Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEED)
LEARNING MODULE
Module No: 001
Subject Code: GEC-7
Subject Description: Art Appreciation
Term: MIDTERM 2nd Sem S.Y.2020-2021
I. Learning Objectives:
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:
1. explain the meaning, nature, and importance of arts in our lives;
2. be able to reflect on the function of art with regard to their personal contributions to
the development of art;
3. familiarize oneself of how art is made, put together, or organized and to compare and
contrast the different mediums in art appreciation;
4. determine the characteristics and psychological effects of line, from, texture,
perspective, color, space, volume, and other elements in visual arts and the elements of
music and literature as performing arts;
5. explain the relationship of the elements of art of the different fields of arts;
6. acquire the ability to perceive harmonious combination of lines, forms, sizes, textures,
ideas, and colors;
7. appreciate the beautiful compositions or designs;
8. be able to show the progress of selected visual arts, such as painting, sculpture, and
architecture, from prehistoric times to the modern times; and
9. be able to present selected illustrations that are characteristic of a certain historical
period.
II. Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the course, you will be able to:
1. provide humanities students with a general perspective of art, making them see and
appreciate their own world of arts from various vantage points;
2. introduce Humanities students to visual arts, auditory arts, and performing arts/
theater arts through the study of the types, mediums, basic elements, and principles of
organization of each form;
3. familiarize humanities students with some of the materials and processes involved in
the production of art;
4. aid in the analysis of the formal structure of various works of art considering the
historical period and cultural framework in which they were produced;
5. promote the development of critical thinking in the field of arts and in other academic
areas; and
6. develop among the humanities students an awareness of the current times and
associate them with their cultural heritage, thereby integrating the past and the
present.
III. Learning Resources:
Textbooks:
Introduction to Art Appreciation A Textbook in Humanities Second Edition (2017)
by Mariano M. Diola, Published by C&E Publishing Inc.
Art Appreciation First Edition (2018) by Bernardo Nicolas Caslib Jr., et.al. Rex
Bookstore, Inc.
Electronic Source:
https://learn.saylor.org/course/resources.php?id=360
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IV. Tasks to Complete:
● Activities
● Quizzes
● Examinations
V. Content Items:
Lesson 1: The Meaning and Importance of Art
Art Appreciation refers to the pursuit of knowledge and understanding of the
universal and timeless qualities characterizing works of art. Art Appreciation as a course
attempts to develop in the students the ability to appreciate, scrutinize, and appraise the
works of Art. It contributes to the holistic development of each Filipino learner to not just
become a skilled professional, who just thinks and socializes, but also to become a human,
who appreciates the works of the hand and the beauty that he is capable of producing and
beholding.
Art Appreciation is the ability to interpret or understand man-made arts and enjoy
them either through actual and work-experience with art tools and materials or possession of
these works of art for one’s admiration and satisfaction.
● The Nature of Art
Humanities – refers to arts – the visual arts such as architecture, painting, and sculpture;
the performing arts such as music, dance, theater or drama, and literature.
They are the branches of learning concerned with human thought, feelings,
and relations.
Art
– comes from the Ancient Latin word “ars” which means a “craft of specialized form
of skill” (Collingwood)
- Comes from the Italian word “artis” which means “craftsmanship, skill, mastery
of form, inventiveness, and the association that exist between form and ideas
and between material and techniques” (A.Tan)
- Is a product of man’s need to express himself. (F. Zulueta)
- Is that which brings life in harmony with the beauty of the world. (Plato)
4 Common essentials of art:
1. Art must be man-made
2. Art must be creative, not imitative
3. Art is expressed through a certain medium or material
4. Art must satisfy man and man must make use of art in practical terms.
● The Subject of Art
In any art form such as painting, music, sculpture, architecture, or dance, there is
always a subject that serves as the foundation of the creation of the work of art.
1. Representational or objective arts – artworks that depict something easily
recognized by most people.
2. Non-representational or non-objective arts – artworks that have no resemblance
to any real subject. They do not represent anything and they are what they are.
● The Function of Art
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1. Aesthetic function – through art, man becomes conscious of the beauty of nature.
He benefits from his own work and from those done by his fellowmen. He learns to
use, love, and preserve them for his enjoyment and appreciation.
2. Utilitarian function – through art, man is provided with shelter, clothing, food,
light, medicine, beautiful surroundings, personal ornamentals, entertainment,
language, transportation, and other necessities and conveniences of life. Art also
improves nature through landscape gardening, creation of super-highways, and
through propagation and conservation of natural resources.
3. Cultural function – through the printed matter, art transmits and preserves skills
and knowledge from one generation to another. It makes a man aware of his or her
cultural background, making him or her more knowledgeable and his or life
enduring and satisfying.
4. Social function – through civic and graphic arts, man learns to love and help each
other. International understanding and cooperation are fostered and nations
become more unified, friendly, cooperative, helpful, and sympathetic.
● The Scope of Art
General Dimensions of Art (Manaois)
1. Fine Arts or independent arts – are made primarily for aesthetic enjoyment
through the senses, especially visual and auditory.
