entrepreneurship is an economic activity
because it involves the creation and operation
of an enterprise with a view to creating value
or wealth by ensuring optimum utilization of
limited resources
COMMUNICATOR
-an entrepreneur must have a convincing
power.
LEADER
-an entrepreneur must have the charisma to be
obeyed by his employees.
OPPORTUNITY SEEKER
-an entrepreneur must have the ability to be
the first to see business chances.
PROACTIVE
-an entrepreneur can control a situation by
making things happen or by preparing for
possible future problems.
RISK TAKER
-an entrepreneur has the courage to pursue
business ideas.
INNOVATIVE
-the entrepreneur has big business ideas and
he does not stop improving and thinking of
new worthwhile ideas for his business.
TYPES OF ENTREPRENEURS
1. INNOVATIVE ENTREPRENEURS
They are those who always make new things
by thinking of new ideas. They have the
ability to think newer, better, and more
economical ideas.
2. IMITATING ENTREPRENEURS
They are those who don’t create new things
but only follow the ideas of other
entrepreneurs.
3. FABIAN ENTREPRENEURS
They are skeptical about changes to be made
in the organization. They don’t initiate but
follow only after they are satisfied.
4. DRONE ENTREPRENEURS
They are those who live on the labor of
others. They are die-hard conservatives even
ready to suffer the loss of business.
5. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS
They are those who initiate changes and drive
social innovation and transformation in the
various fields such as education, health,
human rights, environment, and enterprise
development.
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES OF
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1. BUSINESS CONSULTANT
- with the expertise of in the field of
entrepreneurship, he can be a very good
source of advices to other entrepreneurs and
would-be businessmen.
2. TEACHER
-a graduate of an entrepreneurship can use his
knowledge in teaching.
3. RESEARCHER
-the entrepreneur can be employed as a
researcher by an enterprise.
4. SALES
-the entrepreneurship graduate can apply as a
salesman.
5. BUSINESS REPORTER
-the entrepreneur being an expert in the field,
can be employed as a business reporter.
TYPICAL ENTREPRENEURIAL
BACKGROUNDS AND EXPERIENCES
-parents were entrepreneurs or self-employed
-families encouraged responsibility initiative
and independence
-have tried more than one business venture
-have relevant personal or career experience
-become entrepreneurs
RISK OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
• working long hours
• having an uncertain income
• being fully responsible
• risking one’s investment
CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
• persistent
• self-demanding
• creative
• self-confident
• responsible
• risk-taking
• inquisitive
• action-oriented
• goal-oriented
• enthusiastic
• independent
ESSENTIAL ENTREPRENEURIAL
SKILLS
• communication
• math
• problem-solving
• technology and computer
• decision-making
• organizing and planning
• teamwork
• social
• adaptability
MARKET RESEARCH
-can be defined as the process of
gathering, analyzing, and interpreting the
information about the products or the services
to be offered for sale to the potential
consumers in the market
DATA COLLECTION
-is the most valuable tool in any type
of research study. Inaccurate data collection
may cause mistakes and ultimately lead to
invalid results.
TIPS IN COLLECTING DATA
•organize collected data as soon as it is
available
• know what message you want to get across
then collect data that is relevant to the
message
• collect more data
• create more data
• take note of interesting or significant data
SURVEYS
-are the most common way to gather
primary research with the use of
questionnaires or interview schedules. These
can be done via direct mail, over the phone,
internet (e.g. Google) email, face-to-face, or
on the Web (e.g. Skype or Viber).
When designing or constructing your own
research questionnaire, remember the
following guidelines.
• Keep it as simple as possible
• Make sure it is clearly appealing and easy to
read
• Cluster or block-related questions
• Move from complex questions to more
specific questions
• Make sure questions are concise and easily
understood
• Avoid questions that are difficult to answer
• Make sure the response scales used are
consistent with categories that are mutually
exclusive
INTERVIEW
-is one of the most reliable and
credible ways of getting relevant information
from target customers. It is typically done in
person between the researcher/entrepreneur
and a respondent where the researcher asks
pertinent questions that will give significant
pieces of information about the problem that
he will solve.
-last for 15 to 40 minutes
PERSONAL INTERVIEWS
-are the traditional method of
conducting an interview. It allows the
researcher to establish relationships with
potential participants and therefore gain their
cooperation. It generates the highest response
rates in survey research. They also allow the
researcher to clarify indefinite answers and
when necessary, seek follow-up information.
Telephone interviews
-are less expensive and less timeconsuming, but the disadvantages are that
the response rate is not as high as the
face-to-face interview, but considerably
higher than the mailed questionnaire
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD)
-is an excellent method for
generating and screening ideas and concepts.
It can be moderated group interviews and
brainstorming sessions that provide
information on user’s needs and behaviors.
-length session is between 90 to 120
minutes with 8 to 10 participants
7PS OF MARKETING MIX
MARKETING MIX
-controllable and connected variables
that a company gather to satisfy a customer
better than its competitor. Also known as Ps
in Marketing.
1. PRODUCT
-refers to any goods or services that
are produced to meet the consumers’ wants,
tastes and preferences. An example of goods
includes tires, MP3 players, clothing and etc.
Goods can be categorized into business goods
or consumer goods.
2. PLACE
-represents the location where the
buyer and seller exchange goods or services.
It is also called as the distribution channel. It
can include any physical store as well as
virtual stores or online shops on the internet.
Once this is attained, the price can be higher
than before.
For example, if you are going to open a
Beauty Salon you need to set your prices
lower than those of your competitors so that
you can penetrate the market. If you are
already have a good number of market share
then you can slowly increase your price.
Channel 1 contains two stages between
producer and consumer - a wholesaler and a
retailer. A wholesaler typically buys and
stores large quantities of several producers'
goods and then breaks into bulk deliveries to
supply retailers with smaller quantities.
