Effectiveness of Latest Dengue Vaccine by utilizing in vivo models
By Team 01: Arham, ThuThu, Jenny, Charmaine, Jayden
INTRODUCTION
Dengue virus (DENV) is a significant global health
concern - necessitating the development of effective
vaccines.
After finding success in in vivo drug testing, we desire
to share our findings in order to proceed with human
clinical trials.
DISCOVERY PHASE & PRECLINICAL
Preclinical testing:
Involves experiments to gather data on
vaccines safety and efficacy
Only once the pre clinical is done the vaccine
can be approved for human clinical trials
Biological effects in mouse to predict the
treatment outcome in humans.
Identified intellectual properties (IPs) to
register for the vaccine:
Patent for vaccine recipe
Trademark the name of the vaccine
Keep the vaccine formula as a trade secret
OBJECTIVE
Our study aims to present our breakthrough in
vaccine synthesis based on an innovative
approach. We investigated the impact of the new
vaccine on viral concentrations in mice, comparing
it with a placebo group and a traditional control
group.
HYPOTHESIS
Null hypothesis: The vaccine will not be effective in
curing dengue fever in the mice.
Alternative hypothesis: The vaccine will be effective in
curing dengue fever in mice.
The significance level (α) set was at 0.05 or 5%. This is
because we need to balance between the type 1 and
type 2 errors. Significance level of 0.05 balances the
controlling and risk of making a type 1 error and risk of
making type 2 error
MAIN FINDINGS
METHODOLOGY
During subject recruitement, we ensured that the mice are healthy
and is not affected by the virus before the clinical trials. However, we
are unsure about other variables which the mice may possess that
may affect the efficacy of the vaccine.
Pre-screening
We used single-blinded randomization when assigning mice to the 3
different groups. We do this as it is important for the researchers to
know which mice is under Placebo, Experimental and Control groups
as most mice are identical.
Experiment group
Mouse in the experiment group was exposed to the virus and then
injected with vaccines of 4 different concentrations: 5ug-ml, 7.5ug-ml,
9ug-ml, and 11.5ug-ml. 4 different concentrations were used to test
the toxicity and optimal dosage of the vaccine.
Placebo group
The placebo group is exposed to the virus and dummy inert vaccine.
This is done to assess the minimize expectation bias and to ensure
an accurate assessment of vaccine efficacy. If the state of the mouse
under the placebo effect is different from the mouse that took the
vaccine, it will show that the vaccine has an effect on the virus. We
injected water in the mouse with a placebo effect.
Control group
The control group is not exposed to any vaccine or virus. This is to
show that the increase in virus concentration is only caused due to
the virus.
Once we place the different concentrations of
viruses in the placebo and the experimental groups,
we record the concentration of virus in the mouse
from each group every 6 hours for 48 hours. At the
end of 52 hours, we assess if the mouse is dead or
alive.
INDEPENDENT T-TEST IS USED
Because we are comparing
datas that are unrelated.
Mice in the vaccinated group
are not paired with mice that
are non-vaccinated. They are
a seperate and independent
sets of data.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
Efficacy: The most effective vaccine is
when the concentration is at 9ug-ml as
the efficacy is the highest at 50%
Toxicity: 11.5ugml of vaccine
Dosage: 9ug-ml of vaccine
According to the charts, we can see the amount
of 9ugml is the most effective since it kept most
alive while 11.5ugml is the most toxic where it
killed a higher amount, after 52 hours.
Use data sampling for more effective results
Use a larger rodent sample size to increase accuracy
Test on one rodent and one non-rodent for better
understanding of the vaccine’s efficacy and toxicity
Obtain approval with proceeding with human clinical
trials
Proceed with human clinical trials to validate the
vaccine’s safety and efficacy in humans
Average viral concentration in mouse in placebo group under 9ug-ml of vaccine is
lower than average viral concentration in mouse in placebo group under 11.5ug-ml of
vaccine.
Graph of average viral concentration in mouse in placebo group under 9ug-ml of
vaccine increases gradually, while the graph of average viral concentration in mouse in
experiment group under 11.5ug-ml of vaccine increases then decreases.
Moreover, from graph 9, we can conclude that the efficacy of vaccince at 9ug-ml
concentration is highest at 50%, hence the vaccine is most effective at 9ug-ml
P-value is the result that we get from the t-test.
It tells us how likely the difference between the 2
different groups could have happened by accident.
The p-value that we observed is 0.08
Overall, when we observe the P value is higher
than 0.05—the significance level, this means we
can't reject the null hypothesis because we don't
have enough evidence.
Since p-value > α, we fail to reject the null
hypothesis as there is insufficient evidence to
support the alternative hypothesis.
The reason why we chose unequal varience is
beacause we are unsure about how all the
different mice responds differently to the virus and
want to avoid the risk of making a Type I error. 2
mice died from the control group of the 11.5ug-ml
FURTHER STUDIES
Survivability rate of mice after 52 hours under 9 ug-ml of vaccine is higher than the
survivability rate of mice after 52 hours under 11.5ug-ml of vaccine
Moreover, the vaccine is effective in preventing the virus concentration from increasing
drastically. From graph 1 & 2, the final average concentration for the placebo is 935.06 Uml but for the experimental group is 111.33 U/ml. Hence, we can conclude that the virus
is effective in preventing the viral concentration from increasing drastically.
Vaccine is MOST effective when the
concentration of the vaccine is 9
ug-ml
REFERENCES
From the viral concentration of control
group graph, we can evaluate that there’s
no change which means the only factor
affecting the viral concentration is the
amount of injected vaccine.
Sagar Aryal. (August 3 2023). Methodology. Research Methodology.
https://microbenotes.com/category/researchmethodology/#:~:text=The%20research%20methodology%20consists%
20of,are%20essential%20while%20conducting%20research.
Anupama Sapkota. (August 3 2023). P Value. P Value- Definition,
Formula,Table, Finding P-value, Significance.
i https://microbenotes.com/p-value/
DATA -
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