ân xá Quốc tế
Tổ chức Ân xá Quốc tế (còn gọi là Tổ chức Ân xá hoặc AI ) là một tổ chức phi chính phủ quốc
tế tập trung vào nhân quyền , có trụ sở chính tại Vương quốc Anh. Tổ chức này cho biết họ có
hơn 10 triệu thành viên và người ủng hộ trên khắp thế giới. [1] Sứ mệnh đã nêu của tổ chức là
vận động vì "một thế giới trong đó mọi người được hưởng tất cả các quyền con người được
ghi trong Tuyên ngôn Quốc tế về Nhân quyền và các văn kiện nhân quyền quốc tế khác ." [3] Tổ
chức này đã đóng một vai trò đáng chú ý trong các vấn đề nhân quyền do được các phương
tiện truyền thông và các nhà lãnh đạo thế giới nhắc đến thường xuyên. [4] [5]
ân xá Quốc tế
Thành lập
tháng 7 năm 1961
Vương quốc Anh
Người đồng sáng lập Peter Benenson
Eric Baker
Seán MacCô Dâu
Kiểu
Phi lợi nhuận
INGO
Trụ sở chính
Luân Đôn , WC1
Vương quốc Anh
Vị trí
Toàn cầu
Dịch vụ
Bảo vệ nhân quyền
Lĩnh vực
Sự chú ý của giới
truyền thông, các
chiến dịch kháng cáo
trực tiếp, nghiên cứu,
vận động hành lang
Các thành viên
Hơn mười triệu thành
viên và người ủng hộ
[1]
Tổng thư ký
Agnès Callamard [2]
Trang mạng
ân xá.org (https://w
ww.amnesty.org/e
n)
AI được thành lập tại London vào năm 1961 bởi luật sư Peter Benenson . [6] Trong cái mà ông
gọi là "Những tù nhân bị lãng quên" và "Lời kêu gọi ân xá", xuất hiện trên trang nhất của tờ báo
Anh The Observer , Benenson đã viết về hai sinh viên nâng ly chúc mừng tự do ở Bồ Đào Nha
và bốn người khác đã bị bỏ tù ở các quốc gia khác vì niềm tin của họ. Trọng tâm ban đầu của
AI là tù nhân lương tâm , với phạm vi được mở rộng vào những năm 1970, dưới sự lãnh đạo
của Seán MacBride và Martin Ennals , bao gồm cả những vụ xử án sai lầm và tra tấn . Năm
1977, nó được trao giải Nobel Hòa bình . Vào những năm 1980, tổng thư ký của nó là Thomas
Hammarberg , người kế nhiệm vào những năm 1990 bởi Pierre Sané . Vào những năm 2000,
nó được lãnh đạo bởi Irene Khan .
Tổ chức Ân xá thu hút sự chú ý đến các hành vi vi phạm nhân quyền và các chiến dịch tuân
thủ luật pháp và tiêu chuẩn quốc tế . Nó có tác dụng huy động dư luận để tạo áp lực lên các
chính phủ nơi xảy ra lạm dụng. [7]
Lịch sử
thập niên 1960
Peter Benenson, the founder of Amnesty
International. He worked for Britain's
GC&CS at Bletchley Park during World War
II.
Amnesty International was founded in London in July 1961 by English barrister Peter
Benenson, who had previously been a founding member of the UK law reform organisation
JUSTICE.[8] Benenson was influenced by his friend Louis Blom-Cooper, who led a political
prisoners' campaign.[9][10] According to Benenson's own account, he was travelling on the
London Underground on 19 November 1960 when he read that two Portuguese students
from Coimbra had been sentenced to seven years of imprisonment in Portugal for allegedly
"having drunk a toast to liberty".[a][11] Researchers have never traced the alleged newspaper
article in question.[a] In 1960, Portugal was ruled by the Estado Novo government of António
de Oliveira Salazar.[12] The government was authoritarian in nature and strongly anticommunist, suppressing enemies of the state as anti-Portuguese. In his significant
newspaper article "The Forgotten Prisoners", Benenson later described his reaction as
follows:
Open your newspaper any day of the week and you will find a story
from somewhere of someone being imprisoned, tortured or
executed because his opinions or religion are unacceptable to his
government... The newspaper reader feels a sickening sense of
impotence. Yet if these feelings of disgust could be united into
common action, something effective could be done.[6]
Benenson worked with his friend Eric Baker – a member of the Religious Society of Friends
who had been involved in funding the British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament as well as
becoming head of Quaker Peace and Social Witness. In his memoirs, Benenson described
him as "a partner in the launching of the project".[13] In consultation with other writers,
academics and lawyers and, in particular, Alec Digges, they wrote via Louis Blom-Cooper to
David Astor, editor of The Observer newspaper, who, on 28 May 1961, published Benenson's
article "The Forgotten Prisoners". The article brought the reader's attention to those
"imprisoned, tortured or executed because his opinions or religion are unacceptable to his
government"[6] or, put another way, to violations, by governments, of articles 18 and 19 of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). The article described these violations
occurring, on a global scale, in the context of restrictions to press freedom, to political
oppositions, to timely public trial before impartial courts, and to asylum. It marked the launch
of "Appeal for Amnesty, 1961", the aim of which was to mobilize public opinion, quickly and
widely, in defence of these individuals, whom Benenson named "Prisoners of Conscience".[14]
The "Appeal for Amnesty" was reprinted by a large number of international newspapers. In
the same year, Benenson had a book published, Persecution 1961, which detailed the cases of
nine prisoners of conscience investigated and compiled by Benenson and Baker (Maurice
Audin, Ashton Jones, Agostinho Neto, Patrick Duncan, Olga Ivinskaya, Luis Taruc, Constantin
Noica, Antonio Amat and Hu Feng).[14]
In July 1961, the leadership had decided that the appeal would form the basis of a permanent
organisation, Amnesty, with the first meeting taking place in London. Benenson ensured that
all three major political parties were represented, enlisting members of parliament from the
Labour Party, the Conservative Party, and the Liberal Party.[15] On 30 September 1962, it was
officially named "Amnesty International". Between the "Appeal for Amnesty, 1961" and
September 1962 the organisation had been known simply as "Amnesty".[16]
By the mid-1960s, Amnesty International's global presence was growing and an International
Secretariat and International Executive Committee were established to manage Amnesty
International's national organisations, called "Sections", which had appeared in several
countries. They were secretly supported by the British government at the time.[17] The
international movement was starting to agree on its core principles and techniques. For
example, the issue of whether or not to adopt prisoners who had advocated violence, like
Nelson Mandela, brought unanimous agreement that it could not give the name of "Prisoner
of Conscience" to such prisoners. Aside from the work of the library and groups, Amnesty
International's activities were expanding to helping prisoners' families, sending observers to
trials, making representations to governments, and finding asylum or overseas employment
for prisoners. Its activity and influence were also increasing within intergovernmental
organisations; it would be awarded consultative status by the United Nations, the Council of
Europe and UNESCO before the decade ended.[18]
In 1966, Benenson suspected that the British government in collusion with some Amnesty
employees had suppressed a report on British atrocities in Aden.[19] He began to suspect that
many of his colleagues were part of a British intelligence conspiracy to subvert Amnesty, but
he could not convince anybody else at AI.[20] Later in the same year there were further
allegations, when the US government reported that Seán MacBride, the former Irish foreign
minister and Amnesty's first chairman, had been involved with a Central Intelligence Agency
funding operation.[19] MacBride denied knowledge of the funding, but Benenson became
convinced that MacBride was a member of a CIA network.[20] Benenson resigned as
Amnesty's president on the grounds that it was bugged and infiltrated by the secret services,
and said that he could no longer live in a country where such activities were tolerated.[17] (See
Relationship with the British Government)
1970s–1980s
Amnesty International's membership increased from 15,000 in 1969[21] to 200,000 by
1979.[22] At the intergovernmental level Amnesty International pressed for the application of
the UN's Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners and of existing
humanitarian conventions; to secure ratifications of the two UN Covenants on Human Rights
in 1976, and was instrumental in obtaining additional instruments and provisions forbidding
the practice of maltreatment. Consultative status was granted at the Inter-American
Commission on Human Rights in 1972.
In 1976, Amnesty's British Section started a series of fund-raising events that came to be
known as The Secret Policeman's Balls series. They were staged in London initially as comedy
galas featuring what The Daily Telegraph called "the crème de la crème of the British comedy
world"[23] including members of comedy troupe Monty Python, and later expanded to also
include performances by leading rock musicians. The series was created and developed by
Monty Python alumnus John Cleese and entertainment industry executive Martin Lewis
working closely with Amnesty staff members Peter Luff (assistant director of Amnesty
1974–1978) and subsequently with Peter Walker (Amnesty Fund-Raising Officer 1978–1982).
Cleese, Lewis and Luff worked together on the first two shows (1976 and 1977). Cleese,
Lewis and Walker worked together on the 1979 and 1981 shows, the first to carry what The
Daily Telegraph described as the "rather brilliantly re-christened" Secret Policeman's Ball
title.[23]
The organisation was awarded the 1977 Nobel Peace Prize for its "defence of human dignity
against torture"[24] and the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 1978.[25]
During the mid-to-late-1980s, Amnesty organised two major musical events took place to
increase awareness of Amnesty and of human rights. The 1986 Conspiracy of Hope tour,
which played five concerts in the US, and culminated in a daylong show, featuring some thirtyodd acts at Giants Stadium, and the 1988 Human Rights Now! world tour. Human Rights
Now!, which was timed to coincide with the 40th anniversary of the United Nations' Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), played a series of concerts on five continents over six
weeks. Both tours featured some of the most famous musicians and bands of the day.
1990s
Throughout the 1990s, Amnesty continued to grow, to a membership of over seven million in
over 150 countries and territories,[1] led by Senegalese Secretary General Pierre Sané. At the
intergovernmental level, Amnesty International argued in favour of creating a United Nations
High Commissioner for Human Rights (established 1993) and an International Criminal Court
(established 2002).
Amnesty continued to work on a wide range of issues and world events. For example, South
African groups joined in 1992 and hosted a visit by Pierre Sané to meet with the apartheid
government to press for an investigation into allegations of police abuse, an end to arms
sales to the African Great Lakes region and the abolition of the death penalty. In particular,
Amnesty International brought attention to violations committed on specific groups, including
refugees, racial/ethnic/religious minorities, women and those executed or on Death Row.[26]
In 1995, when AI wanted to promote how Shell Oil Company was involved with the execution
of an environmental and human-rights activist Ken Saro-Wiwa in Nigeria, it was stopped.
Newspapers and advertising companies refused to run AI's ads because Shell Oil was a
customer of theirs as well. Shell's main argument was that it was drilling oil in a country that
already violated human rights and had no way to enforce human-rights policies. To combat
the buzz that AI was trying to create, it immediately publicized how Shell was helping to
improve overall life in Nigeria. Salil Shetty, the director of Amnesty, said, "Social media reenergises the idea of the global citizen".[15] James M. Russell notes how the drive for profit
from private media sources conflicts with the stories that AI wants to be heard.[27]
Amnesty International became involved in the legal battle over Augusto Pinochet, former
Chilean dictator, who sought to avoid extradition to Spain to face charges after his arrest in
London in 1998 by the Metropolitan Police. Lord Hoffman had an indirect connection with
Amnesty International, and this led to an important test for the appearance of bias in legal
proceedings in UK law. There was a suit[28] against the decision to release Senator Pinochet,
taken by the then British Home Secretary Jack Straw, before that decision had actually been
taken, in an attempt to prevent the release of Senator Pinochet. The English High Court
refused[29] the application, and Senator Pinochet was released and returned to Chile.
2000s
After 2000, Amnesty International's primary focus turned to the challenges arising from
globalization and the reaction to the 11 September 2001 attacks in the United States. The
issue of globalization provoked a major shift in Amnesty International policy, as the scope of
its work was widened to include economic, social and cultural rights, an area that it had
declined to work on in the past. Amnesty International felt this shift was important, not just to
give credence to its principle of the indivisibility of rights, but because of what it saw as the
growing power of companies and the undermining of many nation-states as a result of
globalization.[30]
In the aftermath of 11 September attacks, the new Amnesty International Secretary General,
Irene Khan, reported that a senior government official had said to Amnesty International
delegates: "Your role collapsed with the collapse of the Twin Towers in New York."[31] In the
years following the attacks, some believe that the gains made by human rights organisations
over previous decades had possibly been eroded.[32] Amnesty International argued that
human rights were the basis for the security of all, not a barrier to it. Criticism came directly
from the Bush administration and The Washington Post, when Khan, in 2005, likened the US
government's detention facility at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, to a Soviet Gulag.[33][34]
During the first half of the new decade, Amnesty International turned its attention to violence
against women, controls on the world arms trade, concerns surrounding the effectiveness of
the UN, and ending torture.[35] With its membership close to two million by 2005,[36] Amnesty
continued to work for prisoners of conscience.
In 2007, AI's executive committee decided to support access to abortion "within reasonable
gestational limits...for women in cases of rape, incest or violence, or where the pregnancy
jeopardizes a mother's life or health".[37]
Amnesty International reported, concerning the Iraq War, on 17 March 2008, that despite
claims the security situation in Iraq has improved in recent months, the human rights
situation is disastrous, after the start of the war five years earlier in 2003.[38]
In 2009, Amnesty International accused Israel and the Palestinian Hamas movement of
committing war crimes during Israel's January offensive in Gaza, called Operation Cast Lead,
that resulted in the deaths of more than 1,400 Palestinians and 13 Israelis.[39] The 117-page
Amnesty report charged Israeli forces with killing hundreds of civilians and wanton
destruction of thousands of homes. Amnesty found evidence of Israeli soldiers using
Palestinian civilians as human shields. A subsequent United Nations Fact Finding Mission on
the Gaza Conflict was carried out; Amnesty stated that its findings were consistent with
those of Amnesty's own field investigation, and called on the UN to act promptly to
implement the mission's recommendations.[40][41]
2010s
Amnesty International, 19 March 2011
Japanese branch of Amnesty
International, 23 May 2014
Early 2010s
In February 2010, Amnesty suspended Gita Sahgal, its gender unit head, after she criticized
Amnesty for its links with Moazzam Begg, director of Cageprisoners. She said it was "a gross
error of judgment" to work with "Britain's most famous supporter of the Taliban".[42][43]
Amnesty responded that Sahgal was not suspended "for raising these issues internally...