For small retailers with limited order
quantities, the use of wholesalers makes
economic sense.
Channel 2 contains one intermediary. In
consumer markets, this is typically a retailer.
A retailer is a company that buys products
from a manufacturer or wholesaler and sells
them to end users or customers. In a sense, a
retailer is an intermediary or middleman
that customers use to get products from the
manufacturers.
Channel 3 is called a "direct-marketing"
channel, since it has no intermediary levels.
In this case the manufacturer sells directly to
customers.
3. PRICE
-is the amount or value that a
customer gives up to enjoy the benefits of
having or using a product or service. One
example of a pricing strategy is the
penetration pricing. It is when the price
charged for products and services is set
artificially low in order to gain market share.
4. PROMOTION
-refers to the complete
set of activities, which communicate the
product, brand, or service to the user. The
idea is to create awareness, attract and induce
the consumers to buy the product, in
preference over others. Advertising, Personal
Selling, Sales Promotion, Direct Marketing,
and Social Media are examples of promotion.
5. PEOPLE
-are the ultimate marketing strategy.
They sell and push the product. People are
one of the most important elements of the
marketing mix today. This is because of the
remarkable rise of the services industry.
Products are being sold through retail
channels today.
6. PACKAGING
-is a silent hero in the
marketing world.
-refers to the outside appearance of a
product and how it is presented to the
customers. The best packaging should be
attractive enough and cost efficient for the
customers. Packaging is highly functional. It
is for protection, containment, information,
utility of use and promotion.
7. POSITIONING
-refers to a process used by
marketers to create an image in the minds of a
target market.
Solid positioning will allow a single product
to attract different customers for not the same
reasons. For example, two people are
interested in buying a phone; one wants a
phone that is cheaper in price and fashionable
while the other buyer is looking for a phone
that is durable and has longer battery life and
yet they buy the same exact phone.
Brand Name is a name, symbol, or other
feature that distinguishes a seller's
goods or services in the marketplace.
Your brand is one of your greatest assets
because your brand is your customers' over-all
experience of your business.
Brand strategy is a long-term design for the
development of a popular brand in order to
achieve the goals and objectives.
COMMONLY USED BRANDING
STRATEGIES
1) PURPOSE
"Every brand makes a promise. But in a
market in which customer confidence is
little and budgetary observance is great, it’s
not just making a promise that separates
one brand from another, but having a
significant purpose,"(Allen Adamson).
How can you define your business purpose?
According to Business Strategy Insider,
purpose can be viewed in two ways:
a. Functional. This way focuses on the
assessments of success in terms of fast
and profitable reasons. For example, the
purpose of the business is to make
money.
b. Intentional. This way focuses on
fulfillment as it relates to the capability to
generate money and do well in the world.
2) CONSISTENCY
The significance of consistency is to avoid
things that don’t relate to or improve
your brand. Consistency aids to brand
recognition, which fuels customer loyalty.
3) EMOTION
There should be an emotional voice,
whispering "Buy me". This means you allow
the customers to have the chance to feel that
they are part of your brand.
You should find ways to connect more deeply
and emotionally with your customers. Make
them feel part of the family and use emotion
to build relationships and promote brand
loyalty.
4) FLEXIBILITY
Marketers should remain flexible too in this
rapidly changing world. Consistency
targets at setting the standard for your brand,
flexibility allows you to adjust and
differentiate your approach from your
competition.
According to Kevin Budelmann, "Effective
identity programs require sufficient
consistency to be identifiable, but sufficient
variation to keep things fresh and human,"
so if your old tactics don't work anymore,
don't be afraid to change. It doesn’t mean it
worked in the past it may still work now.
5) EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT
It is equally important for your employees to
be well versed in how they communicate with
customers and represent the brand of your
product.
6) LOYALTY
Loyalty is an important part of brand strategy.
At the end of the day, the emphasis on a
positive relationship between you and your
existing customers sets the tone for what
potential customers can expect from doing
business with you.
7) COMPETITIVE AWARENESS
Do not be frightened of competition. Take it
as a challenge to improve your branding
strategy and craft a better value in your brand.
CONTEMPORARY ART FORMS AND
THEIR PRACTICES
Contemporary arts come in different forms:
• Fine arts – direct on contemporary painting,
sculpture, and architecture
• Visual arts – focus on installation art as
New Media Arts; Public Art, the Art in
outdoor space; Mixed Media, which combines
different Art forms; Photography and Digital
Works, the Technology-aided Art.
• Performing arts – tackles the art of theatre
and performance art, dance, and music.
CONTEMPORARY FINE ARTS
CONTEMPORARY PAINTING
• most popular among fine arts
• artist must still alive at present
• it must connect itself to the issues and
concerns of the society
Different types in genre and in material:
1. Landscape Painting
• most common among all types of painting
by genre
• painting of outdoor seen
2. Abstract Painting
• most difficult among paintings
• let viewers to think deeper and allow them
to have their own interpretation
3. Figurative Painting
• portrays pictures of actual images as seen in
the real world
• human images are commonly used as a
subject
4. Watercolor Painting
• one of the most primitive types of painting
5. Oil Painting
• considered to be a great means to achieve a
more convincing and realistic artwork
• it is done on a canvas
CONTEMPORARY PAINTING
(Famous Examples)
LANDSCAPE PAINTING
Planting Rice (!949)
Fernando Amorsolo
Oil in Canvas
ABSTRACT PAINTING
San Francisco Arcade 1, 2014
Geronimo Cristobal Jr.
