AUTOMOTIVE
ELECTRONICS
HANDBOOK
Ronald K. Jürgen
Editor in Chief
McGraw-Hill, Inc.
New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogota
Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan
Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore
Sydney Tokyo Toronto
CONTENTS
Contributors
Preface
xvii
Part 1
xv
Introduction
Chapter 1. Introduction
Ronald K. Jürgen
1.3
1.1 The Dawn ot' a New Era / 1.3
1.2 The Microcomputer Takes Center Stage / 1.4
1.3 Looking to the Future / 1.5
References / 1.6
Part 2
Sensors and Actuators
Chapter 2. Pressure Sensors
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Randy Frank
Automotive Pressure Measurements / 2.3
Automotive Applications for Pressure Sensors / 2.5
Technologies for Sensing Pressure / 2.15
Future Pressure-Sensing Developments / 2.23
Glossary / 2.24
Bibliography / 2.24
Chapter 3. Linear and Angle Position Sensors
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Paul Nickson
3.1
Introduction / 3.1
Classification of Sensors / 3.1
Position Sensor Technologies / 3.2
Interfacing Sensors to Control Systems / 3.16
Glossary / 3.17
References / 3.17
Chapter 4. Flow Sensors
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
2.3
Robert E. Bicking
4.1
Introduction / 4.1
Automotive Applications of Flow Sensors / 4.1
Basic Classification of Flow Sensors / 4.3
Applicable Flow Measurement Technologies / 4.4
Glossary / 4.8
Bibliography / 4.9
vii
VÜi
CONTENTS
Chapter 5. Temperature, Heat, and Humidity Sensors
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
Randy Frank
5.1
Temperature, Heat, and Humidity / 5.1
Automotive Temperature Measurements / 5.5
Humidity Sensing and Vehicle Performance / 5.12
Sensors for Temperature / 5.14
Humidity Sensors / 5.21
Conclusions / 5.22
Glossary / 5.23
Bibliography / 5.23
Chapter 6. Exhaust Gas Sensors Hans-Martin Wiedenmann,
Gerhard Hötzel, Harald Neumann, Johann Riegel, and Helmut Weyl
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
Basic Concepts / 6.1
Principles of Exhaust Gas Sensors for Lambda Control / 6.5
Technology of Ceramic Exhaust Gas Sensors / 6.11
Factors Affecting the Control Characteristics of Lambda = 1 Sensors / 6.14
Applications / 6.18
Sensor Principles for Other Exhaust Gas Components / 6.20
Bibliography / 6.22
Chapter 7. Speed and Acceleration Sensors
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.1
William G. Wolber
8.1
Introduction / 8.1
The Knock Phenomenon / 8.2
Technologies for Sensing Knock / 8.4
Summary / 8.9
Glossary / 8.9
References / 8.9
Chapter 9. Engine Torque Sensors
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
William C. Dünn
Introduction / 7.1
Speed-Sensing Devices / 7.2
Automotive Applications for Speed Sensing / 7.6
Acceleration Sensing Devices / 7.8
Automotive Applications for Accelerometers / 7.18
New Sensing Devices / 7.22
Future Applications / 7.24
Summary / 7.26
Glossary / 7.27
References / 7.28
Chapter 8. Engine Knock Sensors
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
6.1
William G. Wolber
Introduction / 9.1
Automotive Applications of Torque Measurement / 9.3
Direct Torque Sensors / 9.6
Inferred Torque Measurement / 9.8
Summary / 9.13
Glossary / 9.13
References / 9.14
9.1
CONTENTS
Chapter 10. Actuators
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
Klaus Müller
IX
10.1
Preface / 10.1
Types of Electromechanical Actuators / 10.2
