Перша практична з Лексикології
Вправа 9
1) Surely Maisie , worldly Maisie , could not be so naïve ( D. Francis ) .
Переклад: Безсумнівно Мейзі, світська Мейзі, не могла бути такою
простушкою.
Слова:
The Borrowing and Period of "Naive"
The word "naive" comes from French and entered the English language in
the 14th century. Here's a breakdown of its journey:
Original language: Old French (12th-15th centuries)
Etymology: Derived from Latin "nativus" meaning "born, natural, native"
French meaning: "simple, innocent, inexperienced"
Entry into English: Middle English (14th century)
Current meaning: "lacking experience, wisdom, or judgement; credulous;
innocent"
Therefore, "naive" is considered an early borrowing from French,
entering English during its Middle English period.
2) There was a limousine waiting in front of the building, a chauffeur
stood holding the door open.
Переклад: Перед будівлею стояв лімузин, шофер стояв, тримаючи
відкриті двері
Слова:
1) "Limousine" is a late borrowing in English, arriving in the 20th century.
It specifically refers to a large, luxurious car with a chauffeur-driven
compartment separated from the passenger compartment by a partition.
Origin:
* Language: French
* Possible sources:
* Limoges: The city in France, potentially linked to the origin of the
carriage's construction or design.
* Limoisin: A specific type of cloak worn by travelers, suggesting a
connection to the carriage's enclosed nature.
Borrowing period:
* Early 20th century (1902)
* Coincides with the import of these luxury cars from France to the US.
2) The word "chauffeur" is a late borrowing in English, arriving in the 20th
century. It specifically refers to a professional driver of a private car,
especially a limousine.
Origin:
* French: The word originated in French, directly translating to "stoker" or
"fireman."
* In the early days of automobiles, steam-powered cars were common,
and the driver was responsible for tending to the boiler fire.
Entry into English:
* The first recorded use of "chauffeur" in English appeared in 1902.
* The term became synonymous with the profession of driving these highend automobiles.
3) The place smelled warmly of eau de Cologne and bath powder.
Переклад: Це місце приємно пахнуло одеколоном і пудрою для ванни.
Слова:
"Eau de Cologne" is a compound borrowing in English. It consists of two
French words:
* Eau: meaning "water"
* Cologne: referring to the German city of Cologne (Köln)
Therefore, the word literally translates to "water of Cologne".
Borrowing Period:
"Eau de Cologne" is considered a late borrowing in English, entering the
language sometime in the 18th century. This coincides with the fragrance's
origin and initial popularity in Europe.
Origin:
The cologne itself was developed in Cologne, Germany, by Johann Maria
Farina in the late 18th century. His recipe remains a guarded secret, but it's
believed to contain citrus oils, herbs, and spices. The fragrance quickly
gained popularity in Europe, and by the 19th century, it was exported
worldwide.
Evolution of the Term:
While "eau de Cologne" still refers to the specific fragrance created by
Farina, it has also become a generic term for any light, citrus-based
cologne. This wider usage occurred primarily in the 20th century, as
various brands began creating their own versions of the fragrance.
2) The word "powder" has a complex etymological history, involving
multiple borrowings and semantic shifts, making it difficult to pinpoint
one specific origin and borrowing type. Here's what we can say:
Possible Origins:
* Old French: The most likely source is Old French "poudre," which itself
originated from Vulgar Latin "pulvis." This Latin word ultimately derives
from the Proto-Indo-European root "pel-," meaning "to grind, crush, or
pound."
* Other Languages: Some theories suggest possible connections to
Germanic languages like Old High German "pulvar" or even Arabic
"ghubar" (dust). However, these connections are less certain.
Borrowing Types:
* Early Borrowing: The word likely entered English around the 13th
century through Anglo-Norman French, making it an early borrowing.
* Multiple Meanings: Over time, "powder" developed various meanings,
depending on the material and context. This led to semantic specialization,
where different senses of the word might be considered distinct
borrowings depending on their specific historical development.
4) A rendezvous would have to be arranged immediately.
Переклад: Зустріч має бути негайно організована.
