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Contents
Task 01 .................................................................................................................................................... 3
Task 02 .................................................................................................................................................... 3
Task 03 .................................................................................................................................................... 4
Task 04 .................................................................................................................................................... 8
Task 05 .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Task 06 .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Task 07 .................................................................................................................................................. 12
Reference ................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
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Task 01
Prepare and Conduct a Presentation on the following;
• Identify the main subsystems of a computer and explain how they are organized
and connected to each other.
*Separately Done on a Power Point Presentation and uploaded to the class room with this file.
Task 02
Explain the purpose of the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and include the details on its
operation. Consider the following points in your answer;
• The operation of the CPU
• Dependencies of the CPU
• Performances of the CPU with regards to associated systems and subsystems.
The processor is the unit that guides the computer to resolve various problems. It will process user
input data inserted by a unit and will be present on an output device, so user can view all those
processed data. When we talk about the logical view, a computer shows how it is processing those
functions and the physical view shows how the mechanism performs those functions. There are
three logical units are there for the CPU to get work. And those are,
1. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
2. Main storage
3. Control unit
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The operation of the computer
Main process is to get the input data and do the process and make the output to a method
where human can understand. When we dive in to this. Main is retained active programs
and data. Due to the high expensive value of this secondary storage is used to store program
and data until they are needed in the main storage
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Dependencies of the CPU
A higher speed CPU is not only enough. Because there are few dependencies are there. if it
was not full filled there will be a bottle neck and system may not work as expected and
those dependencies are,
1. Memory (RAM)
2. The Bus (The highway)
3. The Data Bus (CPU and devices)
4. The Address Buss (CPU and RAM)
5. Registers (Temporary memory area)
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Performances of the CPU with regards to associated systems and subsystems.
Now a days there are we can see various CPUs are out there, and different venders provide
various types of CPUs. As an example, Intel Provides I9k processors with a generation of 12th.
And AMD provides AMD Ryzen 7 6800HS and Apple provides M1 which is the most powerful
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processor out there in computers. But to get the correct performance it is need to select the
correct Mother Board, RAM, a Powerful nVME, a high-end graphic card, a high-end Power
Supply, and other peripherals like casing, mouse, keyboard, disk drive. And probably a better
monitor that can correctly output visual were provided by the graphic card.
Task 03
Describe about Operating Systems, considering the following factors;
• Architecture of an OS
• Features of an OS
• Services provided by an OS
• The structure and the functions of an operating system including memory,
processor, device, file, security, performance, and error management.
• Different operating systems including the purpose, use and hardware
requirements for each.
The name of the Operating system guides few clues by giving the name of Operating. This is a system
where manage computer hardware, software resources, and provide common services for computer
programs. This will include a cost allocation of process time, mass storage, printing and other
resources. The operating system act as an intermediary between programs and hardware of the
computer for operations such as input and output and memory allocation. Figure 1 illustrates
common features on Operating system.
Figure 01 – Common Features
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Architecture of an OS
For this it needs to tear down to the depth to identify this topic There are four levels are there
and those are Hardware, Kernel, Shell, Application and the Application layer is what we are
seen and we are working and anyone can have an idea about that.
1. Hardware
This is the base and everything is running on this. The hardware consists of the
memory, CPU, arithmetic and logic unit, various bulk storage, I/O, peripherals such as
devices and other physical devices
2. Kernel
Most computer operating system Kernel is the central component. This is work as a
bridge between hardware and software component. It has ability to or it can provide
the lowest-level abstraction layer for the resource that application software must
control to perform its function.
