Bartoș Dana
Opincariu Iulian
ANATOMY QUIZZES:
UPPER LIMB, LOWER LIMB, THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL WALL
ANATOMY QUIZZES:
UPPER LIMB, LOWER LIMB,
THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL WALL
Editors: Bartoș Dana, Opincariu Iulian
Editura Medicală Universitară ”Iuliu Hațieganu”
Cluj Napoca – 2021
ISBN: 978-606-075-031-4
Contents
UPPER LIMB
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
The shoulder and the axilla………………………………....4
Lecturer, FACS, MD, PhD, Bartoș Adrian
The arm………………………………….…………………...9
Assistant professor, MD, Iancu Ioana
The elbow and cubital fossa…………………………….....14
Assistant professor, MD, Stoian Raluca
The forearm………………………………………………...19
Assistant professor, MD, PhD, Bădulescu Claudiu
The wrist…………………………………………………....26
Assistant professor, MD, Marian Emanuela
The hand…………………………………………………....32
Assistant professor, MD, PhD, Ștefan Paul
LOWER LIMB
Chapter 7
The gluteal area………………………………………….....38
Assistant professor, MD, PhD, Nicoară Sergiu
Chapter 8
The thigh…………………………………………………....43
Assistant professor, MD, Țichil Ioana
Chapter 9
The knee and the popliteal fossa………………………..…49
Assistant professor, MD, Munteanu Vlad
Chapter 10
The leg…………………………………. …………………..55
Assistant professor, MD, PhD, Jeican Ionuț
Chapter 11
The ankle…………………………………. ……………….61
Assistant professor, MD, PhD, Budușan Maria
Chapter 12
The foot……………………………………………………..67
Assistant professor, MD, Ignat Radu
THORAX AND ABDOMINAL WALL
Chapter 13
Generalities, osteology, myology, vascularization and
innervation of the thoracic and abdominal wall…………73
Associated professor, MD, PhD, Blidaru Mihai
Chapter 14
The breast and diaphragm………………………………...78
Assistant professor, MD, Herdean Andrei
Chapter 15
The vertebral column……………………………………...85
Assistant professor, MD, PhD, Vanța Oana
Chapter 16
The heart………………………………….………………..90
Lecturer, MD, PhD, Micu Carmen
2
Chapter 17
The lungs…………………………………………………....95
Lecturer, MD, PhD, Badea Alexandru
Chapter 18
The mediastinum………………………………………….101
Assistant professor, MD, PhD, Capras Denisa
ASSOCIATIVE QUESTIONS
Chapter 19
Type of questions: Match the correct correspondences; Fill
in the blanks; Put in the correct order; Name the required
structures; Name the structures pointed in the picture
Anatomical cases………………………………………….107
Associated professor, MD, PhD, Opincariu Iulian
Associated professor, MD, PhD, Bartoș Dana
Associated professor, MD, PhD, Blidaru Mihai
Lecturer, FACS, MD, PhD, Bartoș Adrian
ANSWERS
…………………………………………………….…..138
3
Chapter 1. The shoulder and the axilla
UPPER LIMB
Chapter 1. The shoulder and the axilla
1.
Which of the following statements about the delto-pectoral triangle are
true?
a. It contains the coracoid process of the scapula
b. It contains the cephalic vein
c. It contains a branch of the subscapular artery
d. It contains the acromio-clavicular artery
e. Has a quadrilateral shape
2.
The humero-tricipital quadrangular space:
a. Is situated between teres major, minor and the triceps long muscles tendons
b. Is an important region on clavicular fractures
c. Is located medially to the omo-tricipital space
d. Through it passes the posterior circumflex humeral artery and the axillary
nerve
e. Through it passes the circumflex scapulary artery
3.
The suspensory ligament of the axilla:
a. Takes part in forming the clavi-coraco-axillary fascia
b. Continue the clavi-pectoral fascia
c. Is not inserted on the axillary fascia
d. Is inserted on latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles fascia
e. Must be cut when you want to reveal the axillary artery
4.
The glenohumeral joint has the following characteristics:
a. Is a synovial multiaxial joint
b. Is a synovial biaxial joint
c. It has the following ligaments: the glenohumeral, coracohumeral and
transverse humeral
d. It has the following ligaments: the glenocoracoid, coracohumeral and
transverse humeral
e. In out body, is the joint that allows the widest possibility of movements
5.
The structures that take part in the shoulder joint complex have the
following characteristics:
a. The capsule is inserted superior to the supraglenoid tubercle
b. The gleno-humeral ligaments limit the internal rotation
c. The coraco-humeral ligament limits the extension
4
Chapter 1. The shoulder and the axilla
d. The synovia constant makes only 1 bursa, the bicipital bursa
e. The synovia of the articulation forms inconstant the subscapular bursa
6.
What type of joint is the shoulder joint?
a. Hinge joint
b. Saddle joint
c. Ball-and-socket joint
d. Ellipsoid joint
e. Multiaxial synovial joint
7.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
8.
Name the structures that are taking part in forming the shoulder joint?
Head of the humerus
Acromion process of the scapula
Glenoid cavity of the scapula
Coracoid process of the scapula
Humerus, together with the ulna and radius
Which of the following ligaments are associated with the shoulder joint?
a. Transverse humeral ligament
b. Coraco-clavicular ligament
c. Gleno-humeral ligaments
d. Coraco-humeral ligament
e. Synovial membrane
9.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Movements of the shoulder include:
Flexion
Internal rotation
External rotation
Abduction
Supination
10.
Contraction of the biceps brachii muscle produces:
a. Adduction of the arm, respectively flection and pronation of the forearm
b. Flection of the forearm and abduction of the arm
c. Flection and supination of the forearm
d. Adduction of the arm and supination of the forearm
e. Extension of the arm by accessory insertion
11.
Name the attachments of the coracobrachialis muscle:
a. Coracoid process
5
Chapter 1. The shoulder and the axilla
b.
c.
d.
e.
Coronoid process
Medial border of the humeral shaft
Lateral border of the humeral shaft
Surgical neck of the humerus
12.
In the shoulder region:
a. There are six muscles arising from the scapula which are inserted to the
humerus
b. Supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles arise from the dorsal
surface of the scapula and are inserted into the greater tuberosity of the
humerus
c. Trapezius muscle overlies the rotator cuff muscles and inserts distally on the
lateral aspect of the shaft of the humerus
d. Abduction is initiated by trapezius muscle and completed by deltoid muscle
e. The joint is supplied by twigs from the median, ulnar and radial nerves
13.
Anatomical position-first rib:
a. Inferiorly - the surface with two shallow grooves
b. Superiorly - the surface with two shallow grooves
c. Medial - the convexity of the rib
d. Medial - the concavity of the rib
e. Anteriorly - the head of the rib
14.
The clavicle has the following features:
a. Its flattened extremity articulates with the sternum
b. The lateral extremity articulates with the acromion
c. The medial end it is also called the acromial end
d. The lateral extremity presents on its inferior surface the conoid tubercle and
the trapezoid line, for the insertions of the coracoclavicular ligament
e. The medial extremity presents on its inferior surface the conoid tubercle and
the trapezoid line, for the insertions of the coracoclavicular ligament
15.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Which of the following muscles are inserted at the level of the clavicles?
Pectoralis major muscle, inserted on the anterior part of the medial extremity
Sternocleidomastoidian muscle, inserted at the level of acromion end
Deltoid muscle, inserted at the level of the acromion end
Trapezius muscle, inserted at the level of the inferior surface of the clavicle
Sternocleidomastoidian muscle, inserted at the level of the sternal end
6
Chapter 1. The shoulder and the axilla
16.
Which of the following muscles are inserted at the level of the scapula?
a. The long head of the triceps brachii muscle inserted at the level of the
supraglenoid tubercle of the glenoid cavity
b. The long head of the triceps brachii muscle inserted at the level of the
infraglenoid tubercle of the glenoid cavity
c. The long head of the biceps brachii muscle inserted at the level of the
supraglenoid tubercle of the glenoid cavity
d. The long head of the biceps brachii muscle inserted at the level of the
infraglenoid tubercle of the glenoid cavity
e. The short head of the biceps brachii muscle inserted at the level of the coracoid
process
17.
The structures that form the shoulder joint have the following
characteristics:
a. The capsule is inserted superior to the supraglenoid tubercle
b. The gleno-humeral ligaments limit the internal rotation
c. The coraco-humeral ligament limits the extension
d. The synovia constant makes only 1 bursa, the bicipital bursa
e. The synovia of the articulation forms inconstant the subscapular bursa
18.
The deltoid muscle is innervated by the following nerve:
a. Radial
b. Axillary
c. Median
d. Musculocutaneous
e. Ulnar
19.
The deltoid muscle has the following neuro-vascular relationships:
a. Is located lateral to cephalic vein
b. Is located medial to basilic vein
c. Is located superficial to posterior circumflex humeral artery
d. Is located superficial to brachial artery
e. Is located superficial to medial cutaneous nerve of the arm
20.
Which of the following statements about the delto-pectoral triangle are
true?
a. It contains the coracoid process of the scapula
b. It contains the cephalic vein
c. It contains a branch of the subscapular artery
d. It contains the acromio-clavicular artery
7
Chapter 1. The shoulder and the axilla
e. Has a quadrilateral shape
21.
The axilla:
a. Has a floor which is supported by the suspensory ligament which arises from
the lower border of subclavius muscle
b. Has a posterior wall made up of the tendon of latissimus dorsi and the medial
head of triceps muscles
c. Has a lateral wall formed by the bicipital groove
d. Contains the roots of the brachial plexus
e. Has the axillary vein which lies between the artery and the brachial plexus
22.
The axillary artery:
a. Is the direct continuation of the third segment of the subclavian artery
b. Becomes the brachial artery when emerging from the inferior border of
pectoralis minor muscle
c. Has the three cords of the brachial plexus embracing its second part
d. Has 4 branches emerging from its first part
e. Has the internal thoracic artery arising from its second part
23.
The axillary lymph nodes can be divided in the following groups:
a. Central
b. Apical
c. Medial
d. Inferior
e. Pectoral
24.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
25.
The cords of the brachial plexus are:
Above the clavicle, medial to the anterior scalene muscle
Above the clavicle, posterior to the anterior scalene muscle
At or inferior to the clavicle, closely related to the axillary artery
At or inferior to the clavicle, closely related to the axillary vein
At or inferior to clavicle, closely related to the brachial vein
The axillary vein:
a. Is firmly enclosed by the axillary sheath
b. Is formed by the union of the venae comitantes accompanying the brachial
artery
c. Passes in front of scalenus anterior muscle
d. Grooves the inferior surface of the first rib
e. Is an ideal site for insertion of a central venous
8
Chapter 2. The arm
Chapter 2. The arm
26.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Which of the following statements about the brachial artery are true?
Runs lateral to median nerve in the proximal part of the arm
Runs medial to median nerve in the proximal part of the arm
Runs lateral to median nerve in the distal part of the arm
Runs medial to median nerve in the distal part of the arm
Is the terminal branch of the subclavian artery
27.
What are the attachments of the coracobrachialis muscle?
a. Origin at the level of the acromian process of scapula
b. Origin at the level of the coronoid process of scapula
c. Origin at the level of the coracoid process of the scapula
d. Insertion lateral surface of the humerus
e. Insertion medial surface of the humerus
28.
What are the attachments of the biceps brachii muscle?
a. Short head – origin at the level of the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
b. Short head – origin at the level of the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
c. Short head- coracoid process of the scapula
d. Long head – coracoid process of the scapula
e. Insertion – at the level of the radial tuberosity
29.
Which of the following muscles are innervated by the musculocutaneous
nerve?
a. Brachialis muscle
b. Biceps brachii muscle
c. Triceps brachii muscle
d. Brachioradialis muscle
e. Coracobrachialis muscle
30.
Which of the following statements about biceps brachii muscle are true?
a. Located anterior to brachialis muscle in the anterior compartment of the arm
b. Located posterior to brachialis muscle in the anterior compartment of the arm
c. Action – flexion and supination
d. Action – flexion and adduction
e. Action - extension
31.
Which of the following muscles are supplied by brachial artery?
a. Biceps brachii muscle
9
Chapter 2. The arm
b.
c.
d.
e.
