FOUNDATIONS OF INDIGENOUS RESEARCH
A. Maka-Pilipinong Pananaliksik ("Filipino-oriented research")
a. Issues of Western Style of Research
❖ Traditional; not culture-based; generalization; [MBTI: basing on set of
behaviors patterns]
❖ Cannot capture what the individual’s natural/true essence.
❖ Paglihis ng mga tao sa kaisipang Pilipino. (The deviation of people from
Filipino thought)
ANONG SANHI NITO? (Causes)
01. Problem/ Topic: (hindi pagtingin sa diwa at kaisipan ng tao)
➔ Lihis sa maka-pilipinong pananaliksik.
➔ Nakatuon sa nais ng mismong nananaliksik.
● Replication (pagulit)
● Intervention (layuning baguhin ang kaugalian at pamamaraan
para sa ikauunlad na nakabatay sa statistics na nakalap na
impormasyong may problema.)
02. Data Gathering (paraan ng pagkuha o pagsamsam ng datos)
➔ Oryentasyong kanluranin
➔ Paper and pencil
➔ Taliwas sa paraan ng maka-pilipinong pananaliksik.
◆ Since relationship and social gathering is the communication for the
Sikolohiyang Pilipino.
03. Teoryang hango sa kanluranin
➔ Aggression learned through modeling, imitating, and shaping.
◆ Vicarious Observation: happens when people observe someone else
carry out a task or complete an activity and then imitate the actions they
have seen.
MGA MUNGKAHI:
1. Ibatay ang interes sa kalahok
2. Pag-aralan ang mga paraan ng pagsisiyasat.
a. Pakapa-kapa
b. Pagmamasid
3. Maiwasan ang bulag na pagpapahalaga sa resulta ng pananaliksik
4. Pahalagahan ang sariling palagay at haka-haka.
5. Subukan ang panimulang modelo ng pananaliksik.
a. Iskala (scale) ng Mananaliksik
➢ Maabot o malaman ang diwa o saloobin ng mga kalahok. (obserbasyon)
○ Pagpapamasid
○ Pakikialam
○ Pakikiramdam
○ Pagtatanong-tanong
○ Pagsubok
○ Pagdadalaw-dalaw
○ Pagsubaybay
○ Pakikilahok
○ Pakikisangkot
b. Iskala ng Patutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at Kalahok
➢ Lubusang maunawaan ang pananaliksik sa pamamagitan ng paglapit ng
kalooban. (interaksyon)
○ Pakikitungo
○ Pakikisama
○ Pakikisalamuha
○ Pakikiisa
○ Pakikilahok
○ Pakikipagpalagayang-loob
○ Pakikibagay
B. Cross-Indigenous Method and Perspectives.
❖ Third-world country —> West Country
❖ American dominance view of Psychology; High regard Statistics
a. Various Approach Developed
i.
Indigenization from Within
➔ Appropriateness of describing human behavior.
➔ The investiagator itself are not culture-bearers
➔ Distinguishing locally-codified (insider-outsider)
➔ Language—delimit the construct.
C. Pakapa-kapa [Approach]
❖ Suppositionless approach to social science investigation characterized by
GROPING (touching), SEARCHING, PROBING (exploring, investigating
something thoroughly) into unsystematized mass of social media and cultural
data to obtain order, meaning, and directions for research.
➢ Shortcomings:
■ Reliability/ Validity (inadmissable)
■ Observer/ Investigation Effect - “bias” (contamination of idea)
■ Discovery and Identification of Concept VS. Hypothesis Testing
■ Replicability of Conclusion/s
D. Pamamaraan ng Sama-samang Pananaliksik (tungo sa pagbabagong lipunan)
❖ In the discipline of Psychology:
a. Makadayuhan
b. Traditional
c. Instrumento ng Pagpapalaya
- Monopolisasyon ng kaalaman, kulto ng ekspertismo, may kontrol
sa paggawa ng kaalaman.
Gabay sa Pagkilos:
a) May pakinabang para sa mga kalahok at hindi lamang isang kailangan para sa paraalan.
b) Makinabang ang komunidad o grupo ng kalahok at buong proseso ng pananaliksik.
c) Makita bilang pagkabuuang karanasang edukasyonal sa pagtukoy sa pangangailangan
ng komunidad.
d) Dapat maging isang dayalogo. (a communication between respondents and researcher)
e) Nagbibigay diin sa pagbibigay-respeto sa kakayahan at potensyal ng masang lumikha
ng wika at suriin nito.
f) Nakatuon sa paglutas ng suliranin ng komunidad.
Mga Batayan:
● Sama-samang pagpili, pagbabalangkas, at paglilinaw ng paksang sasaliksikin.
● Sama-samang pagkalop ng datos—ang kalahok ay mananaliksik din.
● Sama-samang pagsusuri ng datos.
● Sama-samang pakilos.
Mga Pamamaraan:
● Teatro, pulongbayan, sarbey, talakayan (sentro ng sama-samang pananaliksik)
Implications in Academics:
➔ Kabuluhan ng pag-aaral - demokratisasyon ng kaalaman/kasanayan
➔ Mahigpit na ugnayan ng akademya at samahang masa.
E. Ethics (Etika ng Makamasang Pananaliksik)
➢ Political: merong nagpopondo na organisasyon.
○ It is by nature; voluntary; confidentiality; informed consent
➢ Respondents that are qualified for the certain requirements:
○ Legal age; Mentally, Physically, Emotionally Stable.
○ Emancipated people are allowed to participate in a research without legal
guardian.
➢ Equality and Reciprocity
➢ PROBLEMS:
○ Paggamit ng wastong pamamaraan
○ Sino ang makikinabang? (mananaliksik, kalahok, lipunan)
Mga Pamamaran:
1) Pagbibigay pansin sa kulturang umiiral. Siyasatin ang metodong naaangkop sa
kondisyon.
2) Igalang ang kalahok
3) Ibatay ang paksa sa pangangailangan ng kalahok
4) Gawing aktibo ang kalahok sa pananaliksik
5) Pantay ang turing sa kalahok at mananaliksik.
Gamit/ Metodo
a) Hindi dapat makulong sa perspesyon ng pagpopondo ng pananaliksik
b) Kailangan ng mananaliksik ng samahan upang maipagtanggol ang sariling interes/
prinsipyo.
Conversation—RELATED METHOD
★ Pagtatanong-tanong
○ Four Major Characteristics:
01. Participatory by nature (active voluntary)
02. The researcher and the informant are in equal status.
03. Appropriate and adaptive to the conditions of the group of informants, it
conforms to the existing group norms.
04. Integrated of other indigenous research.
○
Aspects:
a. Preparations: strategize to get linkage and credibility.
b. Level of Interaction: Santiago/Enriquez
➔ Ibang tao at Hindi Ibang tao.
➔ Depending if the data will be contaminated.
➔ Comfortability of sharing thoughts and answers.
c. Language
d. Outsider-Insider Issues - “biases”
e. Cultural Sensitive - “pakikiramadam, paramdam, pahiwatig”
f. Reliability/ Validity
g. Ethical Issues: challenged social responsibility.
★ Pakikipagkwentuhan: nagbibigay daan sa pagbubuo ng mga kwento, nakakalinang ng
kaalaman at pang- unawa tungkol sa kultura, pagpapahalaga at etika ng patutunguhang
panlipunan.