FIGURATIVE PAINTING
Michaelangelo’s Reproduction of Salvator
Mundi Painting
Bernardo Lira
MODERN WATERCOLOR PAINTING
Oldman guitar painting
Dann Maca
OIL PAINTING
Under the mango tree (The Philippines 18921972)
Fernando Cueto Amorsolo
CONTEMPORARY SCULPTURE
-molding of gods and heroes for a long time
Four basic techniques:
1. Molding
-an additive process
2. Carving
-subtractive process
-hard material is removed or carved by cutting
or chipping away to form an image
• Ramon Orlina, “Father of Philippine Glass
Sculpture”
3. Casting
-used to make the sculpture more durable and
transferrable from one place to another
without breaking
4. Assembling
-easiest yet very creative technique where in
different materials gather together to form a
sculpture
-an additive process that uses adhesive or any
material used for adhesion to put together all
materials to form a sculpture.
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
-the architecture of today is very rich
in style and in high technology
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
(STYLES)
1. Environment
• friendly architecture is a design that
promotes environmental awareness through
their style
Example: the building of centrio mall in
Cagayan de Oro City
2. Biomorphic
• inspired by the features of a living thing
CONTEMPORARY VISUAL ARTS
INSTALLATION ART
-an art form that requires a suited site
for transformation of space to a desired effect
Installation Art Types:
1. Interactive Installation Art
• allows viewers or spectators to interact with
the installation piece
• viewers are an encourages to touch and give
comment to an artwork
2. Conceptual Installation Art
• focuses on the idea or concept
• the installation exhibited objects and events
that will lead to a concept that the artist tried
to show
3. Technology-aided Installation Art
• the use of technology in an installation art,
like the use of light, sound and computer
application
4. Performance Installation Art
• an installation for theatre and dance which
includes careful planning for the execution of
movement of performers with the placement
of materials, lights and sound.
5. Environmental Installation Art
• shows environmental concerns
• artists use this installation art to address to
natural disasters and calamities
PUBLIC ART
-monuments of heroes, public and religious
figures
TYPES OF PUBLIC ART:
1. Commemorative Monuments
• monuments of people or group of people
who are considered to be heroes in history
2. Municipal Art
• usually sculptures located in front of
government establishment and academic
institutions to instill nationalism and serve as
historical landmark to Filipinos and suitors
and educate the young ones
3. Community-based Art
• community-based artistic activity with the
use of different materials available in the area
and interaction of people in the community
and the artists.
4. Land Art
• public art that interact with nature and the
environment
5. Campaign-inspired Public Art
• promotes idea by making the idea visible to
everyone
• usually set up at places where people are
congested
6. Architectural Art
• usually seen on malls or any enclosed
concrete structures
7. Design-based Public Art
• decorative and is often placed in parks and
in outside commercial centers
• the design usually harmonizes with the
surroundings and infrastructure around the
location
• may be scripted, just live theatre or
unscripted, spontaneous or planned, with or
without participation of audience
MIXED MEDIA ART
-artworks done from mixed materials, any
materials including commercial garbage
THEATRE ART
• an art that requires actors and actresses to
connect to the audience to let them experience
a real or imagined event through combination
of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance,
commonly done on stage and are scripted.
Two techniques used in mixed media are:
1. Collage
-a technique when cut out materials are parted
on a flat surface that turn into a creative
artwork
2. Assemblage
-a technique of putting objects together by
welding or adhesion in a new concept
PHOTOGRAPHY
Photography is of different types:
1. Photography and Reality
-photography that depicts reality
-most of its photographs depict true
happenings or really exists in reality
2. Nature Photography
-photographs of nature, landscape, and places
we might not encounter in our lifetime
3. Photojournalism
-a combination of photography and
journalism
-pictures are used to help the readers, view
what is being narrated, live in many
newspapers and magazines.
4. Photographic Alteration
-the use of photographic devise to alter or edit
images and add what is being desired in just
one touch
5. Mobile Photography
-photographs taken by a mobile phone
CONTEMPORARY PERFORMING
ARTS
PERFORMANCE ART
• an art done live to convey message in a
limited time
Styles that’s commonly seen in Philippine
Theatre:
1. Realism
• a style that shows actual situations that
Filipinos are in
• focuses on the problems and the reaction to
socio-economic political issues encountered
2. Combination of Realistic and Nonrealistic Styles
3. The Brechtian Style
• a style brought by German playwright,
Bertolt Brecht
• Brecht used devices to tell the audience that
it’s just a theatre not true to life
• a style that promotes audience’s reflective
attachment and not emotional involvement
4. Musical Performance
• a theatre art that uses music in expression of
arts
5. Documentary Style
• plays dealing with historical events and life
story of a person
6. Short Plays
• skits used by starter before jumping into
something big
• usually used by students and teachers as an
activity to hook the interest of the student in a
new lesson
CONTEMPORARY DANCE
-dance styles that have been popular
in the Philippines were:
1. Disco Dancing
-a dance style characterized by movement of
the hip and pelvic
2. Hip-hop
-a dance style that includes breaking, looking
and popping
• it is something made just happened or
“freestyle” or spontaneous performance
CONTEMPORARY MUSIC
-music composition is a little bit
complex for it involves mastery and skill to
produce a melody
LESSON 1.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
• The Philippines has a unique history of
musical instruments dating back to the
precolonial period.
• Music instruments, mechanisms that
produce sounds, have been used for various
purposes. In earlier times they were use as an
adjunct to dance or to labor, courtship,
marriage, and good harvest. In later
civilizations, instrumental music was used for
entertainment.
• Present-day musicological studies follow the
Hornbostel - Sachs classificatio, divide
instruments into the following categories.
• Idiophones
• Aerophones
• Chordophones
• Membranophones
• Electrophones
IDIOPHONES
-instruments the produce sound from
the substance of the instrument itself (wood or
metal) are classified as Idiophones. They are
further subdivided into those that are struck,
scraped, plucked, shaken, or rubbed. In the
Philippines, there are metal and wooden
(principally bamboo) Idiophones.