[Begg] speaks about his own views ..., not Amnesty International's".[44] Among those who
spoke up for Sahgal were Salman Rushdie,[45] Member of Parliament Denis MacShane, Joan
Smith, Christopher Hitchens, Martin Bright, Melanie Phillips, and Nick
Cohen.[43][46][47][48][49][50][51]
In July 2011, Amnesty International celebrated its 50 years with an animated short film
directed by Carlos Lascano, produced by Eallin Motion Art and Dreamlife Studio, with music
by Academy Award-winner Hans Zimmer and nominee Lorne Balfe.[52]
In August 2012, Amnesty International's chief executive in India sought an impartial
investigation, led by the United Nations, to render justice to those affected by war crimes in
Sri Lanka.[53]
Mid-2010s
Supporters of Amnesty International
at Cologne Pride Parade 2014
On 18 August 2014, in the wake of demonstrations sparked by people protesting about the
fatal police shooting of Michael Brown, an unarmed 18-year-old who assaulted a police
officer and then resisted arrest, and subsequent acquittal of Darren Wilson, the officer who
shot him, Amnesty International sent a 13-person contingent of human rights activists to
seek meetings with officials as well as to train local activists in non-violent protest
methods.[54] This was the first time that the organisation has deployed such a team to the
United States.[55][56][57]
In the 2015 annual Amnesty International UK conference, delegates narrowly voted (468
votes to 461) against a motion proposing a campaign against antisemitism in the UK. The
debate on the motion formed a consensus that Amnesty should fight "discrimination against
all ethnic and religious groups", but the division among delegates was over the issue of
whether it would be appropriate for an anti-racism campaign with a "single focus".[58][59] The
Jewish Chronicle noted that Amnesty International had previously published a report on
discrimination against Muslims in Europe.[60]
In August 2015, The Times reported that Yasmin Hussein, then Amnesty's director of faith
and human rights and previously its head of international advocacy and a prominent
representative at the United Nations, had "undeclared private links to men alleged to be key
players in a secretive network of global Islamists", including the Muslim Brotherhood and
Hamas.[61][62] The Times also detailed instances where Hussein was alleged to have had
inappropriately close relationships with the al-Qazzaz family, members of which were highranking government ministers in the administration of Mohammed Morsi and Muslim
Brotherhood leaders at the time.[61][62] Ms Hussein denied supporting the Muslim
Brotherhood and told Amnesty that "any connections are purely circumstantial".[61]
In June 2016, Amnesty International called on the United Nations General Assembly to
"immediately suspend" Saudi Arabia from the UN Human Rights Council.[63][64] Richard
Bennett, head of Amnesty's UN Office, said: "The credibility of the U.N. Human Rights Council
is at stake. Since joining the council, Saudi Arabia's dire human rights record at home has
continued to deteriorate and the coalition it leads has unlawfully killed and injured thousands
of civilians in the conflict in Yemen."[65]
In December 2016, Amnesty International revealed that Voiceless Victims, a fake non-profit
organisation which claims to raise awareness for migrant workers who are victims of human
rights abuses in Qatar, had been trying to spy on their staff.[66][67]
Late 2010s
Amnesty International sign at the
WorldPride Madrid in July 2017
In October 2018, an Amnesty International researcher was abducted and beaten while
observing demonstrations in Magas, the capital of Ingushetia, Russia.[68]
On 25 October, federal officers raided the Bengaluru office for 10 hours on a suspicion that
the organisation had violated foreign direct investment guidelines on the orders of the
Enforcement Directorate. Employees and supporters of Amnesty International say this is an
act to intimidate organisations and people who question the authority and capabilities of
government leaders. Aakar Patel, the executive director of the Indian branch claimed, "The
Enforcement Directorate's raid on our office today shows how the authorities are now treating
human rights organisations like criminal enterprises, using heavy-handed methods. On Sep
29, the Ministry of Home Affairs said Amnesty International using "glossy statements" about
humanitarian work etc. as a "ploy to divert attention" from their activities which were in clear
contravention of laid down Indian laws. Amnesty International received permission only once
in Dec 2000, since then it had been denied Foreign Contribution permission under the Foreign
Contribution Act by successive Governments. However, in order to circumvent the FCRA
regulations, Amnesty UK remitted large amounts of money to four entities registered in India
by classifying it as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).[69]
The current Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, has been criticized by foreign medias for
harming civil society in India, specifically by targeting advocacy groups.[70][71][72] India has
cancelled the registration of about 15,000 nongovernmental organisations under the Foreign
Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA); the U.N. has issued statements against the policies that
allow these cancellations to occur.[73][74] Though nothing was found to confirm these
accusations, the government plans on continuing the investigation and has frozen the bank
accounts of all the offices in India. A spokesperson for the Enforcement Directorate has said
the investigation could take three months to complete.[73]
On 30 October 2018, Amnesty called for the arrest and prosecution of Nigerian security
forces claiming that they used excessive force against Shi'a protesters during a peaceful
religious procession around Abuja, Nigeria. At least 45 were killed and 122 were injured
during the event.[75]
In November 2018, Amnesty reported the arrest of 19 or more rights activists and lawyers in
Egypt. The arrests were made by the Egyptian authorities as part of the regime's ongoing
crackdown on dissent. One of the arrested was Hoda Abdel-Monaim, a 60-year-old human
rights lawyer and former member of the National Council for Human Rights. Amnesty
reported that following the arrests Egyptian Coordination for Rights and Freedoms (ECRF)
decided to suspend its activities due to the hostile environment towards civil society in the
country.[76]
On 5 December 2018, Amnesty International strongly condemned the execution of Ihar
Hershankou and Siamion Berazhnoy in Belarus.[77] They were shot despite UN Human Rights
Committee request for a delay.[78][79]
Amnesty International sign in Rouen,
4 May 2019
In February 2019, Amnesty International's management team offered to resign after an
independent report found what it called a "toxic culture" of workplace bullying, and found
evidence of bullying, harassment, sexism and racism, after being asked to investigate the
suicides of 30-year Amnesty veteran Gaetan Mootoo in Paris in May 2018 (who left a note
citing work pressures), and 28-year-old intern Rosalind McGregor in Geneva in July 2018.[80]
In April 2019, Amnesty International's deputy director for research in Europe, Massimo
Moratti, warned that if extradited to the United States, WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange
would face the "risk of serious human rights violations, namely detention conditions, which
could violate the prohibition of torture".[81]
On 14 May 2019, Amnesty International filed a petition with the District Court of Tel Aviv,
Israel, seeking a revocation of the export licence of surveillance technology firm NSO
Group.[82] The filing states that "staff of Amnesty International have an ongoing and wellfounded fear they may continue to be targeted and ultimately surveilled"[83] by NSO
technology. Other lawsuits have also been filed against NSO in Israeli courts over alleged
human-rights abuses, including a December 2018 filing by Saudi dissident Omar Abdulaziz,
who claimed NSO's software targeted his phone during a period in which he was in regular
contact with murdered journalist Jamal Kashoggi.[84]
In September 2019, European Commission President-elect Ursula von der Leyen created the
new position of "Vice President for Protecting our European Way of Life", who will be
responsible for upholding the rule-of-law, internal security and migration.[85] Amnesty
International accused the European Union of "using the framing of the far right" by linking
migration with security.[86]
On 24 November 2019, Anil Raj, a former Amnesty International board member, was killed by
a car bomb while working with the United Nations Development Project. U.S. Secretary of
State, Mike Pompeo announced Raj's death at a briefing 26 Nov, during which he discussed
other acts of terrorism.[87]
2020s
In August 2020, Amnesty International expressed concerns about what it called the
"widespread torture of peaceful protesters" and treatment of detainees in Belarus.[88] The
organisation also said that more than 1,100 people were killed by bandits in rural
communities in northern Nigeria during the first six months of 2020.[89] Amnesty International
investigated what it called "excessive" and "unlawful" killings of teenagers by Angolan police
who were enforcing restrictions during the coronavirus pandemic.[90]
In May 2020, the organisation raised concerns about security flaws in a COVID-19 contact
tracing app mandated in Qatar.[91]
In September 2020, Amnesty shut down its India operations after the government froze its
bank accounts due to alleged financial irregularities.[92]
On 2 November 2020, Amnesty International reported that 54 people – mostly Amhara
women and children and elderly people – were killed by the OLF in the village of Gawa Qanqa,
Ethiopia.[93][94]
In April 2021, Amnesty International distanced itself from a tweet by Agnès Callamard, its
newly appointed Secretary General, asserting that Israel had killed Yasser Arafat; Callamard
herself has not deleted the tweet.[95][96][97]
In February 2022, Amnesty accused Israel of committing the crime of apartheid against the
Palestinians, joining other human rights organisations that had previously accused Israel of
the crime against humanity. In 2021, Human Rights Watch and B'tselem both accused Israel
of apartheid for its treatment of the Palestinians in the occupied territories.[98] An Amnesty
report stated that Israel maintains "an institutionalized regime of oppression and domination
of the Palestinian population for the benefit of Jewish Israelis".[99] The Israeli Foreign Ministry
stated that Amnesty was peddling "lies, inconsistencies, and unfounded assertions that
originate from well-known anti-Israeli hate organisations". The Palestinian Foreign Ministry
called the report a "detailed affirmation of the cruel reality of entrenched racism, exclusion,
oppression, colonialism, apartheid, and attempted erasure that the Palestinian people have
endured".[99]
In March 2022, Paul O'Brien, the Amnesty International USA Director, speaking to a Women's
National Democratic Club audience in the US, stated: "We are opposed to the idea—and this, I
think, is an existential part of the debate—that Israel should be preserved as a state for the
Jewish people", while adding "Amnesty takes no political views on any question, including the
right of the State of Israel to survive."[100][101][102][103]
On 7 April 2022, six weeks after the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Russian
Ministry of Justice announced that the offices of Amnesty International and 14 other wellknown international organisations had been closed for "violations of Russian law".[104]
Structure
Amnesty International Sections, 2012
The Amnesty Canadian headquarters
in Ottawa
Amnesty International is largely made up of voluntary members but retains a small number of
paid professionals. In countries in which Amnesty International has a strong presence,
members are organized as "sections". In 2019 there were 63 sections worldwide.[105] The
highest governing body is the Global Assembly which meets annually, attended by the chair
and executive director of each section.
The International Secretariat (IS) is responsible for the conduct and daily affairs of Amnesty
International under direction from the International Board.[106] It is run by approximately 500
professional staff members and is headed by a Secretary General. Its offices have been
located in London since its establishment in the mid-1960s.
Amnesty International Sections, 2005
Algeria; Argentina; Australia; Austria;
Belgium (Dutch-speaking); Belgium
(French-speaking); Benin; Bermuda;
Canada (English-speaking); Canada
(French-speaking); Chile; Côte d'Ivoire;
Denmark; Faroe Islands; Finland;
France; Germany; Greece; Guyana;
Hong Kong; Iceland; Ireland; Israel;
Italy; Japan; Korea (Republic of);
Luxembourg; Mauritius; Mexico;
Morocco; Nepal; Netherlands; New
Zealand; Norway; Peru; Philippines;
Poland; Portugal; Puerto Rico; Senegal;
Sierra Leone; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden;
Switzerland; Taiwan; Togo; Tunisia;
United Kingdom; United States of
America; Uruguay; Venezuela
Amnesty International Structures, 2005
Belarus; Bolivia; Burkina Faso; Croatia;
Curaçao; Czech Republic; Gambia;
Hungary; Malaysia; Mali; Moldova;
Mongolia; Pakistan; Paraguay;
Slovakia; South Africa; Thailand;
Turkey; Ukraine; Zambia; Zimbabwe
International Board (formerly known as
"IEC") Chairpersons
Seán MacBride, 1965–74; Dirk Börner,
1974–17; Thomas Hammarberg,
1977–79; José Zalaquett, 1979–82;
Suriya Wickremasinghe, 1982–85;
Wolfgang Heinz, 1985–96; Franca
Sciuto, 1986–89; Peter Duffy, 1989–91;
Anette Fischer, 1991–92; Ross Daniels,
1993–19; Susan Waltz, 1996–98;
Mahmoud Ben Romdhane, 1999–2000;
Colm O Cuanachain, 2001–02; Paul
Hoffman, 2003–04; Jaap Jacobson,
2005; Hanna Roberts, 2005–06; Lilian
Gonçalves-Ho Kang You, 2006–07;
Peter Pack, 2007–11; Pietro Antonioli,
2011–13; and Nicole Bieske, 2013–
2018, Sarah Beamish (2019 to current).
Secretaries General
Amnesty International Secretary Generals
Secretary General
Office
Origin
Peter Benenson
1961–1966
Britain
Eric Baker
1966–1968
Britain
Martin Ennals
1968–1980
Britain
Thomas Hammarberg 1980–1986
Sweden
Ian Martin
1986–1992
Britain
Pierre Sané
1992–2001
Senegal
Irene Khan
2001–2010
Bangladesh
Salil Shetty
2010–2018
India
Kumi Naidoo
2018–2020[107]
South Africa
Julie Verhaar
2020–2021 (Acting)
Agnès Callamard
2021–present[2]
France
Notable national sections
Amnesty International Ghana
Amnesty International Australia
Amnesty International India
Amnesty International Ireland
Amnesty International New Zealand
Amnesty International Philippines
Amnesty International South Africa
Amnesty International Thailand
Amnesty International USA
Charitable status
In the UK Amnesty International has two components which are registered charities under
English law: Amnesty International Charity[108] and Amnesty International UK Section
Charitable Trust.[109]
Principles
The core principle of Amnesty International is a focus on prisoners of conscience, those
persons imprisoned or prevented from expressing an opinion by means of violence. Along
with this commitment to opposing repression of freedom of expression, Amnesty
International's founding principles included non-intervention on political questions, a robust
commitment to gathering facts about the various cases and promoting human rights.[110]
One key issue in the principles is in regards to those individuals who may advocate or tacitly
support resorting to violence in struggles against repression. AI does not judge whether
recourse to violence is justified or not. However, AI does not oppose the political use of
violence in itself since The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in its preamble, foresees
situations in which people could "be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion
against tyranny and oppression". If a prisoner is serving a sentence imposed, after a fair trial,
for activities involving violence, AI will not ask the government to release the prisoner.
AI neither supports nor condemns the resort to violence by political opposition groups in
itself, just as AI neither supports nor condemns a government policy of using military force in
fighting against armed opposition movements. However, AI supports minimum humane
standards that should be respected by governments and armed opposition groups alike.
When an opposition group tortures or kills its captives, takes hostages, or commits deliberate
and arbitrary killings, AI condemns these abuses.[111]
Amnesty International considers capital punishment to be the ultimate, irreversible denial of
human rights and opposes capital punishment in all cases, regardless of the crime
committed, the circumstances surrounding the individual or the method of execution.[112]
Objectives
Amnesty International primarily targets governments, but
also reports on non-governmental bodies and private
individuals ("non-state actors").
There are six key areas which Amnesty deals with:[113]
Women's, children's,
Amnesty International's
vision is of a world in
which every person
enjoys all of the human
rights enshrined in the
Universal Declaration of
Human Rights and other
minorities' and
international human
rights standards.
indigenous rights
In pursuit of this vision,
Ending torture
research and action
Abolition of the death
penalty
Amnesty International's
mission is to undertake
focused on preventing
and ending grave abuses
of the rights to physical
and mental integrity,
freedom of conscience
and expression, and
freedom from
Rights of refugees
Rights of prisoners of
conscience
discrimination, within the
context of its work to
promote all human
rights.
-Statute of Amnesty
International, 27th
International Council
meeting, 2005
Protection of human dignity.
Some specific aims are to: abolish the death penalty,[112] end extra judicial executions and
"disappearances", ensure prison conditions meet international human rights standards,
ensure prompt and fair trial for all political prisoners, ensure free education to all children
worldwide, decriminalize abortion,[114] fight impunity from systems of justice, end the
recruitment and use of child soldiers, free all prisoners of conscience, promote economic,
social and cultural rights[115] for marginalized communities, protect human rights defenders,
promote religious tolerance, protect LGBT rights,[116] stop torture and ill-treatment,[117] stop
unlawful killings in armed conflict,[118] uphold the rights of refugees,[119] migrants, and asylum
seekers, and protect human dignity. They also support worldwide decriminalisation of
prostitution.[120]
Amnesty International at the 2009
Marcha Gay in Mexico City, 20 June
2009
Amnesty International launched a free human rights learning mobile application called
Amnesty Academy in October 2020. It offered learners across the globe access to courses
both, online and offline. All courses are downloadable within the application, which is
available for both iOS and Android devices.[121]
Country focus
Protesting about Israel's policy
against African refugees, Tel Aviv, 9
December 2011
Amnesty reports disproportionately on relatively more democratic and open countries,[122]
arguing that its intention is not to produce a range of reports which statistically represents
the world's human rights abuses, but rather to apply the pressure of public opinion to
encourage improvements.
