group 4 topics:
speaking skills- a skill of using language to communicate using verbal or nonverbal symbols.
why speaking skills is part of macro skills:
- involve the ability to effectively communicate and express oneself
- allows individuals to convey their thoughts, ideas, emotions.
nature of speaking skills:
pronunciation- the way words and sounds articulated clearly
fluency- the ability to speak smoothly without hesitations
vocabulary- variety of words that a person know to apply accurately
grammar- correct use of sentence and words
clarity- ability to utter words and sentences clearly
different use in language teaching:
interactive communication- meaningful and interactive communication between learners
accuracy and fluency- language teachers aim to develop accuracy and fluency
pronunciation and intonation- emphasize the importance of clear pronunciation and appropriate
intonation patterns to ensure effective communication
vocabulary development- language teachers help students expand their vocabulary by
introducing new words and phrases
real-world language use- aim learners to prepare real-world language use
interactive speaking activities- language teachers give diff interactive speaking activities: pair
work, group discussions, debates, presentation, and role-plays.
error correction and feedback- provide guidance, correction, and feedback to help learners
improve their speaking skills
cultural awareness- emphasize cultural awareness and sensitivity in speaking
group 5 topics:
(6) factors that influence learner's speaking:
native language- most influential factor, affects learner's pronunciation.
age- children under the age of puberty have the ability to maintain perfect or native like
pronunciation in a foreign or second language compared to adults.
exposure- social environment is important to learners to expose themselves to the target
language.
innate phonetic ability (phonetic coding ability)- easier for certain individuals to acquire the
correct pronunciation in a new language.
identity and language ego- influence their motivation and commitment to pronunciation
improvement.
motivation and concern for good pronunciation- learners will achieve native like pronunciation
when their intrinsic motivation is high.
speaking task for communicative outcome
5 types:
imitative speaking- parrots back or imitate a word, phrase, or sentence.
intensive speaking- producing a limit amount of language in a highly control context.
responsive speaking- short replies to teacher or student initiated questions or comments.
interactive speaking- involves face-to-face conversations and telephone calls.
has two types of dialogue: transactional and interpersonal dialogue
extensive speaking- oral production, include speeches, oral presentation, and story telling.
stages in speaking
preparation- planning what you want to say, organizing your thoughts, and considering your
audience.
encoding- converting your thoughts into words and sentences.
transmitting- speaking the words aloud or conveying them through other means.
receiving- the listener receives the message.
decoding- the listener interprets and understands the message.
feedback- any response or reaction from the audience, allowing you to adjust or communicate if
needed.
group 6 topics:
speech register- level of formality and informality used in a language depending on the
situation.
5 registers of speech:
frozen register- language that is always the same
formal register- standard syntax and word choice of work and school, has complete sentences
and specific word choice.
consultative register- formal and acceptable speech often used in professional settings.
casual register- language between friends, word choice general and not specific.
intimate register- used by persons who are close or very familiar with each other.
speech acts- the speaker's utterances which convey meaning and make listener's do specific
things.
5 types:
locutionary speech act- speaker performs an utterance (locution), which has meaning in the
traditional sense.
illocutionary speech act- the performance of the act of saying something with a specific
intention.
perlocutuonary speech act- when the speaker has an effect on the listener.
speech delivery- speaker's physical (vocal and bodily) actions during a speech.
impromptu- speech is delivered "on the spur of the moment", your ability to speak in an instant.
extemporaneous- allows the speaker to prepare his/her thoughts and mode of delivery.
- developed through outlining ideas, not writing them out word-for-word. (naa silay
notecards or short outlines)
manuscript- the speaker prepares the manuscript that he/she has to present.
- a written text read to an audience from a paper script or teleprompter.
memorized- sounds mechanical and is seldom usea or recommended.