3. Shell
The name originates from shell being an outer layer of interface between the user and
the innards of operating system. Shells generally divide in to two parts GUI (Graphical
user interface) and CLI (Command line user interface). but in here CLI has much more
capabilities more than GUI such as viewing the content of directories. Figure 2 shows
the layers,
Figure 02 – Operating System Layers
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Features of an OS
This is not a static one. This will change day by day. As an example, at the starting development
of the OS it was used to handle storage taps, but now it is working on GUI. As features
following are best examples. Figure 3 Shows Features of the Operating system
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Memory management
Processor Management
Device Management
File Management
I/O Management
Security Management
Figure 03 – Features of Operating System
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Services provided by an OS
An Operating system is an interface which provides service services to both the user and to
the program. This will make the environment for the program to execute. This also provides
users with the services of how to execute programs in a convenient manner. The specific
services provided by the OS are off course different. Following are the common services
provided by an operating system
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Program execution
I/O operations
File system manipulation
Communication
Error detection
Resource allocation
Protection
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The structure and the functions of an operating system
At the beginning of this topic, I had a explain this as a high-end introduction. When working
on the Operating system if you have more processing power and if the processor has more
cores. It will make the work faster by running the application at a higher clock speed and
utilizing the Threads as well. And the Hardik is most important here. If you are using a
traditional hard disk with the latest processor or RAM you cannot make it since the HDD has
its limit to a read write speed, to manage this it is need to attach a nVME instead of an HDD.
More RAM you have more temporary storage you can utilize for idle applications and
temporary application addresses. Having a Strong Firewall and an Antivirus system will protect
the Operating system from viruses. In an OS we can find an error logs as well. So, we can easily
identify issue from that.
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Different operating systems
There are lots of Different OS are there. Following are most popular OS these days.
1. Ubuntu (This is a Linux base OS and mostly used on Networking and another one is
open source)
2. Mac OS (only use by Apple)
3. Fedora (pen source, Linux Base, supported by Red Hat)
4. Solaris (Open-source Unix base)
5. Free BSD (Open-source Unix base)
6. Chrome OS (This is run on different vendors computers)
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Task 04
Describe the following logical and physical networking topologies by explaining the
differences and the purposes of each.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bus Topology
Star Topology
Ring Topology
Mesh Topology
Network Topology means, on a Network How a connection arranges logically or physically in relation
to each other for various nodes and devices.
1.
Bus Topology
This is a method were connecting computers with a single cable running on a single
direction from one side of the network to other side. This is also known as “Line
topology” or “backbone topology” data flow also moving in one direction at a one time.
This is cost effective, good for small business, easy to manage. But due to its usage of
single cable, transmitting data will face vulnerabilities.one single issue down the whole
network. comparing to other network restoration will more expensive.
2.
Star Topology
This is a very common network. All the nods are directly connected to the hub through
the coaxial, twisted pair or fiber. Having a hub is better since it will prevent data losses
where we can see it on Bus Topology. Central node is the one who manage the data
transmission since all the nods has to pass the central nod to connect others. Making a
star topology will make a secure network more than Bus Topology. Consistency is also
better since all are connected to a Central hub. if one nod down, other nods are works
as usual on the network
3.
Ring Topology
The data can travel both directions since nods are arrange in a circle way. each device
has two neighbors. The packet has to travel along the circle, moving to each nod until it
arrive its destination. It can use repeaters to check that the packets are arrived to the
destination without any data loss. Ring Topology are in expensive and cost effective to
install and easily identify misconfigure or issues on the network. Even though this is
famous poor network management will make this down. This is like Bus, If one network
down entire network will down
4.
Mesh Topology
This can be introduced as the one of the most stable topologies. In here the nods are
interconnected and elaborate structure of point-to-point connections. As an example,
the web is a kind of a mesh topology. This is reliable and stable. As well as complex. if
one node fails no network down. The implementation code is so much high, since each
interconnected cable requires a single cable and need to configure once deployed. And
this is incredibly labor intensive. But the most reliable and stable topology ever.
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Task 05
Explain the relationships between hardware and network addresses including their use
with regards to networking devices and components.
A node or a host will identify by a network address on a telecommunication network. This address
will be unique identifiers on a network. Local or private address will not like this they are only will
become unique inside their environment only. For broadcast and multicast purpose special network
will be allocated which was not unique as well. In some situation there will be more than one
address allocated to a single host, A network address can be flat address which contain no
information related to the nod’s location in the network. Mac address is an example, or may contain
hierarchal information for the routing (IP Address).