The demonstration effect of the behaviour of both key Western governments and major nonWestern states is an important factor; as one former Amnesty Secretary-General pointed out,
"for many countries and a large number of people, the United States is a model", and
according to one Amnesty manager, "large countries influence small countries."[123] In
addition, with the end of the Cold War, Amnesty felt that a greater emphasis on human rights
in the North was needed to improve its credibility with its Southern critics by demonstrating
its willingness to report on human rights issues in a truly global manner.[123]
According to one academic study, as a result of these considerations, the frequency of
Amnesty's reports is influenced by a number of factors, besides the frequency and severity of
human rights abuses. For example, Amnesty reports significantly more (than predicted by
human rights abuses) on more economically powerful states; and on countries that receive
US military aid, on the basis that this Western complicity in abuses increases the likelihood of
public pressure being able to make a difference.[123] In addition, around 1993–94, Amnesty
consciously developed its media relations, producing fewer background reports and more
press releases, to increase the impact of its reports. Press releases are partly driven by news
coverage, to use existing news coverage as leverage to discuss Amnesty's human rights
concerns. This increases Amnesty's focus on the countries the media is more interested
in.[123]
In 2012, Kristyan Benedict, Amnesty UK's campaign manager whose main focus is Syria,
listed several countries as "regimes who abuse peoples' basic universal rights": Burma, Iran,
Israel, North Korea and Sudan. Benedict was criticized for including Israel in this short list on
the basis that his opinion was garnered solely from "his own visits", with no other objective
sources.[124][125]
Amnesty's country focus is similar to that of some other comparable NGOs, notably Human
Rights Watch: between 1991 and 2000, Amnesty and HRW shared eight of ten countries in
their "top ten" (by Amnesty press releases; 7 for Amnesty reports).[123] In addition, six of the
10 countries most reported on by Human Rights Watch in the 1990s also made The
Economist's and Newsweek's "most covered" lists during that time.[123]
Funding
Amnesty International is financed largely by fees and donations from its worldwide
membership. It says that it does not accept donations from governments or governmental
organisations.[126]
However, Amnesty International has received grants over the past ten years from the UK
Department for International Development,[127] the European Commission,[128] the United
States State Department[129][130] and other governments.[131][132]
Amnesty International USA has received funding from the Rockefeller Foundation,[133] but
these funds are only used "in support of its human rights education work."[127] It has also
received many grants from the Ford Foundation over the years.[134]
Criticism and controversies
Criticism of Amnesty International includes claims about publishing incorrect reports,
associating with organisations with a dubious record on human rights protection, selection
bias, ideological and foreign policy bias, and the issue of institutional discrimination within
the organization.[135] Following the suicide of two staff members in 2019, Amnesty launched
a review of the workplace culture at the organisation. The report found an internal toxic work
environment, including cases of bullying and discrimination.[136] Since the report multiple
staff members around the world spoke about systemic abuse at Amnesty.[137]
Numerous governments and their supporters have criticized Amnesty's criticism of their
policies, including those of Australia;[138] Czech Republic;[139] China;[140] the Democratic
Republic of the Congo;[141] Egypt;[142] India; Iran; Israel;[125] Morocco;[143] Qatar;[144] Saudi
Arabia;[145] Vietnam;[146] Russia;[147] Nigeria;[148] and the United States,[149] for what they
assert is one-sided reporting or a failure to treat threats to security as a mitigating factor. The
actions of these governments, and of other governments critical of Amnesty International,
have been the subject of human rights concerns voiced by Amnesty.
General
1990 Iraq soldiers war crimes
In 1990, when the United States government was deciding whether or not to invade Iraq, a
Kuwaiti woman, known to Congress by her first name only, Nayirah, testified to congress that
when Iraq invaded Kuwait, she stayed behind after some of her family left the country. She
said she was volunteering in a local hospital when Iraqi soldiers stole the incubators with
children in them and left them to freeze to death. Amnesty International, which had human
rights investigators in Kuwait, confirmed the story and helped spread it. The organisation also
inflated the number of children who were killed by the robbery to over 300, more than the
number of incubators available in the city hospitals of the country. Her testimony aired on
ABC's Nightline and NBC Nightly News reaching an estimated audience between 35 and
53 million Americans.[150][151] Seven senators cited Nayirah's testimony in their speeches
backing the use of force.[154] President George Bush repeated the story at least ten times in
the following weeks.[155] Her account of the atrocities helped to stir American opinion in
favour of participation in the Gulf War.[156] It was often cited by people, including the
members of Congress who voted to approve the Gulf War, as one of the reasons to fight.
After the war, it was found that the woman was lying, the story was made up, and her last
name was not given because her father was a delegate for Kuwait's government at the same
congressional hearing.[157]
2019 report on workplace bullying
In February 2019, Amnesty International's management team offered to resign after an
independent report found what it called a "toxic culture" of workplace bullying. Evidence of
bullying, harassment, sexism and racism was uncovered after two 2018 suicides were
investigated: that of 30-year Amnesty veteran Gaëtan Mootoo in Paris in May 2018 (who left
a note citing work pressures); and that of 28-year-old intern Rosalind McGregor in Geneva in
July 2018.[80] An internal survey by the Konterra group with a team of psychologists was
conducted in January 2019, after the 2 employees had killed themselves in 2018. The report
stated that Amnesty had a toxic work culture and that workers frequently cited mental and
physical health issues as a result of their work for the organisation. The report found that: "39
per cent of Amnesty International staff reported that they developed mental or physical
health issues as the direct result of working at Amnesty". The report concluded,
"organisational culture and management failures are the root cause of most staff wellbeing
issues."[158]
Elaborating on this the report mentioned that bullying, public humiliation and other abuses of
power are commonplace and routine practice by the management. It also claimed the us
versus them culture among employees and the severe lack of trust in the senior management
at Amnesty.[159][160] By October 2019 five of the seven members of the senior leadership
team at Amnesty's international secretariat left the organisation with "generous" redundancy
packages.[161] Among them, Anna Neistat, who was Gaëtan Mootoo's senior manager directly
implicated in the independent report on Mootoo's death. According to Mootoo's former
collaborator, Salvatore Saguès, "Gaëtan's case is merely the tip of the iceberg at Amnesty. A
huge amount of suffering is caused to employees. Since the days of Salil Shetty, when top
management were being paid fabulous salaries, Amnesty has become a multinational where
the staff are seen as dispensable. Human resources management is a disaster and nobody is
prepared to stand up and be counted. The level of impunity granted to Amnesty's bosses is
simply unacceptable."[162] After none of the managers responsible of bullying at Amnesty
were held accountable a group of workers petitioned for Amnesty's chief Kumi Naidoo to
resign. On 5 December 2019 Naidoo resigned from his post of Amnesty's Secretary General
citing ill health[163] and appointing Julie Verhaar as an interim Secretary General. In their
petition, workers demanded her immediate resignation as well.
2019 budgetary crisis
In May 2019, Amnesty International's Secretary General Kumi Naidoo admitted to a hole in
the organisation's budget of up to £17m in donor money to the end of 2020. In order to deal
with the budgetary crisis, Naidoo announced to staff that the organisation's headquarters
would have cut almost 100 jobs as a part of urgent restructuring. Unite the Union, the UK's
biggest trade union, said the redundancies were a direct result of "overspending by the
organisation's senior leadership team" and have occurred "despite an increase in income".[164]
Unite, which represents Amnesty's staff, feared that cuts would fall heaviest on lower-income
staff. It said that in the previous year the top 23 highest earners at Amnesty International
were paid a total of £2.6m– an average of £113,000 per year. Unite demanded a review of
whether it is necessary to have so many managers in the organisation.[165]
Amnesty's budgetary crisis became public after the two staff suicides in 2019. A subsequent
independent review of workplace culture found a "state of emergency" at the organisation
after a restructuring process. Following several reports that labelled Amnesty a toxic
workplace, in October 2019 five of the seven high-paid senior directors at Amnesty's
international secretariat in London left the organisation with "generous" redundancy
packages.[166] This included Anna Neistat, who was a senior manager directly implicated in
the independent report on the suicide of Amnesty's West Africa researcher Gaëtan Mootoo in
the organisation's Paris office. The size of exit packages granted to former senior
management caused anger among other staff and an outcry among Amnesty's members,
and led to the resignation of Naidoo in December 2019.[167]
2020 secret payout
In September 2020, The Times reported that Amnesty International paid £800,000 in
compensation over the workplace suicide of Gaëtan Mootoo and demanded his family keep
the deal secret.[168] The pre-trial agreement between London-based Amnesty's International
Secretariat and Motoo's wife was reached on the condition that she keeps the deal secret by
signing NDA. This was done particularly to prevent discussing the settlement with the press
or on social media. The arrangement led to criticism on social media, with people asking why
an organisation such as Amnesty would condone the use of non-disclosure agreements.
Shaista Aziz, a co-founder of the feminist advocacy group NGO Safe Space, questioned on
Twitter why the "world's leading human rights organisation" was employing such
contracts.[169] The source of the money was unknown. Amnesty stated that the payout to
Motoo's family "will not be made from donations or membership fees".
2021 accusation of systemic bias
In April 2021, The Guardian reported that the workers of Amnesty International alleged
systemic bias and use of racist language by senior staff.[170]
The internal review at Amnesty's international secretariat, the report of which was published
in October 2020 but not released to the press, recorded multiple examples of alleged racism
reported by workers—racial slurs, systemic bias, problematic comments towards religious
practices, being some of the examples.[170][171]
The staff at the Amnesty International UK based in London also made claims of racial
discrimination.[170] The report also documented use of the ethnic slur "nigger" with any
objection from employees about its use being downplayed. Vanessa Tsehaye, the Horn of
Africa Campaigner based in the UK, has refused to comment as of April 2021.
2022 report on systemic racism
In June 2022, a 106-page independent investigation by the management consultancy firm
Global HPO Ltd (GHPO) concluded that Amnesty International UK (AIUK) exhibits institutional
and systemic racism. This report was fully accepted by Amnesty International and Amnesty
International UK published the findings of the inquiry in April 2022.[172] GHPO's independent
investigation found that UKAIUK "has failed to embed principles of anti-racism into its own
DNA and faces bullying issues within the organisation."[173]
GHPO's report includes recommendations for improvement actions to be taken by the
organisation. The alghemeiner reports that AIUK stated it "accepted all the
recommendations," and that the "press' insistence on describing Amnesty as a "leading
human rights group" is furthermore problematic given the anti-Jewish racism that the NGO
has displayed for years."[174]
Israel
In 2010 Frank Johansson, the chairman of Amnesty International-Finland, called Israel a
nilkkimaa, a derogatory term variously translated as "scum state", "creep state" or "punk
state".[175][176] Johansson stood by his statement, saying that it was based on Israel's
"repeated flouting of international law", and his own personal experiences with Israelis. When
asked by a journalist if any other country on earth that could be described in these terms, he
said that he could not think of any, although some individual "Russian officials" could be so
described.[176]
In November 2012, Amnesty UK began a disciplinary process against staffer Kristyan
Benedict, Amnesty UK campaigns manager, because of a posting on his Twitter account, said
to be anti-semitic, regarding three Jewish members of parliament and Operation Pillar of
Defense where he wrote: "Louise Ellman, Robert Halfon and Luciana Berger walk into a bar ...
each orders a round of B52s ... #Gaza". Amnesty International UK said "the matter has been
referred to our internal and confidential processes." Amnesty's campaigns director Tim
Hancock said, "We do not believe that humour is appropriate in the current circumstances,
particularly from our own members of staff." An Amnesty International UK spokesperson later
said the charity had decided that "the tweet in question was ill-advised and had the potential
to be offensive and inflammatory but was not racist or antisemitic."[177][178][179]
In November 2016, Amnesty International conducted a second internal investigation of
Benedict for comparing Israel to the Islamic state.[180]
In April 2021, Amnesty International distanced itself from a tweet written in 2013 by its new
Secretary General, Agnès Callamard, which read: ""NYT Interview of Shimon Perres [sic] where
he admits that Yasser Arafat was murdered"; Amnesty responded by saying: "The tweet was
written in haste and is incorrect. It does not reflect the position of Amnesty International or
Agnès Callamard."[181][182][183] Callamard herself has not deleted the tweet.[181]
On 11 March 2022, Paul O'Brien, the Amnesty International USA Director, stated at a private
event: "We are opposed to the idea — and this, I think, is an existential part of the debate —
that Israel should be preserved as a state for the Jewish people", while adding "Amnesty
takes no political views on any question, including the right of the State of Israel to
survive."[184][185][186][187] He also rejected a poll that found 8 in 10 American Jews were proIsrael, saying: "I believe my gut tells me that what Jewish people in this country want is to
know that there's a sanctuary that is a safe and sustainable place that the Jews, the Jewish
people can call home."[184][185][186] On 14 March 2022, all 25 Jewish Democrats in the House
of Representatives issued a rare joint statement rebuking O'Brien, saying that he "has added
his name to the list of those who, across centuries, have tried to deny and usurp the Jewish
people's independent agency" and "condemning this and any antisemitic attempt to deny the
Jewish people control of their own destiny."[188][189][190] On 25 March 2022, O'Brien wrote to
the Jewish congressmen: "I regret representing the views of the Jewish people."[189]
Russia
Amnesty International designated Alexei Navalny a prisoner of conscience in 2012.[191]
However, in February 2021, it stripped Navalny of the status, due to lobbying about videos and
pro-nationalist statements he made in 2007-2008 that allegedly constituted hate
speech.[192][193][194][195] Amnesty's decision was described by western media as "a huge
victory for Russian state propaganda" which undermined Amnesty's support of Navalny's
release.[196][197] The designation of Navalny as a prisoner of conscience was reinstated in
May 2021. Amnesty apologized for making wrong decision and stated that "by confirming
Navalny's status as prisoner of conscience, we are not endorsing his political programme, but
are highlighting the urgent need for his rights, including access to independent medical care,
to be recognised and acted upon by the Russian authorities."[198][199]
United Kingdom and the
Commonwealth
During the early history of Amnesty International, as it is now proven by various documents, it
was secretly supported by the Foreign Office. In 1963, the FO instructed its operatives abroad
to provide "discreet support" for Amnesty's campaigns. In the same year, Benenson wrote to
Colonial Office Minister Lord Lansdowne a proposal to prop up a "refugee counsellor" on the
border between the Bechuanaland Protectorate and apartheid South Africa. Amnesty
intended to assist people fleeing across the border from neighbouring South Africa, but not
those who were actively engaged in the struggle against apartheid. Benenson wrote:
I would like to reiterate our view that these [British] territories
should not be used for offensive political action by the opponents of
the South African Government (...) Communist influence should not
be allowed to spread in this part of Africa, and in the present
delicate situation, Amnesty International would wish to support
Her Majesty's Government in any such policy.[17]
The year after, the AI dropped Nelson Mandela as a "prisoner of conscience", because he was
convicted of violence by the South African Government. Mandela had also been a member of
the South African Communist Party.[200]
In a trip to Haiti, the British FO had also assisted Benenson in his mission to Haiti, where he
was disguised because of fear of the Haitians finding out that the British government
sponsored his visit. When his disguise was revealed, Benenson was severely criticized by the
media.[17]
In the British colony of Aden, Hans Goran Franck, the chairman of Amnesty's Swedish section,
wrote a report on allegations of torture at an interrogation centre run by the colonial
government. Amnesty refused to publish the report; according to Benenson, Amnesty
general-secretary Robert Swann had suppressed it in deference to the Foreign Office.
According to co-founder Eric Baker, both Benenson and Swann had met Foreign Secretary
George Brown in September and told him that they were willing to hold up publication if the
Foreign Office promised no more allegations of torture would surface again. A memo by Lord
Chancellor Gerald Gardiner, a Labour Party politician, states that:
Amnesty held the Swedish complaint as long as they could simply
because Peter Benenson did not want to do anything to hurt a
Labour government.[17]
Benenson then travelled to Aden and reported that he had never seen an "uglier situation" in
his life. He then said that British government agents had infiltrated Amnesty and suppress the
report's publication. Later, documents surfaced implicating Benenson had connections to the
British government, which started the Harry letters affair.[19][17] He then resigned, claiming
that British and American intelligence agents had infiltrated Amnesty and subverted its
values.[19] After this set of events, which were dubbed by some the "Amnesty Crisis of 1966–
67",[201] the relationship between Amnesty and the British Government was suspended. AI
vowed that in future, it "must not only be independent and impartial but must not be put into a
position where anything else could even be alleged" and the Foreign Office cautioned that "for
the time being our attitude to Amnesty International must be one of reserve".[17]
2010 CAGE controversy
Amnesty International suspended Gita Sahgal, its gender unit head, after she criticized
Amnesty in February 2010 for its high-profile associations with Moazzam Begg, the director
of Cageprisoners, representing men in extrajudicial detention.[202][203]
"To be appearing on platforms with Britain's most famous supporter of the Taliban, Begg,
whom we treat as a human rights defender, is a gross error of judgment," she said.[202][204]
Sahgal argued that by associating with Begg and Cageprisoners, Amnesty was risking its
reputation on human rights.[202][205][206] "As a former Guantanamo detainee, it was legitimate
to hear his experiences, but as a supporter of the Taliban it was absolutely wrong to
legitimise him as a partner," Sahgal said.[202] She said she repeatedly brought the matter up
with Amnesty for two years, to no avail.[207] A few hours after the article was published,
Sahgal was suspended from her position.[208] Amnesty's Senior Director of Law and Policy,
Widney Brown, later said Sahgal raised concerns about Begg and Cageprisoners to her
personally for the first time a few days before sharing them with the Sunday Times.[207]
Sahgal issued a statement saying she felt that Amnesty was risking its reputation by
associating with and thereby politically legitimizing Begg, because Cageprisoners "actively
promotes Islamic Right ideas and individuals".[208] She said the issue was not about Begg's
"freedom of opinion, nor about his right to propound his views: he already exercises these
rights fully as he should. The issue is ... the importance of the human rights movement
maintaining an objective distance from groups and ideas that are committed to systematic
discrimination and fundamentally undermine the universality of human rights."[208] The
controversy prompted responses by politicians, the writer Salman Rushdie, and journalist
Christopher Hitchens, among others who criticized Amnesty's association with Begg.