Слова:
The word "rendezvous" is a late borrowing in English, arriving in the 17th
century. It specifically refers to a meeting arranged beforehand, often in
secret or for a specific purpose.
Origin:
* French: The word originated in French, where it meant "to give oneself
up," "to submit."
* Over time, it evolved to signify a prearranged meeting or a place
where people are to meet.
Entry into English:
* The first recorded use of "rendezvous" in English appeared in 1672.
* Its introduction likely coincides with the cultural and military exchange
between England and France during this period.
* The term gained popularity in English due to its romantic and
adventurous connotations, often associated with secret meetings and
clandestine affairs.
Evolution and Use:
* While originally used in more formal contexts, "rendezvous" gradually
expanded into various settings.
* It commonly appears in literary works to depict romantic encounters or
spy activities.
* In the military domain, it refers to a designated meeting point for troops
or ships.
* Today, "rendezvous" is used in various contexts, from casual
arrangements to formal business meetings.
2) The word "arrange" is not a recent borrowing in English. It has a long
and interesting history, with its roots reaching back to Old French and
Latin. Here's a breakdown of its origin and classification:
Origin:
* Old French: The word directly comes from Old French "aranger," which
meant "to put in order, to set in order."
* Latin: Old French "aranger" itself originated from the Latin verb
"adrangere," meaning "to bring or lead to, to order."
Period of Borrowing:
* Early Middle English (1100-1350 AD): "Arrange" entered Middle
English around this time, directly from Old French.
* This makes it an early borrowing, as it arrived in English centuries ago
and has been fully assimilated into the language.
Classification:
* Inherited Word: Due to its early borrowing and long presence in English,
"arrange" is classified as an inherited word. This means it's not considered
a borrowing from another language in the modern sense, but rather a word
inherited from a historical ancestor language (Old French, in this case).
3) immediatly - from Old French immediat (14c.), from Late Latin
immediatus "without anything between," from assimilated form of in"not, opposite of" (see in- (1)) + mediatus "in the middle"
5) The silhouette of a moving cat wavered across the moonlight.
ПЕРЕКЛАД: У місячною світлі здригнувся силует крокуючого кота.
Слова:
1) The earliest known use of the verb move is in the Middle English period
(1150—1500). OED's earliest evidence for move is from around 1275,
in Kentish Sermons. move is a borrowing from French. Etymons:
French mover, movoir.
2) Silhouette: A French Portrait Takes Shape in EnglishThe word
"silhouette" is a late borrowing in English, arriving in the 18th century.
It refers to the outline or shadow of a person or object, typically created
by blocking light. While it seamlessly blends into our modern
vocabulary, its origins hold a surprising twist.
French Origins:
* The term originated in French, specifically from the name Étienne de
Silhouette, a French finance minister in the mid-18th century.
* Silhouette's unpopular tax reforms led to widespread criticism and the
mocking creation of shadow portraits resembling his profile. These
"protraits à la Silhouette" became a popular fad, eventually giving rise to
the word itself.
English Adoption:
* The first recorded use of "silhouette" in English appeared in 1759,
shortly after the trend took root in France.
* Initially, it directly referred to the fashion of creating shadow portraits,
later expanding to encompass any outline or shadow representation.
6) Her face, above a spotted dress of dark blue crêp-de-chine, contained no
facet or gleam of beauty.
Переклад: Її обличчя, вище плямистої сукні з темно-синього
крепдешину, не містило жодної грані чи відблиску краси
Слова:
1) The word "dress" has a complex history that involves multiple
borrowings and semantic shifts over time. It is not a single, straightforward
borrowing, but rather a result of several linguistic interactions.
1. Old French "dressen":
* The immediate ancestor of the English "dress" is the Old French verb
"dressen" (meaning "to arrange, put in order, prepare").
* This verb itself was borrowed from the Vulgar Latin verb "directiare,"
which means "to make straight, direct."
Therefore, the earliest borrowing involved the verb "dress" from Old
French, which occurred around the 13th century.