(music, painting, sculpture, architecture, literature, dance, and drama)
2. Practical arts or useful or utilitarian arts – are intended for practical use. It is the
development of raw materials for utilitarian purposes.
(industrial arts, applied or household art, civic art, commercial art, graphic art,
business art, distributive art, and fishery art)
Classification of Visual Arts (Custodia Sanchez 2002)
1. Graphic arts – portrayals of form and symbols are recorded on a two-dimensional
surface. It includes painting, drawing, photography, graphic process (printing),
commercial arts (designing of books, advertisements, sign, potters, and other
displays)
2. Plastic arts – includes all the fields of visual arts of which materials are organized
into three-dimensional forms such as structured architecture, landscape,
architecture, city physical planning and interior arranging, sculpture, crafts,
industrial design, dress and costume design, and theater design.
Group of arts (Josefina Estolas 1995)
Visual arts – graphic arts, plastic arts
Performing arts – theater, play, dance, music
Literary arts – short story, novel, poetry, drama
Popular arts – film, newspaper, magazine, radio, television
Gustatory art of the cuisine – food preparation, beverage preparation
Decorative arts or applied arts – beautification of house, offices, cars, and other
structure
Arts according to purpose(Panizo and Rustia 1995)
Practical or useful arts – are directed to produce artifacts and utensils for the
satisfaction of human needs. (Example are: Handicrafts, embroidery, ceramics, iron,
and metal crafts and tin can manufacturing)
Liberal Arts – are directed toward intellectual growth, such as in the study of
philosophy, psychology, literature, mathematics, and sciences.
Fine Arts – are focused towards creativity for the contemplation of the mind and
the upliftment of the spirit. (Examples are painting, sculpture, and architecture)
Major Arts – are characterized by actual and potential expressiveness such as
music, poetry, and sculpture.
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Minor Arts – are concerned with practical uses and purposes such as interior
decoration and porcelain.
● The Origin of Arts
The history of the arts began with that of humanity. Art dates back to the time when
superstitions and beliefs in the spirits are still very common in every culture. Indigenous art in
the form of dancing, painting, music, and poetry accompanied ancient rituals and ceremonies.
Men and women of early times perform dances to entertain and to worship their Gods and
Goddesses, or to invoke success and blessings. Their music and poetry chronicles the life and
works of their ancestors as well as legendary origins of heroes, heroines, and Gods.
Lesson 2: The Artist’s Medium
● Medium and Technique
Medium – comes from the Latin word “medium”, denotes the means by which an artist
communicates his idea. These are the materials used by an artist to interpret his feelings.
Technique – is the manner in which the artist controls his medium to achieve the desired
effect. It is the ability with which he fulfills the technical requirements of his particular
work of art. It has something to do with the way he manipulates his medium to express his
ideas in the artwork.
Classification of arts according to medium:
Visual Arts – are those whose mediums can be seen and which occupy space.
a. Dimensional or two-dimensional arts – include painting, drawing, printmaking,
and photography
b. Three-dimensional arts – include sculpture, architecture, landscape, community
planning, industrial designs, and crafts like ceramics and furniture.
Auditory Arts – are those whose mediums can be heard and which are expressed in time.
These are music and literature
Combined Arts – are those whose mediums can be both seen and heard and which exist in
both space and time. These include dance, opera, drama, and film.
● The Artist and his Medium
The artist thinks, feels, and gives shape to his vision in terms of his medium. When an
artist chooses a particular medium, he believes that his choice can best express the idea he
wants to convey. The matter of selecting the medium depends entirely on the artist himself.
He selects the materials that can be handled with ease that would best suit his plan, and
adequately bring out the qualities he wants to show.
● The Artist and his Technique
Artists differ from one another in technique even if they use the same medium. A
musician’s technique is his ability to make music sound the way he wants it. For instance, a
pianist may sound different from another pianist even as they handle the same instrument
and play the same musical composition.
● Mediums of the Visual Arts_______
Visual Arts are those arts that can be perceived with our eyes.
1. Painting – is the art of creating meaningful effects on a flat surface by the use of
pigments. Different mediums are used in painting. Each medium exerts a pronounced
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effect on the finished product, is capable of varied treatment, and determines its own
stroke. These mediums are applied to wet plaster, canvas, wood, or paper.
▪ Watercolor – its pigments invite brilliance and a variety of hues, it is somehow
difficult to handle because producing warm and rich tones using this medium
proves to be a challenge. One technique used is gouache.
Gouache – this technique is done by mixing zinc white with the regular watercolor
paints to tone them down, giving the appearance of sobriety suitable for dramatic
purposes.
▪ Fresco – is a painting method done on a moist plaster with colors ground in water
or a lime water mixture. An example of fresco painting is Michaelangelo’s “The
Creation of Adam” in the Sistine Chapel ceiling.
▪ Tempera – are mineral pigments mixed with egg yolk or egg white and ore. This
egg-based emulsion binds the pigments to the surface. It is characterized by its filmforming properties and rapid drying rate so it requires a more deliberate technique
than oil because it does not possess the flexibility of oil. It was used throughout the
Middle Ages and early Renaissance before oil was adopted.