After her suspension and the controversy, Sahgal was interviewed by numerous media and
attracted international supporters. She was interviewed on the US National Public Radio
(NPR) on 27 February 2010, where she discussed the activities of Cageprisoners and why she
deemed it inappropriate for Amnesty to associate with Begg.[209] She said that
Cageprisoners' Asim Qureshi spoke supporting global jihad at a Hizb ut-Tahrir rally.[209] She
stated that a best-seller at Begg's bookshop was a book by Abdullah Azzam, a mentor of
Osama bin Laden and a founder of the terrorist organisation Lashkar-e-Taiba.[207][209]
In a separate interview for the Indian Daily News & Analysis, Sahgal said that, as Quereshi
affirmed Begg's support for global jihad on a BBC World Service programme, "these things
could have been stated in his [Begg's] introduction" with Amnesty.[210] She said that Begg's
bookshop had published The Army of Madinah, which she characterized as a jihad manual by
Dhiren Barot.[211]
2011 Irene Khan payout
In February 2011, newspaper stories in the UK revealed that Irene Khan had received a
payment of £533,103 from Amnesty International following her resignation from the
organisation on 31 December 2009,[212] a fact pointed to from Amnesty's records for the
2009–2010 financial year. The sum paid to her was more than four times her annual salary
(£132,490).[212] The deputy secretary general, Kate Gilmore, who also resigned in December
2009, received an ex-gratia payment of £320,000.[212] According to the Daily Express, Peter
Pack, the chairman of Amnesty's International Executive Committee (IEC), initially stated on
19 February 2011: "The payments to outgoing secretary general Irene Khan shown in the
accounts of AI (Amnesty International) Ltd for the year ending 31 March 2010 include
payments made as part of a confidential agreement between AI Ltd and Irene Khan"[213] and
that "It is a term of this agreement that no further comment on it will be made by either
party."[212]
The payment and AI's initial response to its leakage to the press led to a considerable outcry.
Philip Davies, the Conservative MP for Shipley, criticized the payments, telling the Daily
Express: "I am sure people making donations to Amnesty, in the belief they are alleviating
poverty, never dreamed they were subsidising a fat cat payout. This will disillusion many
benefactors."[213] On 21 February 2011, Peter Pack issued a further statement, in which he
said that the payment was a "unique situation" that was "in the best interest of Amnesty's
work" and that there would be no repetition of it.[212] He stated that "the new secretary
general, with the full support of the IEC, has initiated a process to review our employment
policies and procedures to ensure that such a situation does not happen again."[212] Pack
also stated that Amnesty was "fully committed to applying all the resources that we receive
from our millions of supporters to the fight for human rights".[212]
On 25 February 2011, Pack sent a letter to Amnesty members and staff. In 2008, it stated, the
IEC decided not to prolong Khan's contract for a third term. In the following months, IEC
discovered that due to British employment law, it had to choose between three options:
offering Khan a third term; discontinuing her post and, in their judgement, risking legal
consequences; or signing a confidential agreement and issuing a pay compensation.[214]
2019 Kurdish hunger strike
In April 2019, 30 Kurdish activists, some of whom are on an indefinite hunger strike, occupied
Amnesty International's building in London in a peaceful protest, in order to speak out against
Amnesty's silence on the isolation of Abdullah Öcalan in a Turkish prison.[215] The hunger
strikers have also spoken out about "delaying tactics" by Amnesty, and being denied access
to toilets during the occupation, despite this being a human right.[216][217] Two of the hunger
strikers, Nahide Zengin and Mehmet Sait Zengin, received paramedic treatment and were
taken to hospital during the occupation. Late in the evening of 26 April 2019, the London Met
police arrested 21 remaining occupiers.[218]
Ukraine
On 4 August 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Amnesty International
published a report accusing the Armed Forces of Ukraine of endangering civilians through
their combat tactics, particularly stating that Ukraine had set up military bases in residential
areas (including schools and hospitals) and launched attacks from populated civilian
areas.[219] Oksana Pokalchuk, leader of Amnesty Ukraine, said that the report "was compiled
by foreign observers, without any assistance from local staff".[220] She resigned from her post
and left the organisation following the publication of the report.[221]
Human rights lawyers Wayne Jordash and Anna Mykytenko argued that the 4 August report
contained "little to none of the military or humanitarian context essential to any reasoned
view of what was (or was not) necessary in the prevailing military context" and that the report
was "short on facts and analysis and long on intemperate accusation."[222] RUSI researcher
Jack Watling stated that "you need to balance military necessity with proportionality, so you
need to take reasonable measures to protect civilians but that must be balanced with your
orders to defend an area", thus the report's suggestions that Ukrainian forces should relocate
to a nearby field or forest "demonstrated a lack of understanding of military operations and
damages the credibility of the research."[223] RUSI researcher Natia Seskuria called the report
"out of touch with current reality" and stated that the Ukrainian army can legitimately house in
the towns they defend, even if they have civilians nearby, because the Ukrainian authorities
constantly call for evacuations from frontline towns, and forced relocations of civilian
population would violate international humanitarian law.[224] Marc Garlasco, a United Nations
war crimes investigator specializing in civilian harm mitigation, said that "Ukraine can place
forces in areas they are defending" and "there is no requirement to stand shoulder to shoulder
in a field — this isn't the 19th century", and expressed concern that the report could endanger
Ukrainian civilians by giving Russian forces an excuse to "expand their targeting of civilian
areas".[225]
Journalist Tom Mutch stated that he had participated in and reported on an evacuation of
civilians in one of Amnesty's cases, which he contrasted with Amnesty's statement that it
was "not aware that the Ukrainian military who located themselves in civilian structures in
residential areas asked or assisted civilians to evacuate nearby buildings".[223] The Kyiv
Independent editorial team strongly criticized the report, pointing out flaws in reasoning and
stating that the "Amnesty [International] could not properly articulate who the main
perpetrator of violence in Ukraine was".[226]
The report sparked outrage in Ukraine and the West. Ukrainian President Volodymyr
Zelenskyy accused Amnesty of trying to "amnesty the terrorist state and shift the
responsibility from the aggressor to the victim", while Ukraine's Minister of Foreign Affairs,
Dmytro Kuleba, stated that the report creates "a false balance between the oppressor and the
victim".[225][227][228] The report was praised by several Russian and pro-Russian figures,
including the Russian embassy in London, causing further criticism against the
organisation.[229]
On 12 August, Amnesty International reported that "the conclusions were not conveyed with
the delicacy and accuracy that should be expected from Amnesty", and said that "this also
applies to the subsequent communication and reaction of the International Secretariat to
public criticism." The organisation condemned "the instrumentalization of the press release
by the Russian authorities" and promised that the report will be verified by independent
experts.[230][231]
The criticism resulted in AI calling an internal review committee composed of independent
international humanitarian law (IHL) experts to review the report, whose conclusions were
not published by AI but nonetheless obtained by New York Times. The review concluded that
while AI was right to include Ukraine in its analysis in general as IHL applies to all sides of a
conflict, its conclusions in respect to Ukraine were biased and not sufficiently substantiated
by available evidence, and the vague language of the report could leave an impression, even if
this was not intended and not supported by evidence, that "Ukrainian forces were primarily or
equally to blame for the death of civilians resulting from attacks by Russia". To the contrary,
the review concluded that on the basis of the evidence that AI had collected it was "simply
impossible to assert that generally civilians died" as result of negligence of Ukrainian army,
while "imprudent language" of the report suggested this.[232]
Awards and honours
In 1977, Amnesty International was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for "having contributed to
securing the ground for freedom, for justice, and thereby also for peace in the world".[233]
In 1984, Amnesty International received the Four Freedoms Award in the category of
Freedom of Speech.[234]
Cultural impact
Human rights concerts
Opening stages of the 19 September
1988 show at Philadelphia's John F.
Kennedy Stadium
A Conspiracy of Hope was a short tour of six benefit concerts on behalf of Amnesty
International that took place in the United States during June 1986. The purpose of the tour
was not to raise funds but rather to increase awareness of human rights and of Amnesty's
work on its 25th anniversary. The shows were headlined by U2, Sting and Bryan Adams and
also featured Peter Gabriel, Lou Reed, Joan Baez, and The Neville Brothers. The last three
shows featured a reunion of The Police. At a press conference in each city, at related media
events, and through their music at the concerts themselves, the artists engaged with the
public on themes of human rights and human dignity. The six concerts were the first of what
subsequently became known collectively as the Human Rights Concerts – a series of music
events and tours staged by Amnesty International USA between 1986 and 1998.
Human Rights Now! was a worldwide tour of twenty benefit concerts on behalf of Amnesty
International that took place over six weeks in 1988. Held not to raise funds but to increase
awareness of both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on its 40th anniversary and the
work of Amnesty International, the shows featured Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band,
Sting, Peter Gabriel, Tracy Chapman, and Youssou N'Dour, plus guest artists from each of the
countries where concerts were held.
The Amnesty Candle
Amnesty candle
The organisation's logo combines two recognisable images inspired by the proverb, "Better to
light a candle than curse the darkness."[235] The candle represents the organisation's efforts
to bring light to the fact that political prisoners are held all over the world and its commitment
to bring the prisoners hope for fair treatment and release. The barbed wire represents the
hopelessness of people unjustly put in jail.[236]
The logo was designed by Diana Redhouse in 1963 as Amnesty's first Christmas card.[237]
See also
Ambassador of Conscience Award
Amnesty International UK Media
Awards
List of Amnesty International UK Media
Awards winners
List of peace activists
Scholars at Risk
World Coalition Against the Death
Penalty
References
Notes
a. The anthropologist Linda Rabben refers to
the origin of Amnesty as a "creation myth"
with a "kernel of truth": "The immediate
impetus to form Amnesty did come from
Peter Benenson's righteous indignation
while reading a newspaper in the London
tube on 19 November 1960."[238] The
historian Tom Buchanan traced the
origins story to a radio broadcast by Peter
Benenson in 1962. The 4 March 1962 BBC
news story did not refer to a "toast to
liberty", but Benenson said his tube ride
was on 19 December 1960. Buchanan
was unable to find the newspaper article
about the Portuguese students in The
Daily Telegraph for either month.
Buchanan found many news stories
reporting on the repressive Portuguese
political arrests in The Times for
November 1960.[84]
Citations
1. "Who we are" (https://www.amnesty.org/e
( p
y g
n/who-we-are) . Amnesty International.
Retrieved 16 March 2015.
2. "Dr Agnès Callamard appointed as
Secretary General of Amnesty
International" (https://www.amnesty.org/e
n/latest/news/2021/03/dr-agnes-callama
rd-appointed-as-secretary-general-of-amn
esty-international/) . amnesty.org. 29
March 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
3. "Amnesty International's Statute" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20230927020727/h
ttps://www.amnesty.org/en/about-us/how
-were-run/amnesty-internationals-statut
e/) . Amnesty International. Archived
from the original (https://www.amnesty.or
g/en/about-us/how-were-run/amnesty-int
ernationals-statute) on 27 September
2023.
4. Wong, Wendy (2012). Internal Affairs:
How the Structure of NGOs Transforms
Human Rights (https://www.jstor.org/stab
le/10.7591/j.cttq43kj) . Cornell University
Press. p. 84. doi:10.7591/j.cttq43kj (http
s://doi.org/10.7591%2Fj.cttq43kj)
(inactive 31 January 2024). ISBN 978-08014-5079-2. JSTOR 10.7591/j.cttq43kj.8
(https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ct
tq43kj.8) .
5. Srivastava, Swati (2022), "Shadowing for
Human Rights through Amnesty
International" (https://www.cambridge.or
g/core/books/hybrid-sovereignty-in-worldpolitics/shadowing-for-human-rights-thro
ugh-amnesty-international/8B59CA1CC3A
176C75A5D634BBD3D2646) , Hybrid
Sovereignty in World Politics, Cambridge
University Press, pp. 185–228,
doi:10.1017/9781009204453.007 (http
s://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009204453.0
07) , ISBN 978-1-009-20445-3
6. Benenson, Peter (28 May 1961). "The
Forgotten Prisoners" (https://www.thegua
rdian.com/uk/1961/may/28/fromthearchi
ve.theguardian) . The Observer. Retrieved
28 May 2011.
7. "About Amnesty International" (https://ww
w.amnesty.org/en/who-we-are/about-amn
esty-international) . Amnesty
International. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
8. Childs, Peter; Storry, Mike, eds. (2002).
"Amnesty International". Encyclopedia of
Contemporary British Culture. London:
Routledge. pp. 22–23.
9. "AGNI Online: Amnesty International: Myth
and Reality by Linda Rabben" (http://agnio
nline.bu.edu/essay/amnesty-internationalmyth-and-reality) . agnionline.bu.edu. 15
October 2001. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
10. McKinney, Seamus (29 September 2018).
"Sir Louis Blom-Cooper: Campaigning
lawyer had strong links with Northern
Ireland" (http://www.irishnews.com/notic
es/livesremembered/2018/09/29/news/s
ir-louis-blom-cooper-campaigning-lawyerhad-strong-links-with-northern-ireland-144
3623/) . The Irish News. Retrieved
10 June 2021.
11. Keane, Elizabeth (2006). An Irish
Statesman and Revolutionary: The
Nationalist and Internationalist Politics of
Sean MacBride. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-184511-125-0.
12. Wheeler, Douglas L; Opello, Walter C
(2010), Historical Dictionary of Portugal,
Scarecrow Press, p. xxvi.
13. Benenson, P. (1983). Memoir
14. Buchanan, T. (2002). "The Truth Will Set
You Free: The Making of Amnesty
International". Journal of Contemporary
History. 37 (4): 575–97.
doi:10.1177/00220094020370040501 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009402037
0040501) . JSTOR 3180761 (https://www.
jstor.org/stable/3180761) .
S2CID 154183908 (https://api.semanticsc
holar.org/CorpusID:154183908) .
15. McVeigh, Tracy (29 May 2011). "Amnesty
International marks 50 years of fighting
for free speech" (https://www.theguardia
n.com/world/2011/may/29/amnesty-inter
national-marks-50th-birthday) . The
Observer. London.
16. Report 1962. Amnesty International.
1963.
17. Sellars, Kirsten (January 2009). "Peter
Benenson in David P. Forsythe (ed.), (New
York: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp.
162–165" (https://www.academia.edu/19
69187) . The Encyclopaedia of Human
Rights.
18. Larsen, Egon (1979). A flame in barbed
wire : the story of Amnesty International
(https://archive.org/details/flameinbarbed
wir00lars) (1st American ed.). New York:
Norton. ISBN 978-0393012132.
OCLC 4832507 (https://www.worldcat.or
g/oclc/4832507) .
19. "Peter Benenson" (https://www.independe
nt.co.uk/news/obituaries/peter-benenson
-13233.html) . The Independent. 28
February 2005. Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20170525205141/http://ww
w.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/pet
er-benenson-13233.html) from the
original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved
23 October 2020.
20. Power, Jonathan (1981). Amnesty
International, the Human Rights Story (htt
ps://books.google.com/books?id=VegiAQ
AAMAAJ) . McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07050597-1.
21. Amnesty International Report 1968-69.
Amnesty International. 1969.
22. Amnesty International Report 1979.
Amnesty International. 1980.
23. Monahan, Mark (4 October 2008). "Hot
ticket: The Secret Policeman's Ball at the
Royal Albert Hall, London" (https://www.te
legraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/3561631/H
ot-ticket-The-Secret-Policemans-Ball-at-th
e-Royal-Albert-Hall-London.html) . The
Daily Telegraph. UK. Archived (https://gho
starchive.org/archive/20220111/https://w
ww.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/3561
631/Hot-ticket-The-Secret-Policemans-Bal
l-at-the-Royal-Albert-Hall-London.html)
from the original on 11 January 2022.
24. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1977 –
Presentation Speech" (http://nobelprize.or
g/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1977/pre
ss.html) . Nobel Prize.
25. "United Nations Prize in the field of
Human Rights" (http://www.ohchr.org/Do
cuments/Press/previous_recipients.pdf)
(PDF).