Triceps muscle
Coracobrachialis muscle
Brachioradialis muscle
Brachialis muscle
32.
Which of the following muscles are part of the of the anterior compartment
of the arm?
a. Teres minor muscle
b. Biceps brachii muscle
c. Palmaris longus muscle
d. Triceps muscle
e. Coracobrachialis muscle
33.
Which of the following contents are part of the anterior compartment of the
arm?
a. Triceps muscle
b. Brachialis muscle
c. Brachial artery
d. Radial nerve
e. Musculocutaneous nerve
34.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
35.
Which of the following arteries are branches of the deep brachial artery?
Nutrient humeral artery
Ulnar artery
Radial artery
Radial collateral artery
Ascending branch to posterior circumflex humeral artery
Which of the following statements about triceps muscle are true?
a. It is part of the posterior compartment of the arm
b. Action - flexion
c. Action - extension
d. Innervated by the radial nerve
e. Innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve
36.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Which of the following arteries are branches of the brachial artery?
Nutrient humeral artery
Ulnar recurrent artery
Common interosseus artery
Inferior ulnar collateral artery
10
Chapter 2. The arm
e. Radial collateral artery
37.
Which of the following structures are passing through the anterior
compartment of the arm?
a. Radial nerve
b. Musculocutaneous nerve
c. Median nerve
d. Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve
e. Ulnar artery
38.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
What are the attachments of the brachialis muscle?
Origin at the level of the coracoid process
Insertion at the level of the radial tuberosity
Insertion at the level of the ulnar tuberosity
Origin at the level of the deltoid tuberosity of the scapula
Origin at the level of the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
39.
What are the attachments of the triceps muscle?
a. Origin of the short head - infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
b. Origin of the long head - infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
c. Insertion at the level of the coronoid process of the ulna
d. Insertion at the level of the olecranon process of the ulna
e. Origin of the lateral and medial head at the level of the lateral surface of the
humerus
40.
Which of the following statements about the deep brachial artery are true?
a. Wraps around the posterior surface of the humerus
b. Supplies the anterior compartment of the arm
c. Its descending branch becomes ulnar collateral artery
d. Its descending branch becomes radial collateral artery
e. Anastomoses with radial recurrent artery
41.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The musculocutaneous nerve has the following characteristics.
Origin from nerve roots C8-T1
Innervates the triceps muscle
It has a sensory function through lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm
It has just a motor function
At the level of the arm passes anterior to the brachialis muscle and deep to
biceps brachii muscle
11
Chapter 2. The arm
42.
At the level of the arm the median nerve has the following relationships:
a. Runs lateral to brachial artery in the proximal part of the arm
b. Runs medial to brachial artery in the proximal part of the arm
c. Runs lateral to brachial artery in the distal part of the arm
d. Runs medial to brachial artery in the distal part of the arm
e. It is positioned on the medial-anterior aspect of the arm
43.
At the level of the arm the ulnar nerve has the following pathway.
a. After arising from brachial plexus descends at the level of the upper arm lateral
to the brachial artery
b. After arising from brachial plexus descends at the level of the upper arm
medial to the brachial artery
c. At the middle of the arm, pierces the medial intermuscular septum
d. At the elbow passes posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus
e. At the elbow passes anterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus
44.
Which of the following muscles are part of the anterior compartment of the
arm?
a. Pronator teres muscle
b. Brachialis muscle
c. Teres major muscle
d. Coracobrachialis muscle
e. Triceps muscle
45.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
46.
Which of the following statements about the radial nerve are true?
Wraps around the posterior surface of the humerus
Runs in radial groove together with deep brachial artery
Runs in radial groove together with brachial artery
Innervates the brachialis muscle
Innervates the triceps muscle
The origin and relationships of the brachial artery are:
a. Represents the continuation of the axillary artery at the inferior border of teres
major muscle
b. Represents the continuation of the axillary artery at the inferior border of teres
minor muscle
c. Runs lateral to median nerve in the proximal part of the arm
d. Passes deep to bicipital aponeurosis lateral to median nerve
e. Passes deep to bicipital aponeurosis medial to median nerve
12
Chapter 2. The arm
47.
Which of the following statements about the superior ulnar collateral artery
are true?
a. It’s a branch of the brachial artery
b. It’s a branch of the deep brachial artery
c. Anastomoses with posterior ulnar recurrent artery
d. Passes posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus
e. Passe anterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus
48.
Which of the following statements about the inferior ulnar collateral artery
are true?
a. Anastomoses with anterior ulnar recurrent artery
b. Anastomoses with posterior recurrent ulnar artery
c. Passes anterior to medial epicondyle of the humerus
d. Passes posterior to medial epicondyle of the humerus
e. Passes anterior to lateral epicondyle of the humerus
49.
Which of the following muscle-movement associations are correct?
a. Biceps brachii muscle - flexion, adduction
b. Coracobrachialis muscle - flexion, adduction
c. Biceps brachii muscle - flexion, supination
d. Brachialis muscle - flexion of the elbow joint to flex the forearm
e. Triceps muscle - extension
50.
Which of the following statements about the muscles of the arm are true?
a. Coracobrachialis muscle is pierced by median nerve
b. Coracobrachialis muscle is pierced by musculocutaneous nerve
c. Triceps muscle is supplied by deep brachial artery
d. Brachialis muscle is innervated by median nerve
e. Biceps brachii muscle has two heads - medial and lateral
13
Chapter 3. The elbow and cubital fossa
Chapter 3. The elbow and cubital fossa
51.
The cubital fossa has the following borders:
a. Base - line drawn through the inferior border of the epicondyles of the
humerus
b. Laterally – brachioradialis muscle
c. Medially - pronator teres muscle
d. Medially – brachioradialis muscle
e. Floor - brachialis muscle, supinator muscle and the capsule of elbow joint
52.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
53.
About the elbow joint, the following statements are true:
a. The olecranon process of the ulna enters the olecranon fossa of humerus in
flexion of the forearm
b. The olecranon process of the ulna enters the olecranon fossa of humerus in
extension of the forearm
c. The medial epicondyle of the humerus enters the coronoid fossa in flexion of
the forearm
d. The capitulum of the humerus articulates with the proximal epiphysis of the
radius
e. The capitulum of the humerus articulates with the proximal epiphysis of the
ulna
54.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
55.
What muscles inserts on the olecranon process of ulna?
Anconeus muscle
Olecranon muscle
Biceps brachii muscle
Triceps brachii muscle
Brachialis muscle
Medial epicondyle of the humerus gives insertion to the following muscles:
Flexor carpi radialis muscle
Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle
Palmaris longus muscle
Pronator quadratus muscle
Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle
Lateral epicondyle of the humerus gives insertion to the following muscles:
a. Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle
b. Flexor carpi radialis brevis muscle
c. Extensor digiti minimi muscle
14
Chapter 3. The elbow and cubital fossa
d. Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle
e. Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
56.
The collateral vascularization of the elbow has the following anastomosis:
a. Radial collateral artery (direct branch of the brachial artery) - radial recurrent
artery (branch of the radial artery)
b. Superior ulnar collateral artery - inferior ulnar collateral artery
c. Superior ulnar collateral artery - posterior ulnar recurrent artery
d. Inferior ulnar collateral artery - anterior ulnar recurrent artery
e. Superior ulnar collateral artery - anterior ulnar recurrent artery
57.
About the cubital fossa the following statements are true:
a. Is situated at the posterior aspect of the elbow
b. Is divided in two compartments by the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle
c. Is divided in medial and lateral compartment by the tendon of the brachialis
muscle
d. In its lateral compartment the brachial artery divides into its terminal branches
e. The radial nerve is located in the lateral compartment of the cubital fossa
58.
Which of the following is not a direct branch of the axillary artery?
a. Anterior circumflex humeral
b. Interosseous artery
c. Posterior circumflex humeral
d. Thoracoacromial
e. Subscapular
59.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
60.
Which are the terminal branches of the brachial artery?
Ulnar artery
Inferior ulnar collateral artery
Radial artery
Superior ulnar collateral artery
Interosseous artery
At the level of the cubital fossa the median nerve:
a. Passes posterior to the medial epicondyle
b. It is found in the medial compartment together with the brachial artery
c. It is found in the lateral compartment together with the ulnar artery
d. Passes in the medial compartment together with the radial artery
e. Divides into its terminal branches
15
Chapter 3. The elbow and cubital fossa
61. The floor of the cubital fossa is formed by:
a. Brachialis muscle
b. Supinator muscle
c. Capsule of the elbow joint
d. Pronator teres muscle
e. Brachioradialis muscle
62. The location of the median nerve at the level of cubital fossa is:
a. Lateral to the biceps brachii muscle insertion
b. Medial to the biceps brachii muscle insertion
c. Medial to the ulnar artery
d. Medial to the brachial artery
e. Lateral to the brachial artery
63. The brachial artery has the following relations at the level of the cubital fossa:
a. Lateral to the median nerve
b. Medial to the median nerve
c. Lateral to the biceps brachii muscle insertion
d. Medial to the biceps brachii muscle insertion
e. Superior to the brachialis muscle
64. What nerves pass through the cubital fossa?
a. Median nerve
b. Radial nerve
c. Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve
d. Ulnar nerve
e. Musculocutaneous nerve
65. The cutaneous innervation of the elbow is provided by:
a. The lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm
b. The posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm
c. Proximal branches of the of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm
d. The lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm
e. Directly by the radial nerve
66. About the distal extremity of the humerus the following statements are true:
a. It is a modify condyle
b. It articulates with the radius and the ulna
c. The capitulum articulates with the discoid head of the ulna
d. The trochlea articulates with the head of the radius
16
Chapter 3. The elbow and cubital fossa
e. The trochlea articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna
67. The non-articular parts of the condyle of the humerus are:
a. The olecranon process
b. The coronoid process
c. Medial and lateral epicondyles
d. The olecranon and radial fossa
e. The coronoid fossa
68. The ulnar collateral ligament has the following attributes:
a. Has a triangular shape
b. Has anterior, posterior and inferior thick bands
c. Contributes to the stability of the elbow joint
d. Attaches on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
e. Attaches on the annular ligament
69. The radial collateral ligament has the following attributes:
a. Attaches on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
b. Attaches on the annular ligament
c. Attaches on the medial epicondyle of the humerus
d. Has anterior, posterior and inferior thick bands
e. It blends with the bony attachment of the supinator muscle
70. The synovial membrane of the elbow attaches on:
a. The articular margin of the humerus
b. The margin of coronoid and radial fossa
c. The flat medial surface of the trochlea
d. The distal part of the annular ligament
e. The proximal part of the annular ligament
71. The articulating surfaces of the proximal radio-ulnar joint are:
a. The circumference of the radial head
b. The ulnar radial notch
c. The radial ulnar notch
d. The annular ligament
e. The trochlear notch
72. What muscles are producing flexion of the forearm onto the arm?
a. The brachialis muscle
b. The biceps brachii muscle
17
Chapter 3. The elbow and cubital fossa
c. The brachioradialis muscle
d. The pronator teres muscle
e. The triceps brachii muscle
73. The superficial venous system at the level of the cubital fossa is represented by:
a. The basilic vein
b. The median cubital vein
c. The cephalic vein
d. The brachial vein
e. The ulnar veins
74. What is the path and branches of the radial nerve at the level of cubital fossa?
a. Enters the cubital fossa laterally
b. Passes in the groove between brachioradialis and brachialis
c. Divides into the superficial radial and posterior interosseous nerve
d. Divides into the superficial and deep radial nerve
e. The superficial radial nerve continues inferior under brachioradialis muscle
75. The proximal articular surface of the radial head has the following attributes:
a. The upper rim fits the groove between the capitulum and the trochlea
b. Enters the radial fossa in flexion
c. Enters the radial fossa in extension
d. The articular circumference articulates with the ulnar radial notch
e. The articular circumference articulates with the annular ligament
18
Chapter 4. The forearm
Chapter 4. The forearm
76.