Ang Proseso at Pamamaraan ng Pakikipagkwentuhan
❖ Ang mananaliksik - tagapagtaglay ng kultura ng taong pinag-aaralan, ito ay nasa antas
ng pakikipagkapwa at kinakailangan din na maging handa ang mananaliksik na
makipagpalitan ng kwento. May paki ang kalahok sa kwento.
➢ Pagsuri ng loob: pagmamasid sa umpukan, oras, paksa, lugar at kalahok.
❖ Ang mga kalahok - mainam mag-umpisa sa limang katao (kasama ang mananaliksik) o
isang umpukan.
➢ pakikitungo, pakikipagpalagayang-loob, pakikiisa at pakikibagay
➢ likas na umpukan
➢ pantay-pantay na katayuan sa kwentuhan
❖ Mga Paksa - paggamit ng pangkaraniwang paksa na nais ng karamihan.
❖ Panahon at Lugar - isagawa sa natural na oras at lugar upang ‘di maging sagabal sa
pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga kalahok, sa mga salu-salo at pagkakakilanlan.
❖ Proseso - nag-uumpisa kapag malinaw na sa kalahok ang paksa ng pagkukwentuhan,
malinaw ang layunin at aktibo ang kalahok sa pagpapalitan ng kwento.
➢ pagbubukas loob at pag-uugnay ng kalooban sa kwentuhan
➢ pagbubukas at pagsasara ng kwentuhan
➢ pagbubuo ng kwento mula sa pakapa-kapa
Mga Uri ng Pakikipagkwentuhan
I.
Malayang Pakikipagkwentuhan
II.
Batay sa aktuwal na pangyayari
a) sama-samang pagbubuo ng kwento ukol sa isang kaso
b) sama-samang pagbubuo ng kwento ukol sa isang pangyayari
III.
Batay sa kathang isip
a) Sama-samang pagbubuo ng mga kwentong nagsisilbing halimbawa.
Pagsusuri ng datos Halaw sa Pakikipagkwentuhan
❖ Data reduction (pagpapakaunti ng datos)
➢ Pagsusuri ng nilalaman
■ pagsusuri ng mga kataga
■ pagsusuri ng tema
■ pagsusuri ng mga tauhan
➢ Pagsusuri ng mga pangyayari
➢ Pagsusuri ng ekstruktura
➢ Pagsusuri ng proseso ng patutunguhan
Issues:
❖ Walang kabuluhan ang ganitong uri ng pagtatantiya - eksperimental at positibista.
❖ Mas malapit sa trustworthiness kesa sa reliability at validity.
Pakikipagkwentuhan bilang Pamamaraan ng Sama-samang Pananaliksik
➔ Siyasatin ang kahulugan at mga sangkap ng kwento at pakikipagkwentuhan batay sa
wika at kontekstong Pilipino.
➔ Gamitin ang pamamaraang inilahad, itala ang karanasan, napipintong kahinaan at
kalakasan ng pamamaraan.
➔ Regular na pagpupulong ng mga dalubhasa at kalahok para sistematikong pag-usapan
ang pamamaraan.
Ginabayang Talakayan
❖ Katutubong pamamaraan ng sama-samang pananaliksik na kung saan ang mga kalahok
at mananaliksik ay nagkakaroon ng palitan ng kaalaman, karanasan at pala- palagay
ukol sa paksang pinagkaisahang talakayin. Palitan ng karanasan, kuro-kuro o paliwanag
na may iisang tutunguhin. Meron 5-7 na participants.
➢ Gabay - patnubay, taga-akay tungo sa isang layunin. Hinahanda ng kinatawan
ng mananaliksik at mga kalahok- tanong o paksa
➢ Talakayan - hindi lamang isang tao nag kasangkot.
Ekstruktura ng Ginabayang Talakayan
❖ Taga-gabay/tagapagpadaloy (GT facilitator): nagtitiyak ng maayos at sistematikong
talakayan.
❖ Taga-tala (GT note-taker): Nagtatala ng mahahalagang ideya at nagbubuod ng
diskusyon.
❖ Tagamasid ng Proseso (Process observer) — nagpapaalala kung lumilihis ang usapan
o kung may nagmomomopolisa.
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
Knowledge in SP and indigenous research methods
Experience in GT and collective research methods
Fluency in language spoken by participants
Readiness to engage in sexuality research
Other requirements may vary from sex and marital status (depends on the nature of GT)
Openness/commitment to training/re-training- methods and ethics in sexuality research.
Level of Social Interaction needed in GT
● Pakikipagpalagayang-loob
● Methods needed in GT: pagtatanung-tanong, pakikipagkwentuhan, pagdadalaw-dalaw,
pakikipanuluyan.
Proseso ng Ginabayang Talakayan
A. Paghahanda
a. Topic Guide vs. Guide Questions
b. GT Session - tulay (contact person)
c. Pagpili ng kalahok
➔ heterogenous, homogenous, target beneficiary
d. Pagpili ng panahon - convenient time
e. Pagpili ng Lugar - accessible, classroom or closed-room
f. Posisyon ng kalahok
➔ circular, f2f, no domination or hierarchal position as much as possible.
B. Pagsisimula - ice breaker.
C. Pagpapatuloy - use of visual aid.
D. Pagtatapos- lagumin ng taga-tala ang mga natalakay
Antas ng Pagsusuri at Interpretasyon
a) Kasangkot ang Kalahok - kasama sila sa pananaliksik at interpretasyon ng datos.
b) Paggamit ng visual aid - ginagamit sa paglalahad ng mga datos—pagpapakiya ng
transpormasyon, direksyon o kombinasyon ng mga datos.
c) Metodo - tungo sa kritikal na pag-iisip (problem-posing), pagsusuri bago isara ang
talakayan.
d) Pagbuo ng konsensus - buod, interpretasyon sa mga datos na nakalap.
e) Pag-iwas sa pagkakaroon ng antagonismo — pagnanais na bawat isa (mananaliksik
at kalahok) na matuto at mapaglingkuran ang komunidad at samahan.
f) Pagmumungkahi ng hakbang sa Pagkilos - isaalang-alang ang antas ng kamulatan at
organisasyon ng mga kalahok
Gamit ng Ginabayang Talakayan
1. Politics
2. Community
3. Program Evaluation
4. Focused- Group Interviews
Workshop bilang Pamamaraan ng Makapilipinong Pananaliksik
● Paggamit ng sining at malikhaing pamamaraan upang magpahayag.
● Nagbibigay ng pagkakataon sa kalahok na bumuo ng salaysay ukol sa mga paksang
kanilang nais talakayin sa malikhaing paraan.
○ ginagamit kapag may makinarya ng paggawa
○ pagbibigay kritisismo
○ edukasyon, adbokasiya at pag-oorganisa ng komunidad
■ Halimbawa: Drama forum o tradisyunal na teatro
DALOY NG WORKSHOP
1) Panimula: pagpapakilala ng tagapagpadaloy at kalahok sa isa't isa, pagtukoy sa mga
layunin at pamamaraan, paglinaw sa kasunduan ukol sa tamang asal sa workshop, sa
karapatan ng kalahok, paghingi ng pahintulot ng mananaliksik, at mga proseso kung
saan pwede magpaalam ang kalahok na umalis o makibahagi ang kalahok kung ‘di ito
komportable sa gagawing workshop.