▪ Acrylic – is a medium used popularly by contemporary painters because of the
transparency and quick-drying characteristics of watercolor and the flexibility of oil
combined.
▪ Oil – is one of the most expensive art activities today because of the prohibitive cost
of materials. It is the heaviest of painting mediums and one good quality of oil paint
as a medium is its flexibility. In oil painting, pigments are mixed with linseed oil and
applied to the canvas.
“Starry Night” is an oil painting by Dutch Post-Impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh
2. Sculpture – the art of making two-dimensional or three-dimensional representation by
carving stone or wood, casting metal or plaster. In choosing a subject for sculpture, the
most important thing to consider is the material. The materials available for sculpture
are limitless.
▪ Stone – is the hard and brittle substance formed from mineral and earth material.
The finished product is granular and dull in appearance. Stones include sandstone,
granite, basalt, marble, and limestone.
▪ Jade – is a fine stone, usually colored green, and widely used in Ancient China. It is
highly esteemed as an ornamental stone for carving and fashion jewelry.
▪ Ivory – comes from the main parts of tusks of elephants, it is the hard white
substance used to make carvings and billiard balls. In the home of some well-to-do
families in the Philippines, faces and hands of images of Saints are made of ivory.
▪ Metals – include any class of element substances such as gold, silver, or copper. All
of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by
capacity, ductility, conductivity, and peculiar luster when freshly fractured.
▪ Plaster – is composed of lime, sand, and water. It is worked on an armature of metal
wires and rods in addition to various materials and fibers. It can also be applied on
walls and allowed to harden and dry.
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Clay – is a natural earthly material that is plastic when wet. It consist essentially of
hydrated silicates of aluminum and is used for making bricks and ceramics.
▪ Glass – is a medium that is hard, brittle, non-crystalline, more or less transparent
substances produced by fusion, usually consisting of mutually dissolved silica and
silicates and contains soda and lime. It can be molded in various colors and shapes.
It is used to make beautiful but fragile figurines.
▪ Wood as a medium is easier to carve than any other mediums available because it
can be subjected into a variety of treatment. It is lighter and softer to carve despite
having greater tensile strength than stone.
Drawing – is usually done on paper using pencil, pen and ink, or charcoal. It is the most
fundamental of all skills necessary in arts. Drawing has always been considered as a
very good training for artists because it makes one concentrate on the use of line. Some
of the world’s best known drawings are made by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci.
▪ Pencil, Pen and Ink, and Charcoal. Drawing can be done with different kinds of
mediums, the most common of which is pencil. Ink, one of the oldest mediums still
in use, offers a great variety of qualities, depending on the tools and techniques used
in application. Charcoal is a carbonaceous material obtained by heating wood or
organic substances in the absence of oxygen. It is used in representing broad masses
of light and shadow.
▪ Crayons – are pigments bond by wax and compressed into painted sticks used for
drawing. It is especially popular among children in the elementary grades.
Mosaic – is the art of putting together small pieces of colored stones or glass called
“tesserae” to create an image. The tesserae are most often cut into squares and glued on
a surface with plaster or cement.
Stained Glass as an artwork is common in Gothic cathedrals and churches. It is made
by combining small pieces of colored glass, held together by bands of lead. The pictures
in the stained glass commonly depict the lives of Saints and in effect, also serve as a
means of religious instruction among Christians.
Architecture – is an art, it is the art of designing a building and supervising its
construction. Regarded as the procedure assisted with the conception of an idea and its
realization in terms of building materials.
Materials used in architecture are classified into three:
a. Materials found in nature (stone, wood)
b. Materials manufactured or made by man (ceramic materials, metals, concrete
materials, plastic)
c. Indigenous materials (sawali, abaca, bamboo, palm stems, mud bricks)
▪
3.
4.
5.
6.
● Mediums of the Performing Arts_____
Performing Arts are creative activities presented before an audience, on stage, and in open
places. When heard and seen simultaneously, these arts become combined arts.
Music deals with sounds. Music is an art and culture is reflected in art. The mediums
of music are vocal and instrumental music.
Vocal Music – is the oldest and most natural form of music. Voice is produced by the
vibrations of the vocal cords in the voice box. Correct positioning of body, head, and mouth
will enable the air to vibrate freely to increase the volume of sound.
▪ Classification of Vocal Music
Vocal music can be classified into two: long vocal forms and short vocal forms
Long Vocal Forms:
1. Opera – drama set to music with action, costume, and scenery.
2. Cantata – a story told in music without action. It is a smallerversion of the
oratorio and may be secular or religious.
3. Oratorio – a form of dramatic music also consisting of an overture, recitative,
and ensemble based on biblical stories or contemplative characters. It is
performed in concert style, without costume, scenery, or action.
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4. Moro-moro – a Philippine drama set to music that depicts Christian and nonChristian conflicts.
