What is Research? PREPARED BY: MS. NORELIE ANN DURAN Objectives: • • • • • Share research experiences and knowledge; explain the importance of research in daily life; describe the characteristics, processes, and research ethics; differentiate quantitative from qualitative research; and provide examples of research in different areas of interest. Research • Systematic inquiry that explains or describes a phenomenon, predicts an outcome, and poses questions for further investigations • Involves looking into a phenomenon whch has not investigated yet or in underexplored • Gathers data to address problems and report the results • SOLVE PROBLEMS and IMPROVE KNOWLEDGE Research Approaches • Inductive - starts with analyzing a phenomenon and ends with identifying its underlying principles, theories, or processes. • Deductive - begins with specifying hypotheses and continues with verifying it through evidence. Characteristics of an Effective Research • Recursive. It involves in performing steps in a cyclical and nonlinear way. • Empirical. It is based on verifiable evidence, observation, or experiences. • Logical. It is based on sound principles and a systematic procedure. • Higher order thinking skills. It involves interpreting data and drawing conclusion from the data gathered. • Replicable. It means that it can be repeated by other researchers as long as its methodology is sufficiently detailed. • Solution-oriented. It aims to address a particular problem. • Objective. It requires ACCURATE recording of data through observation, interviews, experiments, and other scientific means. • Sufficient sources of data. Insufficient data may compromise the validity and conclusiveness of a research. The Importance of Research • Economically. It can be used in developing human capital, new products, technology, and services, which in turn, help improve our quality of life. • Sociopolitical. It improves information relevant to policymaking and governance, as well as improvement of relations among people. • Environmental. The findings provide necessary information on how to attain sustainable development without depleting our natural resources. • Medical. It promotes better understanding of health issues and lead to advancements in public health and medical practices. For students • Increase understanding of a phenomena that your find interesting or relevant. • Instill in you the values of discipline, resourcefulness, hardwork, and patience. • Instill ACADEMIC HONESTY in you. • Improve your communicative, organizational, and other practical skills. The Research Process Research Ethics Research ethics refers to the moral principles and code of conduct that define what is good and acceptable research practice is. When conducting research, the research should have to CONFORM to ethical standards to uphold integrity and maintain the good reputation of your name and your school. Five Research Ethics Principles • Beneficence. Your research has certain benefits to its intended audience while nonmaleficence means that your research does not cause any harm to the participants and to the general public. • Fidelity and responsibility. Relates to how researchers comply with the professional and research code of ethics. Five Research Ethics Principles • Justice. It relates to fairness. This means do not discriminate based on gender, affinity, ethnicity, or other factors not relevant to the study. • Respect for people’s right and dignity. Confidentiality and anonimity must be observed. Five Research Ethics Principles • Integrity. It is about accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the conduct of research. It requires researchers to avoid any type of research misconduct such as fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. Research Misconduct It occurs when an individual deliberately and negligently deviate from the acceptable research practices. • Fabrication. Makes up data and reports them as if they truly exists. • Falsification. Deliberately manipulate one or several components of a research such as materials, data, and result. • Plagiarism. Involves taking someone else’s idea and present as their own w/o proper attribution. It happens when a researcher mainly copied without any citation or incorrectly cited. Authorship Avoid including someone as an author if he/she did not contribute significantly to the paper. A person is greatly involved in conceptualizing the study, conducting the methodology, analyzing and interpreting the data, and writing the paper. • Gift Authorship. It happens when one author includes another for paying back to that person or honoring him. It is also when one author includes the name of a known expert to add prestige. • Ghost Authorship. Involves the non-named author to write for you. Ethical Research Practices General Research Practices • Be objective in your research. Do not let your personal biases cloud your judgment. • Disclose any potential conflict of interest. Ethical Research Practices Data Management • Be honest in reporting data, results, methods, and procedures. Never fabricate. falsify, or misinterpret data. • Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, personnel decisions, experiment testimony, and other areas of research. • Be accurate in your reporting and interpreting. Ethical Research Practices Data Management • Record all research activities, and ensure the credibility of your work and collaborators. Avoid errors due to carelessness and negligence. • Make data, results, ideas, tools, and resources sharable. be open to suggestions and criticism. • Be mindful of copyrights, patents, and other intellectual property. Get permission from the owners or credit sources before using their ideas or data. Ethical Research Practices Data Management • Ensure confidentiality of information and anonymity of the participants. Refrain from sharing your data with any unauthorized person. • Make sure that all your practices are within the confines of legal practices. • Never ask someone to write a research paper for you in exchange for money or affinity. Ethical Research Practices Use of Humans and Animals • Inform and ask permission from people who will be the subject of your study. This can be done using an informed consent form. • Refrain from inflicting harm on human participants. • Animals can only be harmed if there are legitimate scientific benefits from doing so. Ethical Research Practices Use of Humans and Animals • When it comes to personal information, collect only those that are relevant to the study. • Refrain from forcing anyone to participate in your research. • Avoid choosing participants based on convenience alone. Assignment Activity 1.1 pp. 4-5 Activity 1.3 letter A pp. 8-9 Activity 1.4 letter A pp. 12-13 Assignment Look for two (2) qualitative research of your interest in your field (STEM/ABM). It should be from a reputable journal. Write the following information in a short bond paper: Research title, author/s, year of publication, and name of publication. Additionally, write the following particulars: Summary of the research, objectives, general and focus research questions, methodology, result, and practical use. Ref. Barrot, J.S. (2023). Practical research 1 for senior high school (rev. bbbbbbed.). C & E Publishing, Inc.