The following details are true about the radius:
The head, pyramidal shaped is located at the level of the proximal extremity
The proximal extremity articulates with the capitulum of the humerus
At the level of its shaft, it has a tuberosity for the insertion of brachial muscle
The posterior surface of the distal extremity presents grooves for the gliding of
the tendons of extensors muscles of the hand and digits
e. The styloid process of the bone is located at the level of the distal extremity
a.
b.
c.
d.
77.
Choose the wrong statements about the ulna:
a. Taken in account the anatomical position it is located lateral to the radius
b. The olecranon is located on the proximal extremity and it articulates with the
humeral trochlea
c. The brachial muscle is inserted on the ulnar tuberosity (which is located on the
posterior surface of the ulna)
d. The styloid process of the bone is located at the level of the distal extremity, on
its lateral side
e. Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle is inserted on the anterior surface of the
shaft of the ulna
78.
Anterior muscle compartment of the forearm has the following
characteristics:
a. The superficial layer includes muscles such as - pronator teres, flexor carpi
radialis
b. The superficial layer includes muscles such as - flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris
longus
c. Proximally pronator teres muscle attaches with the two heads on – humerus
and on ulna
d. Palmaris longus muscle inserts on the distal phalanges
e. Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle inserts on the lateral epicondyle of humerus
79.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The following muscles have attachment on the interosseous membrane:
Flexor digitorum profundus muscle
Flexor pollicis longus muscle
Pronator teres muscle
Flexor carpi radialis muscle
Abductor pollicis longus muscle
19
Chapter 4. The forearm
80.
The relationships of flexor digitorum profundus muscle are:
a. Posterior it has relationships with the ulna and interosseous membrane
b. Posterior it has relationships with pronator quadratus muscle
c. Anterior it has relationships with flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, ulnar artery and
nerve
d. The median nerve passes between this muscle and interosseous membrane
e. Anterior by the flexor digitorum profundus passes the ulnar artery
81.
Brachioradialis muscle has the following characteristics:
a. Is inserted on the medial epicondyle of humerus
b. It’s the satellite muscle of the radial artery
c. Distally is inserted on the styloid process of the ulna
d. Together with flexor carpi radialis muscle limits the pulse sulcus
e. Innervation of this muscle comes from the median nerve
82.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Extensor digitorum muscle:
Is a superficial muscle of posterior compartment of the forearm
Has the origin on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Is inserted proximally on the coronoid process of ulna
The muscle tendon spreads into 4 fascicles for the II-Vth digits
Is innervated by the deep branch of the radial nerve
83.
Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle:
a. Has the proximal attachment on the medial epicondyle of the humerus and
coronoid process of the ulna
b. Has part of the proximal attachment on the anterior border of the radius
c. Is the satellite muscle for the ulnar artery
d. Is innervated by the radial nerve
e. Forms together with extensor digitorum muscle the extensor retinaculum
84.
The following statements about the median nerve are true:
a. At the level of the cubital fossa passes anteriorly to the brachial muscle and
between the two heads of pronator teres muscle
b. Gives up the anterior interosseous nerve, nerve that is part of the medial neurovascular bundle of the forearm
c. At the level of forearm is located is between flexor digitorum profundus and
flexor digitorum superficialis muscles
d. It gives nerve supply for the muscles of the hypothenar region and the two
medial lumbrical muscles
20
Chapter 4. The forearm
e. It sensory innervates the medial 1/3 of the hand, little finger and medial half of
the ring finger
85.
The cutaneous innervation of the forearm is as follows:
a. Anterolateral surface is innervated by the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve branch from the radial nerve
b. The lateral half of the anterior and posterior surface is innervated by the lateral
antebrachial cutaneous nerve - branch from the musculocutaneous nerve
c. The medial half of the anterior and posterior surface is innervated by the
medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve - branch of the brachial plexus
d. The anteromedial surface is innervated by the medial antebrachial cutaneous
nerve - branch of the musculocutaneous nerve
e. The anteromedial surface is innervated by the medial antebrachial cutaneous
nerve - branch of the radial nerve
86.
Which of the following muscles are part of the superficial layer of the
anterior compartment of the forearm?
a. Pronator quadratus muscle
b. Pronator teres muscle
c. Flexor carpi radialis muscle
d. Palmaris longus muscle
e. Flexor pollicis longus muscle
87.
Which of the following muscles are part of the deep layer of the posterior
compartment of the forearm?
a. Anconeus muscle
b. Supinator muscle
c. Extensor indicis muscle
d. Extensor pollicis longus muscle
e. Extensor digitorum muscle
88.
Which of the following arteries are branches of the radial artery?
a. Superficial palmar branch
b. Principal artery of the thumb
c. Deep palmar branch
d. Common interosseus artery
e. Radial recurrent artery
89.
Which of the following muscles are innervated by the median nerve?
a. Brachioradialis muscle
21
Chapter 4. The forearm
b.
c.
d.
e.
Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
Radial half of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle
Ulnar half of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle
Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle
90.
The bones of the forearm have the following features when referring to the
joints they are involved in:
a. The humero-ulnar joint involves the capitulum of the humerus corresponding
to the olecranon fossa of the ulna
b. Medial epicondyle of the humerus articulates with the radius
c. The humeral trochlea articulates with the olecranon fossa of the ulna
d. The humeral capitulum articulates with the head of the radius
e. The pronation is made by the rotation of the ulnar head around the radius at the
level of the proximal radio-ulnar joint
91.
The relationship of the median nerve at the level of the forearm are:
a. The median nerve usually enters the forearm between the two heads of
pronator teres muscle
b. The median nerve runs on the anterior surface of palmaris longus muscle
c. The median nerve runs on the anterior surface of flexor digitorum profundus
muscle
d. The median nerve is separated from the ulnar artery by the ulnar head of
pronator teres muscle
e. The median nerve is located posterior to the supinator muscle
92.
The muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm have the following
relations:
a. Flexor pollicis longus muscle runs lateral to flexor digitorum profundus muscle
b. Flexor pollicis longus muscle runs medial to flexor digitorum profundus
muscle
c. Median nerve runs between flexor digitorum profundus and supinator muscles
d. Pronator quadratus is located lateral to the median nerve and palmaris longus
muscle
e. The anterior interosseous nerve and vessels descend on the interosseous
membrane between flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum profundus
muscles
93.
Flexor digitorum superficialis has the following characteristics:
a. It is innervated by the median nerve
22
Chapter 4. The forearm
b. It has anterior relationships with the pronator teres and flexor carpi radialis
muscles
c. The median nerve and ulnar artery descend between the heads of flexor
digitorum superficialis muscle
d. The medial half of this muscle is innervated by the ulnar nerve
e. Between flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus muscles runs the radial
nerve
94.
Relations of the brachioradialis muscle include the following:
a. The radial nerve lies in the groove between brachioradialis and brachialis
muscles
b. Its tendon is crossed near the distal end by the tendons of abductor pollicis
longus and extensor pollicis brevis muscles
c. Its tendon is crossed near the proximal end by the tendons of abductor pollicis
longus and extensor pollicis brevis muscles
d. The radial artery runs on its ulnar (medial) side
e. The radial artery is located between the tendons of brachioradialis and flexor
carpi radialis muscles
95.
The following statements about the palmaris longus muscle are true:
a. Has its origin attachment on the medial epicondyle of the humerus
b. Its tendon passes anterior (superficial) to the flexor retinaculum
c. Is innervated by the median nerve
d. Has its origin attachment on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
e. Its tendon passes under the flexor retinaculum
96.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
97.
The muscles of the forearm can be involved in the following movements:
One of the flexor muscles of the forearm is brachioradialis muscle
Pronator quadratus muscle is the single pronator muscle of the forearm
Anconeus muscle is part of the extensor muscles of the forearm
Biceps brachialis muscle helps in supination
Triceps brachialis muscle is an extensor muscle
Choose the wrong statements about the muscle attachments in the anterior
compartment of the forearm:
a. Palmaris longus muscle arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and
from adjacent intermuscular septa and deep fascia
b. Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle arises by two heads, humeral and ulnar, connected
by a tendinous arch
23
Chapter 4. The forearm
c. Flexor pollicis longus muscle beside its main origin attachment it also attaches
to the adjacent interosseous membrane
d. Pronator quadratus muscle is a flat, quadrilateral muscle that extends across the
anterior proximal shaft surfaces of the radius and ulna
e. Flexor digitorum profundus muscle ends in four tendons that run deep to the
tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis muscle and flexor retinaculum
98.
Choose the correct statements about the attachments of the muscles of the
posterior compartment of the forearm:
a. Brachioradialis muscle has its origin attachment on the proximal two-thirds of
the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus
b. Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle has its origin attachment on the distal
third of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus
c. Extensor digitorum muscle has its origin attachment on medial epicondyle of
the humerus via the common extensor tendon
d. Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle has its origin attachment on medial
epicondyle of the humerus by a common tendon shared with extensor
digitorum muscle
e. Anconeus muscle arises by a separate tendon from the posterior surface of the
medial epicondyle of the humerus
99.
