Year 8 Landforms and Landscapes Revision Sheet QUESTION 1 – Write a definition for the following landscapes: Page 43 - 44 Landscape Definition Mountain landscape High elevations on the Earth’s surface that rise high above their surroundings. Can stand alone, be grouped in ranges, or form ridges. Coastal landscape Where a land mass meets the sea. Desert landscape An area of land which receives no more than 25 millimetres of rain per year. Riverine landscape A landscape formed by the natural movement of a water system such as a river. QUESTION 2 – Write a definition for the following landforms: Pages 46 - 47 Landform Mountain Valley Definition A large elevation on the Earth’s surface. A low area enclosed by mountains. Floodplain A low-lying area regularly flooded by a river. Headland A high, rocky outcrop of land. Beach A sandy or pebbly shore. QUESTION 3 – Name the four different ways that landscapes are valued. Page 50 Cultural value Spiritual value Aesthetic value Economic value QUESTION 4 – Using your answers from question 3, answer the following questions: Pages 50 - 51 a) What does it mean for a landscape/landform to have cultural value? To have cultural value, a landscape or landform’s importance is expressed by people through creative means such as poetry, literature, art, and films. Indigenous Australians express the importance of their lands through Dreamtime stories, song and dance, and art. b) What does it mean for a landscape/landform to have spiritual value? Spiritual Value means the value attributed to the landscape or landform’s association with religious, sacred, or symbolic meanings. c) What does it mean for a landscape/landform to have aesthetic value? Aesthetic value is the ability of a landscape or landform to elicit pleasure based on its beauty and uniqueness. d) What does it mean for a landscape/landform to have economic value? Economic value is a measurement of how financially important landscapes and landforms are. QUESTION 5 – Provide and explain one example of how traditional Aboriginal people used the mountain landscape and its resources to support their needs. Be specific. Page 60 Aboriginal people traditionally used the mountain landscape to provide food, including the Bogong moth, plants for medicine, ceremonies, thatching roofs and making water carriers. QUESTION 6 – Name the three types of mountains. Pages 62 - 63 1. Fold mountains 2. Block mountains 3. Volcanic mountains QUESTION 7 – Match the geographical term with the correct definition. Page 62 Hot spots Diverging Tectonic plates Converging Volcanoes The outer layer of the Earth’s surface is broken into these pieces Are formed when magma is pushed through an opening in the Earth’s crust Tectonic plates that are being pulled apart from one another Tectonic plates that are being pushed towards one another Areas that are often in the centre of a plate where molten rock from the mantle is forced upwards through the moving crust QUESTION 8 – What are the six (6) main ways mountain landscapes are used by people? Pages 70 - 71 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Tourist destinations High rainfall and fertile soil support farming Rely on fresh water that flows into rivers from mountains Rivers provide hydro-electricity Mining resources Wildlife reserves/sanctuaries QUESTION 9 – Identify three (3) human activities and explain how they alter and/or impact Australia’s mountain landscapes. Pages 76 - 79 Any of the following: Cattle grazing; help reduce the risk of serious bushfires (contentious). Building ski resorts and using mountain landscapes for tourism in this way impacts on native wildlife such as the Mountain Pygmy Possum. The habitat of this native animal is destroyed to clear ski runs of rocks, which interrupts the mating cycle. The animals are also at increased risk of being hit by vehicles. Introduced species such as foxes and feral cats prey on the Mountain Pygmy Possum and other native wildlife. Wild brumbies trample fragile ecosystems, erode waterways and destroy habitats. QUESTION 10 – What are the two (2) major mountain hazards? Pages 84 - 89 1. Volcanic eruptions 2. Landslides QUESTION 11- Create a cross-section of the following topographic map from point A to point B by plotting the contour lines on to the cross-section graph below. Remember to label the axis and give it a title. Pages 94 – 95 to help do contour maps QUESTION 12 – Explain how waves form. Page 100 Waves begin at sea when the wind blows across the surface of the water. The water surface rises along with the wind, but then is pulled back down by the power of gravity. This circular movement beneath the water is called an orbit. QUESTION 13 – Explain the difference between swash and backwash. Page 100 The water that falls up the shore is called the swash. The backwash is the water that runs back to the ocean. QUESTION 14 – Name and explain the process that moves sand along coastlines. Draw a diagram to help support your explanation. Pages 100 - 101 Longshore drift is a process responsible for moving significant amounts of sediment along the coast. This usually occurs in one direction as dictated by the prevailing wind. The waves break on the beach at an angle of around 45 degrees. The swash moves beach material along the beach and the backwash pulls the material back down the beach at right angles to the coastline. Over time this creates a shift of material along the coast. QUESTION 15 – Describe the characteristics of destructive waves. Page 102 The types of waves that erode and destroy sections of coast are known as