Department of Education
National Capital Region
School Division Office – MANILA
Most Essential Learning Competency in Technical Drafting
Grade 9
(Quarter 1 Week 1)
MODULE 1: DRAFTING ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT AND DETAILS
Fundamentals of Drafting
HOW DO YOU USE THIS MODULE?
Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb
you while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below successfully enjoy
the objectives of this kit. Have fun!
1. Follow carefully MATERIALS,
all the contents
and instructions
indicated in every page of this
TOOLS,
AND EQUIPMENT
module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing enhances learning,
that is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer keycard.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!
PARTS OF THE MODULE
•
Expectations – These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module.
•
Pre-test – This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.
•
Looking BackMATERIALS,
to your Lesson TOOLS,
– This section
willEQUIPMENT
measure what learnings and skills
AND
did you understand from the previous lesson.
•
Brief Introduction – This section will give you an overview of the lesson.
•
Activities – This is a set of activities you will perform with a partner.
•
Remember – this section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.
•
Check your Understanding - It will verify how much you have learned from the
lesson.
•
Posttest – This will measure how much you have learned from the entire module.
1
LESSON 1: Fundamentals of Drafting
•
•
•
Identify materials and tools in terms of its uses and classification
Describe how tools and materials are used
Maintain effective use of drafting tools in the production of quality projects
PRE-TEST
Direction: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
_____1. It refers to a sets of tools that are used in all drafting works or activities
especially if the activity requires mechanical presentation.
A. Drafting Tools
B. Drafting Equipment
C. Drafting Materials
D. Drawing
_____2. These are sets of consumable items that are specifically used in drafting works
or activities.
A. Drafting Equipment
B. Drafting Tools
C. Drafting Materials
D. Drawing
_____3. It is used for drawing horizontal lines and serves as a guide for triangles when
drawing other kinds of lines.
A. Ruler
B. Triangular Scale
C. Protractor
D. T-square
_____4. Its sole purpose is to reproduce the dimensions of an object in full size on a
drawing or to reduce or enlarge them in regular proportion.
A. Ruler
B. Triangular Scale
C. Protractor
D. T-square
_____5. It is used for measuring and laying out arcs and circles as well as angles that
cannot be measured with either the 45o or the 30o x 60o triangles.
A. Ruler
B. Triangular Scale
C. Protractor
D. T-square
_____6. Uppermost horizontal guideline drawn for upper case letters.
A. Base Line
B. Guideline
C. Border Line
D. Cap Line
_____7. This is a heavy solid line in ink, medium weight in pencil. They are sometimes
called object lines.
A. Hidden Lines
B. Dimension Lines
C. Visible Lines
D. Extension Lines
_____8. This type of lines show surfaces or edges hidden from view by other parts of the
object.
A. Extension Lines
B. Dimension Lines
C. Visible Lines
D. Hidden Lines
_____9. Arrow heads are placed at the ends of these lines.
A. Visible Lines
B. Dimension Lines
C Break Lines
D. Extension Lines
_____10. It is made with long heavy dashes alternating with two small dashes.
A. Break Lines
B. Visible Lines
C. Cutting Plane Line
D. Section Lines
2
LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON
Which of the following professions requires knowledge in Technical Drafting?
Put a check mark on the space provided ().
( )
Carpenter
( ) Architect
( )
Engineer
( ) Electrician
( )
Baker
( ) Cook
( )
Interior Designer
( ) Cosmetologist
( )
CAD designer
( ) Plumber
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Unlike other subjects, the objectives of drawing cannot be obtained without the
presence and proper use of drawing instruments, tools and materials used in
technical drafting. Each tool and material have their own functions and uses in
completing a drawing. Good tools are necessary to get exact results.
This lesson is a review on what you have learned in your exploratory phase in
technical drafting, particularly on the proper use of drawing tools, materials, and
equipment. This allows you to recall its importance in Drafting works.
Objectives
1. Identify tools, materials and equipment in Technical Drafting;
2. Know the proper use of tools, materials and equipment in Technical Drafting;
3. Observe proper maintenance and handling of tools.
3
LEARNING CONTENT
Drafting Tools, Materials and Equipment
Drafting tools refers to a set of tools that are used in all drafting works or activities
especially if the activity requires mechanical presentation. Before the start of any
activity, it is expected that all drawing tools needed must be available in the work
station.