5. Zarzuela – a Philippine drama set to music that is similar to the opera.
Short Vocal Forms:
1. Folk songs
2. Art songs
3. Kundiman
4. Balitaw
5. Danza habanera
6. Anthem
7. Motet
8. Madrigal
9. Ballad
10. Chorale
11. Round/cannon
12. Area
▪
Voice Classification
1. Women’s voices:
a. Soprano – tone is higher in character, less somber, and frequently more
flexible
b. Alto or contralto – the tone is richer and fuller.
2. Men’s voices:
a. Tenor – the highest type in men’s voice
b. Baritone – lies between tenor and bass
c. Bass – lowest and deepest voice quality
Instrumental Music
▪ Sonata – a long composition for solo instruments, consisting of large sections called
movements. An example is Sonata in C Major composed by Wolfgang A. Mozart.
▪ Suite – a series of musical pieces that tells a story. Music that tells a story is called
program music while music that tells no story is absolute music.
▪ Symphony – a sonata for the orchestra Ludwig Van Beethoven was a great musician
remembered for his immortal symphonies.
▪ Concerto – a sonata for solo and orchestra designed to show-off the virtuosity of the
soloist.
▪ Chamber music – written for two solo instruments (violins and flutes) and basso
continuo (low string and keyboard) and usually in several movements.
Properties of Musical Instrument
1. Pitch – it is the highness or lowness of a tone in the musical scale. All sounds are
caused by vibration. Pitch is determined by the rate of vibration which to a large
extent depends on the length of the vibrating body. The width, thickness, density,
and tension of the vibrating body also affect the pitch.
2. Duration – depends on the length of time over which vibration is maintained. Tones
are only high or low but also short or long.
3. Volume – refers to force or percussive effects, as a result of which the tone strikes
us as being loud or soft.
Forte – means loud
Piano – means soft
4. Timbre or tone color – is the individual quality of the sound produced by other
instruments. It is influenced by a number of factors such as the size, shape, and the
proportion of the instrument, the material of which it is made, and the manner in
which the vibration is set up.
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● Methods of Art Production and Presentation
1. Realism
In painting, this is the attempt to portray the subject as it is. Even when the artist chooses a
subject from nature, he can select, change, and arrange details. Realists try to be as
objective as possible. In realism, the artist’s main function is to describe as accurately and
honestly as possible what is observed through the senses.
We can say that an artwork is realistic when the presentation and organization of details in
the work seem so natural. Realism is a common way of presenting a subject. Examples of
realist paintings are the works of Amorsolo.
2. Abstraction
It is used when the artist becomes so interested in one phase of a scene or a situation that
he does not show the subject at all as an objective reality, but only his idea, or his feeling
about it.
Abstract means “to move away or separate”. Abstract art moves away from showing things
as they really are.
Abstraction can be presented through the following:
a. Distortion. This is clearly manifested when the subject is in misshapen condition or
the regular shape is twisted.
b. Elongation. It refers to the lengthening of subject (protraction of extension)
c. Mangling. This may not be a common way of presenting an abstract subject, but
there are few artists who show subjects or objects which are cut, lacerated,
mutilated, or hacked with repeated blows.
d. Cubism. It takes the abstract form through the use of a cone, cylinder, or sphere at
the few expense of other pictorial elements. Cubists want to show forms in their
basic geometrical shapes.
e. Abstract expression is a style of abstract painting that originated in New York City
after World War II and gained an international vogue. The work is characterized by
great verve, the use of large canvases, and a deliberate lack of refinement in the
application of paint. Strong color, heavy impasto, uneven brush strokes, and rough
textures are typically characteristics.
3. Symbolism
A symbol in general, is a visible sign of something invisible such as an idea or a quality. It
can simply be an emblem or sign like: % to represent percentage, a lion to represent
courage, or a lamb to represent meekness.
4. Fauvism
Was the first art movement of the 1900s. The fauves flourished as a group only from about
1903 to 1907, but their style greatly influenced many later artists and Henri Matisse led
the movement. Fauves tried to paint pictures of comfort, joy and pleasure. They used
extremely bright colors. To a fauve, for example, a tree trunk need not be brown. It could be
bright red, purple, or any other vibrant color.
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5. Dadaism
Is a protest movement in the arts formed in 1916 by a group of artists and poets in Zurich,
Switzerland. The Dadaists reacted to what they believed were outworn traditions in art and
the evils they saw in society. They tried to shock and provoke the public with outrageous
pieces of writing, poetry recitals, and art exhibitions. Much dadaic art was playful and
highly experimental. The name “dada”, a French word meaning “hobby horse”, was
deliberately chosen because it was nonsensical. Perhaps the best known Dadaist was the
French artist Marcel Duchamp.
6. Futurism
Developed in Italy about the same time cubism appeared in France. Futurist painters
wanted their works to capture the speed and force of modern industrial society. Their
paintings glorified the mechanical energy of modern life. Subjects included automobiles,
motorcycles, and railroad trains-subjects that express the explosive vitality of a modern
city.
7. Surrealism
This movement in art and literature was founded in Paris in 1924 by the French poet Andre
Breton. Like Dadaism, surrealism uses art as a weapon against the evil and restrictions that
surrealists see in society. It tries to reveal a new and higher reality than that of daily life.
Surrealism is an invented word meaning “Super realism”.
