IT in Business
Week 2
Computer - an electronic device
used to process data.
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Computer System:
• Hardware - physical parts of the computer
• Software - instructions to the computer
• Data - raw facts the computer can manipulate
• People - also known as users
Computer Hardware - any part
of the computer you can touch.
• Processor
• Memory
• Input and Output Devices
• Storage Devices
Some types of hardware devices.
Output
Processor
Memory
Input and
output
Storage
Input
Software - electronic instructions to
the computer. Also referred to as a
“program.”
Three types:
• System Software
• Application Software
• Utility Software
System Software:
• Operating Systems
• Windows 95
• Windows 98
• OS/2
• Disk Utilities
Application Software:
• Word Processing
• Entertainment
• Spreadsheets
• Educational
• Graphics
• Communications
• Databases
• Presentation
Application software and system software
work together to provide useful output.
Software brings a computer to life.
Types of Computers:
Supercomputer
Mainframe
Minicomputer
Microcomputer
Mainframe computer
Microcomputer
Supercomputer
Mainframe computer
Minicomputer
Minicomputer
Mainframe computer
Super Computer
Who Uses Computers?
Military
Doctors
Educators
Engineers
Architects
Musicians
Filmmakers
Attorneys
Bankers
Architects
A medical team using “robodoc” to assist in surgery.
Musicians can use MIDI technology
to compose and edit their work.
The Generations of
Computer History
Generations of Computer
•
•
•
•
•
•
Zeroth generation (1642 to 1945)
First Generation (1945 to 1955)
Second generation (1955 to 1965)
Third generation (1966 to 1970)
Fourth generation (1971 to 1980)
Fifth generation (1980 to present)
Zero’th Generation
• Man used his fingers, ropes, beads,
bones, pebbles and other objects for
counting.
• Abacus, Pascale, Difference &
Analytical engines
• Electricity was not yet invented
Zeroth Generation- Mechanical
Blaise Pascal -1642
1.
Mechanical calculator only perform + -
◦
Von Leibiniz -1672
2.
Mechanical four function calculator
◦
3.
Charles Babage-1834
1.
2.
4.
Difference engine – output is on punched card
Analytical engine – general purpose / four
components – mill , memory , i & o /
programmable (Ada- first programmer)
Aiken - 1940
Mark 1 - Electro mechanical computer
Blaise Pascal -1642
Mechanical calculator only perform + -
The Pascal Automatic Calculator - observe the gears and cylinders which
rotated to display the numerical result
Von Leibiniz -1672
Mechanical four function calculator
Leibniz Calculator
Difference engine:
•Polynomial evaluation by finite
differences
•automatic tables
•engrave plates
•powered by a steam engine
•15 digit numbers
•he never completed it
Babbage's Difference Engine
The Analytical Engine
Designed during the 1830s Parts remarkably similar to modernday computers.
The "store"
The "mill"
Punch cards.
Early punch cards
Aiken - 1940
Mark 1 - Electro mechanical computer
Paper tape stored data and program instructions
Paper tape stored
data and program
instructions
1st Generation(1946-58)
vacuum tubes (ENIAC)
•
In 1946 first electronic computer ENAIC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Calculator ) was developed by Mr.
J.PresperEckert and Mr. John Manuchlyat University of
Pennsylvania.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
•
•
Decimal (not binary)
20 accumulators of 10 digits
Programmed manually by switches
18,000 vacuum tubes
30 tons
15,000 square feet
140 kW power consumption
5,000 additions per second
produced large amount of heat.
Its speed was very slow.
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
The First General-Purpose Computer for Commercial Use:
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC).
The IBM 701 (1952) was IBM's first production computer.
It was designed primarily for scientific calculation
The Computer Generations
(Continued)
The Second Generation (1959 to 1963)
Computer Generations
37
Second Generation
1959-1963

The second generation of computers used transistors
for the internal operations.

Speed / performance of this generation computers
was improved in comparison to first generation
computers.
Size, price , and heat produced reduced by using
transistors.



They used magnetic core for the memory.
These machines used assembly language.
Computer Generations
38
2nd Generation (1959-64)
Transistors

IMB’s 7000seris,the
first transistorized
computers.

IMB had an 81.2%
share of the computer
market.

IMB announced the
System/360.
www.piercefuller.com
IBM 7000 series
The 7090 is a transistorized version of the IBM 709 which
was a very popular high end computer in the early 1960s.
The 7090 had 32Kbytes of 36-bit core memory and a
hardware floating point unit. Fortran was its most popular
language, but it supported many others.
The Computer Generations
(Continued)
The Third Generation (1963 to 1975)
Computer Generations
41
Third Generation
1963-1975

These computers used integrated circuits on silicon chips.

Using this drastic reduction in the size of computers.

Speed / performance was high in comparison to second
generation.

Heat produced by computers was reduced.

They were characterized with high-level programming
languages which required logic such as BASIC, Pascal, C,
COBOL, and Fortran
Computer Generations
42
3rd Generation (1965-70)
Integrated Circuits
Digital Equipment Corp.
introduced the PDP-8.
The PDP-8 was the 1st
commercially successful
mini-computer.
PARC invented the
personal computer
graphical user interface.
nobelprize.
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/index.html
The Computer Generations
(Continued)
The Fourth Generation (1975 to Today)
Computer Generations
44
Fourth Generation
1975-Today

In this generation IC’s are replaced by LSI (Large Scale
Integrated Circuits : more number of electronic
components on silicon chip)

These are low cast, small size and high performance

These computers use microprocessor chips.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Languages such as
Visual Basic, and JAVA are characteristic of this
computer generation.
Computer Generations
45
4th Generation(1971-present)
Microprocessor

Kenbak-1, 1st personal
computer.
www.piercefuller.com

Ray Tomlinson sent the
first e-mail.
Microsoft office clipart

IMB invented the 8in.
Floppy disk.

1986 Pixar is founded
5th Generation
Still Being Developed

In this generation LSI are replaced by VLSI (Very Large
Scale Integrated Circuits)

Size and cost of these computers is very less and
performance is very high.

Natural Language is designed to give people a more
human connection with computers.

Uses multi-media has also defined this generation.

There is a great deal of “bundled software” with this
generation.
Computer Generations
47
5th Generation (present and beyond)
Artificial Intelligence
 A.I. is trying to comprehend intelligence.
 A.I is still being created today.
 Alan Turing developed the Turing Test in 1950.
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com