3) contain - c. 1300, "restrain (someone), control (oneself), behave (in a
certain way)," from Old French contein-, tonic stem of contenir, from
Latin continere (transitive) "to hold together, enclose," from assimilated
form of com "with, together" (see con-) + tenere "to hold" (from PIE
root *ten- "to stretch").
From mid-14c. as "to have (something) as a constituent part;" from late
14c. as "have something inside, enclose." Related: Contained; containing;
containable.
also from c. 1300
4) beauty - early 14c., bealte, "physical attractiveness," also "goodness,
courtesy," from Anglo-French beute, Old French biauté "beauty,
seductiveness, beautiful person" (12c., Modern French beauté), earlier
beltet, from Vulgar Latin *bellitatem (nominative bellitas) "state of
being pleasing to the senses" (source also of Spanish beldad, Italian
belta), from Latin bellus "pretty, handsome, charming," in classical
Latin used especially of women and children, or ironically or insultingly
of men, perhaps (Watkins) from PIE *dw-en-elo-, diminutive of root
*deu- (2) "to do, perform; show favor, revere." Famously defined by
Stendhal as la promesse de bonheur "the promise of happiness."
5) "Crêp-de-chine" is a compound borrowing in English, meaning it came
from another language through multiple steps. Here's the breakdown:
Origin:
* French: The word originates from French, where it literally translates to
"crepe of China."
* "Crêpe" refers to the thin, crinkled fabric texture.
* "De Chine" means "of China," suggesting either the fabric's origin or
historical association with Chinese silk production.
Entry into English:
* Early 20th century: While the exact date is unclear, "crêp-de-chine"
likely entered English in the early 20th century.
* Fashion industry: Its introduction coincided with the growing popularity
of this type of fabric in women's fashion.
* Direct borrowing: It seems to have been directly borrowed from French
with no intermediate language, hence the compound nature.
4) The word "facet" has a fascinating history, exhibiting multiple layers
of borrowing and evolution throughout its journey to our modern
vocabulary. Here's a breakdown of its origins and borrowing types:
Origin:
* Latin: "Facet" ultimately traces back to the Latin word "facies", meaning
"face" or "appearance."
Early Borrowings:
* French: In the 14th century, "facies" entered Middle French as "face" and
later "facette," meaning "small face" or "aspect."
English Borrowings:
* Middle English: By the 15th century, "facette" entered Middle English as
"facett," adopting the meaning of "a small surface" or "aspect of
something."
* Modern English: During the 17th century, "facett" evolved into the
modern form "facet," retaining its core meaning while also acquiring
additional nuances:
* Geometry: A flat surface of a polyhedron.
* Figuratively: An aspect or feature of something.
7) Mrs. Wilson ... was now attired in an elaborate afternoon dress of
cream-colored chiffon.
Переклад: Місіс (Пані) Вілсон зараз (тепер) була вбрана у вишукану
пообідню сукню з шифону кремового кольору.
Слова:
The word "dress" has a complex history that involves multiple borrowings
and semantic shifts over time. It is not a single, straightforward borrowing,
but rather a result of several linguistic interactions.
1. Old French "dressen":
* The immediate ancestor of the English "dress" is the Old French verb
"dressen" (meaning "to arrange, put in order, prepare").
* This verb itself was borrowed from the Vulgar Latin verb "directiare,"
which means "to make straight, direct."
Therefore, the earliest borrowing involved the verb "dress" from Old
French, which occurred around the 13th century.
The word "chiffon" is a late borrowing in English, arriving in the late 19th
century. It specifically refers to a lightweight, sheer fabric often made from
silk, but also from cotton, polyester, or other synthetic fibers.
Origin:
* French: The word "chiffon" originated in French, directly translating to
"rag" or "clout."
* The term originally referred to any type of thin, loosely woven fabric,
regardless of the material.
Entry into English:
* The first recorded use of "chiffon" in English appeared in 1882.
* Its introduction likely coincides with the increasing popularity of French
fashion and the growing use of lightweight fabrics in women's clothing
during the late 19th century.
* The term quickly became associated with elegant and delicate garments,
particularly dresses and blouses.
The word "attire" is considered a Middle English borrowing, meaning it
entered the English language sometime between the 11th and 15th
centuries. Its origins lie in Old French, specifically the word "atir," which
meant "to dress" or "to equip."