2) Paglalabas ng karanasan: pundasyon ng workshop, paghugot ng kaisipan na siyang
magbubunga sa talakayan. Pagbibigay ng pagkakataon sa kalahok na magbigay ng
saloobin gamit ang iba't ibang pamamaraan. Pagpapakilos sa kalahok ayon sa
emosyon:
a) pagguhit ng larawan
b) dula, kwento
c) drama forum
d) paggalaw at sayaw
3) Pagbabahagi, paglilimi at pakikipagtalakayan: bahaginan at talakayan, pagbibigay sa
kalahok ng pagkakataon sa mga kalahok na pag-isipan, pag-usapan at pagdiskusyunan
ang mga karanasan at ideya kung saan inaasahan na nag talakayan na maging
dinamiko at replektibo.
a) concrete outputs - larawan, tula at maikling skit
b) Pagkukwento
c) body and movement exercises
4) Paglalagom: papel ng tagapagpadaloy na tulungan ang mga kalahok na lagyan ng
kaayusan ang mga karanasan at kaisipang lumabas sa workshop. Pagkakataon din ng
tagapagpadaloy na magbahagi ng impormasyon para sa mga kalahok.
5) Pagtatapos: pag-alam sa saloobin ng mga kalahok at pagbibigay pasasalamat ng mga
tagapagpadaloy sa mga kalahok. Paglalahad ng mga susunod na pangyayare sa mga
datos.
KATANGIAN NG WORKSHOP
❖ Pagkilala sa kakayahan at kapakanan ng mga kalahok.
➢ Ang punto de bista ng mananaliksik ay hindi nakakahigit sa mga kalahok.
➢ Ang mga kalahok ay may iba't ibang pamamaraan sa pagpapahayag.
➢ Mahalaga ang maingat na pakikitungo sa mga kalahok.
➢ Pagbibigay ng kaalaman sa mga kalahok.
❖ Ang daloy ng impormasyon ay balikan.
➢ Hindi limitado ang mga kalahok sa pagsagot sa mga tanong at malaya na
makapagtanong sa mga tagapagpadaloy.
❖ Paggamit ng malilikhaing pamamaraan.
➢ Paggamit ng laro, kwento, teatro, pagguhit, pag-awit, sayaw at marami pang iba.
➢ Pag-imbita sa mga kwalipikadong panauhin tagapagpadaloy o tagapagsalita.
❖ Magkapantay na halaga ng proseso at pamamaraan.
➢ Iniiwasan na madaliin ang proseso ng paglalagom.
DATOS NG WORKSHOP
★ Ang mga datos ay maaring suriin sa pamamagitan ng analisis.
★ Pagtiyak sa katapatan at katatagan gait ang paghahambing.
○ kongkretong produkto (guhit, tula, kwento)
○ dokumentasyon - tape recorder o camera
HAMON SA PAGGAMIT
➔ Nakakapagod sa mga kalahok.
➔ Maraming hinihingi sa mga tagapagpadaloy.
➔ Maaring may maseselang karanasan at impormasyon na lumitaw.
➔ Maaring umasa ng tulong ang kalahok.
Kwentong Buhay at Kwentong Bayan
❖ nagagamit sa pakikinig sa pagbabahagi ng sariling karanasan ng mga mamamayan at
malawak na ekstruktura ng pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay ng mga kalahok.
Nauunawaan ang iba't ibang dimensyon ng buhay ng mga kalahok: kanilang paglaki,
pag-aaral, paghahanapbuhay, pag-aasawa at iba pang partikular na karanasan.
❖ Malilinang ang iba't ibang antas ng mundong ginagalawan, pamilya, nayon, siyudad o
malawakang bayan ng mga kalahok.
➢ Kwentong Buhay - sariling karanasan
➢ Kwentong Bayan - pamayanan
MGA PAMAMARAAN
a) Pakikipagkwentuhan
b) Huntahan
c) Pagmamasid sa kapaligiran
d) Pakikipamuhay
➔ Layunin: maunawaan ang buhay o aspeto ng buhay ng mga kalahok sa
pamamagitan ng malapit na pakikipag-ugnayan at pakikinig sa kanilang
pagbabahagi.
➔ Pag-unawa sa dimensyon ng ala-ala: Makapagpa-antig sa mga memorya at sa
mga bagay na di karaniwang naaalala.
Sanglaan
➔ Pangkaraniwan paraan para makaahon sa panahon ng kagipitan.
➔ Advertisement: Sanglaan- mabilis, maasahan at mapagkakatiwalaan.
Pananaliksik ukol sa Sanglaan
➔ Ang konspeto ng Sanglaan ay salat sa mga empirikal at sistematikong pag-aaral.
Mga Kalahok:
★ 18 babae at 14 lalaki- edad 25 - 60
★ Mean: 38 years old
Kagamitan:
a. Palatanungang gabay - paglalarawan sa mga bagay na sinangla, magkano, kung
natubos ba o hindi, mga patakaran ng pagsasangla at intensyong pagsasanla muli.
b. Sa mga trabahador ng sanglaan - tinanong tungkol sa patakaran ng sanglaan at
persepsyon ng mga nagsasanla.
Methods Related to Observation and Fieldwork
Pagmamasid
❖ Pamamaraan ng pagdanas ng kapaligiran at kalooban.
❖ Ginamitan ng pakikiramdam
Iba't ibang paraan ng pagmamasid ayon sa batayan
1) Batay sa konteksto ng pangyayaring ibig pagtuunan ng pansin at layunin ng
nagmamasid, naghahagilap o naghahanap - hindi pa alam ang pagmamasdan / nagaabang-kung alam ang pagmamasdan ngunit di alam kung kelan darating.
2) Batay sa pagiging lantarang panonood kung ang pagmamasid ay lantaran / pagsilip,
pagmamanman o pagmamatyag - kung ang pagmamasid ay di lantaran
3) Batay sa linaw ng pagmamasdan: pag-aninag - kung ang pagmamasid ay di malinaw /
pagkilatis o pagsuri - kung ang pagmamasid ay maliwanag at gusto magkaroon ng linaw.
4) Batay sa kinakatayuan ng nagmamasid pagtanaw - malayo / pagsipat - malapit /
pagdungaw - ibaba / pagtingala - itaas
5) Batay sa tagal ng pagtingin - pagsulyap - mabilis na pagmamasid / pagtitig - may
katagalan
Gamit ng Pagmamasid
❖ Pagmamasid at Agham: tumutulong sa mga mananaliksik para malaman kung saan
sila dapat tumutok. Sa pamamagitan ng pagmamasid, malalaman ang koneksyon ng
iba't ibang bagay. Ito ang nagiging basehan para patunayan ang mga pangyayaring
naganap na, nagaganap pa, at mga mangyayari pa lang.
❖ Pagmamasid sa Sikolohiya: isang pamamaraan ng sikolohista ang pagmamasid
upang bumuo ng proposisyon ukol sa kalikasan ng tao - kilos, pag-iisip at iba pa.
❖ Pagmamasid tungo sa pagbuo ng problema at haka-haka: ang naidudulot ng
pagmamasid ay ang pagkakaroon ng kaalaman tungkol sa pangyayaring ibig
pag-aralan.
❖ Pagmamasid bilang pamamaraan ng paglikom ng impormasyon.