Choose the correct description of the vascular supply of the forearm:
a. Radial recurrent artery is a branch of the radial artery that anastomoses with
the brachial artery
b. Common interosseous artery is a branch of the radial artery
c. The anterior interosseous artery arises from the common interosseous artery
d. The posterior ulnar recurrent artery arises from the ulnar artery distal to the
anterior ulnar recurrent artery
e. The posterior ulnar recurrent artery anastomoses with the inferior ulnar
collateral artery, anterior to the medial epicondyle
100. The correct description of the forearm nerves include:
a. The posterior interosseous nerve is the deep terminal branch of the radial nerve
b. The posterior interosseous nerve is the deep terminal branch of the median
nerve
c. The anterior interosseous nerve arises from the median nerve
d. There are two main muscular branches of the ulnar nerve at the level of the
forearm and they supply flexor carpi ulnaris muscle and the medial half of
flexor digitorum superficialis muscle
24
Chapter 4. The forearm
e. The ulnar nerve enters the forearm between the two heads of flexor carpi
ulnaris muscle
101. The cubital fossa is a triangular depression in the anterior aspect of the
proximal forearm, it has the following characteristics:
a. The lateral border is made by the brachioradialis muscle
b. The medial border is made by the pronator quadratus muscle
c. The superior border is made by the intertrochanteric line
d. The radial nerve enters the fossa laterally in the groove between
brachioradialis and brachialis muscles
e. Supinator and brachialis muscles lie in the floor of the fossa
102. Choose the correct statements about the forearm muscles:
a. Flexor carpi radialis muscle inserts on the base of the 2nd metacarpal bone
b. Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle inserts on pisiform bone
c. Pronator teres muscle inserts on the coracoid process of ulna
d. Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle is innervated by the median nerve that
pass over this muscle
e. Pronator quadratus muscle is the deepest muscle of the anterior compartment
of the forearm
103. The forearm has deep and superficial veins with the following
characteristics:
a. The radial veins are smaller and receive the deep dorsal veins of the hand
b. The ulnar veins are larger and drain the deep palmar venous arch
c. Both – ulnar and radial veins are superficial veins of the forearm
d. The basilic vein arises medially from the dorsal venous network of the hand –
being part of the superficial system
e. The cephalic vein is a deep vein of the forearm
104. Describe the pathway of the median nerve:
a. In the cubital fossa, the median nerve lies medial to the brachial artery
b. The median nerve lies deep to the bicipital aponeurosis and anterior to
brachialis muscle
c. The median nerve passes between flexor digitorum superficialis and extensor
digitorum profundus muscles
d. At the wrist it lies between the tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis and
flexor carpi radialis muscles
e. It usually enters the forearm between the heads of pronator teres muscle
25
Chapter 5. The wrist
Chapter 5. The wrist
105. The following statements regarding the wrist are true:
a. All the bones of the proximal row of the carpal bones articulate in the wrist
joint
b. The proximal articular surface of the wrist is formed by the distal end of the
ulna
c. The radius does not take part in the wrist joint, as it articulates with the radius,
just proximal to the wrist joint, at the distal radioulnar joint
d. The wrist joint is a synovial joint
e. Ulnar collateral and radial collateral ligaments pass through the wrist joint
106. About the wrist, the following statements are true:
a. The ulna does not take part in the wrist joint
b. Palmar radiocarpal ligament is found on the dorsal side of the hand at it passes
from the ulna to both rows of carpal bones
c. The pisiform bone does not take part in the wrist joint
d. Innervation to the wrist is delivered by the anterior interosseous branch of the
median nerve
e. All the movements of the wrist are performed by the muscles of the forearm
107. Identify the true statements about the wrist:
a. The trapezoid bone does not participate as an articular surface of the wrist joint
b. All carpal bones from the proximal row are part of the articular surface of the
wrist joint
c. There are four important ligaments in the wrist joint (palmar and dorsal
radiocarpal and ulnar and lateral collateral ligaments)
d. Innervation to the wrist is delivered by the posterior interosseous branch of the
radial nerve
e. Innervation of the wrist is delivered by recurrent intraosseous branches of the
median nerve
108. Identify the false statements about the wrist:
a. The articulation between the radius and proximal carpal bones is a synovial
ellipsoid joint
b. The flexion of the wrist is produced mainly by the extensor carpi ulnaris and
flexor carpi ulnari muscles
c. The extension of the wrist is produced by the extensor carpi radialis longus and
extensor carpi radialis brevis muscles
d. The ulna is an active articulating surface of the wrist joint
26
Chapter 5. The wrist
e. Innervation to the wrist is delivered by deep and dorsal branches of the ulnar
nerve
109. The following statements about the ulnar canal are true:
a. The ulnar canal conveys the ulnar neurovascular bundle into the hand as it is
situated at the base of the thumb
b. The flexor retinaculum limits the ulnar canal
c. The ulnar nerve bifurcates within the canal into superficial and deep branches
d. The ulnar neurovascular bundle contains the ulnar artery which gives rise to a
deep palmar branch
e. The ulnar artery bifurcates within the canal into superficial and deep branches
110. The muscles which produce abduction of the wrist are:
a. Flexor carpi radialis muscle
b. Extensor carpi radiali longus muscle
c. Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle
d. Palmaris longus muscle
e. Extensor policis brevis muscle
111. The scaphoid bone articulates with the following bones:
a. Trapezium
b. Ulna
c. Radius
d. Trapezoid
e. Capitate
112. The flexor retinaculum attaches to the following bones:
a. Capitatum
b. Hamatum
c. Trapezius
d. Pisiform
e. Lunate
113. The extensor retinaculum attaches to the following bones:
a. Capitatum
b. Hamatum
c. Trapezius
d. Pisiform
e. Radius
27
Chapter 5. The wrist
114. Inside the carpal tunnel run the following structures:
a. The tendons of flexor digitorium superficialis muscle
b. The tendons of flexor digitorium profundus muscle
c. The radial artery
d. The median nerve
e. The ulnar nerve
115. Select the correct features of the capitate bone:
a. Articulates with the base of the second metacarpal bone
b. Articulates with the base of the third metacarpal bone
c. Is situated in the proximal carpal row
d. The radial collateral ligament is attached to it
e. Gives insertion to flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
116. Select the true statements about the wrist:
a. The tendon of flexor carpi radialis muscle passes between the superficial and
deep lamina of the flexor retinaculum
b. The flexor tendon sheaths consist of arcuate fibers in relationship with the
joints
c. The tendons of flexors digitorium superficialis and flexors digitorium
profundus muscles are covered in a common synovial sheath
d. At the level of the wrist, the ulnar artery lays medially to the ulnar nerve
e. The dorsal carpal branch of the radial artery anastomoses to the first dorsal
metacarpal artery
117. Select the true statements about the wrist:
a. The flexor tendon sheets are lined by a synovial membrane
b. The flexor retinaculum contains the ulnar nerves and vessels
c. The palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve crosses superficially to the
flexor retinaculum
d. The base of the ”anatomical snuff-box” is made by scaphoid and trapezium
bones
e. The ulnar artery passes through the Guyon’s canal
118. Select the true statements:
a. The deep palmar arch passes between the two heads of adductor pollicis
muscle
b. The median nerve passes through the Guyon’s canal
c. Common palmar digital arteries arise from the superficial palmar arch
d. At the level of the wrist the ulnary artery is situated medial to the ulnar nerve
28
Chapter 5. The wrist
e. The cephalic vein is formed at the ulnar extremity from the dorsal venous
plexus of the hand
119. Select the true statements:
a. The head of the phalanx is connected to the correspondent metacarpal bone by
collateral ligaments
b. Each extensor tendon is separated from the metacarpophalangeal joint by a
bursa
c. The second metacarpal bone has the largest base
d. The base of the fifth metacarpal bone articulates with the hamate bone
e. The palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve passes through the carpal
tunnel
120. The ”anatomical snuff-box” is limited laterally by the following tendons:
a. The tendon of flexor carpi radialis longus muscle
b. The tendon of extensor carpi radialis longus muscle
c. The tendon of extensor pollicis brevis muscle
d. The tendon of extensor pollicis longus muscle
e. The tendon of abductor pollicis longus muscle
121. The ”anatomical snuff-box” contains the following structures:
a. The median nerve
b. The radial artery
c. The tendon of flexor carpi radialis longus muscle
d. The tendon of extensor carpi radialis longus muscle
e. The tendon of extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle
122. The ulnar canal is limited by the following structures:
a. An expansion of the extensors retinaculum
b. The medial aspect of the flexor retinaculum
c. The pisiform bone
d. The tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
e. The tendon of extensor carpi ulnaris muscle
123. Select the correct attachments on the trapezium bone:
a. Abductor pollicis brevis muscle
b. Opponent pollicis muscle
c. Adductor pollicis muscle
d. First lumbrical muscle
e. First palmar interossei muscle
29
Chapter 5. The wrist
124. Which are the true statements about the flexor retinaculum:
a. All the thenar muscles attaches to it
b. It is a resistant structure
c. It is attached medially to the tubercle of trapezium bone
d. It is attached laterally to the hamate bone
e. It is located deep to the tendon of palmaris longus muscle
125. The following muscles are flexors of the wrist:
a. Flexor carpi radialis muscle
b. Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
c. Palmaris longus muscle
d. Pronator teres muscle
e. Flexor digitorium superficialis muscle
126. The following muscles are extensors of the wrist:
a. Anconeus muscle
b. Supinator muscle
c. Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle
d. Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle
e. Extensor digitorium muscle
127. The dorsal carpal arch:
a. The medial branch is the terminal branch of the ulnar artery
b. The lateral branch emerges from the radial artery
c. Is formed by the reunion of a medial and a lateral branch
d. The medial branch emerges superior to the head of the ulna
e. The lateral branch emerges in the ”anatomical snuff-box”
128. Select the true statements about the ulnar tunnel syndrome:
a. Can lead to sensory changes to the ring finger
b. It might be caused by the inflammation of a ganglion located in the region
c. Can lead to sensory changes to the middle finger
d. It is always caused by trauma
e. Surgical decompression might be necessary
129. The carpal tunnel syndrome:
a. Is the most common mononeuropathy
b. It is caused by the compression of the palmar superficial branch of the median
nerve
c. The dominant hand is usually affected
30
Chapter 5. The wrist
d. It can be associated with obesity or pregnancy
e. Paresthesia of the thumb may occur
31
Chapter 6. The hand
Chapter 6. The hand
130. The muscles of the thenar region are:
a. Abductor pollicis brevis muscle
b. Abductor digiti minimi muscle
c. Flexor digiti minimi muscle
d. Opponens digiti minimi muscle
e. Opponens pollicis muscle
131. The following muscles are part of the middle palmar compartment:
a. Palmaris brevis muscle
b. Lumbricals muscles
c. Dorsal interossei muscles
d. Palmar interossei muscles
e. Hypothenar muscles
132. The innervation of the hand is given by the:
a. The median nerve provides motor innervation for the medial 1/3 of the hand
b. The radial nerve provides motor innervation for the lateral 1/3 of the hand
c. The radial nerve provides sensitive innervation for the lateral 1/3 of the palm
d. The median nerve provides motor innervation for the thenar muscles,
exception being the deep part of the short flexor of the pollicis and short
adductor of the pollicis
e. The ulnar nerve provides sensitive innervation of the medial 1/3 of the hand
(on both sides)
133. The following statements about the bones of the hand are true:
a. The trapezium articulates with the radius
b. The capitate articulates with the third metacarpal bone
c. The scaphoid articulates with the radius
d. The trapezoid articulates with the medial cuneiform
e. The cuboid articulates with the lateral cuneiform
134. The following statements about the arterial supply of the hand are true:
a. The arterial deep palmar arch is located superficial, being covered by the
thenar muscles
b. The radial artery gives off at the level of the styloid process a superficial
palmar branch which will participate in forming the superficial palmar arch
c. The ulnar artery runs at the level of the hand posterior to flexor carpi ulnaris
muscle
32
Chapter 6. The hand
d. The arterial superficial palmar arch is located between the palmar aponeurosis
and the tendons of superficial flexor of the digits muscle
e. The dorsal digital veins communicate with the dorsal venous arches
135.
Choose the true statements:
a. The deep veins are paired, and they travel along the arteries
b. The main superficial veins have their origin at the level of the subcutaneous
tissue of the palm
c. The perforating veins represent way of communication between the superficial
and deep venous networks
d. Superficial veins of the hand follow the path of the deep arterial system as
venae comitantes
e. At the level of the wrist the ulnar artery is located lateral to the ulnar nerve
136.
The following statements about the median nerve are true:
a. At the level of the wrist runs anterior to the flexor retinaculum
b. It provides sensory innervation for the dorsal side of the hand for the last two
phalanges of the second and third digits and the lateral half of the ring finger
c. It also motor innervates the lateral lumbricals muscles
d. Gives up the posterior interosseus nerve which runs along the posterior
interosseus artery and vein along the interosseus membrane
e. It provides sensory innervation for the palmar side of the hand for the little
finger and half of the ring finger
137. The ulnar nerve gives motor innervation to the following muscles:
a. Thenar muscles
b. Hypothenar muscles
c. Flexor pollicis longus muscle
d. The medial two lumbricals muscles
e. Palmar and dorsal interosseous muscles
138. The following statements are true:
a. The terminal division of the radial nerve innervates the lateral half of the
dorsum of the hand
b. The superficial branch of the radial nerves innervates the dorsal surface of the
first three and a half digits
c. The dorsal cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve innervates the medial half of
the palm
d. The hypothenar muscles are innervated by the superficial branch of the ulnar
nerve
33
Chapter 6. The hand
e. The anterior interosseous nerve innervates the flexor pollicis longus, pronator
quadratus and the two lateral fascicles of the flexor digitorum profundus
muscles
139. The following statements are true:
a. The carpal bones are scaphoid, capitate, cuboid, lunate, trapezium, cuneiform
b. Abductor pollicis brevis is considered a thenar muscle
c. The carpal tunnel is bordered by the: scaphoid tubercle, trapezium tubercle,
pisiform and the hook of the hamate bone
d. The median nerve innervates the medial fascicles of the flexor digitorum
profundus
e. The lateral neuro-vascular bundle of the forearm is formed by the: radial
artery, the two comitantes veins and the deep branch of the radial nerve
140.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
In regard with the lumbrical muscles, the following statements are true:
There are five lumbrical muscles, one for each finger
The lateral two lumbrical muscles are innervated by the median nerve
The medial two lumbrical muscles are innervated by the ulnar nerve
They produce extension at the MCP joint
They produce extension at the interphalangeal joints
141.
In regard with the thenar muscles, the following statements are true:
a. The median nerve innervates all the thenar muscles
b. The median nerve innervates all the thenar muscles, with the exception of the
abductor pollicis brevis muscle
c. The thenar muscles are: opponens pollicis, opponens digiti minimi, abductor
digiti minimi, flexor pollicis brevis muscles
d. The thenar muscles are: abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis muscles
e. The abductor pollicis brevis muscle is responsible for flexing the
metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb
142.
The structures that pass near the carpal tunnel have the following
attributes:
a. The layers of the carpal tunnel are the carpal arch and the extensor retinaculum
b. The tendon of flexor pollicis longus and the tendons of the flexor digitorum
profundus muscle pass through the carpal tunnel
c. The tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle pass superficially to
the carpal tunnel
d. Once the median nerve passes through the carpal tunnel, it divides into 2
branches: the recurrent branch and palmar digital nerves
34
Chapter 6. The hand
e. The recurrent branch of the median nerve supplies the thenar muscle group
143.