AEROPHONES
Include various types of flutes, panpipe, and pipes. The most widespread and
numerous are the flutes which are bend-blown
with the air stream directed into the open end
of the tube.
Lip valley notch flute:
• Found in northern and southern Philippines
• Known as paldong in the south and
palendag in the north
• Used for leisure, serenading, courting, or
passing time
Nose flute:
• Found mostly in the northern Philippines
• Known as Tongall (Kalinga), kaleleng
(Bontok), and unguing (Ifugao).
• Also found sporadically in some areas of the
south
CHORDOPHONES
There are bamboo or wood-stringed
instruments that may be struck plucked, or
bowed. They include zithers, lutes, and bowed
strings.
Philippine zithers:
• Resonating bodies made from bamboo tubes
or half tubes
• Found in nothern Luzon, Mindanao, and
Palawan
Two types:
• Polychordal zithers with several strings
encircling the tube.
• Parallel stringed zithers with two strings on
one side of the tube
• Names include kolitong, kollessing, kulibet,
saluray, sigitan, takul, tangke, togo, and
pagang.
MEMBRANOPHONES
Sulibao and kimbal:
• Bontok and Ibalol drums
• Longitudinal
• Deer skin heads on one end
• Kimbal is taller, sulicao is shorter
• Drum head is small
• Played with palms of two hands
Igugao libbit, ludag:
• Conical drum with deer or goat skin
• Played with a gong during harvest time
Dabakan:
• Large goblet-shaped drum
The Philippines has so much to offer in the
world in terms of arts, it has a gold mine of
art. In the current days, it is called
Contemporary arts.
• Contemporary art forms, can be classified
into
1. Choreography
2. Musical instrument
3. Literary and music composition
4. Visual design, and
5. Theatrical performances
• There are hybrid arts that are produced
today.
• Contemporary artists tried to create
something new out of what had already
existed, and they tended to borrow, combine,
and explore it.
• They respond to the call for cultural
diversity, technological advancement, and
global influence.
8 MAJOR TYPES ACCODING TO THE
CULTURAL SOURCES AND
INFLUENCES
I. Music of Indigenous Southeast Asian
Filipinos: Harmony with the Creative Forces
of Nature.
II. Music of the Moros of Muslim Filipino
Cultures: The Courtly Elegance of Islamic
Unity
III. Music of the Lowland and Folk Villages:
The Way of the Fiesta
IV. Music of Popular Sentiments: The
Sanctity of the Home
V. Music of the Concert Hall: The Autonomy
of Music
VI. Music of Mass Entertainment: The
Consumerist Lifestyle
VII. Music of Social Concern and Cultural
Freedom: A Force for Social Transformation
VIII. Music for National Identity: Being
Filipino
LESSON 2.
VISUAL DESIGN STYLES
1. 3D
This three-dimensional artwork gives the
opposite illusion of a flat design. This is also
characterized by the illusion of volume and
mass, therefore looking like it occupies space.
It is commonly used to create skeuomorphic
designs, the idea of creating something to
resemble a real-life object.
2. ABSTRACT
An abstract is the style of creating a piece of
art that is independent of the way it looks in
the real world.
3. CLEAN AND MINIMALIST
Minimalism is a style or technique that is
characterized by sparseness and simplicity.
It is the opposite of lavish and highly
decorative styles and leaves its most basic
form to communicate the message.
4. CONCEPTUAL ART
Conceptual art is a sub-category of
illustration and is a metaphorical depiction
of a visual idea. This is considered as the
fictional section of illustration.
5. FEMININE
This is the opposite of masculine design,
feminine style is usually characterized by
details that stereo-typically attract female
attention such as soft palettes, floral, and
cursive writing.
6. FLAT
This type of style be considered as a
subcategory of the minimalist look; it
employs minimal use of colors and shading
for a visually pleasing aesthetic.
7. FUN AND PLAYFUL
This is a design style that inspires fun and
usually gives off an informal, rather than
rigid, impression.
14. PHOTOREALISM
Photorealism is a form of illustration where
the designer closely matches it to the original
image or photo as much as possible.
8. GEOMETRIC
This style derived from the idea of geometry,
this style is characterized by heavy use of
straight lines and shapes. The typical
geometric design can comprise rectangles,
squares, and triangles.
15. PROFESSIONAL/CORPORATE
This professional design style is usually
characterized by muted colors, and minimal
details to represent conservative ideas. This
style is typically employed by organizations
that want to make formal impressions on their
target audience.
9. GRUNGE
This is sometimes considered as a
subcategory of the vintage style, grunge
evokes the darker, gritty, and cool style of the
1990s.
10. ILLUSTRATED
This illustration style is derives from the
interpretation or visual explanation of a text,
concept, or process. There are plenty of
subcategories under illustration, among them
conceptual art and photorealism, which are
also explained on this page.
11. LUXURIOUS
A luxurious design style evokes the idea of
indulging in extra comforts or pleasures
additional to the necessary standard of wellbeing. The use of rich colors such as gold
helps achieve this idea of luxury.
12. MASCULINE
The masculine design style is stereo-typically
appealing to men. Details in masculine
design may include simple lines,
monochromatic theme (black and white) and
“rugged texture.
13. ORGANIC AND NATURAL
Organic design is a style that takes the
flowing natural forms of reality and is
characterized by continuous lines and
dynamic curves.
16. TYPOGRAPHIC
A typographic style utilizes the modification
of fonts. It is the design of the written words
to evoke a response in target audience. For
logos fonts need to be uniquely modified.