Much of the beauty sought by surrealism is violent and cruel. In this way, the surrealists try
to shock the viewer or reader and show what they consider the deeper and truer part of
human nature. Benjamin Mendoza, a Bolivian painter, is well-known in presenting violent
and cruel surrealist paintings.
8. Expressionism
Was introduced in Germany during the first decade of the twentieth century. It has cast
influence on European artists from 1910 up to the present. The exponent of Expressionism
believed in the necessity of a spiritual rebirth for man in an age that was fast becoming
influenced by materialism.
The emotional expressions in expressionistic paintings can be described as involving
pathos, morbidity, violence or chaos, and tragedy. It also sometimes portrays defeat.
Lesson 3: The Elements of Visual Arts
Elements of Art – refers to the qualities and properties inherent in each work of art.
● The Elements of Visual Arts
The medium is the physical means through which the artist can cope with a work of art,
and the elements are its quantities and properties.
1. Line – is the path created by moving points in space. Line is an important element at the
disposal of every artist. Through the lines, the artist represents figures and forms.
Lines always have direction and they are always moving. Lines, as used in any work of
art, may either be straight or curved.
Horizontal Lines– are lines of repose and serenity. They express ideas of calmness and
quiescence or inactivity. Horizontal lines are found in reclining persons, in landscapes,
calm bodies of water, and in the distant meeting of the earth and sky or what is
commonly known as the horizon.
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Vertical Lines– are lines that denote action. They suggest poise, balance, force,
aspiration, exaltation, and dynamism. Vertical lines seen in a man standing straight, a
tall tree, and in statues of saints and heroes give an impression of dignity.
Diagonal Lines–suggest action, life, and movement. They give animation to any
composition in which they appear.
Curved Lines –suggest grace, subtleness, direction, instability, movement, flexibility,
joyousness, and grace. They are never harsh or stern since they are formed by a gradual
change in direction.
Crooked or jagged lines– express energy, violence, conflict, and struggle. Lines may
also be classified into three groups: lines which follow or repeat one another, lines
which contrast with one another, and transitional lines which modify or soften the
effect of others.
2. Color – refers to the quality or kind of light that reflects from the surface of the object.
Of all the elements of visual arts, color has the most aesthetic appeal. Delight in color is
a universal human characteristic. Color is a property of light. When light goes out, color
goes with it.
The light of the sun contains all the colors of the spectrum:
Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and Violet (ROYGBIV)
These colors are so blended that they yield no appearance of color. When a beam of
light passes through a prism, the different rays of color are separated so we are able to
see and identify them from each other. When light strikes a surface, some of the color
rays are absorbed while others are reflected.
Three Dimensions of Color:
a. Hue– is the dimension of color that gives color itself. Color names such as red, blue,
green, violet, and yellow indicate hue. When we say the flower is yellow, we are
naming its hue.
It can be subdivided into:
Primary Colors – red, yellow, and blue
Secondary Colors – green, orange, and violet
Tertiary Colors – six in total, these hues are achieved when primary and secondary
colors are mixed. (Red-orange, yellow-orange, yellow-green, blue-green, blue-violet,
red-violet)
b. Value – this refers to the brightness or darkness of color. Often, this is used by
artists to create the illusion of depth and solidity, a particular mood. Communicate a
feeling, or in establishing a scene.
Light colors – taken as the source of light in the composition
Dark colors – the lack or even absence of light
Each primary color has a range of values based on the addition and diminishing
quantity and quality of light.
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Tint – this is a lighter color than the normal value
Shade – this is a darker color than the normal value
c. Intensity – this is the color’s brightness or dullness. It is identified as the strength of
color, whether it is vivid or muted. To achieve a specific intensity of a color, one may
add either gray or its complementary color.
Bright or warm colors –positive energy
Dull or cool colors – sedate/soothing, seriousness or calm
▪
To better understand intensity of color, color harmonies are to be considered:
Monochromatic Harmonies – use the variations of hue. An example is Claud
Monet’s “Houses of Parliament”
Houses of Parliament by Claude Monet
▪
Complementary Harmonies – involve two colors opposite each other in the color
wheel. Since they are not contrary positions, the reaction is most intense.
“Three Saints: Roch, Anthony Abbot, and Lucy” by Cima da Conegliano
▪
Analogous Harmonies – make use of two colors beside each other in the color
wheel.
“Before the Race” by Edgar Degas
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3. Texture – is the element that deals more directly with the sense of touch. It has to do
with the characteristics of surfaces which can be rough or smooth, fine or coarse, shiny
or dull, plain or irregular. Texture is best appreciated when an object is felt with hands.
Texture is found in all the visual arts and is due primarily to differences in medium.
Texture is very real to the sculptor and architect because wood, stone, bridge, concrete,
and metal feel differently. To the painter, texture is an illusion. He must make an object
look the way it would feel when one touches it.
4. Perspective – deals with the effect of distance upon the appearance of objects, by
means of which the eye judges spatial relationships. It enables us to see the position of
objects in space.