➢ Pagbibilang: pagmasdan o tignan kung ilang beses ginawa, o ilan ang gumawa
ng pangyayare.
➢ Pagpuna sa pamamagitan ng pangtatanong: sino, ano, kailan, bakit, at iba pa.
Makikita ang malinaw na takbo ng pangyayare.
➢ Korelasyunal: pagtingin kung may relasyon ang mga bagay-bagay at
pangyayare.
➢ Pagmamasid tungo sa pagbibigay ng paliwanag ng pangyayari:
makakakuha ng makabuluhang paliwanag.
➢ Pagmamasid bilang pagpapatunay ng propesyon: ang pagmamasid ay
bahagi ng pamamaraang agham.
Hakbang sa Pagmamasid
❖ Paghanda - kailangan maging handa sa anumang maaring maganap sa gagawing
pagmamasid.
a) Ihanda ang isip at katawan - kailangang matalas ang isip at katawan, malinaw
ang mata, maayos ang pandama at handa ang sikmura.
b) Paghahanda ng kagamitan - cp, voice recorder, cam., lapis-papel at mga gamot.
c) Paghahanda sa di inaasahan - gawing maluwag ang schedule para sa mga di
inaasahan na pangyayare.
❖ Pagpasok sa pook - pinakamahalagang hakabang sa pagmamasid.
➢ Pakikiusyoso; pagdadalaw-dalaw
❖ Pakiki-ayon - maki-ayon sa agos ng buhay ng pook na pinagmamasdan.
❖ Pagtatanaw-tanaw - lahat ng pangyayare sa pook ay binibigyang pansin.
❖ Pagtuon ng pansin - pag-bibigay pansin sa mga paulit-ulit na pangyayare.
❖ Paglalahad ng pangyayare - pagsulat o pagrecord agad sa mga napagmasdamn
ukalimutan o makulayan ng sariling palagay.
Mga Bakas bilang Susi ng Pangyayare
❖ Bakas - mga palatandaan sa kapaligiran
➢ Dalawang aspeto ng bakas:
■ May kinalaman sa aktwal na pangyayari
● bakas ng panahon - gaano katagal ang pangyayari
● bakas ng gamit - dalas (prinsipyong wear and tear) at kagamitan
(anong bagay ang kasamang ginamit)
● bakas ng pagkilos - galaw - dumi at galos
● bakas ng pagkaayos - batay sa pangangailangan
■ May kinalaman sa saloobin ng mga tao batay sa pangyayaring
naganap.
● bakas ng damdamin at bakas ng pag-iisip - mga pahiwatig o kilos
na di berbal.
Limitasyon ng Pagmamasid
❖ Taboo - mga bagay na ipinagbabawal na ipahayag sa karamihan ng tao o publiko.
➢ Mga gawain na di tuwirang mapagmamasdan pag-iisip, pangarap, inaasam,
mithiin, damdamin, saloobin at iba pa.
➢ Paano ito magiging okhetibo.
Pagdalaw at Pakikipagpalagayang-loob: Mamulot ng Basura
● Pananaliksik na gawa ng mga estudyante ng Unibersidad ng Ateneo de Manila tungkol
sa mga mamumulot ng basura sa kamaynilaan (1977).
● Layunin ng pananaliksik na malaman kung ano ang magagawa ng patuloy na lubhang
kahirapan ng namumulot ng basura.
Kalahok : mamumulot ng basura na nakatira sa tambakan ng Kamaynilaan. Karamihan ay nasa
squatter's area na nasa Tenejeras, Malabon, Rizal. Nasa 30 na namumulot ng basura.
Lugar: Di masasabing tirahan sapagkat ginagawa itong tambakan ng basura, bahay ay
tagpi-tagpi, yari sa lumang kahoy, kartong pinagdikit dikit, gawa sa lata at kinakalawang na yero. May
bato o hollow blocks sa bubong-gawa sa mga bagay na itinapon na ng mga tao. Bako bako at maputik
ang kalsada. Magulo ang lugar at nakakalat ang basura sa paligid. Masikip at dikit dikit ang bahay, at may
isang lugar na may mataas ba bakod na pagtatayuan ng palaisdaan.
Hanapbuhay: Karamihan ay nabubuhay sa pamumulot ng basura - karamihan ay mga bata na
nasa gulang na at matatanda na may asawa't anak.
Edukasyon: mababa ang pinag-aralan, huminto o naka abot sa grade 3 hanggang grade 5. Mga
dahilan : ayaw na mag-aral, nagkakasakit at wala ng pang gastos.
Oras ng trabaho: ika 5 o 6 ng hapon, upang makaiwas sa mga pulis, at umuuwibago ang curfew
hour, mainit kung sa araw mamumulot. Kadalasan ay gumagamit ng kariton, grupo-grupo (3-4).
Kita: Bata - 2-3 pesos, Matatanda - 5-7 pesos karaniwang kita sa isang araw, mas maliit sa mga
walang kariton.
Patakaran (Pamamaraan na ginamit:)
➔ Pakikipag-palagayang loob
➔ Iskala ng Mananaliksik
◆ Pagmamasid, pakikiramdam, pagtatanung-tanong, pagsubok,
pagdadalaw-dalaw, pakikialam sa pagtatanong ar
pakikipagpalagayang-loob—upang makuha ang tunay na diwa ng mga kalahok.
➔ Unang punta - patingin-tingin sa paligid, nakikiramdam at nagtatanung-tanong tungo sa
pakikipaglkaibigan sa mga kalahok. Gumamit din ng pakikibagay tungo ss
pakikipagpalagayang-loob.
◆ Limang beses na pagpunta sa mga kalahok ( ang mga mananaliksik ay nagsuot
ng simpleng pananamit - kupas na na maong at puting t-shirt.
◆ Minsan sa isang linggo ang papunta sa mga kalahok (tuwing Linggo) at
nagsadya ng isang huwebes, na hindi kukulangin sa apat na oras tuwing umaga
ang pagdadalaw-dalaw.
➔ Sa huling punta hindi na nahihiyang sumagot ang mga kalahok sa mg tagapagsiyasat,
naging madaldal ang mga kalahok.
➔ Pakikipag-usap sa mga kalahok: isahan o dalawahan, pare-parehas ang kondisyon
tulad ng lugar at oras ng pakikipanayam.
➔ Pagsulat ng Datos: isinagawa sa di harap mismo ng mga kalahok, maliban pagkuha ng
pangalan, gulang at pinag-aralan, tinandaan lamang ng mga kalahok at isinulat ng tapos
ang panayam o pakikipag-usap.
Kinasapitan (mga mithiin at saloobin ng mga kalahok)
❖ Kalahok edad 6-17
➢ Gusto maging doktor para makatulong sa magulang at kapatid
➢ Yumaman/nagsisimba minsan at nagdarasal para yumaman
➢ Gusto maging nars at makapunta sa ibang bansa
➢ Magpatayo ng malaking bahay paglaki
➢ Bibilhin ang palaisadaan para di mawalan ng ulam
➢ Natatakot mahuli ng pulis baka kung ano ang gawin sa kanila
❖ Edad 18-23
➢ Magkaroon ng permanenteng trabaho sa pabrika
➢ Di nahihiya sa pamumulot dahil yun ang ikinabubuhay
➢ Makatapos ng kurso
➢ Di mapaalis sa lugar
➢ Iniisip kung paano haharapin ang isang araw at kung saan kukuha ng makakain.