Evolution of the Term:
* Old French (12th-15th centuries): "Atir" was a verb used in various
contexts, including dressing oneself, equipping a knight, or preparing a
dish.
* Middle English (14th-15th centuries): The word entered Middle English
as "atir," retaining its original meaning as a verb.
* Late Middle English (15th century): The noun form "attire" emerged,
referring to the act of dressing or the clothing itself.
* Modern English (16th century onwards): "Attire" became primarily a
noun, signifying clothing or dress, particularly formal or elaborate
clothing.
The word "cream" has a rather complicated history with multiple
borrowing events and semantic shifts, making it difficult to categorize it
under a single borrowing type. However, here's a breakdown of its possible
origins:
Possible Early Borrowing:
* Latin: "Crema" is a Latin word meaning "ointment" or "cream,"
originating from the Proto-Indo-European root "*krem-" meaning "to rub."
This root also gave rise to similar words in other Indo-European languages
like Greek "kréma" and Sanskrit "kshira."
* Old French: It's believed "crema" entered Old French around the 10th
century, retaining its meaning as "cream" or "ointment."
Possible Later Borrowings:
* Middle English: "Cream" entered Middle English around the 12th-14th
centuries, likely borrowed from Old French. However, some scholars
believe it might have been directly borrowed from Latin due to its
similarity to surrounding Germanic languages like Old Norse "rjómi."
* Dutch: Another possibility is that "cream" entered Middle English
through Middle Dutch, which also had a word "creme" meaning "cream"
borrowed from Old French.
The word "colour" is an interesting case and its classification as a
borrowing depends on your perspective and chosen reference point. Here
are the different interpretations:
1. Not a Borrowing:
Some linguists argue that "colour" is not a borrowing at all, but rather a
native English word. It evolved from the Old English word "colur," which
itself developed from Proto-Germanic "kʰōlor" and ultimately from ProtoIndo-European "ḱēlowr-".
2. Borrowing from French:
Others consider "colour" a borrowing from French, specifically the Old
French word "color." This perspective emphasizes the significant influence
of Norman French on English following the Norman Conquest of 1066.
While "color" and "colour" share the same etymology and meaning, the
spelling difference highlights the adaptation of the French word to English
pronunciation and writing conventions.
8) I went to that private school where they made me learn to curtsy " ( Sh .
Jackson ) .
Пернклад: Я ходив до приватної школи, де мене змушували вивчати
реверанси
Слова: The word "curtsy" is an example of a multiple borrowing with a
complex history. It's not just a single transfer from one language to
another, but rather a series of borrowings and adaptations that shaped its
meaning and usage over time.
Origin:
* Latin: The ultimate source of "curtsy" lies in the Latin verb "curvare,"
meaning "to bend."
* French: Around the 12th century, "curvare" evolved into "courber" in
Old French, retaining the meaning of "to bend."
* Middle English: By the 14th century, "courber" crossed the English
Channel and entered Middle English as "courten," still signifying "to
bend."
9)" We will retire to our little boudoir for coffee
Переклад: Ми усамітнимося в нашому маленькому будуарі і вип'ємо
кави
Слова:
The word "boudoir" is a late borrowing in English, arriving in the 18th
century. It refers to a small, private room, typically used as a woman's
bedroom or dressing room. While it now carries a seductive connotation,
its history reveals a more nuanced evolution.
Origin:
* French: The word originates from the French "boudoir," which has
several possible meanings:
* "Sulking room" or "pouting room": Initially, it denoted a small, private
room where women could retreat and withdraw from social interactions.
* "Closet" or "alcove": It could also refer to a small, intimate space
within a larger room, often used for dressing or bathing.
* "Workshop" or "study": Some scholars suggest a connection to the
verb "boudiner," meaning "to swell" or "to stuff," potentially linked to the
room's use for crafting or studying.
The word "retire" is a borrowing from French, entering the English
language in the mid-16th century. While it may seem like a timeless term,
its meaning has evolved significantly over its journey.