17. VINTAGE/RETRO
This vintage or retro (short for
“retrospective”) is a style that is derivative of
trends from the recent past. Some popular
vintage styles include Victoriana, steam punk,
and Bauhaus between the 1920s and the
1930s.
LESSON 6.
THEATRICAL PERFORMANCE
-is the staging and execution of a
production like drama, opera, festivals, and
the like.
This pertains to a public presentation of a
dramatic or musical entertainment. It involves
much teamwork that includes the producer,
the director, the cast, and the crew of workers.
Whether traditional digital multimedia
innovative or alternative is a vital part of any
performance.
CONTEMPORARY THEATRICAL
PERFORMANCE
-is experimental innovative and
interdisciplinary going beyond theater and
other art forms like puppetry cinema and
sculpture. It also goes out to other disciplines
like psychology and the social and political
sciences.
PETA’s RAK OF AEGIS
-is one example of contemporary
theatrical performance. This is a musical
tribute to the Filipino 90’s band Aegis. It used
the integration of music theater, and dance to
create a hybrid piece of art.
The elements of dramatic theatrical
performance are:
1. Plot - is the main events of a play, novel,
movie, or similar work, devised and presented
by the writer as an interrelated sequence.
2. Character - is a person in a novel, play, or
movie.
3. Thought - is the action or process of
thinking.
4. Language or diction - refers to the writer’s
or the speaker’s distinctive vocabulary
choices and style of expression in a poem or
story. Language definition, a body of words
and the systems for their use common to a
people who are of the same community or
nation, the same geographical.
5. Song or Music - refers to the speaking,
dancing, and singing part in the performance.
6. Spectacle - is an event or scene regarded in
terms of its visual impact.
7. Director - is a person who supervises the
actors, camera crew, and other staff for a
movie, play, television program, or similar
production.
8. Playwright - is also known as dramatist, is
a person who writes plays.
9. Theater Space - (with a focus on
Proscenium, Thrust Stage, Theatre in the
Round, Black Box Theater).
The Four basic theatre stages are the
following:
1. Proscenium - the Proscenium Arch was
the most common form of theatre building in
the 18th and 20th centuries. The “Arch” acts
like a picture frame through which the action
can be seen.
2. Arena or circle stage - in theatre and
performing arts, the stage is a designated
space for the performance, and the audience is
located on all four sides of the stage.
3. Thrust stage - is a stage that extends into
the auditorium so that the audience is seated
around three sides.
4. Created and Found - is a stage that can
also be improvised wherever a suitable space
can be found.
According to Nicanor Tiangson, most of the
Original plays of today were written for
literary contests or evolved through
workshops or created for semiprofessional
companies, student drama organizations and
numerous community theatre groups all over
the country.
LESSON 7.
CONTEMPORARY ARTS
CONTEMPORARY
-is existing or happening in the
present time period. It is also a fluid term and
its use can change depending on the contexts.
ARTS
-is a highly diverse range of human activities
engaged in creating visual, auditory, or
performed artifacts or artworks that express
the author’s imaginative or technical skill, and
intended to be appreciated for their beauty or
emotional power.
-is also an express on or communication of
emotions and ideas exploration and
appreciation of formal elements for their own
sake or to serve as representation. It can be
situated in historical, stylistic, and cultural
terms.
-is an act of expressing feelings, thoughts, and
observations.
CONTEMPORARY ART
-the art of today
-art made and produces by artists living today
-the art that springs out the present-day events
and passions of the society
-produced by the 21st century artists living in
the postmodern age
-mirrors present culture and society
-never fixed but open to many responsibilities
CONTEMPORARY ARTS AGAINST
MODERN ART
Modern art is not the same with contemporary
art. Today, Modern Art is considered as
“traditional” compared to Contemporary Art.
Modern art exist in 1800s
The postmodernism then gave birth to what
we know as contemporary art.
Many people believe that contemporary art is
more socially conscious than modern art.
DISASTER
-sudden event that seriously disrupts the
functioning of a community, and causes
losses and impacts (human, material,
economic, environmental) that exceeds the
ability of the affected to cope using its own
resources
TYPES OF DISASTER
1. Natural Disasters
-consequence when a natural hazard affects
human and/or the built of environment
2. Man-made Disasters
-events that are caused by humans and occur
in or close to human settlements (IFRC)
THREE CATEGORIES OF DISASTERS
1. Technological/Industrial Disasters
-unregulated industrialization and inadequate
safety standards increase the risk for industrial
disasters
Examples: leaks of hazardous materials:
accidental explosions, bridge or road
collapses, or vehicle collisions; power cuts
2. Terrorism/Violence
-the threat of terrorism has also increased due
to the spread of technologies involving
nuclear, biological, and chemical agents used
to develop weapons of mass destruction
Examples: bombs or explosions; release of
chemical materials; release of biological
agents; release of radioactive agents; multiple
or massive shootings; mutinies
3. Complex Humanitarian Emergencies
-humanitarian emergency resulting from n
international or civil war
-in such situations, large numbers of people
are displaced from their homes due to the lack
of personal safety and disruption of basic
infrastructure including food distribution,
water, electricity, and sanitation, or
communities are left stranded and isolated in
their own homes unable to access assistance
Example: conflicts or wars and Genocide the
deliberate killing of a large of people,
especially those of a particular ethnic group or
nation
Disaster impact includes:
1. loss of lives
2. injuries
3. diseases
4. other negative effects on human physical,
mental, and social well-being
5. damage to properties
6. destruction of assets
7. loss of services
8. social and economic disruption
9. environmental degradation
RISK FACTORS
-processes or conditions, often development
related that influence the level of disaster risk
by increasing levels of exposure and
vulnerability or reducing capacity
The following are also taken into
consideration when risk factors underlying
disaster are involved:
 SEVERITY OF EXPOSURE
-which measures those who experience
disaster first-hand which has the highest risk
of developing future mental problems,
followed by those in contact with the victims
such as recue workers and health care
practitioners and the lowest risk are those
most distant like those who have awareness of
the disaster only through news
 GNEDER AND FAMILY
-certain gender suffers more adverse effects
depending on the disaster. This worsens when
children are present at home material
relationships are placed under strain.