➢ Maging mabait sa kanila ang pulis.
➢ Sana di pabayaan ng Diyos.
➢ Sana wala ng lagay
➢ Hanggang stambay na lang, dahil walang makuhang trabaho at mahirap ang
walang pinag-aralan.
❖ Edad 25-49
➢ Mahirap na mangarap
➢ Bahala na ang Diyos
➢ Magkaroon ng sariling kariton
➢ Swertehin ang mga anak at makapag-aral ang mga anak upang hindi na matulad
sa kanila.
➢ Sana alisin na ang pagbabawal sa pamumulot ng basura.
➢ Magkaroon ang mga anak ng maganda at pirmihang trabaho.
❖ Edad 50 pataas
➢ Wala na yatang pag-asa makaahon sa hirap.
➢ Pagang-paga na ang katawan sa pagtatrabaho at pagsisikap ngunit wala ni
katiting na asenso, lalo pa nalubog sa hirap.
Pagtalakay
➢ Ang pamumulot ng basura ay gawain ng mga taong di nakapag-aral, walang partikular
na trabaho, walang mapagkukunan ng pantustos sa kanilang pangangailangan
(Gepigon, 1977).
➢ Dahilan bakit namumulot ng basura : patuloy na kagutuman, paghihigpit ng batas ukol
sa pamumulot ng basura - lalong bumababa ang kita ng mga namumulot ng basura,
kahirapan.
Pakikipanuluyan
❖ Nakasalalay sa makataong pakikipag-ugnayan na mamamalas sa pagdadalaw-dalaw,
paninirahan, panananahan at pakikisuno. Kasama dito ang pakikikain at pakikitulog,
pakikiramdam, paninimbang, pakikitungo, pakikibagay, pakikisama at
pakikipagpalagayang loob.
➢ Batay sa konstektong pisikal at teknolohikal - kakayahan, transportasyon at
komunikasyon
➢ Batay sa panlipunan - personal, impersonal, relihiyon
Kalikasan at Katangian ng Panunuluyan
a) Pananaw ng manunuluyan - tumutukoy sa antas ng intensyonalidad ng manunuluyan.
b) Pananaw ng tagatangkilik - pananaw at perspektibo ng tao o pamilyang tumatanggap sa
nanunuluyan.
c) Pananaw batay sa antas ng pakikipagkapwa ng manunuluyan at tagatangkilik - turing sa
isa't isa, maasahan ang tulong, kaututang dila o katunugan ng diwa o damdamin. Maari
rin estranghero - karaniwang may tulay.
Mga Konseptong Kaugnay ng Panunuluyan
1. Makataong Pakikipag-ugnayan
a. Mga uri ng paninirahan
b. Ang pananagutan sa pananahan
2. Pakikibagay: Pakikitulog at Pakikikain
a. pakikipagpalagayang-loob
3. Paninimbang at Paninimbang
a. pakikipagpalagayang loob
Mga Layunin at Dahilan ng Panunuluyan
❖ instrumento sa maka pilipinong pananaliksik
❖ layunin kaugnay ng pananaliksik - oryentasyon sa paksang nais pag-aralan
Pamamaraan ng Panunuluyan
1. Paghahanda
a. panimulang pagsasanay
b. paglalakbay at pakikisuno
c. paghimpil sa pook
2. Aktuwal na panunuluyan
a. Pagbati at pagpapakilala
b. Pag-aayos ng mga
dala-dalahan
c. Pakikipagpalagayan
d. Pagtulong-tulong sa gawaing
bahay
d. pagtingin- tingin sa pook
e. paghahanap ng tulay
f. pagdalaw sa panunuluya
e. Pag-unawa sa palit-plitang
paggamit ng iba't ibang
metodo
f. Paggawa o proseso ng
pananaliksik
g. Pamamaalam at
pasasalamat
Suliraning Etikal sa Paggamit ng Metodong Panunuluyan
A. Suliranin etikal ng mananaliksik at tagatangkilik
a. hingil sa makatotohanang pagsasabi ng layunin ng pananaliksik.
b. hingil sa pangkasangkapan sa pakikipagkaibigan
c. hingil sa pagsasabi ng tunay na kinalabasan ng pananaliksik d) kaakibat sa
paghingi ng pahintulot.
d. kaakibat sa paghingi ng pahintulot
e. hingil sa pagtanaw ng utang na loob at pamemerwisyo ng mananaliksik
B. Suliranin etikal ng mananaliksik at ng ibang komunindad
a. hingil sapagbubunyag o paglalathala ng natuklasang katiwalian o gawaing laban
sa batas
C. Suliranin etikal ng mananaliksik at ng kanyang disiplina
a. pagsang-ayon o hindi pagkibo - ideolohikal na pananaw
b. pag-asa sa artipisyalidad ng laboratoryo at pag-iwassa katotohanan sa labas
c. modus operandi ng mananaliksik
MGA PANUKAT
Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino
Annadaisy J. Carlota
❖ Full-time faculty member of the Dept. of Psychology at the UP Diliman from 1965-2012.
❖ Served as the Chair of the Department and as Director of the Office of Admissions.
❖ AB Psychology in UP and M.A, Ph.D in Psychology from University of Illinois.
What does PPP measure?
➔ PPP assesses 19 dimensions of personality grouped as follows:
Porma K/ Form K [90]
(interpersonal relationship)
Porma S/ Form S [80]
(personality traits)
Porma KS/ Form KS [40]
(Intelligence and creativity)
Pagkamaalalahanin /
Thoughtfulness
Pagkamaayos/
Orderliness
Pagkamalikhain/
Creativity
Pagkamadaldal / Social
Curiosity
Pagkamahinahon/
Emotional Stability
Pagkamapagsapalaran/
Risk Taking
Pagkamagalang /
Respectfulness
Pagkamapagkumbaba/
Humility
Pagkamasikap/
Achievement Orientation
Pagkamaramdamin /
Sensitiveness
Pagkamasayahin/
Cheerfulness
Pagkamatalino/
Intelligence
Pagkamasunurin /
Obedience
Pagkamatapat/
Honesty
Pagkamatulungin /
Helpfulness
Pagkamatiyaga/
Patience
Pagkamaunawain / Capacity
to be Understanding
Pagkaresponsable/
Responsibility
Pagkapalakaibigan /
Sociability
How was the PPP developed?
➔ First step: construction of initial pool of items for the inventory. “What are the personality
variables that are critical to an examination of the Filipino personality?”
◆ A questionnaire was developed and asked a respondent to describe the person
of three persons, namely:
a. A person he knew and liked,
b. A person he knew and disliked, and
c. Himself.
◆ As honest as possible in describing and including both positive and negative
characteristics of those persons.
➔ Sixteen (16) of the traits included in the PPP were identified on the basis of the results of
a survey which asked a heterogeneous group of persons.
➔ 425 items in the form of statements were constructed for the 16 traits identified by the
survey and 3 others which were a personal interest to the author were included.
➔ Pretest scores were analyzed using item-total correlations.
➔ The internal consistency reliabilities for varying subgroups of items for each subtest, the
initial item pool was reduced to 220 items; after further examination of subtest
reliability coefficients, the total number of items was reduced to the present 210 (across
the 19 subscales).
