Chapter 5 Practice Test Biology
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Dehydration or condensation reactions
What is the process by which monomers When monomers are linked together to
are linked together to form polymers
form a more complex polymer, a water
molecule is removed by dehydration reactions
In a hydrolysis reaction; ___, and in this
process water is ___.
A polymer is broken up into its constituent monomers...consumed
Covalent
The type of bond that forms to join
monomers (such as sugars and amino Monomers are joined together by a deyacids) into polymers (such as starch and dration reaction in which two molecules
proteins) is a ___bond.
are covalently bonded to each other
through the loss of a water molecule.
Cellulose, a plant cell wall component
Which of the following is a polymer
The polysaccharide cellulose is a major componenet of plant cell walls. It is
a polymer composed of many glucose
monomers joined together by glycosidic
linkages
Polymer...glucose molecules
Cellulose is a __ made of many__.
Cellulose is a polysaccharide and therefore a polymer, constructed from many
monosaccharide glucose monomers.
Microorganisms in their digestive tracts
hydrolyze the cellulose to individual gluGenerally animals cannot digest the gly- cose units.
cosidic linkages between the glucose
molecules in cellulose. How then do
Cows have digestive chambers populatcows get enough nutrients from eating ed by microorganisms that can produce
grass?
certain hydrolytic enzymes that cows
cannot. The enzymes hydrolyze the cellulose polymer into glucose monomers
Starch
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In what polysaccharide form do plants
store glucose to be available later as an
energy source?
Which of the following carbohydrate molecules has the lowest molecular weight?
Glucose
Chitin
....They were crunchy because their
exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide___.
Chitin is the structural polysaccharide
found in arthropod exoskeletons
Energy storage and release
Carbohydrates are used in our bodies
mainly for ___.
Simple sugar molecules, stored in polysaccharides such as glycogen in animals and starch in plants, are a major
energy source for cellular work
The polysaccharide that you are most
likely to have eaten recently is ___.
Starch
Glycogen
A polysaccharide that is used for storing
energy in human muscle and liver cells Humans and other vertebrates store gluis ___.
cose as a polysaccharide called glycogen in their liver and muscle cells
Carbohydrates can function in which of
the following ways?
Structural support and energy storage
The monosaccharide monomers in cellulose are bonded together differently
than in starch
Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down
The glucose monomers in cellulose are
starch. Why can't the same enzyme
bonded in a beta glycosidic linkage,
break down cellulose?
whereas those in starch have an alpha
glycosidic linkage. The enzyme amylase
is specific for the alpha glycosidic linkage.
glycosidic linkages
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The glucose monomers of cellulose are
The subunits in cellulose are linked tolinked together by a specific type of covagether by ___.
lent bond known as a glycosidic linkage
Cellulose (in the lettuce)
Which of the following components of a
tossed salad will pass through the huCellulose contains glycosidic linkages
man digestive tract and be digested the
that cannot be broken down by human
least?
digestive enzymes
Nearly all naturally occuing unsaturated
fats have cis double bonds
What is a distinguishing feature of most
Naturally occuring unsaturated fats
naturally occuring fats?
found in plants and fish are distinguished
by the presence of one or more cis double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains
are not true polymers
Lipids differ from other large biological Lipids are not all made up of the same
molecules in that they ___.
type of monomer. Their association as a
group (fats, phospholipids, and steroids)
is related to their solubility behavior.
Which is the term for compounds that do
not mix with water?
Hydrophobic
Nutritionally, saturated triacylglycerols
Saturated tracylglycerols have more hyare considered to be less healthful than
drogen atoms than unsaturated tracylunsatruated tracylglycerols. What is the
glycerols
difference between them?
Phospholipids
Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head
The lipids that form the main structural and two hydrophobic tails. This permits
component of cell membranes are ___. the phospholipids to be arranged in a
bilayer, or double layer, which forms a
boundary between the cell and its external environment.
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Phospholipid molecules have a distinctly
polar head and distinctly nonpolar tail,
wheras tracylglycerols are predominantly nonpolar.
Which of the following is a true statement comparing phospholipids and tria- Triacylglycerols consist of three (nonpolar) fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol
cylglycerols(fats and oils)?
molecule. Phospholipids have two fatty
acid tails and a hydrophilic head containing a negatively charged phosphate
group.
The sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone belong to which
class of molecules?
Lipids
High cholesterol levels are considered a
major risk factor for heart disease. If it is Cholesterol is the basis for many imporso bad for humans, why does the body tant molecules such as sex hormones
make cholesterol in the first place?
Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid at room temperature by
___.
adding hydrogen atoms to the double
bonds in the fatty acid hydrocarbon
chains
Which of the following is the major energy storage compound of plant seeds?
oils
ester linkages
Some lipids are formed when fatty acids
are linked to glycerol. These subunits are In making a fat, each of the three fatty
linked together by ___.
acid molecules is bonded to a glycerol by
an ester linkage type of covalent bond.
The fatty acid tails of a phospholipid are Hydrophobic...have no charges to which
___ because they ___.
water molecules can adhere
Tertiary structure
The overall three-dimensional shape of
The tertiary structure is determined by
a single polypeptide is called the ___.
hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic R groups,
ionic bonds between R groups, can
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der Waals interactions, and disulfide
bridges.
Denaturation breaks the weak bonds,
such as hydrogen bonds and van der
Waals interactions, that hold the protein
in its three-dimensional shape. Without
the proper shape, the protein cannot
When a protein is denatured why does it
function.
lose its functionality?
Denaturation disrupts secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure,
causing the protein to lose its form and
thus its function.
Which of the following lists ranks these Protein, sucrose, glucose, water (largest
molecules in the correct order by size? to smallest)
Enzyme molecules require a specific
shape to perform their catalytic function.
All of the listed responses are correct
Which of the following might alter the
shape of an enzymatic protein?
The alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
represent which level of protein structure?
secondary structure
The peptide bond is ___.
a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide.
amino acid molecules
Protein molecules are polymers (chains) Polymers of amino acids are called
of ___.
polypeptides. A protein consists of one
or more polypeptides folded into specific
conformations
The "primary structure" of a protein
refers to ___.
the sequence of amino acids
Which type of protein shields a newly
Chaperonins
forming protein from cytoplasmic influences while it is folding into its functional
Chaperonins shield proteins from "bad
form?
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influences" while they are folding into
their functional forms.
a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid
A glucose molecule is to starch as ___.
Nucleotides are the monomers that
make nucleic acid polymers, just as glucose is the monosaccharide from which
starch is constructed
A shortage of phosphorus in the soil
would make it especially difficult for a
plant to manufacture ____.
DNA
On the basis of the principle of complementary base pairing, you would expect
the percentage of ___ to be equal to the
percentage of __.
adenine...thymine
Which of the following are pyrimidines
found in the nucleic acid DNA?
thymine and cytosine
A nucleotide is made of which of the
following chemical components?
a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group,
and a pentose sugar
Although the base pairing between two
strands of DNA in a DNA molecule can
Which of the following is true regarding be thousands to millions of base pairs
complementary base pairing in DNA and long, base pairing in an RNA molecule is
RNA molecules?
limited to short stretches of nucleotides
in the same molecule or between two
RNA molecules.
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