Drafting materials are sets of consumable items that are specifically used in drafting
works or activities. The draftsman cannot perform his drafting task without these items.
Drawing Equipment are the instruments, attachments, and other equipment used to
make mechanical drawings.
Classification of Drawing Tools, Materials and Equipment
Classificatio
n
Name
Function
This is where the
drawing paper is laid
and fastened. Their
Drafting Tool
Drafting
working edge should
Table or
be perfectly straight
Drawing
and their surface
Board
trim and smooth as
this is the place
which the T-square
is moved.
This is made of
plastic, wood, or
combination of both.
Drafting Tool
T-square
It is used for drawing
horizontal lines and
serves as a guide for
triangles when
4
Illustration
drawing other kinds
of lines.
Used for drawing
vertical and oblique
Drafting Tool
Triangles
lines. The most
commonly used are
the 45o and the 30o
by 60o.
The type of scale
commonly used for
general drawing. The
scale has various
divisions.
Drafting Tool
Triangular
Scale
Its sole purpose is to
reproduce the
dimensions of an
object full size on a
drawing or to reduce
or enlarge them to
some regular
proportion.
A technical pen is a
specialized
instrument used by
an engineer,
Drafting Tool
Technical
Pen
architect, or drafter
to make lines of
constant width for
architectural,
engineering,
or technical drawing
s
5
Drafting Tool
Mechanic
al Pencil
A mechanical pencil,
also known as a
clutch pencil, is
a pencil with a
replaceable and
mechanically
extendable solid
pigment core called a
"lead". The lead,
often made
of graphite, is not
bonded to the outer
casing, and can be
mechanically
extended as its point
is worn away as it is
being used.
The drawing pencil is
one of the
draftsman’s most
important tool. They
Come in different
grades of hardness
indicated by
numbers and letters
found on one end.
Drafting Tool
Pencil
They range in grade
of hardness from 9B,
the softest, to the
medium grade F, and
9H, the hardest. The
grade of the pencil to
be used depends
upon the nature of
work being done as
well as the kind of
paper to be used.
6
Pencils should be
sharpened whenever
Pencil
Drafting Tool
they show signs of
Sharpener dullness. A pen knife
or
or pencil sharpener
Penknife
is usually used to
remove the wood
from the lead.
Drafting Tool
Drawing
Templates
A drafting
template is a flat
piece of plastic with
standard symbols
cut in it. The drafting
templates shapes are
used as guides for
drawing symbols on
plans.
A semi-circular scale
divided into 180
equal parts, each of
which is called a
degree (o). It is used
Drafting Tool
Protractor
for measuring and
laying out arcs and
circles as well as
angles that cannot
be measured with
either the 45o or the
30o x 60o triangles.
7
These dusting
brushes feature
wooden handles for
Drafting Tool
Dusting
Brush
the easy removal of
eraser shavings, dust
and dirt from
drawings and/or
drafting surfaces
without smudging.
The erasing shield is
Drafting Tool
Erasing
Shield
a useful tool to
protect the rest of
the drawing when
making an erasure.
Drafting Tool
Compass
Used for drawing
arcs or circles.
A flexible tape that
slides into a
Drafting Tool
Push Pull
Rule
material case and it
is used to measure
irregular and
regular shapes.
8
Bond paper is a
durable paper that
Drafting
Material
Bond
Paper
is especially suitable
for electronic
printing and use in
(Short and
office machines,
Long)
including copiers
and network and
desktop printers.
Tracing paper is
paper made to have
low opacity, allowing
light to pass
through. It is named
as such for its
ability for
Drafting
Material
Tracing
an image to
Paper
be traced onto it. It
was originally
developed for
architects and
design engineers to
create drawings
which could be
copied precisely.
9
An A3 piece of paper
Drafting
Material
A3
Drawing
Paper
measures 297 × 420
mm or 11.7 × 16.5
inches. Cutting it in
half will create two
A4 sheets of paper.
Drafting
Material
Pen and
Ink Eraser
Erasers are used to
remove smears,
pencil, or ink lines.
Tapes are used for
fastening paper to
the drawing board or
Drafting
Material
table. It may be used
Masking
Tape
either by attaching a
short piece across
each corner or by
taping the entire
edge of the paper.