 AGE
-adults in the age range of 40-60 are more
stressed after disasters but in general, children
exhibit more stress after disasters than adults
do.

ECONOMIC STATES OF
COUNTRY
-evidence indicates that severe mental
problems resulting from disaster are more
prevalent in developing countries like the
Philippines, it has been observed that natural
disasters tend to have more adverse effects in
developing countries than do man-caused
disasters in developed countries
people, poverty, and disasters risk are
increasingly concentrated in cities
Factors which underline disasters:
1. Climate Change
-can increase disaster risk in a society of ways
by altering the frequency and intensity at
hazard events, affecting vulnerability to
hazards and changing exposure patterns.
The Huma Effect of Natural and Man-made
Disasters
1. Displaced Populations
- One of the most immediate effects of natural
disaster in population displacement
- when disaster comes people need to abandon
their homes and seek shelter in others region
- large influx of refugees can disrupt
accessibility of health cores and education as
well as food and water
2. Environmental Degradation
-changes to the environment can influence the
frequency and intensity of hazards, as well
our exposure and vulnerability to these
hazards.
3. Globalized Economic Development
-it results in an increased polarization between
the rich and poor on a global scale
-currently increasing the exposure of assets in
hazard prone areas globalized economic
development provides an opportunity to build
resilience if effectively managed
4. Poverty and Inequality
-impoverished people are more likely to live
in hazard-exposed areas and are less able to
invest in risk-reducing measures
-the lack of assets in insurance and social
protection means that people in poverty are
often forced to use their already limited assets
to buffer disasters losses, which drives them
to further poverty
5. Poorly Planed and Managed Urban
Development
-a new wave of urbanization is unfolding in
hazard-exposed countries and with it, new
opportunities for resilient investment emerge
6. Weak Governance
-weak governance zone are investment
environments in which public sector actors
are unable or unwilling to assume their roles
and responsibilities in protecting rights,
providing basic services, and public services.
2. Health Risk
- aside from previous immediate danger
secondary effect can be just as damaging
- severe flood can result in stagnant water that
allow breeding od waterborne bacteria and
malaria carrying mosquito
- without emergency relief from international
aid organizations another, death tolls can rise
even after immediate danger passed
3. Food Scarcity
- after natural disaster affect the food supplies
thousand of people are hungry because of loss
of agricultural supplies resulting to high
prices reducing purchasing power
4. Emotional Aftershock
- natural disater can be traumatic for young
children confronted with scene of distraction
And death of others. Many develop post
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – a serious
physiological disorder resulting extreme
trauma
THE DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES OF
DISASTER
feelings, and behavior during and after the
disaster
PHYSICAL PERSPECTIVE
• Natural disasters generally affect the
infrastructural facilities, and agricultural
productivity and even lead to loss of life and
cause damage to property
• Various factors influence the effects of a
disaster on a country among them are the
magnitude of the disaster, the geography of
the area affected, and the recovery efforts
directed toward reducing the immediate
effects of a disaster.
Socio-Cultural Effect of Disasters
• disruption of social relationships and
personal connections
Effects of Physical Disasters
-Injuries
-Physical disabilities or illness
-Problems in sanitation
-Damage in infrastructure
Economic Effects of Disasters
-loss of life
-unemployment
-loss of property
-loss of household articles
-loss of crops
-loss of public infrastructure
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
• Victims of disasters may suffer from PostTraumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD) and other
serious mental health conditions.
Psychological affects of a Disaster
-disaster hopelessness
-intrusion/avoidance
-hatred/revenge
-dependence/insecurities
-grief/withdrawn/isolation interpersonal
affects
-guilt, feeling of happiness
-lack of trust
SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
The culture of “malalampasan din natin ‘to”
and “bahala na ang Diyos” believes give hope
to most Filipino amidst a disaster. Such a
perspective helps those who belong to the
marginalized sector to be hopeful and
continue fighting against the challenges at
hand.
• traditions, belief systems, and practices in a
society influence people’s values, attitude,
ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE
• Disasters affect the economic condition of a
community because they reduce local and
international trade.
• Partially or totally paralyze a country’s
transportation system, just like what happened
in the COVID-19 pandemic.
POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE
• Just as vulnerability to disasters is mediated
by the political system of a country, disasters
can have major consequences for political
stability and political legitimacy (Hornhager,
2017).
• Agencies of the government have a
significant role to play in directing disaster
preparedness, prevention, and recovery.
Political Effects of a Disaster
-Political who have trust in political
institution will assess the government’s risk
assessments as credible and accept their
hazard policies (Johnson, 1999)
-Low level of trust in public institutions
therefore means that citizen may ignore the
recommendations and disregard the
information provided by these institutions
(McCaffey, 2004).
-If individuals are confident that they will
receive sufficient aid from the government
when a disaster occurs, they might not be
motivated to take measures on their own
(King and Kang, 2000).
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
• Biological disaster involves microorganisms
(bacteria, virus).
• Biological disasters can wipe out n entire
population at short span of time.
(a) Epidemic Level: Biological disaster
affects large numbers of people within a given
community or area.
Ex. Dengue
(b) Pandemic Level: Biological disaster
affects a much large region, sometime
spanning entire continents or the globe.