What data are available about the PPP’s reliability and validity?
❖ In its present form, the internal consistency reliabilities of the subtests in each the
three forms:
a) Form K : .56 to .84 Mean reliability coefficient: .69
b) Form S : .70 to .89 Mean reliability coefficient: .81
c) Form KS: .51 to .78 Mean reliability coefficient: .72
❖ Among others, validity studies on the PPP include:
➢ Some parts of the PPP test correlated well with similar parts from other
personality tests like PUP and GPI, but not all correlation were strong or clear
enough to count as significant.
➢ PPP scores related to risk-taking and sociability were linked to actual risk-taking
behavior in a card game and observed sociability in a set-up situation.
➢ A detailed study showed that the PPP subtests for sensitiveness and patience
are valid meaning they accurately measure what they are supposed
to—convergent validity. (Divergent validity: do not measure what they are not
supposed to.)
How is the PPP used?
● Target users: Age range of 13 years and older. (high school to college)
● Uses: For research, for screening for employment, screening for acceptance into
programs, and counseling.
● Language: Originally constructed in Pilipino; an English version is also available.
● Administration:
○ The test may be administered individually or in groups.
■ For test takers who are proficient in reading and writing in Filipino and/or
English, the test may be self-administered.
○ Test booklets are reusable; responses are written on answer sheets.
○ The test has three forms that can be used together for a 19-trait personality
profile or separately to focus on specific traits.
○ Forms K and S usually take 20-30 minutes each, and Form KS takes 10-20
minutes. Using all three forms (210 items) takes 50 minutes to 1 hour, up to 1.5
hours max.
○ Scoring: Done manually with the use of a scoring stencil
■ Each item is scored on a 5-point scale—positively stated items are
scored 5 to 1; scoring is reversed for negatively stated items.
■ The total score for each personality trait is obtained by summating the
scores from the relevant items for that particular trait.
○ Interpretation: The PPP has two types of norms that may be used to interpret
scores obtained: percentiles, and normalized standardized scores with a
mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10!!!!
How is the PPP accessed?
➢ Available for purchase - A PPP set includes the following: reusable test booklets, answer
sheets, scoring stencils, and a test manual through the UP Department of Psychology
➢ For educational institutions, the PPP may also be accessed through the services of the
Center for Educational Measurement (CEM)
Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao
Dr. Virgilio G. Enriquez
❖ In 1975, Enriquez came up with a test that did not only cover Filipino values but also the
neighboring countries as well​.
❖ Introduced later on at the International Conference on Personality Assessment with Ma.
Angeles Guanzon, after years of re-evaluation and revision.
❖ PUP in its earliest forms only had 13 traits and later added 12 more sets of traits ​
❖ The test was agreed to have a total of 24 trait scales that will be included in Form A​.
13 Traits
Mahiyain
Mapag-isa
Mapagmasid
Sumpungin
Matigas ang Ulo
Matulungin
Pikon
Mapagkumbaba
Maramdamin
Matiyaga
Sunod-Sunuran
Mahirap Kausapin
Malakas/Mahina
ang Loob
12 Traits
Ambisyoso
Kuripot
Malikhain
Palaaway
Relihiyosa
Mapagbigay
Sigurista
Magalang
Mapagtimpi
Pintasera
Responsable
Salawahan
The P.U.P
❖ One of the most preeminent multidimensional personality inventories.
❖ Measured Filipino-oriented traits, behaviors, and attitudes, primarily to identify inventive
talent. These cultural values are taken from the following: ​
➢ Proverbs
➢ Social Science Studies
➢ Interviews with informants etc.
❖ In its present form, the 160-item PUP is in Filipino with English translations for all of its
items, 141 items of which are organized into 24 trait scales and 2 validity scales, plus
19 items were designed to assess culturally relevant behaviors and attitudes for use as
criterion variables in personality research studies, such as gambling behavior, drinking
behavior, praying behavior, and accident-proneness.
❖ It has also been reported to have test-retest reliability​
❖ For validity, PUP has been reported to be correlated with PPP (Panukat ng Pagkataong
Pilipino)​
Two (2) Validity Scales:
★ When a test taker’s responses on items belonging to these 2 scales indicate these
response tendencies, his or her responses on the rest of the items are no longer
analyzed or interpreted.
A. Pagkakaila (Denial)
➔ consists of items that the respondents are expected to disagree with if they are
honest and careful in answering the questions​
➔ Respondents may also deny the truth, although not necessarily or consciously to
protect their ego.​
B. Kaugalian (cultural norms)
➔ consists of items that tap some standing truths about the Philippine culture as
gleaned from previous studies and observations ​
Purpose and Types:
➔ The PUP achieves its promise by measuring the personality traits of Southeast Asian
Values.
➔ The test contains the following items: (160 ITEMS)
◆ 24 trait scales (119 items),
◆ 2 validity checks (14 items),
◆ 19 "inaaming ugali" items, and
◆ 8 distractor items. ​
A. FORM A: primary version of the test, most extensively studied and translated to
different languages. ​
B. FORM B: a parallel version of FORM A, meant to be used in studies where repeated
testing is needed.​
Translations of Form A:
Administration:
★ Respondents indicate their level of agreement with each item using a 5-point bipolar
scale (Hinding-hindi or definitely no, Hindi or no, Walang masabi or nothing to say, Totoo
or true, and Totoong totoo or definitely true).
★ Paper- pencil or computer-based test
★ No time limit for administering. The entire set is answered in 30 minutes.
★ Can be administered individually or by groups
★ Trait subscales consist of an average of 6 items each.
Scoring:
★ Scored either manually, using 15 scoring acetates, or using the computerized system
developed for scoring the test. The test takes about 30-45 minutes to finish.
★ Uses NORMATIVE REFERENCED SCALE & CUMULATIVE SCORING​.
★ The total score for each personality dimension is obtained by summating the scores. ​
Contents of PUP
★ The higher the respective score on the scale of Filipino characteristics, the more the
person exhibits the attitude measured by the subscale.​
★ In addition, there are 19 “identifier items” on self-claimed personality traits which were
included in the PUP for personality research purposes.
Domains under PUP
★ These scales have been clustered into 5 personality domains corresponding to the
cross-culturally validated Big 5 personality factors of extraversion, agreeableness,
conscientiousness, emotional stability, and intellect or openness to experience.
a. Extraversion/Surgency - assesses the degree to which an individual is sociable,
gregarious, assertive, and leader-like versus quiet, reserved, mannerly, and withdrawn.​
(-) Pagkasunudsunuran (Conformity)​
(+) Ambisyon (Ambition)​
(-) Pagkamahiyain (Shyness/Timidity)​
(+) LakasngLoob (Guts/Daring)
b. Agreeableness
(-) Pagkamapunahin (Criticalness)​
(-) Pagkapalaaway (Belligerence)​
(-) HirapKausapin (Difficulty to Deal w/)​
(+) Pagkamapagkumbaba (Humility)​
(+) Pagkamatulungin (Helpfulness)​
(+) Pagkamaagbigay (Generosity)​
(+) Pagkamagalang (Respectfulness)
c. Conscientiousness
(-) Pagkasalawahan(Ficklemindedness)​
(+) Katiyahaan(Perseverance)​
(-) TigasngUlo(Stubbornness)​
(+) Pagkaresponsable(Responsibleness)​
(+/-) Pagkasigurista(Prudence)​
(+) Kapatiran(Thriftiness)
d. Emotional Stability - this dimension of personality concerns the extent to which
individuals are calm, stealthy, cool, and self-confident versus anxious, insecure, worried,
and emotional.​
(+/-) Pagkamapagtimpi(Restraint)​
(-) Pagkapikon(Low Tolerance for Teasing)​
(-) Pagkamaramdamin(Sensitiveness)​
(-) Sumpong(Mood)​
e. Intellect/Openness to Experience​
(+) Pagkamausisa (Inquisitiveness)​
(+) Pagkamaalalahanin (Thoughtfulness)​
(+) Pagkamalikhain (Creativity)
RELIABILITY and VALIDITY
★ The reliability study on the Tagalog data obtained on the latest version of the PUP was
made and the Item-total correlation of scores on the final PUP Form A yielded a
coefficient alpha equal to 0.90.