26. When the State Kills: The Death Penalty
Vs. Human Rights (https://www.amazon.c
o.uk/When-State-Kills-Penalty-Rights/dp/0
862101646/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&qid=146
7710016&sr=8-3&keywords=When+the+st
ate+kills) , Amnesty International, 1989
(ISBN 978-0862101640).
27. Russell, James M. (2002). "The
Ambivalence about the Globalization of
Telecommunications: The Story of
Amnesty International, Shell Oil Company
and Nigeria". Journal of Human Rights. 1
(3): 405–416.
doi:10.1080/14754830210156625 (http
s://doi.org/10.1080%2F14754830210156
625) . S2CID 144174755 (https://api.sem
anticscholar.org/CorpusID:144174755) .
Retrieved 3 March 2013.
28. "Legal lessons of Pinochet case" (http://n
ews.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/617425.stm) .
BBC News. 2 March 2000. Retrieved
23 April 2010.
29. uncredited (31 January 2000). "Pinochet
appeal fails" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/
uk/625198.stm) . BBC News. Retrieved
9 February 2009.
30. Amnesty International News Service
"Amnesty International 26th International
Council Meeting Media briefing" (https://w
ww.amnesty.org/en/documents/org10/00
5/2003/en/) , 15 August 2003. Retrieved
9 January 2011.
31. Amnesty International Report 2002.
Amnesty International. 2003.
32. Saunders, Joe (19 November 2001).
"Revisiting Humanitarian Intervention:
Post-September 11" (https://www.carnegi
ecouncil.org/publications/articles_papers
_reports/185.html) . Carnegie Council for
Ethics in international Affairs. Retrieved
24 April 2016.
33. "American Gulag" (https://www.washingto
npost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/
05/25/AR2005052501838.html) . The
Washington Post. 26 May 2005. Retrieved
2 October 2006.
34. "Bush says Amnesty report 'absurd' " (htt
p://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/
4598109.stm) . BBC News. 31 May 2005.
Retrieved 2 October 2006.
35. "endtorture.org International Campaign
against Torture" (https://www.amnesty.or
g/en/documents/asa19/001/2003/en/)
(PDF).
36. Amnesty International Report 2005: the
state of the world's human rights.
Amnesty International. 2004. ISBN 978-1887204-42-2.
37. "Women's Rights" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20090624214114/http://www.amn
estyusa.org/women/pdf/SRR_Resource_T
oolkit.pdf) (PDF). Amnesty International
USA. Archived from the original (http://ww
w.amnestyusa.org/women/pdf/SRR_Reso
urce_Toolkit.pdf) (PDF) on 24 June 2009.
Retrieved 5 November 2009.
38. "Reports: 'Disastrous' Iraqi humanitarian
crisis" (http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WOR
LD/meast/03/17/iraq.humanitarian/inde
x.html) . CNN. 17 March 2008. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/200803212
14850/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WOR
LD/meast/03/17/iraq.humanitarian/inde
x.html) from the original on 21 March
2008. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
39. Koutsoukis, Jason (3 July 2009). "Israel
used human shields: Amnesty" (http://ww
w.theage.com.au/world/israel-used-huma
n-shields-amnesty-20090702-d6j2.html) .
Melbourne: Fairfax Digital. Retrieved
3 July 2009.
40. "UN must ensure Goldstone inquiry
recommendations are implemented" (http
s://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/200
9/09/onu-garantizar-recomendaciones-inf
orme-goldstone-israel-gaza-20090916/) .
Amnesty International. 15 September
2009.
41. "Turkmenistan" (https://www.amnesty.or
g/en/search/?contentType=2561) .
Amnesty International.
42. Bright, Martin (7 February 2010). "Gita
Sahgal: A Statement" (http://www.spectat
or.co.uk/martinbright/5759197/gita-sahg
al-a-statement.thtml) . The Spectator.
Retrieved 18 March 2010.
43. Smith, Joan, "Joan Smith: Amnesty
shouldn't support men like Moazzam
Begg; A prisoner of conscience can turn
into an apologist for extremism" (https://
www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commen
tators/joan-smith/joan-smith-amnesty-sh
ouldnt-support-men-like-moazzam-begg-1
895848.html) , The Independent, 11
February 2010. Retrieved 17 February
2010.
44. "Amnesty International on its work with
Moazzam Begg and Cageprisoners" (http
s://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/a
mnesty-international-its-work-moazzam-b
egg-and-cageprisoners) . Amnesty
International. 11 February 2010. Retrieved
18 March 2010.
45. "Salman Rushdie's statement on Amnesty
International" (http://www.timesonline.co.
uk/tol/news/uk/article7034773.ece) , The
Sunday Times, 21 February 2010.
46. MacShane, Denis (10 February 2010).
"Letter To Amnesty International from
Denis MacShane, Member of British
Parliament" (https://web.archive.org/web/
20100216011402/http://www.human-righ
ts-for-all.org/spip.php?article11) .
Archived from the original (http://www.hu
man-rights-for-all.org/spip.php?article11)
on 16 February 2010. Retrieved
17 February 2010.
47. Phillips, Melanie (14 February 2010). "The
human wrongs industry spits out one of
its own" (http://www.spectator.co.uk/mela
niephillips/5774326/the-human-wrongs-in
dustry-spits-out-one-of-its-own.thtml) .
The Spectator. UK. Retrieved 23 February
2010.
48. Plait, Phil (15 February 2010). "Amnesty
International loses sight of its original
purpose" (http://www.slate.com/articles/
news_and_politics/fighting_words/2010/0
2/suspension_of_conscience.html) .
Slate.
49. Bright, Martin, "Amnesty International,
Moazzam Begg and the Bravery of Gita
Sahgal" (http://www.spectator.co.uk/mart
inbright/5757557/amnesty-internationalmoazzam-begg-and-the-bravery-of-gita-sa
hgal.thtml) Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20100211120857/http://www.
spectator.co.uk/martinbright/5757557/a
mnesty-international-moazzam-begg-andthe-bravery-of-gita-sahgal.thtml) 11
February 2010 at the Wayback Machine,
The Spectator, 7 February 2010.
50. "Misalliance; Amnesty has lent spurious
legitimacy to extremists who spurn its
values" (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/to
l/comment/leading_article/article702411
3.ece) , The Times, 12 February 2010.
Retrieved 17 February 2010.
51. Cohen, Nick, "We abhor torture – but that
requires paying a price; Spineless judges,
third-rate politicians and Amnesty prefer
an easy life to fighting for liberty" (https://
www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/20
10/feb/14/nick-cohen-human-rights-binya
m-mohamed) , The Observer, 14 February
2010. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
52. "Amnesty International – 50 years on
Vimeo" (https://vimeo.com/24146622) .
Vimeo. 23 May 2011.
53. Kumar, S. Vijay (11 August 2012).
"Amnesty wants U.N. probe into Sri Lanka
war crimes" (http://www.thehindu.com/ne
ws/national/article3751494.ece) . The
Hindu. Chennai, India.
54. Wulfhorst, Ellen (18 August 2014).
"National Guard called to Missouri town
roiled by police shooting of teen" (https://
www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-missouri
-shooting-idUSKBN0GF0LP20140818) .
Reuters. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
55. Geidner, Chris (14 August 2014).
"Amnesty International Takes
"Unprecedented" U.S. Action In Ferguson"
(https://www.buzzfeed.com/chrisgeidner/
amnesty-international-takes-unprecedente
d-us-action-in-fergu#3ib1dmm) .
Buzzfeed. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
56. Pearce, Matt; Molly Hennessy-Fiske; Tina
Susman (16 August 2014). "Some warn
that Gov. Jay Nixon's curfew for Ferguson,
Mo., may backfire" (http://www.latimes.co
m/nation/la-na-ferguson-protests-020140
816-story.html#page=1) . Los Angeles
Times. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
57. Reilly, Mollie (17 August 2014). "Amnesty
International Calls For Investigation Of
Ferguson Police Tactics" (http://www.huffi
ngtonpost.com/2014/08/17/amnesty-inte
rnational-ferguson-police_n_5685952.htm
l) . The Huffington Post. Retrieved
18 August 2014.
58. "Amnesty Votes Down Proposal for U.K.
Campaign Against anti-Semitism" (https://
www.haaretz.com/jewish/amnesty-reject
s-proposal-for-campaign-vs-anti-semitism
-1.5353816) . Haaretz. Retrieved
2 February 2022.
59. Winer, Stuart. "Amnesty International
rejects call to fight anti-Semitism" (https://
www.timesofisrael.com/amnesty-internati
onal-rejects-call-to-fight-anti-semitism/) .
The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2 February
2022.
60. "Amnesty rejects call to campaign against
antisemitism" (https://www.thejc.com/ne
ws/uk/amnesty-rejects-call-to-campaign-a
gainst-antisemitism-1.66228) .
www.thejc.com. 21 April 2015. Retrieved
26 October 2023.
61. Norfolk, Andrew. "Amnesty director's links
to global network of Islamists" (https://w
ww.thetimes.co.uk/article/amnesty-direct
ors-links-to-global-network-of-islamists-m
0wggtnzcgc) . The Times. ISSN 01400460 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/014
0-0460) . Retrieved 23 February 2022.
62. Norfolk, Andrew. "A shadowy web traced
back to Bradford" (https://www.thetimes.c
o.uk/article/a-shadowy-web-traced-back-t
o-bradford-bzxshhbrz9z) . The Times.
ISSN 0140-0460 (https://www.worldcat.or
g/issn/0140-0460) . Retrieved
23 February 2022.
63. "Suspend Saudi Arabia from UN Human
Rights Council" (https://www.amnesty.or
g/en/latest/news/2016/06/suspend-saud
i-arabia-from-un-human-rights-council/) .
Amnesty International. 29 June 2016.
64. "UN: Shameful pandering to Saudi Arabia
over children killed in Yemen conflict" (htt
ps://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/20
16/06/un-shameful-pandering-to-saudi-ar
abia-over-children-killed-in-yemen-conflic
t/) . Amnesty International. 7 June 2016.
65. "Rights groups: Suspend Saudi Arabia
from U.N. Human Rights Council over war
crimes" (http://www.salon.com/2016/06/
29/rights_groups_suspend_saudi_arabia_f
rom_u_n_human_rights_council_over_war
_crimes/) . Salon. 29 June 2016.
66. Untersinger, Martin (22 December 2016).
"Comment une ONG fantôme a tenté
d'espionner Amnesty International" (htt
p://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2016/1
2/21/comment-une-ong-fantome-francais
e-a-tente-d-espionner-amnesty-internation
al_5052479_4408996.html) . Le Monde.
Retrieved 27 December 2016.
67. Fox-Brewster, Thomas (21 December
2016). "This Fake Nonprofit Has Been
Accused Of Spying On Real Human Rights
Activists" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/
thomasbrewster/2016/12/21/voiceless-vi
ctims-a-fake-charity-spying-qatar-activist
s/#39d3331417a4) . Forbes. Retrieved
27 December 2016.
68. Luhn, Alec (15 October 2018). "Amnesty
International activist abducted, beaten
and faced mock-execution in Russia" (http
s://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/10/1
5/amnesty-international-activist-abducted
-beaten-faced-mock-execution/) . The
Daily Telegraph. Archived (https://ghostar
chive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.
telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/10/15/amne
sty-international-activist-abducted-beatenfaced-mock-execution/) from the original
on 11 January 2022.
69. "Amnesty International's statement far
from truth, attempt to influence probe into
its illegalities: MHA" (https://economictim
es.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nati
on/amnesty-internationals-statement-far-f
rom-truth-attempt-to-influence-probe-into-i
ts-illegalities-mha/articleshow/78388167.
cms) . The Economic Times. Retrieved
5 February 2021.
70. Mohan, Rohini (9 January 2017). "Opinion
| Narendra Modi's Crackdown on Civil
Society in India" (https://www.nytimes.co
m/2017/01/09/opinion/narendra-modis-c
rackdown-on-civil-society-in-india.html) .
The New York Times. Retrieved
29 October 2018.
71. Bhalla, Nita. "India uses foreign funding
law to harass charities: rights groups" (htt
ps://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-ng
os-crackdown/india-uses-foreign-funding-l
aw-to-harass-charities-rights-groups-idUS
KBN134056) . U.S. Retrieved 29 October
2018.
72. Kazmin, Amy (30 July 2018). "Indians
sound alarm over 'Orwellian' data
collection system" (https://www.ft.com/c
ontent/c6377b1c-917b-11e8-bb8f-a6a2f7
bca546) . Financial Times. Retrieved
29 October 2018.
73. Das, Krishna N. (26 October 2018).
"Amnesty India says raid and frozen
accounts aimed at silencing government
critics" (https://www.japantimes.co.jp/ne
ws/2018/10/26/asia-pacific/amnesty-indi
a-says-raid-frozen-accounts-aimed-silenci
ng-government-critics/) . The Japan
Times Online. ISSN 0447-5763 (https://w
ww.worldcat.org/issn/0447-5763) .
Retrieved 29 October 2018.
74. "The UN wants India to stop trying to
starve charities that are critical of the
government" (https://www.businessinside
r.com/r-india-using-funding-law-to-foil-dis
senting-charities-un-experts-2016-6) .
Business Insider. Retrieved 29 October
2018.
75. Abiodun, Eromosele (November 2018).
"Amnesty International Wants Nigerian
Security Forces Held Accountable for
Killing Shiites" (https://www.thisdaylive.co
m/index.php/2018/11/01/amnesty-intern
ational-wants-nigerian-security-forces-hel
d-accountable-for-killing-shiites/) .
76. "Egypt arrests 19 rights activists, lawyers:
Amnesty" (https://www.dw.com/en/egyptarrests-19-rights-activists-lawyers-amnest
y/a-46125842) . Deutsche Welle. 1
November 2018. Retrieved 23 December
2018.
77. "BELARUS: AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL
CONDEMNS EXECUTION OF TWO MORE
PRISONERS" (https://www.amnesty.org/e
n/documents/eur49/9521/2018/en/) .
Amnesty International. 5 December 2018.
Retrieved 7 December 2018.
78. "Black realtors case: One more executed
in Belarus" (https://belsat.eu/en/news/bla
ck-realtors-case-one-more-executed-in-bel
arus/) . BelSat. 28 November 2018.
Retrieved 7 December 2018.
79. "Belarus: Amnesty International
condemns execution of two more
prisoners" (https://dp.spring96.org/en/ne
ws/91535) . Viasna-96. 5 December
2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
80. "Amnesty management team offers to
resign over 'toxic culture' of bullying" (http
s://www.rte.ie/news/world/2019/0223/10
32309-amnestys-toxic-culture-of-bullying-r
eport/) . RTÉ News. 23 February 2019.
Retrieved 24 February 2019.
81. "UK's Labour Party calls for PM to prevent
Assange's extradition" (https://www.aljaze
era.com/news/2019/04/uk-labour-party-c
alls-prevent-assange-extradition-1904121
34034770.html) . Al-Jazeera. 12 April
2019.
82. "Israel: Amnesty International engages in
legal action to stop NSO Group's web of
surveillance" (https://www.amnesty.org/e
n/latest/news/2019/05/israel-amnesty-le
gal-action-stop-nso-group-web-of-surveilla
nce/) . Amnesty International. 13 May
2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
83. Sabbagh, Dan (18 May 2019). "Israeli firm
linked to WhatsApp spyware attack faces
lawsuit" (https://www.theguardian.com/w
orld/2019/may/18/israeli-firm-nso-group-l
inked-to-whatsapp-spyware-attack-faces-l
awsuit) . The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077
(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-307
7) . Retrieved 6 June 2019.
84. Buchanan, Tom (October 2002). " 'The
Truth Will Set You Free': The Making of
Amnesty International". Journal of
Contemporary History. 37 (4): 575–597.
doi:10.1177/00220094020370040501 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009402037
0040501) . JSTOR 3180761 (https://www.
jstor.org/stable/3180761) .
S2CID 154183908 (https://api.semanticsc
holar.org/CorpusID:154183908) .
Retrieved 25 September 2008
85. "New EU post to protect European Way of
Life slammed as 'grotesque' " (https://uk.r
euters.com/article/uk-eu-jobs-life/new-eupost-to-protect-european-way-of-life-slam
med-as-grotesque-idUKKCN1VV26N) .
Reuters. 10 September 2019.
86. "EU chief under fire over 'protecting way of
life' portfolio" (https://www.bbc.com/new
s/world-europe-49661650) . BBC News.