Automotive Actuators / 10.19
Technology for Future Application / 10.27
Acknowledgments / 10.30
Glossary / 10.30
Bibliography / 10.31
Part 3 Control Systems
Chapter 11. Automotive Microcontrollers
11.1
11.2
11.3
IIA
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
David S. Boehmer
11.3
Microcontroller Architecture and Performance Characteristics / 11.3
Memory / 11.24
Low-Speed Input/Output Ports / 11.31
High-Speed I/O Ports / 11.36
Serial Communications / 11.41
Analog-to-Digital Converter / 11.45
Failsafe Methodologies / 11.49
Future Trends / 11.51
Glossary / 11.54
Bibliography / 11.55
Chapter 12. Engine Control
and Shari Stottler
Gary C. Hirschlieb, Gottfried Schiller,
12.1
12.1 Obj ectives of Electronic Engine Control Systems / 12.1
12.2 Spark Ignition Engines / 12.5
12.3 Compression Ignition Engines / 12.32
Chapter 13. Transmission Control
and Werner Brehm
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.1
Introduction / 13.1
System Components / 13.2
System Functions / 13.7
Communications with Other Electronic Control Units / 13.17
Optimization of the Drivetrain / 13.18
Future Developments / 13.19
Glossary / 13.20
References / 13.20
Chapter 14. Cruise Control
14.1
14.2
14.3
IAA
14.5
Kurt Neuffer, Wolfgang Bullmer,
Richard Valentine
Cruise Control System / 14.1
Microcontroller Requirements for Cruise Control / 14.3
Cruise Control Software / 14.4
Cruise Control Design / 14.6
Future Cruise Concepts / 14.7
Glossary / 14.8
Bibliography / 14.8
14.1
*
X
CONTENTS
Chapter 15. Braking Control
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
Armin Czinczel
16.1
Introduction / 16.1
Forces Affecting Wheel Traction: Fundamental Concepts / 16.3
Controlled Variables / 16.5
Control Modes / 16.6
Traction Control Components / 16.11
Applications on Heavy Commercial Vehicles / 16.13
Future Trends / 16.14
Glossary / 16.14
Bibliography / 16.15
Chapter 17. Suspension Control
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
15.1
Introduction / 15.1
Vehicle Braking Fundamentals / 15.1
Antilock Systems / 15.8
Future Vehicle Braking Systems / 15.14
Glossary / 15.15
References / 15.16
Chapter 16. Traction Control
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
JerryL.Cage
Akatsu Yohsuke
17.1
Shock Absorber Control System / 17.1
Hydropneumatic Suspension Control System / 17.4
Electronic Leveling Control System / 17.5
Active Suspension / 17.8
Conclusion / 17.17
Glossary / 17.18
Nomenclature / 17.18
Bibliography / 17.18
Chapter 18. Steering Control
Makoto Sato
18.1
18.1 Variable-Assist Steering / 18.1
18.2 Four-Wheel Steering Systems (4WS) / 18.15
Glossary / 18.33
References / 18.33
Chapter 19. Lighting, Wipers, Air Conditioning/Heating
Richard Valentine
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
Lighting Controls / 19.1
Windshield Wiper Control / 19.9
Air Conditioner/Heater Control / 19.15
Miscellaneous Load Control Reference / 19.20
Future Load Control Concepts / 19.25
Glossary / 19.26
Bibliography / 19.27
19.1
CONTENTS
xi
Part 4 Displays and Information Systems
Chapter 20. Instrument Panel Displays
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.6
20.7
Ronald K. Jürgen
20.3
The Evolution to Electronic Displays / 20.3
Vacuum Fluorescent Displays / 20.3
Liquid Crystal Displays / 20.4
Cathode-Ray Tube Displays / 20.6
Head-up Displays / 20.6
Electronic Analog Displays / 20.8