destructive waves. They are tall and frequent, which means they crash into the shoreline, digging out large chunks of land and eroding the beach and creating erosional landforms. The swash is weaker than the backwash and this results in the soil, nutrients and sand being drawn back into the sea rather than being deposited on land. QUESTION 16 – Name seven (7) erosional landforms. Pages 102 - 103 1. Cliff 5. Cave 2. Gorge 6. Bay 3. Arch 7. Stack 4. Headland QUESTION 17 – Describe the characteristics of constructive waves. Page 104 Constructive waves are long and low which means they gently roll onto the shore, creating depositional landforms. The swash of these waves is slow and strong, which means materials from the sea can be brought further inland. The backwash, in contrast, is very weak, which means materials are not dragged back into the sea. QUESTION 18 – Name five (5) depositional landforms. Source 3.4 Page 99 1. Tombolo 3. Sand bar 2. Spit 4. Beach 5. Sand dunes QUESTION 19 – Match the coastal management strategy with the its correct definition and purpose. Page 110 - 111 Coastal management strategy Definition Purpose Seawalls Walls built on either side of the mouth of a river To replenish sand on depleted beaches Dredging Walls that jut out from a beach into the sea Barrier to prevent destructive waves reaching and eroding the coast Beach nourishment Walls that are built out in the sea Built to prevent sand from blocking a harbour or river mouth Breakwaters Moving sand from one location to another Prevent erosion by stopping waves pounding onto the shore and directing them away from specific areas of the beach Groyne Walls that are built close to the coast Protects property and/or land that is close to the sea Sand pumping jetties (sand bypass) A structure jutting out into the ocean through which sand is extracted Maintain tidal flushing by keeping the creek entrances open Training walls Sand is cleared from the entrance of creeks/harbours/river mouths To facilitate the movement of sand where longshore drift is inhibited by groynes/training walls etc. QUESTION 20 – Explain what ghost nets are and how they create problems for the natural environment. Pages 116 - 117 Ghost nets are fishing gear (nets and tackle) that has been abandoned out at sea by fisherman as it is cheaper and easier to cut and leave them then to untangle them. Every year it is estimated that around 6.4 million tonnes of ghost nets are lost in the world’s oceans. This creates problems for the natural environment as they entangle various marine species such as turtles, dugongs, and crocodiles. It is projected that around 100,000 marine mammals are killed by ghost nets each year. QUESTION 21 – Complete the following table with information about rip currents and tsunamis. Pages 122 123 Rip currents Definition Tsunamis A channel of water that moves A giant ocean wave caused by an swiftly from the beach out underwater earthquake. towards open water. Can develop on any shoreline Coastal locations worldwide. affected by wave action. Where they can be found Areas of calm, darker or murky High, very broad, giant waves. water. Characteristics Threats to people while Threaten lives of people, swimming, may cause drowning Dangers they present and death. QUESTION 22 – For each of the following events, explain how society, the economy and the environment are impacted. Impacts Social Environmental Tsunamis Landslides Volcanic eruptions Deaths Deaths Deaths Displaced people Displaced people Displaced people Injuries Injuries Injuries Disease Disease Disease Destruction of natural Destruction of natural Destruction of natural habitats habitats habitats Loss of fresh water Loss of fresh water Loss of fresh water Species decline Species decline Species decline Economic Reconstruction costs No tourism Reconstruction costs Reconstruction costs Economy weakens No tourism No tourism Cost of building early Economy weakens Economy weakens detection facilities QUESTION 23 – The Gold Coast Seaway a) On the 2009 figure, draw an arrow to indicate the overall direction of sand movement (longshore drift) along the coast. b) Using a pencil, play a game of ‘spot the difference’. Circle all the changes, including: i. Changes that are visible to the coastal landscape itself from 1983 to 2009. i. Orange Circle: Sand islands now permanent with implementation of the breakwater. ii. Blue Circle: Land behind training wall now permanent and more land has been added. iii. Purple Circle: Deeper and permanent river mouth due to training walls. iv. Yellow Circle: Deeper water channels between islands ii. Coastal management strategies that have been implemented from 1983 – 2009. i. Dredging ii. Training Walls iii. Breakwater iv. Sand Pumping Jetty c) Using the coastal management strategies identified in part b, complete the following table: Coastal management strategy Dredging Training walls Purpose Maintain tidal flushing by keeping the river mouth entrances open Built to prevent sand from blocking a harbour or river mouth Effect on the coastal landscape (Explain how it has changed the seaway) Removal of sand from waterways, creating deeper water (for vessels to pass through) Stabalised the river mouth Breakwater Barrier to prevent destructive waves reaching and eroding the coast. Sand has built up behind the breakwater creating a larger island (Wavebreak island) Sand pumping jetty To facilitate the movement of sand where longshore drift is inhibited by groynes/training walls etc. Enabling the continuation of longshore drift of sand around the river mouth.