11 September 2019.
87. [1] (https://www.indiawest.com/news/glo
bal_indian/indian-american-undp-aid-work
er-anil-raj-killed-in-afghanistan/article_b99
d74b4-10a1-11ea-95e5-3360a2001e6c.ht
ml) Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20210606221229/https://www.indiawe
st.com/news/global_indian/indian-americ
an-undp-aid-worker-anil-raj-killed-in-afgha
nistan/article_b99d74b4-10a1-11ea-95e53360a2001e6c.html) 6 June 2021 at the
Wayback Machine India West News
88. Homan, Timothy R. (15 August 2020).
"Pressure builds on US to respond to
brutal crackdown in Belarus" (https://thehi
ll.com/policy/international/europe/51213
6-pressure-builds-on-us-to-respond-to-brut
al-crackdown-in-belarus) . The Hill.
Retrieved 19 August 2020.
89. "More than 1,100 villagers killed in Nigeria
this year: Amnesty" (https://www.aljazeer
a.com/news/2020/08/1100-villagers-kille
d-nigeria-year-amnesty-20082414185189
6.html) . Al Jazeera. 24 August 2020.
Retrieved 25 August 2020.
90. "Teens killed by Angolan police enforcing
virus curbs: Amnesty" (https://www.aljaze
era.com/news/2020/08/teens-killed-ango
lan-police-enforcing-virus-curbs-amnesty200825153239291.html) . Aljazeera. 25
August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
91. Anwar, Nessa (17 August 2020).
"Governments have collected large
amounts of data to fight the coronavirus.
That's raising privacy concerns" (https://w
ww.cnbc.com/2020/08/17/governmentscollected-data-to-fight-coronavirus-raising
-privacy-concerns.html) . CNBC. Retrieved
19 August 2020.
92. "Amnesty International to halt India
operations" (https://www.bbc.com/news/
world-asia-india-54277329) . BBC News.
29 September 2020. Retrieved
29 September 2020.
93. "At least 54 killed in Ethiopia massacre,
says Amnesty" (https://www.theguardian.
com/world/2020/nov/02/killed-ethiopiamassacre-amnesty-oromia-amhara) . The
Guardian. 2 November 2020. Retrieved
3 November 2020.
94. "Ethiopia: over 50 killed in 'horrendous'
attack on village by armed group" (https://
www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/ethi
opia-over-50-killed-horrendous-attack-villa
ge-armed-group) . Amnesty International.
2 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November
2020.
95. Keyser, Zachary (16 April 2021). "Amnesty
denounces S-G's tweet that alluded Israel
assassinated Arafat" (https://www.jpost.c
om/arab-israeli-conflict/amnesty-denounc
es-s-gs-tweet-that-alluded-israel-assassin
ated-arafat-665357) . The Jerusalem
Post. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
96. Pfeffer, Anshel (1 February 2022). "Israel
leaks Amnesty report on 'apartheid'
against Palestinians" (https://www.thetim
es.co.uk/article/israel-leaks-amnesty-repo
rt-on-apartheid-against-palestinians-wddl
mhvqx) . The Times. ISSN 0140-0460 (htt
ps://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460) .
Retrieved 2 February 2022.
97. Daventry, Michael (15 April 2021).
"Amnesty International chief retracts
'Israel murdered Arafat' claim" (https://ww
w.jewishnews.co.uk/amnesty-internationa
l-chief-retracts-israel-murdered-arafat-clai
m/) . www.jewishnews.co.uk. Retrieved
2 February 2022.
98. Berger, Miriam (1 February 2022).
"Amnesty International, joining other
human rights groups, says Israel is
'committing the crime of apartheid' " (http
s://www.washingtonpost.com/world/202
2/02/01/amnesty-international-joining-oth
er-human-rights-groups-says-israel-is-com
mitting-crime-apartheid/) . Washington
Post. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
99. "Israeli policies against Palestinians
amount to apartheid – Amnesty" (https://
www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-6
0197918) . BBC News. 1 February 2022.
Retrieved 2 February 2022.
100. Deutch, Gabby (11 March 2022). "Israel
'shouldn't exist as a Jewish state,'
Amnesty USA director tells Democratic
group" (https://jewishinsider.com/2022/0
3/israel-shouldnt-exist-as-a-jewish-state-a
mnesty-usa-director-tells-democratic-grou
p/) . Jewish Insider. Retrieved 12 March
2022.
101. "Amnesty USA Head Criticized for Saying
Israel "Shouldn't Exist As a Jewish State" "
(https://jewishjournal.com/news/345958/
amnesty-usa-head-criticized-for-saying-isr
ael-shouldnt-exist-as-a-jewish-state/) .
Jewish Journal. 11 March 2022. Retrieved
12 March 2022.
102. "Amnesty International official is 'opposed'
to Israel as a Jewish state" (https://www.jt
a.org/2022/03/11/politics/amnesty-intern
ational-official-is-opposed-to-israel-as-a-je
wish-state) . Jewish Telegraphic Agency.
11 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
103. "Amnesty's US director: Israel shouldn't be
Jewish state, rather 'safe Jewish space' —
report" (https://www.timesofisrael.com/liv
eblog_entry/amnestys-us-director-israel-s
houldnt-be-jewish-state-rather-safe-jewish
-space/) . The Times of Israel. Retrieved
12 March 2022.
104. AFP: Russland schließt parteinahe
deutsche Stiftungen (https://www.faz.net/
aktuell/politik/ausland/moskau-arbeitsver
bot-fuer-ai-hrw-und-deutsche-stiftungen-1
7947248.html)
105. "Statute of Amnesty International" (http
s://www.amnesty.org/en/who-we-are/acc
ountability/statute-of-amnesty-internation
al) . Amnesty International.
106. "Amnesty International: Founding,
Structure, and Lost Vision" (http://www.ng
o-monitor.org/article.php?id=4424) . NGO
Monitor. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
107. "New Secretary General Kumi Naidoo
pledges support for African human rights
defenders to hold the powerful to
account" (https://www.amnesty.org/en/lat
est/news/2018/08/kumi-naidoo-pledgessupport-for-african-human-rights-activist
s/) . Amnesty International. 17 August
2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
108. "AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL CHARITY,
registered charity no. 294230" (https://reg
ister-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.u
k/charity-details/?regId=294230&subId=
0) . Charity Commission for England and
Wales.
109. "AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL UK SECTION
CHARITABLE TRUST, registered charity
no. 1051681" (https://register-of-charities.
charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-detail
s/?regId=1051681&subId=0) . Charity
Commission for England and Wales.
110. Clarke, Anne Marie (2001). Diplomacy of
Conscience: Amnesty International and
Changing Human Rights Norms (https://a
rchive.org/details/diplomacyofconsc00cl
ar) . Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780-691-05743-9.
111. "AI's Focus" (http://www.amnesty-volunte
er.org/aihandbook/ch3.html#violence) .
Amnesty-volunteer.org.
112. "Death Penalty" (https://www.amnesty.or
g/en/what-we-do/death-penalty) .
Amnesty International. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20240217184606/h
ttps://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/d
eath-penalty/) from the original on 17
February 2024.
113. Nagengast, Carole (1997). "Women,
Minorities, and Indigenous Peoples:
Universalism and Cultural Relativity".
Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 53
(3): 349–369. JSTOR 3630958 (https://w
ww.jstor.org/stable/3630958) .
114. Amnesty International. "KEY FACTS ON
ABORTION" (https://www.amnesty.org/e
n/what-we-do/sexual-and-reproductive-rig
hts/abortion-facts/) . Retrieved
24 February 2024.
115. Amnesty International. "Economic, social
and cultural rights" (https://www.amnesty.
org/en/what-we-do/economic-social-andcultural-rights/) . Retrieved 24 February
2024.
116. "LGBTI rights" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20180619035912/https://www.amnest
y.org/en/what-we-do/discrimination/lgbt-r
ights/) . Amnesty International. Archived
from the original (https://www.amnesty.or
g/en/what-we-do/discrimination/lgbt-righ
ts/) on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 30 May
2018.
117. Amnesty International. "TORTURE" (http
s://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/tort
ure/) . Retrieved 24 February 2024.
118. Amnesty International. "ARMED
CONFLICT" (https://www.amnesty.org/en/
what-we-do/armed-conflict/) . Retrieved
24 February 2024.
119. Amnesty International. "REFUGEES,
ASYLUM SEEKERS AND MIGRANTS" (http
s://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/refu
gees-asylum-seekers-and-migrants/) .
Retrieved 24 February 2024.
120. Bolton, Doug (11 August 2015). "Amnesty
International backs worldwide
decriminalisation of prostitution" (https://
www.independent.co.uk/news/world/amn
esty-international-votes-to-back-the-world
wide-decriminalisation-of-prostitution-104
50785.html) . The Independent. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201508130
20125/http://www.independent.co.uk/ne
ws/world/amnesty-international-votes-toback-the-worldwide-decriminalisation-of-p
rostitution-10450785.html) from the
original on 13 August 2015. Retrieved
24 November 2019.
121. "Amnesty launches human rights learning
app to equip next generation of activists"
(https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/new
s/2020/10/amnesty-launches-human-righ
ts-learning-app-to-equip-next-generation-o
f-activists/) . Amnesty International. 29
October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
122. "Colombia: Amnesty International
response to Andrés Ballesteros et al." (htt
p://www.bookdownloading.com/article/d
etail/document-colombia-amnesty-interna
tional-response-to-andres-ballesteros-jorg
e-a-restrepo-michael-spagat-juan-f-vargas
-the-work-of-amnesty-international-and-hu
man-rights-watch/) Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20150906000547/htt
p://www.bookdownloading.com/article/d
etail/document-colombia-amnesty-interna
tional-response-to-andres-ballesteros-jorg
e-a-restrepo-michael-spagat-juan-f-vargas
-the-work-of-amnesty-international-and-hu
man-rights-watch/) 6 September 2015 at
the Wayback Machine, AMR 23/006/2007,
21 February 2007. Retrieved on 20
January 2012.
123. Ronand, James; Ramos, Howard; Rodgers,
Kathleen (2005). "Transnational
Information Politics: NGO Human Rights
Reporting, 1986–2000" (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20090318015725/http://ww
w.mcgill.ca/files/rgchr/ISQsubmission.pd
f) (PDF). International Studies Quarterly.
pp. 557–587. Archived from the original
(http://www.mcgill.ca/files/rgchr/ISQsub
mission.pdf) (PDF) on 18 March 2009.
124. Dysch, Marcus (19 July 2012). "Amnesty
International defends official accused of
anti-Israel bias" (http://www.thejc.com/ne
ws/uk-news/70222/amnesty-international
-defends-official-accused-anti-israel-bia
s) . Amnesty International. Retrieved
27 February 2013.
125. Peretz, Martin (26 August 2010).
"Amnesty International Official Calls Israel
A 'Scum State' " (https://newrepublic.co
m/article/77239/amnesty-international-of
ficial-calls-israel-scum-state) . The New
Republic. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
126. "Who finances Amnesty International's
work?" (https://web.archive.org/web/2015
0210040620/http://www.amnesty.org/en/
who-we-are/faq#who-finances-ai) .
Amnesty International. 28 May 1961.
Archived from the original (https://www.a
mnesty.org/en/who-we-are/faq#who-fina
nces-ai) on 10 February 2015. Retrieved
4 December 2016.
127. Amnesty International Charity Limited
Report and financial statements for the
year ended 31 March 2011 (https://www.a
mnesty.org/en/documents/fin40/007/201
1/en/) , p. 8, Paragraph 10.
128. "Amnesty International Limited and
Amnesty International Charity Limited
Report and financial statements for the
year ended 31 March 2007" (https://www.
amnesty.org/sites/impact.amnesty.org/fil
es/PUBLIC/documents/AI-Ltd-and-AI-Cha
rity-Ltd-Report-and-Financial-Statements.
pdf) (PDF). p. 45, Note 17.
129. "Report of Government Foreign Funding,
in Hebrew, 2009" (https://web.archive.org/
web/20120616164118/http://www.amnes
ty.org.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/For2
009.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the
original (https://www.amnesty.org.il/_Uplo
ads/dbsAttachedFiles/For2009.pdf)
(PDF) on 16 June 2012.
130. "Report of Government Foreign Funding,
in Hebrew, 2008" (https://web.archive.org/
web/20120616170758/http://www.amnes
ty.org.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/forei
gn.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original
(https://www.amnesty.org.il/_Uploads/db
sAttachedFiles/foreign.pdf) (PDF) on 16
June 2012.
131. "Amnesty International 2010 Report, Page
10, Indicator 8" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20120616174529/http://www.ingoacc
ountabilitycharter.org/wpcms/wp-conten
t/uploads/AI-2010-Report-to-INGO-Accou
ntability-Charter-GRI-NGO-Level-C-v09.pd
f) (PDF). Archived from the original (htt
p://www.ingoaccountabilitycharter.org/wp
cms/wp-content/uploads/AI-2010-Reportto-INGO-Accountability-Charter-GRI-NGO-L
evel-C-v09.pdf) (PDF) on 16 June 2012.
132. "Amnesty International – INGO
Accountability Charter Global Compliance
Report 2009, Page 3" (https://web.archive.
org/web/20120616174457/http://www.in
goaccountabilitycharter.org/wpcms/wp-c
ontent/uploads/2009-INGO-Accountability
-Charter-External-Report-AI.pdf) (PDF).
Archived from the original (http://www.ing
oaccountabilitycharter.org/wpcms/wp-co
ntent/uploads/2009-INGO-AccountabilityCharter-External-Report-AI.pdf) (PDF) on
16 June 2012.
133. "ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE" (http://rockpa.
org/document.doc?id=14) . 4 March
2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20160304074652/http://rockpa.org/d
ocument.doc?id=14) from the original on
4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
134. "Grants All" (https://www.fordfoundation.o
rg/work/our-grants/grants-database/gran
ts-all?search=&SearchText=amnesty&pag
e=0&minyear=2006&maxyear=2020) .
Ford Foundation. Retrieved 27 October
2020.
135. Bernstein, Dennis (2002). "Interview:
Amnesty on Jenin – Dennis Bernstein and
Dr. Francis Boyle Discuss the Politics of
Human Rights" (http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1
064/jabowen/IPSC/articles/article000457
3.html) . Covert Action Quarterly.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
080416170457/http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1
064/jabowen/IPSC/articles/article000457
3.html) from the original on 16 April
2008. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
136. McVeigh, Karen (6 February 2019).
"Amnesty International has toxic working
culture, report finds" (https://www.theguar
dian.com/world/2019/feb/06/amnesty-int
ernational-has-toxic-working-culture-repor
t-finds) . The Guardian.
137. "Amnesty International accused of gender
discrimination by former staff" (https://w
ww.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/amnest
y-international-ai-hungary-gender-discrimi
nation-staff-accusation/) .
openDemocracy. Retrieved 30 January
2023.
138. "Australia rejects Amnesty's bribery
allegations as 'slur' on border police" (htt
p://www.dw.com/en/australia-rejects-amn
estys-bribery-allegations-as-slur-on-border
-police/a-18813858) , Deutsche Welle. 29
October 2015.
139. "The Amnesty International 2015 Report
alleging discrimination in primary schools
is unfounded but not criminal says the
Czech prosecutor" (http://neurope.eu/arti
cle/czech-prosecutor-rebukes-amnesty-int
ernational-report/) Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20160312061210/http://
neurope.eu/article/czech-prosecutor-rebu
kes-amnesty-international-report/) 12
March 2016 at the Wayback Machine,
New Europe. 11 March 2016.
140. The U.S. and China This Week (http://ww
w.uscpf.org/news/2001/02/021601.ht
m) , U.S.-China Policy Foundation, 16
February 2001. Retrieved 15 May 2006.
141. "DR Congo blasts Amnesty International
report on repression" (https://web.archive.
org/web/20060103214347/http://www.na
mibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/January/
Africa/aggression.html) , The Namibian,
14 January 2000. Retrieved 15 May 2006.
142. "Egypt says Amnesty International's
accusations are 'biased and politicized' "
(https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsConte
nt/1/64/351744/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-say
s-Amnesty-Internationals-accusations-are
-.aspx) . Ahram Online. 28 September
2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
143. "In Absence of Evidence, Morocco
Questions Context of Latest Amnesty
International Report, FM" (https://www.ma
pnews.ma/en/actualites/politics/absence
-evidence-morocco-questions-context-late
st-amnesty-international-report) .
www.mapnews.ma. Retrieved 2 July
2020.