This will relate to the hardware when it comes to Mac address level. This is a hardware identification
number, will be able to uniquely identify each device on the network. This Mac address cannot be
change since this is directly embedded in to the network card, such as Ethernet card or Wi-Fi card,
etc. It is a hexadecimal number since millions of network devices are out there, for example a
network adaptor can have a number like this “00:0d:84: b1:c6:4e”, and the user doesn’t need to
know this since this will be identify by the most of the network.
Task 06
Evaluate the OSI and TCP/IP models referring to the hierarchy, layers and services
including information on the associated protocols and hardware.
Today, both Internet Protocol version 4 and the most recent Internet Protocol version 6 are in use
and this will have more wider IP addresses than the IPv4. The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)
and TCP/IP (Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) was developed by different organization
at parallel times. “Internal Organization of Standardization (IOS)” and “Telegraph and Telephone
Consultative Committee (CCITT)” is the one who developed the OSI and the TCP/IP begin
development with US “Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)” TCP/IP consider as
less grid as well. Today both protocols are being used. The OSI Level, this will consist of seven
different layers and will be present in 1 to 7 those are,
The OSI Level
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Physical
Data Link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
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Physical Layer
This is responsible for the transmission of the wire level data or physical level data. The
physical layer is where the representation of bits across a networking channel is determined
and it knows how data will be encoded and decoded.
IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) | IEEE802.11(Wireless Ethernet).
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Data Link Layer
The name Data link will represent that this layer is all about link. This is responsible for the
establishment and termination of the link and also this will handle followings,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
frame traffic control.
Sequence.
Acknowledgement.
error checking.
media access management.
The most familiar one of this is, MAC (Media Access Control) and LLC (Logical Link Control).
Between the physical layer and the MAC sublayer, the LLC serves as an interface. Multiple
terminals (computers) can communicate over the same physical medium thanks to the MAC
sublayer.
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Network Layer
This is where the routing network traffic begins. Not only that this will provide traffic
control, fragmentation and logical addressing.
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Transport Layer
This is responsible for message segmentation such as, acknowledgment, traffic control,
session multiplexing. This also act as an error detector and corrector and this will reorder
messages to make sure the sequences of the messages and reliability of message channel
depending on the transport protocol layer used.
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Session Layer
This layer responsible to establishment of the sessions, maintains and the termination.
Named Pips and NetBIOS are examples for the session layer protocols.
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Presentation Layer
The responsibility of this layer is translation of character codes. Like, data conversions,
compression, encryption, as an example. (ASCII vs EBCDIC vs Unicode).
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Application
This is responsible for many things, depending on the application, such as,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Resource sharing
Remote file access
Remote printer access
Network management
Emailing and many more things are there.
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TCP/IP Model
This is also as same as the OSI but fewer layers. With the modern network implementation TCP/IP
takes place when it comes to modern day Internet and communication. And those layers are
followings,
1.
2.
3.
4.
Link Layer
Internet Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
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Link Layer
This combines the physical and data link layer function in to a single layer. This includes
modulation like physical network, bit syncing and line coding, frame syncing and error
detection, etc.
•
Internet Layer
This is associated with the network layer of the OSI model functions such as traffic control/
routing, fragmentation, logical addressing, common protocols include IP, ICMP and IGMP
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Transport Layer
This is typically link with the same layer of the OSI model. The functions are also same.
•
Application Layer
This is the same as OSI’s application layer.
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Task 07
Setup, Configure and create a small documentation with Screenshots and a brief
description for each step on “How to Connect a Printer to a Network”.
Based on Windows 10
1. Turn on the Printer and make sure the printer is connected to the network through the
physically of wireless and then
2. → go to the Control Panel. → Devices and Printers / View devices and printers (the view will
depend with your OS)
3. In that window click on the Add printer.
4. Once the printer found on the screen select the printer and click next. If the printer not
found, click the printer that I want isn’t in the list and click skip to add the printer by name
or TCP/IP address.
5. If you already know the name of the printer, select the Select a shared printer by name and
enter the path to the printer. As an example,
With the name of the network My_Network and the name of the printer My_Printer, the
network path will be, \\My_Network\My_Printer
6. If you know the printer IP address instead of printer name, select Add printer using a TCP/IP
address or hostname. Then click next.
7. During the installation sometime it will ask for the printers’ drivers. If so, point to that driver
location
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