Effects of Biological Disaster
-loss of life
-public demobilization
-unemployment
-negative economic effect
-hunger
VULNERABILITY
-is determined by the factors or
process which increase the susceptibility of an
individual, a community, assets or systems to
the impacts of hazards. (UNDRR, 2017)
PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY
-includes population density levels,
the place of a settlement, the site design, and
materials used for infrastructure and housing.
SOCIAL VULNERABILITY
-happens due to inability of people,
organization, and societies to prevent severe
effects from hazards because of the expected
behavior in social interactions, institutions,
and system of cultural values.
• poverty, minority status, people without
vehicles, people with disabilities, older adults,
and people with limited English proficiency
ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY
-is based on the economic status of
individuals, communities, and nations. The
poorer the country, the more vulnerable to
disasters because they lack the funds and
resources.
ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY
-is caused by natural resource
depletion and destruction. Organisms like
humans, animals, and plants are all dependent
on the environment for survival.
The Philippines has high vulnerability due
to the following reasons:
• It lies in the Pacific typhoon belt and we are
visited by an average of 20 typhoons every
year.
• Rugged nature of the landscape makes it
vulnerable to landslide, mudflows, and other
disasters.
• It is an archipelago country with many small
islands where some areas at below sea level.
• It has the longest shoreline in the world at
32,400 km making it vulnerable to storm
surges.
ELEMENTS AT RISK
All objects, persons, animals, activities and
processes that may be adversely affected by
hazardous phenomena, in a particular area,
either directly or indirectly.
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF
ELEMENTS AT RISK
PHYSICAL ELEMENTS
• Building: Urban land use, construction
types, building height, building age, total
floor space, and replacement costs.
• Monuments and cultural heritage
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES
• Emergency shelters, schools, hospitals,
police stations
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
• Roads, railway, metro, public transportation
systems, harbor facilities, airport facilities
- arise through the interaction of natural
processes and human activities
Ex: Pollution or desertification, smog, fog
LIFE LINES
• Water supply, electricity supply, gas supply,
telecommunications, mobile telephone
network, sewage system.
3. TECHNOLOGICAL (MAN MADE)
HAZARD
- these arise directly as a result of human
activities
Ex: accidental release of chemicals
POPULATION
• Density of population, distribution in space,
distribution in time, age distribution, gender
distribution, handicapped, income distribution
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
• Spatial distribution of economic activities,
input-output table, dependency, redundancy,
unemployment, economic production in
various sectors
ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS
• Ecosystems, protected areas, natural parks,
environmentally sensitive areas, forests,
wetlands, aquifers, flora, fauna, biodiversity
HAZARD

HAZARD
– is a dangerous phenomenon,
substance, human activity or
condition. It may cause loss of lives,
injuries or other health impact and
more
- A natural event that has the
potential to cause harm or loss
MAJOR CLASSIFICATION OF
HAZARD
1. NATURAL HAZARD
- arise from natural processes in the
environment
Ex: earthquake, tsunami. Landslide
2. QUASI-NATURAL HAZARD
WORKPLACE HAZARD
1. SAFETY HAZARDS
- anything that can cause spills or trips, such
as cords running across floor or ice
2. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
- known as biohazard, can be anything
biological substance that could cause harm to
humans
Ex: Blood and other body fluids, fungi or
molds, bacteria and viruses, insects bites
3. PHYSICAL HAZARD
- are factors or condition within the
environment that can harm your health
Ex: Radiation, High exposure to sunlight and
radiation, gases under pressure, extreme
temperatures, constant loud noise
4. CHEMICAL HAZARD
- are hazardous substance that can cause harm
Ex: Paint, Acid, Solvent, Gases
5. ERGONOMIC HAZARD
- are result of physical factors that can result
in musculoskeletal injuries
6. PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS
- are anything that could cause psychological
harm
Ex: Stress, Fatigue, Bullying, Violence
TYPES OF SAFETY SIGNS AND
SYMBOLS
1. PROHIBITION SIGN
- means a safety sign prohibiting behavior
likely to cause risk
- COLOR RED
2. MANDATORY SIGN
- gives a positive instruction
- tells you what to do rather not to do
- COLOR BLUE
3. WARNING SIGN
- indicates potential hazard, obstacle, or
condition regarding special attention
- COLOR YELLOW
TWO TYPES OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
1. VIOLENT ERUPTION
- lava is flowing out of the volcano
2. EFFUSIVE ERUPTION
- magma has been blown out to pieces
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
- Phenomena arising from volcanic activity
that pose potential danger
1. LAVA FLOWS
- stream like flow of incandescent molten
rocks erupted from the crater
- very viscous
4. INFORMATION ABOUT SAFETY
CONDITION SIGNS
- tells people about safety place to go
-COLOR GREEN
2. ASHFALL OR TEPHRA FALL
- shower of airborne fine to course grained
volcanic particles
5. FIRE SAFETY SGNS
- fire exits, safety warning signs, firefighting
equipment
- COLOR RED
3. PYROCLATIC FLOWS AND SURGES
- turbulent mass of ejected fragment of
volcanic materials mixed with gases that floe
down a slope at a very high speed
6. SAFETY LABELS
- Gives alert
- provide instant safety reminder for your
facility
4. LAHARS
-rapidly flowing thing mixture of volcanic
sediments and water
COLOR AND MEANINGS
RED – DANGER
ORANGE – WARNING
YELLOW – CAUTION