Origin:
* French: The word derives from the French verb "retirer," which means
"to withdraw, draw back, or pull back."
* Military context: Initially, "retire" entered English in a military sense,
signifying the withdrawal of troops from battle or danger.
Вправа 14
(According to the degree of assimilation , borrowings can
be classified into the following three groups :
1 ) completely assimilated borrowings ( denizens ) that
follow English phonetical , grammatical and graphic
standards and do not seem foreign in origin , e.g. call , face
, husband , street , table , take , etc .; hrivna
2 ) partially assimilated borrowings ( aliens ) which fall
into four subgroups :
a ) not assimilated semantically ( units of specific national
lexicon ) , e.g. rajah , sherbet , toreador , etc .;
b ) not assimilated grammatically , e.g. nouns of Latin or
Greek origin which retain their original plural forms : crisis
- crises , index - indices , phenomenon phenomena , ctc .;
c ) not assimilated phonetically , e.g. boulevard , foyer ,
memoir , restaurant , etc .;
d ) not assimilated graphically , e.g. cliché , blitzkrieg ,
nazi , ragoût , naïve , etc .;
3 ) unassimilated borrowed words and phrases (
barbarisms ) which preserve their original spelling and
other characteristics , always have corresponding English
equivalents , and , therefore , are not indispensable in
English , e.g. ad hoc , a propos ciao , coup d'etat , cureka ,
persona grata , etc.
1) The good old noblesse oblige of the Woosters couldn't
lower itself to the extent of pleading with the man (P. O.
Wodehouse ) .
ПЕРЕКЛАД: Стара добра шляхетність Вустерів не
могла опуститися до того, щоб благати людину
noblesse oblige (2,b,c)
2) Annabel Christopher's performance is a chef - d'oeuvre
which is also a succes d'estime ( M. Spark ) .
ПЕРЕКЛАД: Виступ Аннабель Крістофер - це шедевр,
який також є значним успіхом
Performance (1), a chef - d'oeuvre , a succes d'estime
(3,3)
3) " What about these other papers ? " ... " They've been
dealt with , Signora " ( Id . )
ПЕРЕКЛАД: "А як щодо інших документів?"... "З ними
вже розібралися, сеньйоро".
Papers (1), segnora – (2a)
4) They drove round a deserted piazza with a fountain ... (
Id . ) .
ПЕРЕКЛАД: Вони обʼїхали безлюдну площу з
фонтаном... (Ід.).
Desserted piazza– (2d)
5) Her book had been accepted by a publisher. Even then
she had used a nom de plume, not wanting to trade on her
father's name (H. Robbins).
ПЕРЕКЛАД: Її книга була прийнята видавництвом.
Навіть тоді вона використовувала псевдонім, не
бажаючи користуватися ім'ям свого батька.
accepted -1, nom de plume - 3 barbarism
6) It was singular that a woman of that age should flush so
readily . Perhaps her naïvete was her greatest charm ( W.
S. Maugham ) .
singular -1, naïvete – 3 варваризм, charm -2с
7) I arranged with the concierge to make my coffee in the
morning and to keep the place clean.
ПЕРЕКЛАД: Я домовився з консьєржем, щоб він
готував мені каву вранці і підтримував чистоту в
приміщенні
arranged -1, concierge -2с, Coffee - або 1 або 2с, Place 1
Вправа 20
1.Здібність до творення міфів (міфотворення) є
вродженим у людському роді
2.У неї були довгі білі ноги, блакитні очі і колір
обличчя, як у полуничного морозива.
3."Ці двері ведуть у довгий коридор, а потім у передню
залу", - сказала вона. Лікар захихотів: "Неправильно,
моя люба. Ці двері ведуть до оранжиреї".
4.Протягом півстоліття Тосканіні панував на вершині
загального визнання як найвидатніший диригент світу.
5. Вплив голландського мистецтва кінця XIX століття
яскраво виражається у (творіннях) Ван Гога
6. Вона була молодою і вродливою, з добрим серцем
(чуйною) та гострим розумом.
7. Літня жінка з сивим (синім) волоссям і у блакитній
сукні та багатьма каблучками зайняла один з диванів.