★ Among the 24 trait subscales of the test, 9 subscales have initially been studied towards
their construct validation. These are:​
NORMS
★ Norms were based on 3669 respondents belonging to 12 Philippine ethnic groups,
overall mean scores and corresponding standard deviation values were obtained on the
24 trait subscales. Means and standard deviations were also obtained for all these
ethnic groups.​
PROBLEMS & LIMITATIONS ​
● The preliminary meeting with rice farmers in Tanay, Rizal was conducted before
administering the Personality Questionnaire (PUP). ​
● The PUP was initially intended as a paper-and-pencil inventory but was found to be long
and tedious for the farmers. ​
● The interviewers had to read 160 statements orally to each individual, making the PUP
less effective in investigating the personality of the farmers. ​
●
The study suggests that Filipino personality assessment should be sensitive to the
interaction between the investigator and the subjects.​
➔
➔
➔
➔
The PUP is currently used only for research.
There is a lack of organized standards according to sex, age, etc.
Interpreting the information obtained from it.
The respondent needs to know how to read and write.
Masaklaw na Panukat ng Loob
➔ Aims to comprehensively measure personality trait constructs of theoretical and practical
significance in Filipino culture.
➔ Towards the aim of comprehensiveness, it applies the widely acknowledged Five-Factor
Model (FFM)/ Modelong Five-Factor (MFF) of personality traits, known for its
expansive framework in organizing personality traits.
Five-Factor Model (FFM)/ Modelong Five-Factor (MFF)
❖ Consists of twenty facet scales, with four scales allocated to each of the five factors or
domains.
❖ There are two interstitial scales, which are combinations of two factors.
❖ The inventory is completed by a Social Desirability Scale, resulting in a total of 28 scales
and 188 items.
Why measure the Panukat ng loob using the five-factor model?
It plays several factors:
● This framework for understanding personality traits is extensively recognized and
rigorously analyzed. Its validation across various cultural contexts emphasizes its
reliability in interpreting human behavior.
● This model delves into five overarching dimensions of personality: openness,
conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
● It consistently shows that the Five Factor Model possesses solid reliability and validity in
measuring personality traits. Utilizing this model ensures consistent and precise
evaluations of the "Panukat ng Loob."
➔ Openness: It reflects one's receptiveness to new ideas, experiences, and
perspectives. High Scorer—demonstrates a willingness to explore alternative
viewpoints, embrace change, and engage in introspection, exhibit creativity,
curiosity, and a desire for self-improvement.
➔ Conscientiousness: It pertains to one's level of organization, responsibility, and
self-discipline. High scorer—typically reliable, goal-oriented, and committed to
their duties. Including traits such as dedication, integrity, and a strong work ethic.
➔ Extraversion: Encompasses sociability, assertiveness, and energy levels. High
scorer— tends to be outgoing, enthusiastic, and socially confident. Exhibiting
extraverted traits may excel in leadership roles, demonstrate charisma, and thrive
in social interactions within the community or battlefield.
➔ Agreeableness: Reflects one's interpersonal warmth, empathy, and cooperation.
Individuals high in agreeableness are typically compassionate, trusting, and
cooperative.
➔ Neuroticism: Refers to one's tendency to experience negative emotions such as
anxiety, insecurity, and vulnerability. High scorer—prone to stress, mood swings,
and self-doubt. Traits such as resilience, emotional stability, and fortitude in the
face of adversity may be of particular interest.
Preliminary Considerations and Procedures
❖ Began as a project in a graduate class in Personality Scale Construction at National
State University. Its construction was also participated in by undergraduate students
enrolled in psychological measurement classes.
❖ It took 7 item testing studies and 5 successive semesters to complete.
Selection of the Target Constructs
❖ Concern: Identification of the trait constructs to be measured.
❖ The selection of a trait was how good a marker it was of each of the 5 factors and its
significance to Filipino culture.
❖ The way the trait constructs were selected for the PPP argues for their salience in
Filipino culture.
❖ They considered the importance of the traits in a variety of settings; among students; in
counseling situations; and in industry.
Preliminary Version of Instrument
➢ Item Generation
○ Six members of the graduate class, plus the author as the class instructor,
constructed items for the different scales of the Mapa. Students in two
undergraduate classes in Psychological Measurement taught by the author were
each assigned to generate items for two facet scales.
➢ Item Reduction
○ The above procedure generated about 650 individual items.
○ To this reduced set were added the unique items and the items from the PPP
scales that were originally to form part of the Mapa.
○ items were then rated by teams in the graduate class on a five-point scale from
0–4 for the prototypicality of the item as a manifestation of the target trait. Only
those with ratings of 3 and 4, numbering 387, were eventually empirically tested.
The number of items per domain ranged from 60 (Neuroticism) to 93
(Conscientiousness)
➢ Questionnaire Construction
○ Five questionnaires of uniform length (105 items) were constructed, one for each
of the domains of the five-factor model, and administered to a total of N = 963
students from UP Diliman and Colegio de San Juan Letran.
○ Each domain questionnaire was administered to approximately 200 students,
about half of whom came from each of the two institutions.
○
○
Reliability analysis was performed on each scale, resulting in reliabilities that
ranged from .74 to .89, with a mean of .82
The Target length for the facet scales had been set to eight items, 15 items were
chosen for each of the preliminary facet scales to allow the deletion of items.
Methods
PARTICIPANTS - A total of 200 college students, with an average age of 18 years old,
participated in answering the instrument. Most of them were introductory psychology students at
UP Diliman, and the majority were women.
PROCEDURE
Item selection for reliability and content validity.
★ Using SPSS and PSPP for item selection procedures aims to yield a unique set of items
that have internal consistency and reliability higher than other sets, achieved through the
use of Cronbach's Alpha.
INSURING FIVE-FACTOR STRUCTURE
➔ They selected the items that have acceptable correlations with scales from the domain of
which they were part, and had to be relatively uncorrelated with scales from another
domain.
Administering the Tests
★ Earlier in the semester, students of introductory psychology were encouraged to
participate in an item testing study.
★ Administered in online format.
★ Students were given course credit for participation.
★ Later in the semester, students were once again encouraged to participate in a validation
study for the instrument, aimed at measuring the frequency of individuals' use of 'bahala
na'.
Results
Reliability
● Mapa scales were satisfactory in terms of reliability
● E3 Pagkamasigla (Energy), C1 Pagkamasikap (Achievement Orientation), O4
Pagkamaharaya (Imaginativeness) scale
● 59% of the facet scales are reliable and have at least 0.70 minimum reliability.