Two Kinds of Perspective:
▪ Linear Perspective– is the representation of an appearance of distance by means of
converging lines. The tracks or a railroad appear to the viewer as seeming to rise
and meet in the distance. Linear perspective involves the direction of lines and the
size of objects. Objects appear smaller as they recede into the distance.
▪
Aerial Perspective– is the representation of relative distances of objects by
gradations of tone and color. Objects become fainter in the distance due to the effect
on the atmosphere. Objects appear to be lighter in color, objects become grayer,
details are dissolved, contrast is diminished, and the outline more vague as they
recede into the distance or into the atmosphere.
5. Space – in painting, as in architecture, space is of great importance. The exterior of a
building is seen as it appears in space, while the interior is seen by one who is inside an
enclosure. Painting does not deal with space directly, because it represents space only
on a two-dimensional surface. Sculpture involves very little space relationship or
perception of space.
6. Form – describes the structure or shape of an object. Form directs the movements of
the eyes. Since form consists of size and volume, it signifies visual weight. Every kind of
form has its own aesthetic effect. All the visual arts are concerned with form.
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Classifications of Form:
▪
Regular forms – are those whose parts are related to one another in a consistent,
orderly manner. They are generally stable and symmetrical in about one or more
axes.
▪
Irregular forms – are those whose parts are dissimilar and unrelated to one
another. These are regular forms from which irregular elements have been
subtracted or an irregular composition of regular forms. They are generally
asymmetrical and dynamic.
▪
Centralized forms – consist of a number of secondary forms clustered to produce
dominant, central, and parent forms. These forms share the self-centering
properties of the point and circle. These forms are ideal as freestanding structures,
isolated within their context, dominating a point in space, or occupying the center of
a defined field.
▪
Linear forms – are arranged sequentially in a row or series of forms along a line. A
linear form can result from a proportional change in a form’s dimensions, or the
arrangement of a series of forms along a line.
▪
Radial forms – are compositions of linear form that extend outward from central
form in a radial manner.
▪
Grid forms – are modular forms whose relationships are regulated by threedimensional. A grid is two or more intersecting sets of regularly-spaced parallel
lines.
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7. Volume – refers to the amount of space occupied in three dimensions. It therefore
refers to solidity or thickness. We perceive volume by contour lines, outlines or shapes
of objects, and by surface lights and shadows.
Lesson 4: The Elements of Performing Arts
● The Elements of Performing Arts
1. Music
Elements of Music:
a. Rhythm – is the basic element of music and the beginning of music. It is the
element of music that situates it in time. While beat is the most fundamental
component of music, it is the recurrence pulse found in most music. According to
Charles Hoffer, “the beat of the music is a pulse or throb that is sensed rather than
sounded and it recurs regularly and is not necessarily present in all music”
Beats can be organized into a recognizable recurrent pattern, which is called the
meter. Meter is the arrangement of rhythm in a fixed, regular pattern with a
uniform number of beats in uniform measures.
b. Melody – is the second important element of music. It is sometimes called the
memory element because it is always remembered by a listener. It refers to
pitches or tones sounded one after another in a logical, meaningful series.
c. Pitch – indicates the highness or lowness of sound and is determined solely by
the frequency of molecular vibrations. The slower the vibrations, the lower the
pitch and the faster the vibration, the higher the pitch. By means of pitch, we can
distinguish one instrument from one another or one voice from the other.
d. Harmony – refers to the manner of sound combination in which we add
subordinate sounds to enhance the quality of the main sounds.
e. Tempo – refers to the speed of a certain musical piece. It is measured by a device
by the musical notes given half or full values. Tempo may be slow, quick, or
moderate.
f. Dynamics – refers to the amount, strength, or volume of the sound. It is the
degree and variations of sonority and force with which the music is played from
soft to loud. Dynamics is perceived when composers and performers make
skillful use of shadings or volume so the music reveals an almost constant
interplay between loud and soft music.
g. Timbre – refers to tone quality. This element helps differentiate one type of
voice from another or one instrument from another.
2. Dance
Dancing is an art and a recreation. As an art, it tells a story, a set of moods, or expresses
an emotion.
Types of Dances:
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a. Folk dance/Ethnic dances – are social dances that portray the beliefs, interests,
habits, customs, and practices of the native.
b. Ballroom dances – are dances of public entertainment, usually performed in
pairs in ballrooms, nightclubs, auditoriums, or in public places. Examples are
waltz, swing, foxtrot, cha-cha, boogie, tango, body language and rhumba.
c. Theatrical dances – are performed for the entertainment of the audience in a
theater. Examples are ballet, modern dance, musical comedy dance, and tap
dancing.
Elements of Dance:
(There is always a movement in a dance. But not all movements signify a dance. To be
dance, the movement must contain the following basic elements)
a. Theme– is the basic element of dance. It conveys the message of a dance. Thus, a
dance that does not convey a message, even if there is movement, is not a dance.
b. Design– is the pattern of movement in time and space.
Pattern in time – refers to the unaccented beats of movement into measures.
