Globalization Theories
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Homogeneity
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Refers to the increasing sameness in the world
as cultural inputs, economic factors, and
political orientations of societies expand to
create common practices, same economies,
and similar forms of government.
Ex. Christianity, Americanization
IMF- one size fits all, that treats countries in the
world the same, making rich countries
advantageous over the poor countries.
McWorld is existing- only one political
orientation is growing in today’s societies.
TV, music, books, and movies are perceived as
imposed on developing countries by the West.
It undermines the existence of Al Jazeera and
Bollywood.
Global media are dominated by small number
of large corporations.
Ex. Microsoft, Facebook, Twitter, Google,
Apple’s iTunes.
McDonaldization- the process by which
Western societies are dominated by the
principle of fast-food restaurants.
Glocalization (GLOBAL & LOCAL)
• Glocalizationwherein
nations,
corporations etc. Impose themselves
on geographic areas in order to gain
profits, power and so on.
• Globalization can also be seen as a
flow of “nothing” as opposed to
“something” involving the spread of
non-places, non-things, non-people,
and non-services.
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Globalization of Religion
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Heterogeneity
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Pertains to the creation of various cultural
practices, new economies, and political groups
because of the interaction of elements from
different societies in the world.
Refers to the differences because of either
lasting differences or of the hybrids or
combinations of cultures that can be produced
through the different transplanetary process.
Cultural hybridization
McWorld in homogeneity there is also the Jihad
in heterogeneity. Political groups that are
engaged in an intensification of nationalism that
leads to greater political heterogeneity in the
world.
Dynamics of Local and Global Culture
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Cultural differentialism emphasizes that
cultures are essentially different are only
superficially affected by global flows.
After Cold war, political economic differences
were overshadowed by new fault lines which is
primarily cultural in nature.
Islamic, Orthodox and Western lead intense
clashes.
Cultural hybridization is the integration of local
and global cultures.
Cultural convergence- stresses homogeneity
Deterritorialization – difficult to tie culture to a
specific geographic point of origin.
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Information
technologies,
transportation
means, and the media provide countless
information about religion giving pieces of
information and explanations about different
religions at the disposal of any person
regardless of his/her geographical locations.
Religion being the source of identity and pride
practitioners promote it that could reach the
level of globality and be embraced as many
people as possible.
Globalization brought religions to a circle of
competition and conflicts.
Such conflict in religions exhibits a solid proof
confirming the erosion and the failure of
hybridization.
Since religions have distinct internal structures,
their connections to different cultures and their
rituals and beliefs contradict.
Less developed countries make religion related
cultures and identities take defensive measures
to protect themselves.
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)
The imperialist aspirations of globalization and
its incompatibility with Islam make globalization
completely alien to the Muslim realities.
Islam and Christianity in some ways mostly
incompatible with each other. This religion
cannot be hybridized or homogenized even if
they often come in contact.
Religion seeks to assert its identity in the light
of globalization.
Globalization is also associated with the
westernization and Americanization.
Religion takes caution against the norms and
the values related to globalization. It challenges
globalization since it does not approve the
hybridization.
Globalization and Regionalization
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Regional organizations prefer a regional
partner over the rest. Regional organizations
respond to the state’s attempt to reduce the
perceived negative effects of globalization.
Europeans consider globalization brings
negative effects to the societies.
“Managed globalization” an attempt to make
globalization more palatable to citizens.
ASEAN, EU, NAFTA
The development of regionalization is not a
barrier to political globalization but on the
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contrary, entirely compatible with it- if not
indirect encouragement.
Increasing developments in interregional
cooperation shows that the regionalization
process is global in nature.
Regionalization is linked to globalization.
Region- is a group of countries in the same
geographically specified area.
Regionalism is the formal process of
intergovernmental collaboration between two or
more states.
Economic motivations are the forces behind
contemporary regionalization.
Asian states may gain power overflows of
capital and enhance their bargaining power
against the Transnational Corporations
(TNC’s).
With this domestic companies may benefit from
belonging to a regional market big enough to
allow them scale economies while still being
protected from global competitions.
These TNC’s not part of a given regional trade
agreement find themselves disadvantage.
Thus, they will lobby their national governments
to sign similar trade agreements in order to end
their disadvantaged commercial situation.