Keying Balance
● Neuroticism and Agreeableness were unbalanced.
● 18/20 Facet Scales 82% near perfectly balanced, 2:6 ratio
Five Factor Structure: Principal Component Analysis
A. First Prefinal Version of Masaklaw na Panukat ng Loob
○ 15 scales, 3 facet scales
○ Openness to Experience Scale Problematic
B. Second Prefinal Version of Masaklaw na Panukat ng Loob
○ convergent-discriminant relationship between scales
○ replacement of lawak ng isip (broadmindedness)
C. Third, Fourth, and Fifth Prefinal Version of Masaklaw na Panukat ng Loob
○ 4th Prefinal Ver. Agreeableness Pagkamaaalalahanin (Considerateness) and
Pagkamaapat (Sincerity) scale cross-loaded on Conscientiousness
○ A4 revised Pagkamatapat scale and a new set of items for Pagkamapagparaya
(Imaginativeness) scale.
D. Sixth and Final Version - complete inventory
●
●
Discussion
Base Scale - 20 facet scales making up the five domains of the Mapa ng Loob
Interstitial scales - those that measure constructs that are related to more than one of
the five dimensions
To make it more adaptable and ready for applied use:
● Norms have been constructed
● 50 item short form from the full version
● English version
Neuroticism
a. Hina ng Loob (Vulnerability to stress) - a tendency to be easily stressed.
b. Pagkamaramdamin (Sensitiveness) - the tendency to easily feel rejected by others.
c. Pagkamapag-alala (Apprehensiveness) - a tendency to constantly worry.
d. Pagkasumpusingin (Moodiness) - the tendency to experience negative emotions
suddenly and inexplicably.
Extraversion
a. Pagkamasayahin (Cheerfulness) - a tendency to be light-hearted, cheerful, & optimistic
b. Pagkapalakaibigan (Friendliness) - a tendency to be interested in establishing friendly
relations with others, and having the appropriate social skills to do so
c. Pagkamasigla (Energy) - a tendency to have high levels of energy
d. Pagkamadaldal (Loquaciousness) - a tendency to talk a great deal
Openness to experience
a. Kakaibang Pag-iisip (Original Thinking) - a tendency to think up novel ways of looking at
and doing things.
b. Hilig sa bagong Kaalaman (Intellectual Curiosity) - tendency characterized by a strong
desire to acquire varied information and knowledge.
c. Pagkamakasining (Aesthetic Sensitivity) - a tendency to place a high value on beauty
and aesthetic experience.
d. Pagkamaharaya (Imaginativeness) - tendency to engage in fantasy.
Agreeableness
a. Pagkadimayabang (Modest) - tendency to dislike and avoid presenting oneself as being
better than others.
b. Pagkamapagtiwala (Capacity for Trust) - tendency to be trusting of others’ intentions, to
believe in people’s innate goodness, and in people’s good intentions.
c. Pagkamaunawain (Capacity for Understanding) - capacity to take other people’s
positions, feelings, and opinions into consideration in the conduct of interpersonal
transactions.
d. Pagkamapagparaya (Obligingness) - tendency to give in, yield, or comply, rather than
assert oneself.
Conscientiousness
a. Pagkamasikap (Achievement Orientation) - a tendency to strive and persist towards
goals and standards of excellence.
b. Pagkamapagplano (Plantfulness) - a tendency to plan out one’s activities in order to get
tasks done and to achieve desired ends.
c. Pagkaresponsable (Responsibility) - tendency to have the desire and ability to perform
one’s duties and to fulfill one’s commitments.
d. Pagkamaingat (Carefulness) - a tendency to exercise caution in the interest of personal
safety, and correctness in words and actions.
❖ Interstitial scales - those that measure constructs that are related to more than one of the
five dimensions
A. Dalas makaramdam ng Galit (Proneness to Experience Anger) - a tendency to
easily feel anger, irritation, and frustration.
B. Pagkamatapat (Sincerity) - tendency, in words and actions, to stick closely to
what one truly feels.
Locally Developed Psychological Tests: A Critical Review
★ Susan Cipres-Ortega
○ UP Alumni
○ Explored empirical studies on socio-psychological concepts of Filipino children.
○ How to make Indigenous Research?/
★ Ma. Angeles Guanzon-Lapena
○ Masters in Psychology (1983)
○ Teresa Awardee (2022)
○ Produced this test along with Carlota
○ How can we measure Indigenous Research?
★ Roberto E. Javier Jr.
○ Obtained Ph.D. in Psychology from UST and is currently the Chair of the
Department of Psychology of DLSU.
○ Heavily involved in the first phase of the study.
ALL ABOUT IT:
❖ One of the scientific papers at the WAST (1997) 19th Annual Scientific of July.
THEME:
❖ The recent upsurge in 1996-1997 with the help of the author’s undergraduate
psychology students and Professor Robert Javier of DLSU students. There was an
increase in interest in the 1980s in personality testing and researchers studying it on
Filipino children and adolescents.
➢ Cultural Reverence
➢ Promoting Cultural Competence
➢ Empowerment
Research Objectives:
● Identify trends in local psychological test development.
● Evaluate the status of local psychological test development.
● Identify the phases to better understand the local test development situation.
● Point out gaps in the literature and provide possible directions for future research.
Research Methods:
➔ The scope of the study includes only the material found in Metro Manila Institutions.
While program evaluation studies that were developed for highly specific populations
and purposes were excluded.
➔ This study was conducted in two phases:
◆ Locally developed tests were bibliographically documented
● General and specific information regarding each of the tests was then
documented as follows:
○ Identifying data
○ General Information
○ Technical Features
○ Practical Features.
● A detailed and explicit codebook was developed, which included both
substantive and methodological characteristics of these tests.
◆ Meta-analytic Evaluation of the various features of the tests, focusing on these
tests’ advantages and limitations for local use.
Research Findings:
A. Trends:
a. Sikolohiyang Pangedukasyon
b. Projetcive Personality Tests
c. Creativity, Self-perception, Personality, and Vocational Testing
d. Panukat ng Personalidad ng Tao, Panukat para sa mga Bata at Kabataan.
e. Panukat sa Malawak na Larangan ng Kilos.
B. Common Variables:
a. Katalinuhan
b. Pagkarelihiyoso
c. Kasalanang Sekswal
d. Magdala ng Tensyon
e. Pagkamabahala
f. Kahustuhang emosyonal
g. Kakayahang Berbal sa
Filipino
h. Filipino Style Management
i. Dementia Screening
j. Empathy
k. Trustworthiness
C. Issues:
● Widespread use of foreign tests on the local population.
● Lack of Reliability and Validity
○ Didn’t have follow-ups regarding these. Testssuch as PMAT, Philippine
Personal Inventory, PTAT, Philippine Otis-Lennon Mat, PUP, PPP, Filipino
Self-Appraisal Inventory, PACT, had follow-ups with regards to Reliability
and Validity.
● Recommendation:
○ Tests be translated into the local language and normatively placed before
being put into use to ensure that our local respondents can comprehend.
○ A great deal of care and attention be given to updating and fixing the
reliability and validity as well as conducting follow-ups to strengthen them.
Consequently, it is better to integrate the local psychological test in order
to make it relevant and helpful at the present time.