Pattern in space – refers to the path traced by the dancer’s feet on the floor and the
levels on which they move.
c. Movement– refers to the bodily actions of the dancer that include his steps,
gesture of the arms, hands, and body and facial expression.
d. Technique – is the skill of movement executed by the dancer.
e. Music– is the auditory background to which a dancer moves. A dance is always
accompanied by any form of music.
f. Costume and body paraphernalia– are properties worn by the dancer that help
reflect the message, customs, beliefs, and setting of the dance.
g. Choreography– refers to the figures and steps in dancing that enable the dancer
to perform in an organized manner.
h. Scenery– refers to the background or setting where the dance is performed to
make it more realistic and enriching.
3. Literature
Literature is one of the arts that expresses human feelings. It shows ideas of emotions
through symbolic presentation in the form of short story, poetry, drama, play, and essay
among others.
Uses of Literature
a. To impart moral values. The purpose of literature is to present moral values for
the reader to understand and appreciate; the moral values may be directly and
indirectly stated.
b. As propaganda. This kind of literature is found not only in history books and
advertising and marketing books but also in some books describing one’s
personal success and achievements in life.
c. To provide therapeutic help. Literature can be regarded as a sophisticated and
modern elaboration of the idea of catharsis—an emotional relief experienced by
the reader that helps him recover from a previous pent-up emotion.
Lesson 5: The Principles of Art Design
1. Harmony – is the principle which produces an impression of unity through selection
and arrangement of consistent objects and ideas.
Five Aspects of Harmony:
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a. Harmony of Lines and Shapes. Lines are made harmoniously by either repeating the
shape of the lines or by connecting transitional lines to contrasting lines
b. Harmony of size. Refers to a good proportion.
c. Harmony of color. Creating harmony of color means using two or more colors in
decorating an article or object.
d. Harmony of texture. Coarse textures should not be combined with fine textures.
e. Harmony of ideas. Combining antique and modern furniture in the same room does
not show harmony of ideas.
2. Rhythm –in design, rhythm is the regular, uniform, or related visual movement made
through the repetition of a unit or motif. It is the basis of almost all performing arts. We
find rhythm not only in painting and architecture but also in music, dance, and poetry.
Formal or uniform rhythm is the repetition of a motif in uniform and regular
arrangement while informal or free rhythm is the repetition of a motif with variation
in its form, size, and arrangement.
3. Balance – is a condition or quality which gives a feeling of rest, repose, equilibrium, or
stability. In art, we do not exactly arrange objects of equal physical weights or sizes to
produce balance. It is the visual weights of lines, forms, values, textures, and colors that
we really balance.
4. Proportion – is the art principle which shows a pleasing relationship between a whole
and its parts and between the parts themselves. It can be achieved through proper
arrangement of space divisions.
5. Emphasis – is the principle of art which tends to carry the eyes from the center of
interest or dominant part of any composition to the less important or subordinate
parts. The most essential factor in emphasis is simplicity.
Key Concepts:
1. Perception of an art is governed by different principles of art design. These principles
guide the artist making his art more beautiful and interesting to the observers.
2. Through the combination of lines, colors, and forms, an artist can give the observer
new, varied, and satisfying experience.
3. Design is the overall organizational structure of the formal elements in a work of art.
Part II The Historical Development of Arts
Lesson 6: The Development of Visual Arts
● The Development of Painting___
Pre-Historic Painting
Animal spear and other rudimentary materials were utilized to produce pre-historic
paintings.
Pre-Historic Greek Painting
1. Formative or Pre-Greek Period – motif was sea and nature
2. First Greek Period – largely of Egyptian influence
3. Golden Age (480-400 BC)– period in which aesthetic ideal is based on the
representation of human character as an expression of a divine system.
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4. Hellenistic Period (4th Century-1st BC) – discussed heightened individualism and
featured tragic mood and contorted faces
Pre-Historic Roman Painting
1. Etruscan Period (2000-1000 BC) – the subject matters of paintings were ancestor
worship, catacombs, and sarcophages
2. Roman Period (2000 BC-400 AD) – characterized by commemorative statues,
frescoes, and designs with vine motifs
Painting in Medieval Period
1. Early Christian Art – subject matters of art in this period were symbols: cross, fish,
lamb, alpha, and omega, triumphal wreaths, grapes, doves, and peacocks. Haloed
Christ, Saints, and Martyrs, and Virgin Mary began to appear in painting at a later
time. Spiritual expression took precedence over physical beauty.
2. Byzantine Art – The subject matters of paintings were Christ as the Creator and
Mary as the Mother of God.
3. Gothic Art – paintings were religious, grotesque, and calmer and plastic in style.
19th Century Painting (Modern Art)
1. Impressionism – Paul Cezanne was the greatest impressionist and the Father of
Modern Art. His efforts were toward the achievement of simplicity, brilliance,
perfect balance, brightness of colors, and sense of depth in art.
2. Expressionism – Vincent van Gogh – is regarded as the Father of Expressionism.
He used bright, pure colors mixed on the palette but applied to the canvas in small
dots or strokes, relying on the beholder’s eyes to see them together. Gogh’s works
are notable for their rough beauty, emotional honesty, bold colors and simplicity.