Which of the following statements about the actions of hand muscles are
true?
a. The lumbricals produce flexion on the interphalangeal joints
b. The lumbricals produce produce flexion at the MCP joint
c. The lumbricals produce abduction on the interphalangeal joints
d. The abductor digiti minimi muscle abducts the fifth finger
e. The flexor pollicis brevis muscle flexes the MCP joint of the index
144.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Which of the following is not located in the proximal row of carpal bones?
Scaphoid, lunate
Pisiform, capitate
Scaphoid, triquetrum, trapezium
Lunate, triquetrum
Lunate, hamate
145.
The following statements about the cutaneous innervation of the hand are
true:
a. The median nerve innervates the lateral ⅔ of the palm
b. The median nerve innervates the thenar muscles and lumbrical muscles (first
and second)
c. The ulnar nerve innervates the dorsal proximal ⅔ of lateral 3 ½ digits
d. The ulnar nerve innervates the palmar/dorsal surfaces of medial 1 ½ digits
e. The ulnar nerve innervates the hypothenar, interossei muscles, and lumbricals
(3rd & 4th)
146.
The following statements about hand vascularization are true:
a. The dorsal venous network drains into the cephalic and basilic veins
b. The radial and ulnar arteries give off the following specific branches:
superficial, dorsal and lateral palmar arches, ventral carpal arch and secondary
artery of the thumb
c. The following are considered veins of the hand: superficial and deep palmar
venous arches, palmar metacarpal digital veins
d. The superficial palmar arterial arch originates from the ulnar artery and the
superficial palmar branch of the radial artery
e. The superficial palmar arterial arch gives the palmar metacarpal arteries
35
Chapter 6. The hand
147.
The following statements about hand vascularization are false:
a. The deep palmar arch is mainly formed by the radial artery with a contribution
of the ulnar artery (the deep palmar branch)
b. The branches of the deep palmar arch are: palmar metacarpal arteries,
perforating branches, carpal direct branches, and the main artery of the index
c. The superficial palmar arch is mainly formed by the radial with a contribution
of the ulnar artery (the superficial palmar branch)
d. The dorsal venous network of the hand drain into the radial and ulnar veins
e. The dorsal venous network of the hand drain into the cephalic and basilic veins
148.
a.
b.
c.
The following links between the hand muscles and their function are true:
Abductor pollicis brevis muscle - abducts the thumb
Flexor pollicis brevis muscle - flexes the carpal joint of the thumb
Lumbrical muscles - flex the MCP joint and extend at the interphalangeal
joints
d. Interossei muscles - extend the MCP joint of the thumb
e. Abductor digiti minimi muscle - adducts the little finger
149.
The following statements about the hand are true:
a. The abductor pollicis brevis muscle inserts on the base of the proximal first
phalanx
b. The superficial branch of the radial nerve is completely sensory
c. The ulnar nerve innervates all intrinsic muscles except the palmaris brevis
d. The adductor pollicis muscle abducts the thumb
e. The hypothenar muscle group contains: the abductor digiti minimi, the flexor
digiti minimi, and the opponens digiti minimi muscles
150.
Select the true statements about the muscles of the hand:
a. Palmar interossei muscles are innerved by the median nerve
b. Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle attaches on the palmar aspect of the flexor
retinaculum
c. Abductor digiti minimi muscle is innervated by the ulnar nerve
d. Opponent pollicis muscle attaches on the tubercule of the trapezius
e. Abductor pollicis brevis muscle is supplied by the ulnar artery
151.
Select the true statements about the vascular supply of the hand:
a. The radial artery anastomoses with the deep branch of the ulnar artery at the
level of the fifth metacarpal base
b. The first dorsal metacarpal artery has its origin from the deep palmar arch
c. The deep palmar arch runs across the interossei
36
Chapter 6. The hand
d. The palmar carpal branch is the terminal branch of the ulnar artery
e. The cephalic has its origin at the level of the medial extremity of the dorsal
venosus plexus
152.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The median nerve supplies the following parts of the hand:
The lateral aspect of the index
The first lumbrical muscle
Abductor policies brevis muscle
The fourth lumbrical muscle
The lateral aspect of the ring finger
153.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb has the following characteristics:
Is a synovial ellipsoid joint
The flexor pollicis brevis muscle produces adduction of the pollicis
The first metacarpal is connected to the trapezium by a fibrous capsule
Receive vascular supply from the radial artery
Lateral ligament runs from the base of the first metacarpal to the scaphoid
154.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The cutaneous innervation of the fourth finger is given by:
The median nerve
The ulnar nerve
The radial nerve
The medial cutaneous of the forearm
The musculocutaneous nerve
37
Chapter 7. The gluteal area
LOWER LIMB
Chapter 7. The gluteal area
155. The gluteal muscles have the following actions:
a. All make external rotation of the inferior limb
b. The gluteus maximus muscle makes abduction, respectively the medius and
minimus muscles make adduction
c. The gluteus maximus muscle makes external rotation, respectively the medius
and minimus muscles make internal rotation
d. Having the same innervation, all gluteal muscles make similar actions
e. The gluteus maximus muscle is mainly extensor, respectively the medius and
minimus are flexors
156. The following statements about gluteal muscles insertion and topography
are truth:
a. Between gluteal muscles, the maximus is the deepest
b. Between gluteal muscles, the minimus is the deepest
c. All have the distal insertion on the greater trochanter and the iliotibial tract
d. All have the origin on the sacroiliac ligaments and the posterior iliac surface
e. Covering the other muscles, the gluteus maximus area corresponds for
intramuscular injections
157. Vascular and nerve supply of gluteal muscles is made by:
a. Inferior gluteal bundle for gluteus maximus muscle
b. Superior gluteal bundle for gluteus medius and minimus muscles
c. Inferior gluteal bundle for gluteus medius and minimus muscles
d. Superior gluteal bundle for gluteus maximus muscle
e. The medius and minimus muscles have different blood supply
158. The following statements about piriform muscle are truth:
a. Has the origin on the anterior surface of the sacrum
b. Has the origin on the posterior surface of the sacrum
c. Has a triangular shape with the apex on the lesser trochanter
d. Has a triangular shape with the apex on the greater trochanter
e. Has inferior relations with the sacrospinous ligament and anterior relationships
with the greater ischiatic notch, from the posterior border of the hip bone
159. The following statements about supra-piriformis foramen are truth:
a. Is situated superior of the sacroiliac ligaments
b. Is situated superior of the piriformis muscle
38
Chapter 7. The gluteal area
c. Is bordered anteriorly by the lesser ischiatic notch
d. Is bordered inferiorly by the sacrospinous ligament
e. Through it passes the superior gluteal bundle
160. The following statements about infra-piriformis foramen are truth:
a. Is bordered superior by the piriformis muscle
b. Is bordered inferior by the piriformis muscle
c. Through it passes the internal pudendal and the inferior gluteal bundles
d. Through it passes the posterior femoral cutaneous and the sciatic nerves
e. Is situated superior to the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
161. Obturator internus muscle:
a. Has insertions on the medial surface of the obturator membrane and the lesser
trochanter
b. The ischiatic bursae is between this muscle and inferior border of the hip bone
c. By insertion of levator ani muscle, the obturator internus is a muscle of both
pelvis and perineum regions
d. Its main action is external rotation of the lower limb together with both gemelli
muscles
e. Its innervation is made by obturator nerve, branch of the lumbar plexus
162. Quadratus femoris muscle:
a. Has the distal insertion on the intertrochanteric crest
b. At the level of the thigh is located deeper to the obturator externus muscle
c. Has posterior relations with sciatic nerve and gluteus maximus muscle
d. It’s an internal rotator of the inferior limb
e. It’s innervated by a branch from the sacral plexus
163. Obturator externus muscle:
a. Through the direction of its muscular fibers, it intersects inferior the neck of
the femur
b. Has anterior relations with the hip joint
c. At the thigh is more superficial than the obturator internus muscle
d. It’s innervated by the obturator nerve, branch of the sacral plexus
e. Its action is external rotator and maintaining of the femoral head into the hip
joint
164. About superior and inferior gemelli muscles, the following statement is
false:
a. Their origin is on the spine and respectively on the ischiatic tuberosity
39
Chapter 7. The gluteal area
b.
c.
d.
e.
Have a common distal insertion with the obturator externus muscle
Their action is external rotation of the inferior limb
Both are innervated by branches from the sacral plexus
Have relations with inferior gluteal bundle, respectively with the sciatic and
the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
165.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Gluteus maximus muscle has the following attributes:
Is a deep muscle
Lies most superficially
Is a powerful abductor of the lower limb
Extend the trunk on the femur
Is an important adductor muscle
166.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Gluteus medius and minimus muscles have the following attributes:
Attaches proximally to the outer surface of the ilium
Attaches proximally to the inner surface of the ilium
Attaches distally to the greater trochanter of the femur
Attaches distally to the lesser trochanter of the femur
Attaches distally to the intertrochanteric line of the femur
167.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Gluteus medius and minimus muscles have the following attributes:
Are abductors of the hip
Are adductors of the hip
The most important action of this muscles acts during locomotion
Their most important action is to stabilize the pelvis on the femur
They are helped in this function by tensor fasciae latae
168.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The following muscles arise from within the pelvis:
Gemelli muscles
Obturator externus muscle
Quadratus femoris muscle
Piriformis muscle
Obturator internus muscle
169.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The following muscles arise externally of the pelvis:
Gemelli muscles
Obturator externus muscle
Quadratus femoris muscle
Piriformis muscle
Obturator internus muscle
40
Chapter 7. The gluteal area
170.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Extension of the lower limb is made by:
Gluteus minimus muscle
Piriformis muscle
Gluteus maximus muscle
Obturator internus muscle
Gemelli muscles
171.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The following muscle make lateral rotation of the lower limb:
Obturator internus muscle
Piriformis muscle
Gemelli muscles
Gluteus medius muscle
Quadratus femoris muscle
172.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The following muscles are medial rotators of the lower limb:
Gluteus minimus muscle
Gemelli muscles
Gluteus maximus muscle
Obturator internus muscle
Gluteus medius muscle
173.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Abduction of the lower limb is made by:
Obturator internus muscle
Gluteus minimus muscle
Gemelli muscles
Gluteus medius muscle
Piriformis muscle
174.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The following muscles are innervated from L5 segment:
Gluteus maximus muscle
Obturator internus muscle
Piriformis muscle
Gluteus medius muscle
Gluteus minimus muscle
175.
a.
b.
c.