144. "Qatar rejects rights group report on
'rampant' labour abuse" (http://uk.reuters.
com/article/uk-qatar-rights-idUKKBN0TL0
LR20151202) . Reuters. 2 December
2015.
145. "Saudi Arabia outraged by Amnesty
International and Human Rights Watch's
criticism" (http://yalibnan.com/2016/07/0
1/saudi-arabia-outraged-by-amnesty-inter
national-and-human-rights-watchs-criticis
m/) . Ya Libnan. 1 July 2016.
146. "The Cream of The Diplomatic Crop from
Ha Noi" (http://www.thienlybuutoa.org/Mi
sc/cream_of_the_diplomatic_crop.htm) ,
Thiên Lý Bửu Tòa. Retrieved 15 May 2006.
147. "Russian official blasts Amnesty
International over Chechnya refugees" (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/200411091000
22/http://www.hrvc.net/news8-03/23b-803.html) , Human Rights Violations in
Chechnya, 22 August 2003. Retrieved 15
May 2006.
148. Adebayo, Bukola. "Amnesty accuses
Nigerian troops of raping women rescued
from Boko Haram" (https://edition.cnn.co
m/2018/05/24/africa/nigerian-army-amn
esty-report-rape-intl/index.html) . CNN.
Retrieved 15 July 2018.
149. Press Briefing By Scott McClellan (https://
georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/n
ews/releases/2005/05/20050525-3.html
#l) , The White House, 25 May 2005.
Retrieved 30 May 2006.
150. Sriramesh, p. 864
151. Rowse, "How to build support for war"
152. Walton, p. 772
153. Eemeren, p. 70
154. This was viewed as important since the
10 January 1991 authorization to use
force passed by only 5 senate
votes.[152][153]
155. Walton, p.771
156. Krauss, Clifford (12 January 1992).
"CONGRESSMAN SAYS GIRL WAS
CREDIBLE" (https://www.nytimes.com/19
92/01/12/world/congressman-says-girl-w
as-credible.html) . The New York Times.
157. How False Testimony and a Massive U.S.
Propaganda Machine Bolstered George
H.W. Bush's War on Iraq (https://www.yout
ube.com/watch?v=WkRylMGLPMU) ,
archived (https://ghostarchive.org/varchiv
e/youtube/20211221/WkRylMGLPMU)
from the original on 21 December 2021,
retrieved 11 December 2018
158. Radical change needed at Amnesty
International after new report reveals
'toxic' work culture (https://unitetheunion.
org/news-events/news/2019/february/ra
dical-change-needed-at-amnesty-internati
onal-after-new-report-reveals-toxic-work-c
ulture/) , Unite the Union, 7 February 2019
159. McVeigh, Karen (6 February 2019).
"Amnesty International has toxic working
culture, report finds" (https://www.theguar
dian.com/world/2019/feb/06/amnesty-int
ernational-has-toxic-working-culture-repor
t-finds) . The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077
(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-307
7) . Retrieved 20 September 2019.
160. "Document" (https://www.amnesty.org/e
n/documents/document/?indexNumber=
org60%2f9763%2f2019&language=en) .
Amnesty International. Retrieved
20 September 2019.
161. O'Neill, Sean (28 May 2019). "Anger over
big payoffs for bosses at toxic Amnesty"
(https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/anger
-over-big-payoffs-for-bosses-at-toxic-amn
esty-8hzzkxlbm) . The Times. Retrieved
18 October 2019.
162. Can Amnesty recover from this tragic
death? (http://en.rfi.fr/africa/20190525-b
oisbouvier-translation) , RFI, 26 May 2019
163. "Amnesty International's Secretary
General steps down" (https://www.amnest
y.org/en/latest/news/2019/12/amnesty-i
nternational-secretary-general-kumi-naido
o-steps-down/) . Amnesty International. 5
December 2019. Retrieved 5 December
2019.
164. Amnesty International to make almost
100 staff redundant (https://www.theguar
dian.com/global-development/2019/jun/0
6/amnesty-international-to-make-almost-1
00-staff-redundant) , The Guardian, 9
June 2019
165. Amnesty International staff braced for
redundancies (https://www.theguardian.c
om/world/2019/apr/27/amnesty-internati
onal-staff-braced-for-redundancies) , The
Guardian, 27 April 2019
166. O'Neill, Sean (28 May 2019). "Anger over
big payoffs for bosses at toxic Amnesty"
(https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/anger
-over-big-payoffs-for-bosses-at-toxic-amn
esty-8hzzkxlbm) . The Times. Retrieved
30 January 2020.
167. Secretary General and Coalition
Leadership Team (https://www.amnesty.o
rg/en/about-us/secretary-general-and-sen
ior-leadership-team/) , Amnesty
International, 31 January 2020
168. "Amnesty's secret £800,000 payout after
suicide of Gaetan Mootoo" (https://www.t
hetimes.co.uk/article/amnestys-secret-80
0-000-payout-after-suicide-of-gaetan-moo
too-lqnq79c99) . www.thetimes.co.uk.
Retrieved 11 October 2020.
169. "Amnesty International criticised for using
non-disclosure agreement in relation to
alleged £800k payment" (https://www.thir
dsector.co.uk/amnesty-international-critic
ised-using-non-disclosure-agreement-relat
ion-alleged-800k-payment/governance/art
icle/1695969) . www.thirdsector.co.uk/.
Retrieved 11 October 2020.
170. "Amnesty International has culture of
white privilege, report finds" (https://www.
theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/20/am
nesty-international-has-culture-of-white-pr
ivilege-report-finds) . The Guardian. 20
April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
171. "Document" (https://www.amnesty.org/e
n/documents/document/?indexNumber=
org10%2f3268%2f2020&language=en) .
Amnesty International. Retrieved 20 April
2021.
172. "Statement: Racism inquiry" (https://www.
amnesty.org.uk/amnesty-uk-racism-inquir
y) .
173. Bozinovska, Elizabeta (18 June 2022).
"Global HPO: Amnesty International UK is
'Institutionally Racist' " (https://focuswash
ington.com/2022/06/18/global-hpo-amne
sty-international-uk-is-institutionally-racis
t/) . Focus Washington – Navigating the
Swamp. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
174. Algemeiner, The (22 June 2022). "Where
Was the Media When an Independent
Investigation Found Amnesty Int'l to Be
'Institutionally Racist'?" (https://www.alge
meiner.com/2022/06/22/where-was-themedia-when-an-independent-investigation
-found-amnesty-intl-to-be-institutionally-ra
cist/) . Algemeiner.com. Retrieved 20 July
2022.
175. "Finland's Amnesty head calls Israel 'punk
state' " (https://web.archive.org/web/2010
0827144546/http://www.jta.org/news/arti
cle/2010/08/24/2740599/finlands-ai-hea
d-calls-israel-punk-state) . Jewish
Telegraphic Agency. 24 August 2010.
Archived from the original (https://www.jt
a.org/news/article/2010/08/24/2740599/
finlands-ai-head-calls-israel-punk-state)
on 27 August 2010.
176. "Amnesty Int'l Finland: Israel scum state"
(http://www.jpost.com/International/Articl
e.aspx?ID=185846) , Benjamin Weinthal,
14 August 2010, The Jerusalem Post.
177. Haviv Rettig Gur (22 November 2012).
"Amnesty UK official in hot water over
Jewish MPs tweet" (https://www.timesofi
srael.com/amnesty-uk-campaign-manage
r-in-hot-water-over-jewish-mps-tweet/) .
The Times of Israel.
178. Marcus Dysch (21 November 2012).
"Amnesty takes disciplinary action over
official's "Jewish MPs" tweet" (https://ww
w.thejc.com/news/uk-news/amnesty-take
s-disciplinary-action-over-official-s-jewishmps-tweet-1.38620) . The Jewish
Chronicle.
179. Dysch, Marcus (20 December 2012).
"Amnesty orders official to apologise for
tweet" (https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-n
ews/amnesty-international-orders-officialkristyan-benedict-to-apologise-for-antise
mitic-tweet-1.39760) . The Jewish
Chronicle. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
180. "Amnesty campaigns manager equates
Israel with Islamic State" (http://www.jewi
shnews.co.uk/senior-amnesty-manager-c
ompromised-integrity-organisation-jsil-twe
et/) . www.jewishnews.co.uk. Retrieved
16 April 2022.
181. Daventry, Michael. "Amnesty International
chief retracts 'Israel murdered Arafat'
claim" (https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/am
nesty-international-chief-retracts-israel-m
urdered-arafat-claim/) .
www.jewishnews.co.uk. Retrieved 16 April
2022.
182. "Amnesty denounces S-G's tweet that
alluded Israel assassinated Arafat" (http
s://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/a
mnesty-denounces-s-gs-tweet-that-allude
d-israel-assassinated-arafat-665357) .
The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 16 April
2021. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
183. Jerusalem, Anshel Pfeffer. "Israel leaks
Amnesty report on 'apartheid' against
Palestinians" (https://www.thetimes.co.u
k/article/israel-leaks-amnesty-report-on-a
partheid-against-palestinians-wddlmhvq
x) . The Times. ISSN 0140-0460 (https://w
ww.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460) .
Retrieved 16 April 2022.
184. Deutch, Gabby (11 March 2022). "Israel
'shouldn't exist as a Jewish state,'
Amnesty USA director tells Democratic
group" (https://jewishinsider.com/2022/0
3/israel-shouldnt-exist-as-a-jewish-state-a
mnesty-usa-director-tells-democratic-grou
p/) . Jewish Insider. Retrieved 16 April
2022.
185. "Amnesty USA Head Criticized for Saying
Israel "Shouldn't Exist As a Jewish State" "
(https://jewishjournal.com/news/345958/
amnesty-usa-head-criticized-for-saying-isr
ael-shouldnt-exist-as-a-jewish-state/) .
Jewish Journal. 11 March 2022. Retrieved
16 April 2022.
186. "Amnesty International official is 'opposed'
to Israel as a Jewish state" (https://www.jt
a.org/2022/03/11/politics/amnesty-intern
ational-official-is-opposed-to-israel-as-a-je
wish-state) . Jewish Telegraphic Agency.
11 March 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
187. "Amnesty's US director: Israel shouldn't be
Jewish state, rather 'safe Jewish space' —
report" (https://www.timesofisrael.com/liv
eblog_entry/amnestys-us-director-israel-s
houldnt-be-jewish-state-rather-safe-jewish
-space/) . The Times of Israel. Retrieved
16 April 2022.
188. "All Jewish House Democrats Slam
Amnesty Chief's 'Offensive' Remarks on
U.S. Jews and Israel" (https://www.haaret
z.com/us-news/.premium-jewish-house-d
emocrats-slam-amnesty-chief-s-offensiveremarks-on-u-s-jews-israel-1.10674294) .
Haaretz. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
189. Rod, Marc (31 March 2022). "Amnesty's
O'Brien responds to Jewish Dems: 'I regret
representing the views of the Jewish
people' " (https://jewishinsider.com/2022/
03/amnestys-obrien-responds-to-jewish-d
ems-i-regret-representing-the-views-of-the
-jewish-people/) . Jewish Insider.
Retrieved 16 April 2022.
190. "In rare show of unity, all 25 Jewish House
Dems blast Amnesty director's comments
on Israel" (https://www.timesofisrael.co
m/liveblog_entry/in-rare-show-of-unity-all25-jewish-house-dems-blast-amnesty-dire
ctors-comments-on-israel/) . The Times
of Israel. Jewish Telegraphic Agency.
Retrieved 16 April 2022.
191. "Amnesty Calls Navalny, Udaltsov
'Prisoners of Conscience' " (http://www.rfe
rl.org/content/amnesty-navalny-udaltsovprisoners-of-conscience/24584838.htm
l) . RFE/RL. 18 May 2012. Archived (http
s://archive.today/20130113113510/htt
p://www.rferl.org/content/amnesty-navaln
y-udaltsov-prisoners-of-conscience/24584
838.html) from the original on 13
January 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
192. Gessen, Masha (24 February 2021). "Why
Won't Amnesty International Call Alexey
Navalny a Prisoner of Conscience?" (http
s://www.newyorker.com/news/our-colum
nists/why-wont-amnesty-international-call
-alexey-navalny-a-prisoner-of-conscienc
e) . The New Yorker. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20210508070013/http
s://www.newyorker.com/news/our-colum
nists/why-wont-amnesty-international-call
-alexey-navalny-a-prisoner-of-conscienc
e) from the original on 8 May 2021.
Retrieved 3 May 2021.
193. Carroll, Oliver (24 February 2021). "Anger
after Amnesty strips Navalny of 'prisoner
of conscience' status" (https://www.indep
endent.co.uk/news/world/europe/navalny
-amnesty-russia-putin-kremlin-b1806712.h
tml) . The Independent. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20210224173222/h
ttps://www.independent.co.uk/news/worl
d/europe/navalny-amnesty-russia-putin-kr
emlin-b1806712.html) from the original
on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 27 May
2021. "In recent months, as Mr Navalny
has gained prominence internationally...
Russian state media has stepped up
messages emphasising his nationalistic
past. Those arguments have been
amplified in a broad network of Kremlinsympathising media at home and abroad.
These outlets include Grayzone, an
opaquely funded leftist publication based
in the United States, which appears to
have been privy to lobbying around the
Amnesty decision."
194. "Amnesty's removal of Navalny's 'prisoner
of conscience' status sparks Twitter
storm" (https://jam-news.net/amnestys-re
moval-of-navalnys-prisoner-of-conscience
-status-sparks-outcry-and-controversy/) .
English Jamnews. 25 February 2021.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
210518174131/https://jam-news.net/amn
estys-removal-of-navalnys-prisoner-of-con
science-status-sparks-outcry-and-controv
ersy/) from the original on 18 May 2021.
Retrieved 18 May 2021.
195. "Amnesty International rescinds Alexey
Navalny's 'prisoner of conscience' status
because of past 'hate speech', following
rumored 'campaign' by individuals tied to
Russia Today" (https://meduza.io/en/new
s/2021/02/23/amnesty-international-resci
nds-alexey-navalny-s-prisoner-of-conscien
ce-status-because-of-past-hate-speech-fol
lowing-rumored-campaign-by-individuals-t
ied-to-russia-today) . Meduza. 24
February 2021. Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20210518174434/https://me
duza.io/en/news/2021/02/23/amnesty-in
ternational-rescinds-alexey-navalny-s-pris
oner-of-conscience-status-because-of-pas
t-hate-speech-following-rumored-campaig
n-by-individuals-tied-to-russia-today)
from the original on 18 May 2021.
Retrieved 18 May 2021.
196. "Amnesty strips Alexei Navalny of
"prisoner of conscience" status" (https://w
ww.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-561810
84) . BBC News. 24 February 2021.
Retrieved 28 February 2021.
197. Brown, David. "Supporters quit Amnesty
International over "betrayal" of Alexei
Navalny" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/arti
cle/supporters-quit-amnesty-internationalover-betrayal-of-alexei-navalny-d7csc8gh
v) . The Times. Retrieved 28 February
2021.
198. "Amnesty apologises to Alexei Navalny
over 'prisoner of conscience' status" (http
s://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57
029346) . BBC News. 7 May 2021.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
210520024341/https://www.bbc.com/ne
ws/world-europe-57029346) from the
original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved
27 May 2021. "[In February, AI] said the
decision [to remove the status] had been
made internally and was not influenced by
the Russian state. But in a new statement
on Friday the organisation apologised and
said their decision had been used to
"further violate Navalny's rights" in
Russia."
199. "Statement on Alexei Navalny's status as
Prisoner of Conscience" (https://www.am
nesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2021/0
5/statement-on-alexei-navalnys-status-asprisoner-of-conscience/) . Amnesty
International. 7 May 2021. Retrieved
22 February 2024.
200. "Mandela and the South African
Communist Party" (https://www.sahistory.
org.za/article/mandela-and-south-africancommunist-party) . www.sahistory.org.za.
Retrieved 27 October 2020.
201. Buchanan, Tom. Amnesty International in
Crisis, 1966–7 (https://academic.oup.co
m/tcbh/article-abstract/15/3/267/17025
72) . Oxford Academic.
202. Kerbaj, Richard (7 February 2010).
"Amnesty International is 'damaged' by
Taliban link; An official at the human
rights charity deplores its work with a
'jihadist' " (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0110718133508/http://www.timesonline.
co.uk/tol/news/world/afghanistan/article
7017810.ece) . The Sunday Times.