Ink, fluid or paste of
various colors, but
Drafting
Material
Ink
usually black or dark
blue, used for writing
and printing.
10
A drafting machine is
a tool used in
technical drawing,
Drafting
Equipment
consisting of a pair
Drafting
of scales mounted to
Machine
form a right angle on
an articulated
protractor head that
allows an angular
rotation.
Mechanical lettering
is done using tools
such as lettering
guides, templates, or
Drafting
Equipment
Leroy
using a small
mechanical
pantograph referred
to by the Keuffel and
Esser trademark
"Leroy".
11
A computer is a
machine that can be
instructed to carry
out sequences of
Drafting
Equipment
Computer
arithmetic or logical
operations
automatically
via computer
programming.
ACTIVITY 1
Is it a Tool, Material or Equipment?
Direction: Name and classify the following figures below.
Name:
Name:
Name:
Classification:
Classification:
Classification:
Name:
Classification:
Name:
Classification:
12
Objectives
1. Recognize the technical know-how in good lettering;
2. Practice freehand uppercase lettering with the use of guidelines;
3. Value the importance of guidelines and good lettering in Technical Drafting.
LEARNING CONTENT
Guidelines and Upper Case Lettering
Lettering is a fundamental part of drawing. It is a combination of different types
of lines. It is closely related to design. In mechanical drafting, architectural lettering is
used. This is characterized by normal upper case letters. Normal upper case letters
are neither too narrow nor too wide and have the same height.
Generally speaking, letters are important because they constitute the words by which
we communicate through the written language. They are important because:
1. They add other information which the regular orthographic or pictorial drawings
cannot show.
2. Graphic presentation by views of structures or other figures cannot be
constructed correctly by workmen unless accompanied by size specifications and
instructions.
3. A legible and plain style lettering in all dimensions and notes in drawing is a good
practice for ease of interpretation and execution.
LETTERING
Cap Line
Base Line
Guidelines are very light lines used for drawing letters. For uniformity in letter
construction, they should be used when lettering any part of a drawing. In mechanical
drafting, horizontal guidelines are used. Horizontal guidelines have two parts, the cap
line and the base line.
1. Cap Line – Uppermost horizontal guideline drawn for upper case letters.
2. Base Line – A horizontal guideline where all letters rest or stand.
13
ACTIVITY 2
Practice Freehand Upper Case Lettering
Direction: In a short bond paper, draw horizontal guidelines with the use of proper
tools and practice writing the following in freehand: (5 pts.) Note: Use pencil only.
Follow the measurement for the height of the guidelines below.
Objectives
1. Familiarize with the alphabet of lines in Technical Drafting;
2. Apply appropriate line symbols in every drawing;
3. Value the importance of line weights in Technical drawing.
LEARNING CONTENT
Alphabet of Lines
14
For finished inked drawings, three weights of lines, thick, medium, and thin are
considered desirable and for pencil drawings, the medium and light lines. Line symbols
used in technical drawing are often referred to as alphabet of lines. Certain
conventional lines have been developed and standardized by long usage in industry.
Some of the most used lines in a working plan are:
1. Visible Lines – This is a heavy solid line in ink, medium weight in pencil. They
are sometimes called object lines. The thickness of the lines may vary to suit
the size of the drawing.
Break (Short)
2. Hidden Lines – This type of lines is represented by a series of medium weight
dashes about 1/8” long and spaced 1/16” apart. They show surfaces or edges
hidden from view by other parts of the object.
3. Cutting Plane Lines – These are used to indicate an imaginary cut through an
object along the line. It is made with long heavy dashes alternating with two
small dashes. Also, phantom lines.
4. Center Lines – These lines are used to locate centers of objects, arcs, and
circles. They are drawn by a series of lightweight long and short dashes. The
short dashes are about 1/8” long and the long dashes 1” in length and the
spaces between dashes are about 1/16”.
5. Dimension Lines – They are light in weight and broken in the middle to provide
space for dimensions. Arrow heads are placed at the middle to provide
dimensions. Arrow heads are placed at the ends of these lines to show the points
where the dimension end.
6. Extension Lines – These are lines used to show clearly the dimension limits.
7. Break Lines – These are lines used to show the fact that a part has been cut off
or broken out.