The following muscles are innervated from S1 segment:
Gluteus maximus muscle
Obturator internus muscle
Piriformis muscle
41
Chapter 7. The gluteal area
d. Gluteus medius muscle
e. Gluteus minimus muscle
176.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The cutaneous nerve supply of the gluteal region is ensured by:
Iliohypogastric nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve
Obturator nerve
Dorsal rami of the 1-3 spinal lumbar nerves
Dorsal rami of the 1-3 spinal sacral nerves
177.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Most of the skin of the buttock is blood supplied by:
Superior gluteal artery
External pudendal artery
Subcostal artery
Inferior gluteal artery
Inferior epigastric artery
178.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Gluteus maximus muscle has the following attributes:
Is thicker in humans than in any non-human primate
Is less extensive in humans than in any non-human primate
Is involved in transition to bipedality and a permanently upright posture
Is the largest muscle in the gluteal region
Is the deepest muscle in the gluteal region
179.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Lymphatic drainage from the gluteal region is made in:
Medial group of the proximal superficial inguinal nodes
Lateral group of the proximal superficial inguinal nodes
The distal group of the superficial inguinal nodes
External iliac nodes
Usually drain in the deep inguinal nodes
42
Chapter 8. The thigh
Chapter 8. The thigh
180. Identify which of the following muscles are located in the anterior
compartment of the thigh.
a. Sartorius muscle
b. Rectus femori muscle
c. Gracilis muscle
d. Vastus intermedius muscle
e. Tensor fasciae latae muscle
181. Which of the following muscles present insertions at the level of the greater
trochanter?
a. Gluteus maximus muscle
b. Piriformis muscle
c. Obturator externus muscle
d. Gluteus medius muscle
e. Quadratus femori muscle
182. Which of the muscles from the medial compartment of the thigh are
adductors of the thigh?
a. Adductor brevis muscle
b. Obturator externus muscle
c. Adductor magnus muscle
d. Gracilis muscle
e. Sartorius muscle
183. Which of the following statements regarding the origins and insertions of
extensor muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh are false?
a. Ischial tuberosity - origin: semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris
(long head) muscles
b. Linea aspera + supracondylar line – origin: biceps femoris (long head) muscle
c. Medial tibial condyle - insertion: semitendinosus, semimembranosus muscles
d. Head of fibula - insertion: biceps femoris (short head) muscle
e. Fibula and lateral surface of the proximal epiphysis of tibia - insertion: biceps
femoris (long head) muscle
184. Identify the correct territory of distribution for the obturator nerve (L2L4):
a. Sensory: superomedial thigh
b. Motor: Gracilis muscle
43
Chapter 8. The thigh
c. Motor: Sartorius muscle
d. Motor: Vastus medialis muscle
e. Motor: Adductor magnus muscle
185. Which of the following nerves are not branches of the lumbar plexus?
a. Ilioinguinal
b. Genitofemoral
c. Obturator
d. Posterior cutaneous femoral
e. Perforant cutaneous
186. Which of the following vessels are branches of the femoral artery?
a. Superficial circumflex iliac artery
b. Deep inferior epigastric artery
c. Deep circumflex iliac artery
d. Superficial inferior epigastric artery
e. Descending genicular artery
187. Which of the following arteries supply the proximal epiphysis of the femur:
a. Medial circumflex femoral artery: ascending, descending, and transverse
branches
b. Lateral circumflex femoral artery
c. 1st perforator – descending branch
d. Obturator artery
e. Superior and inferior gluteal arteries
188. Which of the following statements regarding the origin, path and divisions
of the sciatic nerve are correct?
a. Origin: L5-S3
b. Reaches the gluteal region via the grater sciatic foramen superior to the
piriform muscle
c. In the gluteal region is located deep to the gluteus maximus muscle
d. In the thigh is located deep in between the muscles of the posterior
compartment and adductor longus muscle
e. It has the following divisions: posterior tibial nerve + common peroneal nerve
(superficial and deep)
189. Which of the following statements regarding the borders of the femoral
triangle are false?
a. The base is located superior and is formed by the inguinal ligament
44
Chapter 8. The thigh
b. Medially is bordered by the adductor magnus muscle
c. Laterally is bordered by the medial border of the sartorius muscle
d. The base is formed by the following structures: laterally the pectineus and
adductor longus muscles, medially by the iliopsoas muscle
e. The apex is located superior and continues with the Hunter canal
190. Which muscles have their origin on the anterior surface of the body of
pubic bone?
a. Adductor brevis muscle
b. Adductor magnus muscle
c. Adductor longus muscle
d. Sartorius muscle
e. Rectus femoris muscle
191. Which of the following muscles present origins/insertions at the level of the
medial femoral epicondyle?
a. Adductor longus muscle
b. Adductor magnus muscle
c. Gastrocnemius muscle
d. Popliteus muscle
e. Sartorius muscle
192. Which of the following muscles have their origin at the level of the ischial
tuberosity?
a. Adductor magnus muscle
b. Rectus femoris muscle
c. Vastus lateralis muscle
d. Biceps femoris (short head) muscle
e. Semitendinosus muscle
f. Semimembranosus muscle
193. Which nerve located in the anterior compartment of the thigh is responsible
for the innervation of the quadriceps muscle?
a. Obturator nerve
b. Saphenous nerve
c. Femoral nerve
d. Common fibular nerve
e. Sciatic nerve
45
Chapter 8. The thigh
194. Which arteries provide blood supply for the posterior compartment of the
thigh?
a. Perforator vessels from the posterior tibial artery
b. Perforator vessels from profunda femoris artery
c. Direct perforator branches from the femoral artery
d. Perforators from the medial circumflex femoral artery
e. Perforators from the obturator artery
195. Which blood vessels are responsible for the cutaneous vascularization of the
anterolateral region of the thigh?
a. Perforators from the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery
b. Perforators from the transverse branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery
c. Direct perforators from the femoral artery
d. Perforators from the descending genicular artery
e. Perforators from the profunda femoris artery
196. Which muscles are responsible for the flexion of the thigh at the level of the
hip?
a. Iliopsoas muscle
b. Biceps femoris muscle
c. Sartorius muscle
d. Rectus femoris muscle
e. Gracilis muscle
197. Which muscles are responsible for the external rotation of the thigh at the
level of the hip?
a. Gluteus maximus muscle
b. Gluteus medius muscle
c. Piriformis muscle
d. Tensor fasciae latae muscle
e. Internal obturator muscle
198. Which muscles are responsible for the extension of the knee?
a. Rectus femoris muscle
b. Vastus lateralis muscle
c. Adductor magnus muscle
d. Sartorius muscle
e. Biceps femoris muscle
46
Chapter 8. The thigh
199. The small saphenous vein drains into the:
a. The femoral vein
b. The deep inferior epigastric veins
c. The basilic vein
d. The posterior tibial vein
e. The popliteal vein
200. Which muscles are responsible for the extension of the thigh at the level of
the hip?
a. Vastus lateralis muscle
b. Gluteus maximus muscle
c. Iliopsoas muscle
d. Gracilis muscle
e. Biceps femoris muscle
201. The grater saphenous vein drains into the:
a. Inferior vena cava
b. Right atrium
c. Popliteal vein
d. Femoral vein
e. Tibial veins
202. The femoral artery has the following origin and collaterals:
a. Is the terminal branch of the internal iliac artery
b. Is the terminal branch of the external iliac artery
c. Its largest collateral branch is the profunda femoris artery
d. Divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries
e. The fibular artery is a direct branch of the femoral artery
203. The obturator nerve provides motor innervation for the following muscles:
a. Sartorius muscle
b. Gracilis muscle
c. Rectus femoris muscle
d. Adductor magnus muscle
e. Biceps femoris muscle
204. The Sciatic nerve provides motor innervation for the following muscles:
a. Gluteus maximus muscle
b. Piriformis muscle
c. Quadratus femoris muscle
47
Chapter 8. The thigh
d. Semitendinosus muscle
e. Semimembranosus muscle
48
Chapter 9. The knee and the popliteal fossa
Chapter 9. The knee and the popliteal fossa
205. What are the actions of the soleus muscle?
a. Plantar flexion
b. Plantar inversion
c. Plantar eversion
d. Knee flexion
e. Knee extension
206. Pes anserinus refers to the following conjoined tendons of muscles:
a. Semimembranosus muscle
b. Semitendinosus muscle
c. Sartorius muscle
d. Gracilis muscle
e. Biceps femoral muscle
207. Which of the following muscles are part of the posterior compartment of
the calf?
a. Triceps surae muscle
b. Soleus muscle
c. Posterior tibial muscle
d. Biceps femoral muscle
e. Flexor digitorum longus muscle
208. Which of the following statements about the great saphenous vein are true?
a. It has its origin at the medial end of the dorsal venous plexus on the dorsum of
the foot
b. It has its origin at the level of the plantar part of the foot
c. Ascends of the anterior side of the tibia
d. Located underneath the subcutaneous layer of the medial surface of the calf
e. Located in the deep layer of the calf
209. Which of the following statements about the posterior tibial artery are true?
a. It has its origin at the level tendinous arch of the soleus muscle
b. Is a branch of the femoral artery
c. Is continued with anterior tibial artery
d. It has close relationship with the flexor digitorum longus muscle
e. Is located between the two layers of the posterior compartment of the calf
49
Chapter 9. The knee and the popliteal fossa
210.
Which of the following statements about the posterior tibial artery are
true?
a. It is the terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery
b. It is a collateral branch of the popliteal artery
c. It has close relationship with the anterior tibial muscle
d. It descends on the anterior side of the interosseous membrane
e. It has a common course with the small saphenous vein
211. Which of the following statements are true?
a. Malleolar arteries are branches of the anterior tibial artery, with the origin at
the level superior side of the ankle
b. Dorsal artery of the foot is a branch of the saphenous artery
c. Anterior and posterior tibial arteries are branches of the popliteal artery
d. Fibular artery is the terminal branch of the popliteal artery
e. Posterior tibial artery is giving off the medial and lateral plantar arteries
212. Which of the following statements about the common fibular nerve are
true?
a. It has its origin at the level of the lumbar plexus
b. Ascends through the lateral compartment of the calf, going around the neck of
the fibula
c. It is a branch of the ischiatic nerve
d. At the level of the popliteal fossa is giving off the medial cutaneous sural nerve
e. Its terminal branches are deep fibular nerve and tibial nerve
213. Tibial nerve has the following features:
a. It is a branch of the femoral nerve
b. Gives off the medial cutaneous sural nerve
c. Innervates all the muscles from the posterior compartment of the calf
d. It is part of the popliteal neuro-vascular bundle, being the deepest structure
e. Giving off 4 terminal branches
214. The calf has the following features:
a. Its proximal border is represented by a transverse plane through tibial
tuberosity
b. Its distal border is represented by a transverse plane through the medial and
lateral malleolus
c. Tibial nerve innervates all the muscles from the posterior compartment of the
calf
d. Composed by 4 topographic regions
50
Chapter 9. The knee and the popliteal fossa
e. Posterior tibial artery is supplying the posterior compartment of the calf and
foot
215.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The small saphenous vein:
Forms on the lateral side of the foot
Ascends laterally to the medial malleolus
Drains in the popliteal vein at the level of the popliteal fossa
Ascends superficially on the posterior face of the calf
Ascends deep in the posterior compartment of the calf
216.
Which of the following statements in regard with the knee articulation are
true:
a. It is a hinge type synovial joint, formed by articulations between femur, tibia
and patella
b. Is formed by: distal femoral diaphysis, proximal tibial diaphysis and the fibula
c. The fibula does not articulate with the femur
d. The articular meniscus has a role in enhancing the articular surface
e. The knee joint consists of two articulations – tibiofemoral and patellofemoral;
the joint surfaces are lined with hyaline cartilage and are enclosed within a single
joint cavity
217.
Which of the following statements in regard with the knee articulation are
true:
a. There are 3 cruciate ligaments: anterior, posterior and intermediary
b. The anterior cruciate ligament is attached on the anterior intercondylar area of
the tibia
c. The posterior cruciate ligament is attached on the anterior intercondylar area of
the tibia
d. The medial collateral ligament is also called the tibial collateral ligament and it
attaches superiorly above the medial femoral condyle
e. The intermediary cruciate ligament is inserted proximally on the medial condyle
218.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Which of the following statements in regard with the knee are true:
The patella is a sesamoid bone
On the tibial tuberosity attaches the patellar ligament
The patella lies within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle
The quadriceps muscle is formed by the 3 vastus muscles and the sartorius
muscle
e. The anterior surface of the patella articulates with the femoral condyles
51
Chapter 9. The knee and the popliteal fossa
219.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Which of the following statements about the saphenous nerve are true:
Is a branch of the sciatic nerve
Innervates the lateral muscular compartment of the leg
Arises from the sacral nervous plexus
Accompanies the great saphenous vein
Is a branch of the femoral nerve
220.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Which of the following statements about the popliteal fossa are true:
It represents the anterior region of the knee
It is triangular shaped
The inferior border is represented by the 2 gastrocnemius heads
The supero-lateral border is represented by the biceps femoris head
The semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles are not part of the popliteal
fossa borders
221.
a.
b.
c.
Which of the following statements about the popliteal fossa are true:
It consists of the femoral nerve, artery and vein
The femoral nerve divides in the tibial and peroneal nerve
The small saphenous vein perforates the popliteal fascia in order to drain in the
popliteal vein
d. The tibial nerve is located superficially to the popliteal artery
e. At this level, the femoral artery changes its name in the popliteal artery
222.
Which of the following statements about the popliteal fossa are true:
a. The common peroneal nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve
b. The sciatic nerve divides in 2 terminal branches at the superior angle of the
popliteal fossa
c. The tibial nerve gives of the sural nerve which is a superficial branch
d. The common peroneal nerve passes under the tendinous arch of the soleus
muscle
e. The sciatic nerve descends through the fossa
223.