London. Archived from the original (http://
www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/a
fghanistan/article7017810.ece) on 18
July 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
203. Gupta, Rahila, "Double standards on
human rights; Where does Amnesty
International stand on women's rights
after suspending Gita Sahgal for
criticising links with Moazzam Begg?" (htt
ps://www.theguardian.com/commentisfre
e/2010/feb/09/amnesty-sahgal-rights-ro
w) , The Guardian, 9 February 2010.
Retrieved 11 February 2010
204. Aaronovitch, David (9 February 2010).
"How Amnesty chose the wrong posterboy; Collaboration with Moazzam Begg,
an extremist who has supported jihadi
movements, looks like a serious mistake"
(https://web.archive.org/web/201105100
12800/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/c
omment/columnists/david_aaronovitch/a
rticle7019817.ece) . The Times. London.
Archived from the original (http://www.tim
esonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/
david_aaronovitch/article7019817.ece)
on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
205. "Bright, Martin, "Gita Sahgal: A Statement",
Spectator, 7 February 2010. Retrieved 10
February 2010" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20100316141113/http://www.spectat
or.co.uk/martinbright/5759197/gita-sahg
al-a-statement.thtml) . The Spectator. 7
February 2010. Archived from the original
(http://www.spectator.co.uk/martinbright/
5759197/gita-sahgal-a-statement.thtml)
on 16 March 2010. Retrieved 18 March
2010.
206. "Joan Smith: Amnesty shouldn't support
men like Moazzam Begg; A prisoner of
conscience can turn into an apologist for
extremism," (https://www.independent.co.
uk/opinion/commentators/joan-smith/joa
n-smith-amnesty-shouldnt-support-men-li
ke-moazzam-begg-1895848.html) The
Independent, 11 February 2010. Retrieved
11 February 2010
207. Guttenplan, D. D.; Margaronis, Maria. "Who
Speaks for Human Rights?" (http://www.t
henation.com/article/who-speaks-humanrights/) . The Nation. Retrieved 12 March
2016.
208. Sahgal, Gita (13 May 2010). "Gita Sahgal:
A Statement" (http://www.nybooks.com/a
rticles/archives/2010/may/13/statementgita-sahgal-leaving-amnesty-internation
a/) . The New York Review of Books.
Retrieved 30 September 2015.
209. "Is Amnesty International Supporting a
Jihadist?" (https://www.npr.org/template
s/story/story.php?storyId=124156482) .
All Things Considered. NPR. 27 February
2010. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
210. Chakraberty, Sumit, "Gita Sahgal talks
about human wrongs" (http://www.dnaind
ia.com/world/report_gita-sahgal-talks-abo
ut-human-wrongs_1350529-all) , Daily
News & Analysis, 21 February 2010.
Retrieved 28 February 2010.
211. "Dangerous liaisons" (http://www.dnaindi
a.com/world/comment_dangerous-liaison
s_1372616-2) . Daily News and Analysis.
18 April 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
212. Mason, Tania, "Charity Commission has
'no jurisdiction' over board member's
payment from Amnesty" (http://www.civil
society.co.uk/finance/news/content/839
0/charity_commission_has_no_jurisdictio
n_over_board_members_payment_from_a
mnesty) , civilsociety.co.uk, 21 February
2011. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
213. Chapman, John, "Amnesty boss gets
secret £500,000 payout" (http://www.expr
ess.co.uk/posts/view/229903/Amnesty-b
oss-gets-secret-500-000-payout) , Daily
Express, 19 February 2011. Retrieved 21
February 2011.
214. Pack, Peter. "A letter to all AI members
and staff from the International Executive
Committee" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20130921055104/http://www.amnesty.
se/upload/files/2011/05/19/IEC%20lette
r%20to%20the%20movement%2025.2.11.
pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (htt
p://www.amnesty.se/upload/files/2011/0
5/19/IEC%20letter%20to%20the%20move
ment%2025.2.11.pdf) (PDF) on 21
September 2013. Retrieved 25 January
2012.
215. "Protest at Amnesty International office"
(https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/new
s/2019/04/protest-at-amnesty-internation
al-office/) . Amnesty International. 25
April 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
216. "Kurdish Hunger Strikers Occupy Amnesty
International HQ" (https://bylinetimes.co
m/2019/04/26/kurdish-hunger-strikers-oc
cupy-amnesty-international-hq/) . Byline
Times. 26 April 2019. Retrieved 17 June
2019.
217. Sabin, Lamiat (26 April 2019). "Hungerstrikers accuse Amnesty International of
hypocrisy" (https://morningstaronline.co.u
k/article/b/hunger-strikers-accuse-amnes
ty-international-of-hypocrisy) . Morning
Star. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
218. Glynn, Sarah (26 April 2019). "Solidarity
with the activists occupying the offices of
Amnesty International in London" (http://
www.sskonline.org.uk/2019/04/27/solida
rity-with-the-activists-occupying-the-office
s-of-amnesty-international-in-london/) .
Scottish Solidarity with Kurdistan.
Retrieved 17 June 2019.
219. "Ukraine: Ukrainian fighting tactics
endanger civilians" (https://www.amnesty.
org/en/latest/news/2022/08/ukraine-ukra
inian-fighting-tactics-endanger-civilians) .
Amnesty International. 4 August 2022.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
220808193614/https://www.amnesty.or
g/en/latest/news/2022/08/ukraine-ukrain
ian-fighting-tactics-endanger-civilians)
from the original on 8 August 2022.
Retrieved 9 August 2022.
220. Hayda, Julian (5 August 2022). "Amnesty
International's report criticizing Ukraine is
dividing the rights group" (https://www.np
r.org/2022/08/05/1115767497/amnesty-i
nternational-ukraine-military-civilians-warcrimes) . NPR. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
221. Pietsch, Bryan (8 August 2022). "Amnesty
International's Ukraine chief resigns after
report criticizes Kyiv" (https://www.washi
ngtonpost.com/world/2022/08/07/amne
sty-international-ukraine-pokalchuk-resign
ation/) . The Washington Post.
ISSN 0190-8286 (https://www.worldcat.or
g/issn/0190-8286) .
222. Jordash, Wayne; Mykytenko, Anna (5
August 2022). "What is wrong with
Amnesty International's Conclusions that
"Ukrainian fighting tactics endanger
civilians" " (https://www.pravda.com.ua/e
ng/columns/2022/08/5/7362086) .
Ukrainska Pravda. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20220807012446/https://
www.pravda.com.ua/eng/columns/2022/
08/5/7362086/) from the original on 7
August 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
223. Mutch, Tom (8 August 2022). "Why did
Amnesty International Ignore My
Warnings about their Ukraine
Investigation?" (https://bylinetimes.com/2
022/08/08/why-did-amnesty-international
-ignore-my-warnings-about-their-ukraine-in
vestigation) . Byline Times. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2022080823132
8/https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/08/w
hy-did-amnesty-international-ignore-my-w
arnings-about-their-ukraine-investigation)
from the original on 8 August 2022.
Retrieved 9 August 2022.
224. "Скандал вокруг обвинений Amnesty
против Украины: могут ли ВСУ
использовать школы и больницы" (http
s://www.bbc.com/russian/features-62520
563) . BBC News Russian.
225. Hopkins, Valerie; Gibbons-Neff, Thomas
(7 August 2022). "Amnesty International
Assessment That Ukraine 'Put Civilians in
Harm's Way' Stirs Outrage" (https://www.n
ytimes.com/2022/08/07/world/europe/a
mnesty-international-ukraine-russia-war-cr
imes.html) . The New York Times.
ISSN 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.or
g/issn/0362-4331) . Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20220812100835/http
s://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/07/world/
europe/amnesty-international-ukraine-rus
sia-war-crimes.html) from the original on
12 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August
2022.
226. "Editorial: It is Amnesty International's
report that endangers Ukrainian civilians"
(https://kyivindependent.com/opinion/edi
torial-it-is-amnesty-internationals-report-th
at-endangers-ukrainian-civilians) . The
Kyiv Independent. 8 August 2022.
Retrieved 10 August 2022.
227. Askew, Joshua (5 August 2022). "Outrage
in Kyiv after Amnesty accuses it of
endangering civilian life" (https://www.eur
onews.com/2022/08/05/outrage-in-kyiv-a
fter-amnesty-accuses-it-of-endangering-ci
vilian-life) . Euronews.
228. Grynszpan, Emmanuel (6 August 2022).
"Amnesty International in turmoil after
publication of its report on the war in
Ukraine" (https://www.lemonde.fr/en/inter
national/article/2022/08/06/amnesty-inte
rnational-in-turmoil-after-publication-of-its
-report-on-the-war-in-ukraine_5992721_4.
html) . Le Monde.
229. "Pro-Moscow Figures Hail Controversial
Amnesty Report on Kyiv War Tactics" (http
s://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/08/
05/pro-moscow-figures-hail-controversialamnesty-report-on-kyiv-war-tactics-a7852
0) . The Moscow Times. 5 August 2022.
230. "Доклад Amnesty International о ВС
Украины проверят независимые
эксперты" (https://www.dw.com/ru/dokla
d-ai-o-vs-ukrainy-proverjat-nezavisimye-jek
sperty/a-62799757) . Deutsche Welle. 13
August 2022.
231. "Amnesty to review controversial
statement on Ukrainian Army" (https://eur
omaidanpress.com/2022/08/13/amnesty
-to-review-controversial-statement-on-ukra
inian-army/) . Euromaidan Press. 13
August 2022.
232. "Unreleased Report Finds Faults in
Amnesty International's Criticism of
Ukraine" (https://www.nytimes.com/202
3/04/27/us/amnesty-international-reportukraine-russia.html) . New York Times. 27
April 2023.
233. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1977" (https://ww
w.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laur
eates/1977/index.html) . Nobel
Foundation. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
234. "Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms
Awards – Roosevelt Institute" (http://roos
eveltinstitute.org/fdr-four-freedoms-award
s-1/) . Roosevelt Institute. 29 September
2015.
235. Airey, David (15 June 2008). "Amnesty
International" (https://www.logodesignlov
e.com/amnesty-international-logo-desig
n) . Logo Design Love. Retrieved 1 March
2023.
236. "History – The Meaning of the Amnesty
Candle" (https://web.archive.org/web/200
80618203138/http://www.amnesty.ca/ab
out/history/history_of_amnesty_internatio
nal/meaning_of_the_Amnesty_candle.ph
p) . Amnesty International. Archived from
the original (http://www.amnesty.ca/abou
t/history/history_of_amnesty_internationa
l/meaning_of_the_Amnesty_candle.php)
on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2008.
237. Yvonne and Denis Baron (7 December
2007). "Diana Redhouse" (https://www.the
guardian.com/news/2007/dec/07/guardi
anobituaries.society) . Obituary. The
Guardian.
238. Rabben, Linda (2001). "Amnesty
International: Myth and Reality" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20081012010655/htt
p://www.bu.edu/agni/essays/print/2001/
54-rabben.html) . AGNI (54). Archived
from the original (http://www.bu.edu/agn
i/essays/print/2001/54-rabben.html) on
12 October 2008. Retrieved 25 September
2008.
Cite error: A list-defined reference named
"Amnesty_statement_about_press_release" is
not used in the content (see the help page).
Further reading
Buchanan, Tom. (2002) " 'The truth will set
you free': The making of Amnesty
International." Journal of Contemporary
History 37.4 (2002): 575–597. online (htt
p://www.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/ec
c/events/writingrights/workshopprogramm
e/readingmaterials/buchanan_on_amnesty
s_early_years.pdf)
Buchanan, Tom. "Amnesty International in
crisis, 1966–7." Twentieth Century British
History 15.3 (2004): 267–289. online (http
s://academic.oup.com/tcbh/article-abstrac
t/15/3/267/1702572)
Clark, Anne Marie (2001). Diplomacy of
Conscience: Amnesty International and
Changing Human Rights Norms (https://arch
ive.org/details/diplomacyofconsc00clar) .
Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-69105743-9.
Ganzfried, Miriam (2021). Amnesty
International and Women's Rights Feminist
Strategies, Leadership Commitment and
Internal Resistances. ( transcript Verlag).
ISBN 978-3-8376-6008-1.
Girot, Marc (2011). Amnesty International,
Enquête sur une organisation génétiquement
modifiée. Editions du Cygne.
ISBN 9782849242469..
Habibe, K. A. R. A. "Human Rights in China
In The Xi Jinping Era: From The Perspective
of Human Rights Watch and Amnesty
International." Doğu Asya Araştırmaları
Dergisi 2.1: 66–96. online (https://dergipar
k.org.tr/en/download/article-file/631602)
Hopgood, Stephen (2006). Keepers of the
Flame: Understanding Amnesty
International. Cornell University Press.
ISBN 978-0-8014-4402-9. online (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=Jf6tDwAAQBAJ
&dq=%22Amnesty+International.&pg=PR6)
Meirelles, Renata. State Violence, Torture,
and Political Prisoners: On the Role Played
by Amnesty International in Brazil During the
Dictatorship (1964–1985) (Routledge, 2019)
online (https://books.google.com/books?id
=ZZa0DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Amnesty+Intern
ational.&pg=PT10) .
Neier, Aryeh. "Amnesty International." in The
International Human Rights Movement
(Princeton UP, 2020) pp. 186–203.
Power, Jonathan (1981). Amnesty
International: The Human Rights Story.
McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-08-028902-1.
online (http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/
123456789/5616/1/195.pdf.pdf)
Sellars, Kirsten (April 2002). The Rise and
Rise of Human Rights. Sutton Publishing
Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7509-2755-0.
Savelsberg, Joachim J. "Global Human
Rights Organizations and National Patterns:
Amnesty International's Responses to
Darfur." Societies Without Borders 12.2
(2021): 13+. online (https://scholarlycomm
ons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?artic
le=1247&context=swb)
Srivastava, Swati. 2021. "Navigating NGO–
Government Relations in Human Rights:
New Archival Evidence from Amnesty
International, 1961–1986." International
Studies Quarterly.
Thakur, Ramesh. (1994) "Human rights:
Amnesty international and the United
Nations." Journal of Peace Research 31.2
(1994): 143–160. online (https://journals.sa
gepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00223433940
31002003)
Vestergaard, Anne. "Humanitarian branding
and the media: The case of Amnesty
International." Journal of language and
politics 7.3 (2008): 471–493. online (http
s://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anne-Ves
tergaard/publication/233588813_Humanita
rian_branding_and_the_media_The_case_of
_Amnesty_International/links/565c2afb08a
e4988a7bb6327/Humanitarian-branding-an
d-the-media-The-case-of-Amnesty-Internati
onal.pdf?_sg%5B0%5D=started_experiment
_milestone&origin=journalDetail&_rtd=e30%
3D)
Vik, Hanne Hagtvedt, and Skage Alexander
Østberg. "Sweden, Amnesty International
and legal entrepreneurs in global antitorture politics, 1967–1977." International
History Review 44.3 (2022): 633–652.
online (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/p
df/10.1080/07075332.2021.1955726)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media
related to Amnesty International.
Wikiquote has quotations related to
Amnesty International.
Amnesty International official site (http
s://www.amnesty.org/)
Is Amnesty International Biased? (htt
p://www.globalpolicy.org/ngos/credib/
2003/1306interview.htm) , 2002
discussion by Dennis Bernstein and Dr.
Francis Boyle
Catalogue of the Amnesty International
archives (https://mrc.epexio.com/reco
rds/AMI) , held at the Modern Records
Centre, University of Warwick
Amnesty International Head Irene Khan
on The Unheard Truth: Poverty and
Human Rights (http://www.democracy
now.org/2009/10/16/amnesty_internat
ional_head_irene_khan_on) – video by
Democracy Now!
Amnesty International Promotion to
Eliminate the Death Penalty (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20110714210751/h
ttp://shorts.nthword.com/2010/06/ad-
of-week-amnesty-international-death.ht
ml) – video by TBWA/Paris and Pleix
for Amnesty International France
Amnesty International Poster
Collection (http://hdl.handle.net/1062
2/COLL00146) at the International
Institute of Social History
Amnesty International (https://www.no
belprize.org/laureate/537) on
Nobelprize.org
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Amnesty_International&oldid=1210740639"
This page was last edited on 28 February 2024,
at 03:39 (UTC). •
Nội dung có sẵn theo CC BY-SA 4.0 trừ khi có
ghi chú khác.