Reconfigurable Displays / 20.9
References / 20.9
Chapter 21. Trip Computers
Ronald K. Jürgen
21.1
21.1 Trip Computer Basics / 21.1
21.2 Specific Trip Computer Designs / 21.2
21.3 Conclusion / 21.4
References / 21.6
Chapter 22. On- and Off-Board Diagnostics
Frieder Heintz, and Robert Hügel
22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4
22.5
Wolfgang Bremer,
22.1
Why Diagnostics? / 22.1
On-Board Diagnostics / 22.6
Off-Board Diagnostics / 22.7
Legislation and Standardization / 22.8
Future Diagnostic Concepts / 22.15
Glossary / 22.18
References / 22.19
Part 5 Safety, Convenience, Entertainment,
and Other Systems
Chapter 23. Passenger Safety and Convenience
Bernhard K. Mattes
23.3
23.1 Passenger Safety Systems / 23.3
23.2 Passenger Convenience Systems / 23.11
Glossary / 23.13
Bibliography / 23.13
Chapter 24. Antitheft Systems
Shinichi Kato
24.1 Vehicle Theft Circumstances / 24.1
24.2 Overview of Antitheft Regulations / 24.2
24.3 A Basic Antitheft System / 24.3
24.1
•
XÜ
CONTENTS
Chapter 25. Entertainment Products
25.1
25.2
25.3
25 A
25.1
Fundamentals of Audio Systems / 25.1
A Brief History of Automotive Entertainment / 25.4
Contemporary Audio Systems / 25.5
Future Trends / 25.12
Glossary / 25.17
References / 25.18
Chapter 26. Multiplex Wiring Systems
26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4
Tom Chrapkiewicz
Fred Miesterfeld
26.1
Vehicle Multiplexing / 26.1
Encoding Techniques / 26.9
Protocols / 26.23
Summary and Conclusions / 26.53
Glossary / 26.56
References / 26.64
Part 6 Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility
Chapter 27. Electromagnetic Standards and Interference
James P. Muccioli
21.Z
27.1 SAE Automotive EMC Standards / 27.3
27.2 IEEE Standards Related to EMC / 27.11
27.3 The Electromagnetic Environment of an Automobile Electronic System / 27.13
Bibliography / 27.18
Chapter 28. Electromagnetic Compatibility
28.1
28.2
28.3
28.4
28.5
28.6
James P. Muccioli
28.1
Noise Propagation Modes / 28.1
Cabling / 28.2
Components / 28.4
Printed Circuit Board EMC Checklist / 28.9
Integrated Circuit Decoupling—A Key Automotive EMI Concern / 28.10
ICProcessSizeAffectsEMC / 28.14
Bibliography / 28.19
Part 7 Emerging Technologies
Chapter 29. Navigation Aids and Intelligent Vehicie-Highway Systems
French
29.1
29.2
29.3
29.4
Background / 29.3
Automobile Navigation Technologies / 29.4
Examples of Navigation Systems / 29.10
Other IVHS Systems and Services / 29.15
References / 29.18
Robert L.
29.3
CONTENTS
Chapter 30. Electric and Hybrid Vehicies
Raymond S. Hobbs, and Donald B. Karner
30.1
30.2
30.3
30.4
30.5
30.6
30.7
30.8
XÜi
George G. Karady, Tracy Blake,
30.1
Introduction / 30.1
System Description / 30.5
Charger and Protection System / 30.6
Motor Drive System / 30.8
Battery / 30.17
Vehicie Control and Auxiliary Systems / 30.19
Infrastructure / 30.21
Hybrid Vehicies / 30.23
Glossary / 30.24
References / 30.25
Chapter 3 1 . Noise Cancellation Systems
Jeffrey N. Denenberg
31.1
31.1 Noise Sources / 31.1
31.2 Applications / 31.5
Glossary / 31.10
Bibliography / 31.10
Chapter 32. Future Vehicie Electronics
32.1
32.2
32.3
32.4
32.5
32.6
Randy Frank and Salim Momin
Retrospective / 32.1
IC Technology / 32.1
Other Semiconductor Technologies / 32.5
Enabling the Future / 32.11
Impact on Future Automotive Electronics / 32.15
Conclusions / 32.20
Glossary / 32.21
Bibliography / 32.23
Index / Li
32.1