Which of the following characteristics are common for both gastrocnemius
and soleus muscles:
a. They are innervated by the tibial nerve
b. They are part of the posterior compartment of the calf
c. They are responsible with the flexion of the knee joint
d. They are innervated by the femoral nerve
e. They represent the bas of the Scarpa triangle
52
Chapter 9. The knee and the popliteal fossa
224.
Which of the following statements are true?
a. The muscles that represent the superior border of the popliteal fossa, are
responsible with the flexion of the knee
b. The quadriceps muscle is responsible with the extension of the knee
c. The biceps femoris muscle is innervated by the tibial and peroneal nerves
d. The superior insertions of the gastrocnemius muscle are the tibia and fibula
e. The sciatic nerve passes medial to the patella
225.
The structures that pass through the popliteal fossa have the following
characteristics:
a. The patella does not articulate with the tibia
b. The popliteal vein is located superficial and passes medially to the knee
c. The popliteal artery is the terminal branch of the femoral artery
d. The common peroneal nerve is not part of the popliteal fossa
e. The sural nerve is a collateral branch of the sciatic nerve
226.
The following statements about the vessels that are located at the level of
the popliteal fossa are true:
a. The femoral vein represents the continuation of the popliteal vein
b. The femoral and popliteal vein have nothing in common
c. The femoral vein is part of the popliteal fossa
d. The popliteal vein is part of the superficial drainage system of the inferior limb
e. The femoral artery and vein are not the vascular structures of the popliteal fossa
227.
Which of the following statements are true?
a. The popliteal fossa has no lymph nodes
b. The popliteal vein passes through the opening of the adductor magnus muscle
to become the femoral vein
c. The popliteal lymph nodes receive superficial lymph vessels that accompany
small saphenous vein
d. Damage of the popliteal artery has no implications on the posterior tibial artery
e. The popliteal artery divides in two tibial arteries
228.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Which of the following statements are true?
The tarsal artery is a direct branch of the popliteal artery
The popliteal artery gives articular branches
The gluteal arteries are not related the popliteal artery
The sciatic nerve is located anterior to the popliteal artery
The sciatic nerve is located lateral to the popliteal artery
53
Chapter 9. The knee and the popliteal fossa
229.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Which of the following statements are false?
The popliteal fossa is diamond shaped
The popliteal nerve is part of the popliteal fossa
The popliteal vein is located superficially to the popliteal fascia
The popliteal vein drains in the small saphenous vein
The small saphenous vein drains in the great saphenous vein
54
Chapter 10. The leg
Chapter 10. The leg
230. The following statements regarding the leg are false:
a. The distal border is done by the transversal plane that passes through the two
malleoli
b. It has the shape of the trunk of a cone with the base downwards orientated
c. The skeleton is made up of the tibial and fibular diaphysis
d. Due to its anatomical situation, the leg is frequently exposed to trauma
e. Its arterial vascularization is derived from the internal iliac artery
231. The following statements regarding the anterior compartment of the leg are
true:
a. The medial side of the tibia is situated superficially, being easily accessible to
inspection and palpation
b. The skin is in direct contact with the anterior margin of the tibia
c. The subcutaneous plane is represented by abundant cell tissue, particularly in
the inferolateral region
d. The fascial plane is represented by the crural fascia
e. The muscular compartment is formed by the four flexor muscles
232. The following statements regarding the posterior compartment of the leg
are true:
a. The great saphenous vein and the small saphenous vein are situated in the
subcutaneous plane
b. The crural fascia splits in the inferior part of the leg and includes the calcaneal
tendon
c. The plantar muscle is situated in the superficial muscular layer
d. The deep muscular layer contains the anterior tibial artery and the tibial nerve
e. It contains the extensor muscles of the foot
233. The following statements regarding the anterior tibial muscle are false:
a. It inserts distally on the first cuneiform and the base of the first metatarsal bone
b. It is the satellite muscle of the posterior tibial artery
c. It covers the medial surface of the tibia
d. It is the strongest extensor of the leg
e. It is innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve
234. The following statements about the muscles of the lateral compartment of
the leg are true:
a. Are represented by the two peroneal muscles
55
Chapter 10. The leg
b.
c.
d.
e.
The short peroneal muscle covers the long peroneal muscle
The long peroneal muscle is perforated by the common peroneal nerve
They have as action the plantar flexion and pronation of the foot
They are innervated by the deep peroneal nerve
235. The triceps sural muscle:
a. Is formed by the gastrocnemius and popliteal muscles
b. It inserts on the calcaneal tuberosity through the Achilles tendon
c. The soleus muscle is situated superficial to the gastrocnemius muscle
d. It is the strongest plantar extensor
e. It is innervated by the tibial nerve
236. The great saphenous vein:
a. Is a deep vein
b. Starts from the medial extremity of the dorsal venous arch of the foot and
ascends along the medial side of the leg
c. Does not have tricuspid venous valves
d. It has anastomoses with the small saphenous vein
e. Empties itself into the popliteal vein
237. The following statements regarding tibial arteries are true:
a. Its proximal segment is situated at the level of the anterior compartment of the
leg
b. The anterior tibial has relationships with the anterior tibial nerve
c. Flexor digitorum longus muscle is the satellite muscle of the posterior tibial
artery
d. They are accompanied throughout their trajectory by two satellite veins
e. The peroneal artery is a collateral branch of the anterior tibial artery
238. The following statements are true:
a. The superficial and deep peroneal nerves are the bifurcation branches of the
common peroneal nerve
b. The common peroneal nerve has relationships with the neck of the fibula
c. The skin of the lateral compartment of the leg is innervated by the saphenous
nerve
d. The pedis artery is the continuation of the posterior tibial artery
e. The anterior tibial artery terminates at the level of the ankle joint as the
dorsalis pedis artery
56
Chapter 10. The leg
239. The following statements are true:
a. Peroneal veins drain into the anterior tibial veins
b. Anterior tibial veins accompany the anterior tibial artery, then they join the
posterior tibial veins to form the popliteal vein
c. The small saphenous vein crosses the posterior compartment of the leg and
empties into the femoral vein
d. The flexor hallucis longus muscle is the satellite muscle of the posterior tibial
artery
e. The lateral sural cutaneous nerve innervates the skin of the lateral leg
compartment
240. The following statements regarding the popliteal artery are true:
a. It continues the femoral artery from the tendinous hiatus of the adductor brevis
muscle
b. It is situated in the popliteal fossa, bordered superomedial by the femoral
biceps muscle
c. It runs between the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius muscle
d. Along with the popliteal vein and the tibial nerve, it forms the femoral vasculonervous bundle
e. Through its collateral branches, it participates in the formation of the vascular
network of the knee
241. The following statements regarding the collaterals of the anterior tibial
artery are true:
a. The recurrent posterior tibial artery participates in the formation of the arterial
network of the knee
b. The muscular branches supply the muscles of the anterior calf region
c. The lateral malleolar artery anastomoses with the malleolar branch of the
fibular artery
d. It sends nutrient arteries for the calf bones
e. The dorsal pedis artery reaches the dorsal region of the foot, passing
superficial to the flexor retinaculum
242. The posterior tibial artery:
a. It supplies the anterior calf region
b. It extends from the tendinous arch of the soleus muscle to the carpal canal
c. It becomes superficial in the medial retro malleolar region
d. Retro malleolar, it is in an anterior relationship with the flexor hallucis longus
muscle
57
Chapter 10. The leg
e. Along with two comitans veins and the tibial nerve it forms the anterior tibial
vasculo-nervous bundle
243. The following statements regarding the collaterals of the posterior tibial
artery are false:
a. It sends muscle branches for the gastrocnemius muscle
b. It does not supply the tibia
c. The medial malleolar artery is a branch of the fibular artery
d. The medial malleolar artery anastomoses to the malleolar branch of the
anterior tibial artery
e. The posterior tibial artery continues in the plantar region with the plantar
arteries - medial and lateral
244. The following statements regarding the small saphenous vein are false:
a. It originates in the medial segment of the dorsal venous arch of the foot
b. It is situated posteriorly to the lateral malleolus
c. In the popliteal space, it pierces the calf fascia
d. The superficial venous network of the calf establishes many anastomoses with
the deep venous network
e. It drains into the popliteal vein
245. The following statements regarding the tibial veins are false:
a. Anterior, they result from the confluence of plantar veins
b. Posterior, they run anteriorly to the medial malleolus
c. Posterior, they are situated in the space between the superficial and deep
muscles plane of the anterior calf region
d. Anterior, they cross the interosseous membrane between the tibia and the
fibula
e. Anterior, they join the posterior tibial veins and form the portal vein
246. The calf lymphatics:
a. Are organized into two networks: superficial and deep
b. Accompany the arterial system
c. Drain into the lymph nodes of the popliteal space
d. Drain directly into the inguinal lymph nodes
e. Will get larger in size in infections of the toes
247. The common peroneal nerve:
a. It originates from the neuromeres L5-S3
b. It is the medial bifurcation branch of the ischiatic nerve
58
Chapter 10. The leg
c. It is situated on the medial side of the brachial biceps muscle tendon
d. It runs around the lateral femoral condyle and the fibular head (lateral)
e. After penetrating the short peroneal muscle, it bifurcates into a deep and a
superficial branch
248. The following statements regarding the sensitive innervation of the calf and
foot are true:
a. The sural nerve supplies the skin of the posterior calf region
b. The skin of the lateral side of the hallucis is supplied by a branch of the
superficial peroneal nerve
c. The anterior branch of the lateral sural cutaneous nerve supplies the lateral
region of the knee and calf
d. The third and fourth interdigital spaces are supplied by branches of the deep
peroneal nerve
e. Injury to sensitive branches may cause hypoesthesia, anesthesia, or
hyperesthesia
249. The following statements regarding the knee joint ligaments are true:
a. The collateral fibular ligament inserts at the level of the lateral femoral
epicondyle and the fibular head
b. Collateral ligaments ensure joint stability during the calf flexion movement
c. Cross ligaments are situated in the intercondylar fossa
d. The collateral tibial ligament inserts at the level of the medial femoral
epicondyle and into the lateral side of the tibia
e. The oblique popliteal ligament and the arcuate popliteal ligament are anterior
ligaments
250. The following statements regarding the talocrural joint are false:
a. It is formed between the distal extremity of the tibia, the joint sides of the
malleoli and the inferior side of the talus
b. The joint surfaces are covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage
c. The joint capsule is reinforced by two strong collateral ligaments
d. It has anterior relationships with the extensor retinaculum
e. The two malleoli remain extra-articular
251. The following statements regarding the calf muscles are true:
a. The extensor digitorum longus is not supplied by the deep peroneal nerve
b. The flexor digitorum longus is supplied by the tibial nerve
c. The soleus arch extends between the fibular head and the soleus line on the
medial tibial side
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Chapter 10. The leg
d. Through the contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle, the calf can be rotated
medially, and laterally respectively
e. The anterior tibial muscle forms with the long peroneal muscle a sling that
supports the plantar vault
252. The following statements regarding the tibia are false:
a. The medial diaphyseal surface is not covered with muscle
b. The anterior tibial muscle inserts into the distal aspect of the lateral surface
c. The posterior surface presents the soleus line, for the insertion of the
homonymous muscle
d. The anterior margin provides insertion for the interosseous membrane
e. The two cross ligaments insert into the superior extremity of the tibia
253. The following statements regarding the fibula are true:
a. It is almost entirely covered with muscle
b. The peroneal muscles insert at the level of the lateral surface
c. The distal epiphysis provides insertion for the femoral biceps muscle
d. It represents the main calf supporting bone
e. The extensor digitorum longus muscle inserts at the level of the posterior
surface
254. The following statements are false:
a. The popliteal muscle has a triangular shape and is covered by the
gastrocnemius muscle
b. The anterior tibial muscle is the strongest extensor muscle of the foot
c. The extensor hallucis longus muscle inserts on the second phalanx of the
