Laney et al. (false memory) Laney et al. (false memory) Strengths & Weaknesses Laney et al. (false memory) Strengths & Weaknesses The sample consisted of university students. This introduces participant variables that could distort results, therefore reducing the validity of the research. nsisted udents. s ables rt re alidity of Laney et al. (false memory) Strengths & Weaknesses The male to female ratio was not equal, so the results are not quite generalizable to the target population. 64 females and 39 males Laney et al. (false memory) Strengths & Weaknesses As the study was a snapshot study, we cannot determine how long the effects of false memories last. A longitudinal study would determine the durability of false memories on food preferences and behavioural consequences. Laney et al. (false memory) Strengths & Weaknesses ot study, we the effects ngitudinal durability of Completing a questionnaire may not involve the same processes as choosing to eat (or not eat) a specific food in a restaurant setting, therefore we could argue that there is little ecological validity in this research. Laney et al. (false memory) Strengths & Weaknesses ot study, we the effects ngitudinal durability of Laney et al. (false memory) Strengths & Weaknesses The distractor questionnaires prevented participants from knowing the true aims of the study which in turn, controlled demand characteristics and social desirability bias. Therefore, the research has internal validity. The questionnaires helped to operationalize the dependent variable and, also allowed the standardised collection of data as quantitative data was gathered. Quantitative data helps in data analysis and in comparing results. Questionnaire researchers t quantitative d participants th easily analyse compare resu conditions. Laney et al. (false memory) Strengths & Weaknesses estionnaires pants from aims of the rn, controlled eristics and y bias. search has Questionnaires allow researchers to collect quantitative data quickly from participants that can be easily analysed and used to compare results across two conditions. The questionna operationalize th variable and, als standardised co as quantitative d gathered. Quan helps in data an comparing resu Laney et al. (false memory) Evaluation Generalizability (Somewhat high) - Large number of participants but were in the same age range and similar course selection Reliability (High) - Questionnaires were standardized and so were the procedures - Was replicated Application (Somewhat high) - Can be used to encourage healthier eating Laney et al. (false memory) Evaluation Validity (Somewhat low) - Lacks ecological validity since it was done in a lab study - RQ resembled a real menu Ethics (Somewhat high) - Participants were deceived - Deception was needed Naurin Abubaker 12A Laney et al. (false memory) Quizziz Laney et al. (false memory) Issues and Debates The application of psychology to everyday life Laney et al. (false memory) Issues and Debates The application of psychology to everyday life When we are trying to focus, such as when listening to a lecture, allowing ourselves to doodle might be advantageous. However, any attempt to deliberately ‘draw’ something specific is likely to be counterproductive as the drawing itself might become the primary task, distracting us from the lecture rather than allowing us to concentrate better. Laney et al. (false memory) Issues and Debates The application of psychology to everyday life The eyes provide a lot of information when we are attributing an emotion to an individual. It might be possible to develop a programme to help teach individuals diagnosed with AS/HFA to help them develop skills of interpreting emotions. Laney et al. (false memory) Issues and Debates The application of psychology to everyday life Laney et al. demonstrate that it is possible to impact some people’s attitudes towards asparagus by simply giving a small amount of false information. Laney et al. (false memory) Issues and Debates Individual and situational explanations Individual Explanation = Something about the person is used to explain behaviour. Situational Explanation = Something about the situation is used to explain behaviour. Laney et al. (false memory) Issues and Debates Individual and situational explanations As doodling affected recall, this means it has a situational effect on information processing. Andrade ensured that the participants would be bored so they were more likely to doodle meaning there are situational causes for doodling itself. Laney et al. (false memory) Issues and Debates Individual and situational explanations Those individuals who had a diagnosis of AS/HFA performed significantly worse on the Eyes test than ‘normal’ individuals, suggesting that the ability to read emotions in the eyes is an individual skill that is developed, rather than being the result of the external environment. Laney et al. (false memory) Issues and Debates Individual and situational explanations The effect of the false memory embedded by telling one group of participants that they loved asparagus as a child means that the situation could affect an individual’s attitude towards the food. Laney et al. (false memory) Issues and Debates Nature vs Nurture Laney et al. (false memory) Issues and Debates Nature vs Nurture There is no known single cause for autism and there are both generic and environmental arguments. Several different genes appear to be involved in autistic spectrum disorder, with some of these being inherited and others happening spontaneously. Researchers are currently investigating if environmental factors such as viral infections, pollutants or issues during pregnancy could have a role in triggering the disorder Laney et al. (false memory) Issues and Debates Children as Participants Baron-Cohen et al.’s research was conducted on adult male participants using pictures of adult eyes and relatively sophisticated words to describe the emotion displayed. This would not be appropriate for children and alternative methods should be considered to investigate similar aims in children. Baron-Cohen has devised a ‘Theory of Mind’ test for children called the ‘Sally and Anne’ test that involves asking children questions following a short scene that is acted out with dolls. Laney et al. (false memory) Issues and Debates Children as Participants