15
a. Long Break Lines – These lines are light in weight with definite breaks.
b. Short Break Lines – These are indicated with a heavy freehand line.
8. Section Lines – These are light lines used in sectional views. They are evenly
spaced to make shaded effects.
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Direction: Rearrange the letters in the box to form the word that describe the
statement.
1. This is a heavy solid line in ink, medium weight in pencil. They are
sometimes called object lines.
E
L
I
V
B
I
S
E
I
N
L
2. It is made with long heavy dashes alternating with two small dashes.
G
A
N
T
L
I
E
N
P
U
T
E
C
L
N
I
3. These are lines used to show the fact that a part has been cut off or broken
out.
K
B
R
E
A
E
L
N
I
4. Arrow heads are placed at the ends of these lines.
M
D
S
N
O
E
I
E
L
N
I
5. This type of lines shows surfaces or edges hidden from view by other parts of
the object.
N
D
I
H
D
E
16
E
L
N
I
POST-TEST
Direction: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
_____1. Refers to the sets of tools that are used in all drafting works or activities
especially if the activity requires mechanical presentation.
A. Drafting Tools
B. Drafting Equipment
C. Drafting Materials
D. Drawing
_____2. These are sets of consumable items that are specifically used in drafting works
or activities.
A. Drafting Equipment
B. Drafting Tools
C. Drafting Materials
D. Drawing
_____3. It is used for drawing horizontal lines and serves as a guide for triangles when
drawing other kinds of lines.
A. Ruler
B. Triangular Scale
C. Protractor
D. T-square
_____4. Its sole purpose is to reproduce the dimensions of an object full size on a
drawing or to reduce or enlarge them to some regular proportion.
A. Ruler
B. Triangular Scale
C. Protractor
D. T-square
_____5. It is used for measuring and laying out arcs and circles as well as angles that
cannot be measured with either the 45o or the 30o x 60o triangles.
A. Ruler
B. Triangular Scale
C. Protractor
D. T-square
____6. What do you call the uppermost horizontal guideline drawn for upper case letters?
A. Base Line
B. Guideline
C. Border Line
D. Cap Line
_____7. This is a heavy solid line in ink, medium weight in pencil. They are sometimes
called object lines.
A. Hidden Lines
B. Dimension Lines
C. Visible Lines
D. Extension Lines
_____8. This type of lines shows surfaces or edges hidden from view by other parts of
the object.
A. Extension Lines
B. Dimension Lines
C. Visible Lines
D. Hidden Lines
_____9. Arrow heads are placed at the ends of these lines.
A. Visible Lines
B. Dimension Lines
C. Break Lines
D. Extension Lines
_____10. It is made with long heavy dashes alternating with two small dashes.
A. Break Lines
B. Visible Lines
C. Cutting Plane Line
D. Section Lines
17
ANSWER KEY
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
PRE-TEST & POST-TEST
1. VISIBLE LINE
1. a
2. CUTTING PLANE LINE
2. c
3. BREAK LINE
6. d
7. c
3. d
8. d
4. DIMENSION LINE
4. b
9. c
5. HIDDEN LINE
5. c
10. c
LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON
Carpenter
Architect
Engineer
Electrician
Interior Designer
CAD designer
Plumber
REFERENCES
Module 1: Fundamentals of Drafting
•
K-12 Deped Module
•
Exploratory Drafting for Philippine Secondary Schools
•
https://www.slideshare.net/teppxcrown98/drafting-materials-and-tools-itsusesfunctions
•
https://www.slideshare.net/ReymerMelendres/common-drafting-tools-andmaterials
•
http://www.iitg.ac.in/dsharma/me111/Lecture%201%20Introduction.pdf
•
https://www.joshuanava.biz/successful/mini-demonstration.html
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Acknowledgement
This Learning Module was developed for Technical Drafting, Grade 9 of the K to 12
Curriculum with the assistance of the following persons:
Writer: Linda Desamero MT - Ramon Magsaysay High School
Editors: Ariel D. Tosio EPS,
Reviewer: Jesusa Y. Alcaraz - HT-VI,
Management Team: Maria Magdalena M. Lim-Schools Division Superintendent-Manila,
Aida H. Rondilla-Chief Education Supervisor Lucky S. Carpio-EPS and Lady Hannah C
Gillo, Librarian II-LRMS
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