BLUE – NOTICE
GREEN – SAFETY FIRST
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
5. VOLCANIC GASES
- gases and aerosols released into the
atmosphere
6. DEBRIS AVELANCHES OR VULCANIC
LANDSLIDE
- massive collapse if a volcano triggered by an
earthquake
7. BALLISTIC PROJECTILES
- volcanic materials directly ejected from the
volcano vent with force and trajectory
VOLCANO
8. TSUNAMI
- sea waves or wave strains that are generated
by sudden displacement of water

SIGNS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION
PRECAUTION OF IMPENDING
VOLCANIC ERUPTION






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Increase in frequency of volcanic
quakes with rumbling sound
Increase streaming activity: change
in color of steam
Crater glows due to presence of
magma
Localized landslides
Increase in the extent of frying up of
vegetation around the volcano
Increase temperature of hot springs
Variation in the chemical content
Drying up of spring
Development of new thermal areas
PHREATIC ERUPTION
- Explodes without warning
- Steam blast eruption
ASSESMENT OF VULCANIC STATUS

GROUND DEFORMATION
- Surface change in volcano due
to the movement of magma
below the surface
TOOL USE:
- Electronic Distance Meter
(EDM)
- Global Position System (GPS)

GEOCHEMISTRY
- Direct measurement of
temperature and chemistry of
ground water
TOOL USE:
- X-RAY
- FLOURESENCE
- COSPEC WITH FLYSPEC


ScanDOAS
CO2 FLUX METER
SEISMIC
ACTIVITY/SEISMICITY/VOLCA
NIC EARTHQUAKES
- Used to detect occurrence of
volcanic earthquakes
EARTHQUAKES
MAGNITUDE
- Based on seismograph
INTENSITY
- Strength of an earthquake
experience by people scale
PEOPLE AND PROPERTY ARE
AFFECTED BY:
 Unsafe location
 Poor construction
 People don’t believe or know
 People don’t know how
 People don’t know what to do
 Lack of timely and proper response
5 EARTHQUAKES REALATED
HAZRDS
1. GROUND RUPTURE
2. GROUND SHAKING
3. LIQUEFACTION
4. EARTHQUAKE – INDUCED
LANDSLIDES
5. TSUNAMI
POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
AND THEIR SAFETY

EARTHQUAKE
- Feeble shaking to violent
rumbling of ground produced by
sudden displacement id rock
materials below the earth


FOCUS “HYPOCENTER”
- Point inside the earth where
earthquake started
EPICENTER
- Points on the surface of the earth
directly above the focus
2. DISTANT TSUNAMI
- can travel 1 – 24 hours before reaching
nearby country
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
TYPES OF EARTHQUAKES
TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE
COLLAPSE EARTHQUAKE
VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE
EXPLOSION EARTHQUAKE



PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology)
- The organization responsible for
mitigating disaster related in
earthquake and volcanic
eruption
FAULTS
-
Fraction zones of weakness
whose movement or
displacement has occurred or
may occurred again
ACTVE FAULTS
- Has historical contemporary
seismicity
- Has evidence of fault slip on
displaced rocks or landform
TSUNAMI
- Giant sea waves resulting by disturbance of
ocean floor caused by earthquake, vulcanic
eruption, landslide
STORM SURGES
- caused by typhoon or tropical cyclone
TWO TYPES OF TSUNAMIS
1. LOCAL TSUNAMI
- affected coastal areas within 100km
AGENCY REPONSIBLE
PHIVOLCS
PTWC (Pacific Tsunami Advisory
Center)
Northwest Pacific Tsunami Activity
Center)
SIGNS OF TSUNAMI
String shaking and earthquake
Sea withdrawing or rapid change in
sea level
Different rumbling sound by
incoming waves
SWIMMING
SWIMSUIT
-proper attire for swimming purposes
RASH GUARD
-swimming attire that protects the
upper body against sunburn
GOGGLES
-keeps water out of your eyes as you
swim and allows you to see underwater easily
SWIMMING CAPS
-covers hair, keeps it away from your
face, especially your eyes when swimming
KICKBOARD
-a floating device that helps in
practicing and mastering leg actions and
strokes
FACTORS/CONDITIONS TO
CONSIDER SAFE PLACE TO SWIM
1. The water should be clear and free from
pollution.
2. The bottom should be free from any hole;
hidden obstructions such as rocks or any
sharp objects.
3. There are personnel who supervise and
watch over the swimmers.
4. There are rescue equipment or devices in
case of emergency.
DANGER IN SWIMMING
DROWNING
-is one of the sudden accidents experienced
by a person who has no knowledge of basic
water safety.
-defined by WHO as the process of
experiencing respiratory impairment from
submersion/immersion in water.
COMPETITIVE SWIMMING
MUSCLE CRAMPS
SWIM FINS OR FLIPPERS
Loosen and strengthen your ankles. Used to
give the extra power, most helpful to those
who have trouble getting propulsion or
momentum from their kicks.
HAND PADDLES
Help in practicing arm action once having
learned how to do a good stroke
PULL BUOY
Guides body in the correct position when
exercising the arm. Its purpose is to develop
strength in the arm when pull
BASIC WATER SAFETY
1. Swimming alone is not advisable.
2. Be aware of water conditions.
• Be cautious when diving.
• Check the depth of any water
before jumping.
CRAMPS
-are sharp muscle spasms that can be painful
and annoying.
-happens when a group of muscles suddenly
contract, normally, at these body areas: foot,
calf, and thigh.
STOMACH CRAMP
-considered as more dangerous than the
muscle cramps. Usually caused by swimming
strenuously in cold water on a full stomach.
If the pain is very bad, you should perform the
back float always keep your head above the
water, and call for help. Try to do the
following.
1. Contract and relax the stomach muscles
while breathing deeply at the same time; or
2. Bend your knees to the chest, then
straighten them again; or
3. Gently knead the stomach muscles with one
or both hands.
EXHAUSTION
-simply loss of energy and the inability to
make necessary movements to keep afloat and
make progress through the water
PANIC
-sudden, unreasonable and overwhelming fear
that destroys a person’s capacity for self-help
CURRENT
-are the flowing movement of a large volume
of water seeking its own level