● The Development of Sculpture____
Pre-historic sculpture consisted of rude forms carved in stones and woods. These
figures and images were created to commemorate heroes and heroines and perpetuate
the memory of men.
Egyptian Sculpture
1. First Dynasty Period – This period occurred 5,000 years ago. The sun, moon, stars,
and sacred animals were common subjects of sculpture in this period. The
sculptures decorated the tombs of the dead with scenes from his life and signs of his
rank and profession with assurance that his spirit may continue his existence within
the tomb. Statues began to flourish in this period.
2. Old Kingdom Period – Portrait sculpture was emphasized. Five life-like structures
existed in every home. Statues were either single figures or in family groups.
3. Middle Kingdom Period – faces of statues made during this period depicted
individual moods but their bodies were still rigid and straight in posture.
4. New Kingdom Period – Figures of this period were life-like and vigorous looking.
They were depicted in usual poses-walking, dancing, and bending. Figures showed
dignity and serenity.
Greek Sculpture
1. Daedalic Period – marble was heavily used as material. Nude male statues were
usually produced
2. Classical Age – this was the Golden Age or Age of the Pericles in Greece. Temples of
Gods and Goddesses were adorned with sculptured figures.
3. Later Greek Period – Male and Female figures were shown with very little or no
clothing at all. An example of Pre-Historic sculpture is the famous Venus de Milo.
19th Century Sculpture
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1. Neo-classical schools – depicted perfect human anatomy endowed with a calm,
reflective look
2. Romantic realistic schools – depicted realistic figures with psychological attitudes
of the French revolution.
● The Development of Architecture___
1. Architecture of Mesopotamia
The temple became the predominant building type in Mesopotamia, since there was
no local supply of stone, mud bricks, and fired bricks were the principal building
materials.
2. Architecture of Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egyptian Architecture in the Valley of Nile used readily available materials
such as seeds, papyrus, and palm branch ribs. Timber and wood were utilized more
than stone.
3. Aegean and Ancient Greek Architecture
4. Etruscan and Ancient Roman Architecture
VI. Summary:
Lesson 1: The Meaning and Importance of Art
Lesson 2: The Artist’s Medium
Lesson 3: The Elements of Visual Arts
Lesson 4: The Elements ofPerforming Arts
Lesson 5: The Principles of Art Design
Lesson 6: The Development of Visual Arts
VII. Review Questions:
(Use the back portion of this module for your answers)
1. What is your definition of Arts? Art Appreciation?
2. Why do artists differ in their choice of subjects for their artworks?
3. What is the importance of variety in art?
4. How does music differ from the other arts?
5. Among the principles of Art, which would you consider as the most important?
VIII. Assessment
Lesson 1: Activity 1
Answer the following questions as precisely yet as thoroughly as possible.
1. If you were an artist, what kind of artist would you be and what kind of artworks are
you going to do? Why?
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2. Why is art appreciation an essential subject in the curriculum?
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3. Make an artwork that would best describe your personality (it can be a painting,
watercolor painting, pencil portrait, or drawing) and explain your artwork using the
space provided.
Use an illustration board, coupon bond, or any other available canvas for your artwork.
Explanation:
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Lesson 2: Activity 2
a. List down five (5) Filipino artists and their works of art, including the titles of
their work, and the mediums used. Complete the table below:
Name of the Artist
Title of the Artwork
Medium Used
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
b. Poster Making (Grab your Technique as an Artist)
Instruction: Close your eyes for two minutes. Think of beautiful things you have seen which
you admire. Open your eyes. Now grab your most preferred medium for your poster and
make your own artwork to express what you have seen when your eyes were closed. You
can also use the Methods of Art Production and Presentation.
Lesson 3: Activity 3
Instruction: Using the elements of Visual art as a guide, design a poster for your favorite
film/movie. Do this artwork on a coupon bond. The poster must reflect the use of the
elements of art presented in the lesson.
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Lesson 4: Activity 4
Instruction: Make an individual Dance Presentation considering the elements of
Performing Arts.
Consider the following criteria:
1. Use the elements of dance (Theme, design, movement, technique, music, costume
and body paraphernalia, choreography, and scenery)
2. You can decide on your own genre (modern dance, contemporary dance, ballet, hiphop, folk dance, ballroom, etc.)
3. The video presentation must be 2-3 minutes only.
Lesson 5: Activity 5
Attach at least two pictures for each classification of Harmony. Do this on a short or long
bond paper.
a. Harmony of lines (two pictures)
b. Harmony of size (two pictures)
c. Harmony of texture (two pictures)
d. Harmony of color (two pictures)
Lesson 6: Activity 6
Instruction: Look for old periodicals (newspaper, magazines, or journals) and cut out
pictures that represent Art (2-3 pictures will do). Paste them on a bond paper and write a
caption for each picture.
IX. References:
Textbooks:
Introduction to Art Appreciation A Textbook in Humanities Second Edition (2017)
by Mariano M. Diola, Published by C&E Publishing Inc.
Art Appreciation First Edition (2018) by Bernardo Nicolas Caslib Jr., et.al. Rex
Bookstore, Inc.
Electronic Source:
https://learn.saylor.org/course/resources.php?id=360
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