hallucis
d. Achilles’ tendon is the most voluminous tendon in the human body
e. The long peroneal muscle lifts the lateral margin of the foot
60
Chapter 11. The ankle
Chapter 11. The ankle
255. Regarding the synovial fasciae of the lower limb, it can be stated that:
a. Are located at the level of the thigh, plantar face of the foot and fingers
b. Are located at the level of the hip, thigh, and leg
c. Are located at the hindfoot, plantar face of the foot and fingers
d. On the plantar face of the foot there is only one synovial fascia
e. There are located above and below the borders of the retinaculum
256. The synovial fascia is located at the hindfoot (neck of the foot) have the
following characteristics:
a. There are six fasciae
b. Are located in the fibrous and osteofibrous canals of the retinaculum
c. They don’t communicate with the others synovial fasciae of the foot
d. Those who are located medially don’t have mesotenon
e. Protect the tendons of the leg muscles
257. Synovial fascia of flexor hallucis longus:
a. Is the longest from all synovial fasciae of the foot
b. It has under 10 cm length
c. Is part of the synovial fasciae of the hindfoot
d. Is part of the posterior tibialis muscle and pass under the extensor retinaculum
e. Is located on the medial part of the foot
258. Regarding the common synovial sheath of the peroneals the following
statements are false:
a. Is located in the medial part of the foot
b. Pass under the lateral retinaculum
c. It divides anteriorly into two branches
d. Gives a branch for the fibularis tertius
e. It divides posteriorly into two branches
259. The following statements about the retinaculum located at the hindfoot are
true:
a. Are also called cruciate ligaments
b. They are named after the muscles that pass below them
c. There are three ligaments at this level
d. There are thickenings of the popliteal fascia
e. Maintain the tendons of the leg muscles
61
Chapter 11. The ankle
260. Anterior cruciate ligament has the following characteristics:
a. Located only in the plantar part of the foot
b. Is has the common shape of a horizontal Y
c. It is form by a lateral common branch and a medial one, who is divided into a
superior and inferior branch
d. The superior branch attached on the medial malleolus and dived into two bands
that form a fibrous canal for the tendon of tibialis anterior muscle
e. The inferior branch attached on the lateral malleolus and dived into two bands
that form a fibrous canal for the tendon of tibialis anterior muscle
261. Select the correct statements regarding the flexor retinaculum:
a. Is located at the border between the hindfoot and midfoot
b. Is located between the lateral malleolus and calcaneus
c. Represent the most inferior part of the two layers of fascia cruralis
d. It has anatomical rapports with tibial anterior artery and vein
e. Together with the posterior extremity of the flexor hallucis longus muscle form
the calcaneus (tarsal) canal (tarsal)
262. Calcaneus (tarsal) canal:
a. Belongs only to the hindfoot
b. Belongs only to the plantar part of the foot
c. Belongs also to the hind foot and plantar part of the foot
d. Represent a elongation of the posterior compartment of the leg
e. Contain the tendons of the deep flexor muscles cover by a synovial fascia
together with the posterior tibial artery and vein
263. The following statements about the superior retinaculum are true:
a. Both attachments are on the calcaneus
b. Has a quadrilateral shape
c. Forms two osteofibrous canals
d. Forms only one canal
e. Has an oblique postero-inferior direction through the lateral face of the
calcaneus
264. The synovial fascia of the tibialis anterior muscle has the following
characteristics:
a. Represent one of the synovial fascia’s of the hindfoot
b. Is located on the plantar part of the foot
c. Pass under the flexor retinaculum
d. It extends superiorly more than the others synovial fascia’s
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Chapter 11. The ankle
e. Pass under the extensor retinaculum
265. The retinaculum of the foot has the following characteristics:
a. Covers only the tendons of the extensor muscles of the foot
b. It is located on the dorsal surface of the hindfoot
c. Extensor retinaculum is divided into two bands, one lateral and one medial
d. Extensor retinaculum covers the tendons of the extensor muscles, anterior
tibial vessels and deep fibular nerve
e. The retinaculum of the foot is the inferior extremity of the crural fascia
266. In regard with the foot retinaculum’s the following characteristics are true:
a. Extensor retinaculum covers tibialis anterior muscle and the extensor muscles
b. The inferior extensor retinaculum is attached on the lateral side of the
calcaneus and it has o commune part and 2 bands
c. Flexor retinaculum is located in the lateral side of the foot
d. The flexor retinaculum covers the tibialis posterior muscle and the tibialis
posterior bundle
e. The peroneal retinaculum covers the tendons of the fibularis muscles and is
located in the medial side of the calcaneus
267. The following ligaments are inserted on the calcaneus:
a. Calcaneofibular ligament
b. Achilles’ tendon
c. Anterior talofibular ligament
d. Posterior talofibular ligament
e. Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament
268. Regarding the ankle joint, the following statements are false:
a. The bony surfaces are represented by the tibia, fibula, and calcaneus
b. It is a hinge synovial joint that allows the plantarflexion and the dorsiflexion
c. The lateral ligaments are also called deltoid ligaments and resists to over
eversion of the foot
d. The medial ligament has the origin on the medial malleolus of fibula
e. Branches from the anterior tibial artery provide the arterial vascularization of
the ankle
269. Regarding the ankle ligaments, the followings statements are true:
a. The deltoid ligaments are formed by 4 fan shape ligaments located between the
medial malleolus and the talus
b. The lateral ligaments are weaker and resist to inversion
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Chapter 11. The ankle
c. The calcaneofibular ligament is located between the lateral malleolus of the
fibula and calcaneus
d. The medial ligaments are divided into anterior and posterior talofibular
ligaments
e. The medial ligaments resist over eversion of the foot
270. The Achillean tendon has the following characteristics:
a. Is the strongest and thickest tendon in the entire body
b. Is attached to the lateral side of the calcaneus tuberosity
c. Is thicker in the distal part
d. The fibers of the soleus muscle are attached medially
e. The fibers of the gastrocnemius muscle are attached medially
271. The tibial nerve:
a. Is the only terminal branch of the ischiatic nerve
b. Innervates all the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg
c. It divides into medial and lateral plantar nerves posterior to the lateral
malleolus
d. At the level at the ankle, it passes between the tendons of flexor digitorum
longus and flexor hallux longus muscles
e. It innervates all the muscle from the posterior compartment of the leg and the
tibialis anterior muscle
272. Regarding the peroneal retinaculum the following statements are true:
a. The role of this retinaculum is to maintain the tendons of the fibular muscles
all together, after which they change their direction
b. Is located on the lateral side of the ankle
c. Is located on the medial side of the ankle
d. Is formed by two bands: superior and inferior peroneal retinaculum
e. It also covers the tibial nerve and the posterior tibial artery and vein
273. The flexor retinaculum has the following characteristics:
a. Is located on the medial part of the ankle
b. From the deep part it gives up three bands that limit different spaces for the
muscles and the neurovascular bundle
c. Covers the tendon of tibialis posterior muscle, flexor hallucis and flexor
digitorum longus muscles
d. Sends a septum that covers the peroneal muscles tendons
e. Its origin is on the medial side of the lateral malleolus, and it attaches to the
lateral surface of the calcaneus
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Chapter 11. The ankle
274. The following anatomical elements are located at the level of the hindfoot:
a. Subtalar joint
b. Achilles’ tendon
c. Abductor digiti minimi muscle
d. Plantar fascia
e. Abductor hallux muscle
275. Select the muscles with the main action the dorsiflexion of the foot:
a. Gastrocnemius muscle
b. Soleus muscles
c. Extensor digitorum longus muscle
d. Flexor digitorum longus muscle
e. Tibialis anterior muscle
276. Select the muscles with the main action the plantarflexion of the foot:
a. Extensor digitorum longus muscle
b. Flexor digitorum longus muscles
c. Fibularis longus muscles
d. Gastrocnemius muscles
e. Soleus muscle
277. When a person is not able to make plantar flexion, the following structures
can be damaged:
a. Tibial nerve
b. Spinal level damaged L1-L2
c. Deep fibular nerve
d. Sciatic nerve
e. Spinal level damaged S1-S2
278. Select the structures located on the medial side of the ankle:
a. Saphenous nerve
b. Small saphenous vein
c. Tibial nerve
d. Posterior tibial artery
e. Sustenaculum tali
279. Regarding the tendon of the tibialis posterior muscle, select the correct
statements:
a. Is visible and palpable posterior to the medial malleolus
65
Chapter 11. The ankle
b.
c.
d.
e.
Anterolateral to it is located the tendon of the flexor digitorum longus
The insertion is on the navicular bone
Is covered by the flexor retinaculum
Is innervated by the tibial nerve
66
Chapter 12. The foot
Chapter 12. The foot
280. Regarding the skeleton of the foot, the following statements are false:
a. Tarsometatarsal joints are synovial joints
b. The phalanges are three on each finger
c. The cuboid bones are four
d. The navicular bone is located in the lateral part of the foot
e. The navicular bone is located in the medial part of the foot
281. The proper plantar digital arteries:
a. There are two for each finger
b. The first three originate from the medial plantar artery
c. The first two originate from the medial plantar artery
d. They are direct branches of the dorsalis pedis artery
e. They are located in the subcutaneous tissues of the plantar region of the fingers
282. The following statements about the innervation of the dorsal region of the
foot are true:
a. The saphenous nerve innervates the skin of the medial surface of the foot
b. The saphenous nerve innervates the lateral edge of the foot
c. The sural nerve innervates the skin of the lateral edge of the foot
d. The medial dorsal cutaneous nerve is the terminal branch of the superficial
peroneal nerve
e. The sural nerve innervates the medial edge of the foot
283. The muscular layer of the dorsal region of the foot is formed by the:
a. Extensor digitorum brevis muscle
b. Extensor hallucis brevis muscle
c. Adductor digiti minimi muscle
d. Flexor digitorum longus muscle
e. Flexor digitorum brevis muscle
284. The posterior tibial vascular-nervous bundle:
a. In the plantar area is located deep in confront with the tendinous plane of this
area
b. Has relationships with the lateral malleolus
c. Has relationships with the medial malleolus
d. Is located between the tendon of flexor digitorum longus muscle and the
tendon of flexor hallucis longus muscle
e. Also contains the posterior tibial artery on which the pulse can be palpated
67
Chapter 12. The foot
285. The following statements are true about the dorsalis pedis artery:
a. It is the terminal branch of the anterior tibial artery
b. It is the terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery
c. It is located between the tendon of the flexor digitorum longus muscle and the
tendon of the flexor hallucis longus muscle
d. It gives up the medial tarsal arteries
e. It gives up the arcuate artery which runs under the extensor digitorum brevis
muscle
286. The lateral plantar artery:
a. Anastomosis with the deep branch of the dorsalis pedis artery and forms the
plantar arch
b. Is the terminal branch of the anterior tibial artery
c. Has relationships with the lateral malleolus
d. Is accompanied by the lateral plantar nerve
e. The peripheral pulse can be measured by palpation of this artery
287. The following statements are true about the plantar fascia, except for:
a. It has a triangular shape
b. Its tip is oriented towards the heel and the base at the level of the
metatarsophalangeal joints
c. It has a rectangular shape
d. It ends as the deep longitudinal metatarsal ligament
e. It gives up a deep septum, this septum is situated in the sagittal plane
288. The interosseous muscles:
a. There are 10 of them
b. There are 7 of them
c. They are grouped in two categories –plantar and dorsal interosseous muscles
d. They have insertions at the level of the metatarsal bones and at the level of the
cuneiform bones
e. Their tendons are inserted at the level of the proximal phalanges
289. The dorsal digital nerves:
a. There are two for each finger
b. They originate from the superficial peroneal nerve
c. They originate from the superficial peroneal nerve and from the saphenous
nerve
d. They have relationships with the dorsal digital arteries
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Chapter 12. The foot
e. They come from the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve
290.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Plantar aponeurosis is:
Made of longitudinally oriented collagen fibers
Made of collagen fibers oriented longitudinally and transversely
Divided into 2 parts
Divided into 3 parts
The lateral part is inserted on the lateral process of the calcaneal tubercle
291.
The following statements are false regarding plantar fascia compartments:
a. There are 4 main compartments of the plantar region of the foot
b. The medial compartment is bordered inferior and medially by the plantar
aponeurosis
c. The central compartment contains the long flexor of the hallucis
d. The adductor muscle of the hallucis and the lateral head of the short flexor of
the hallucis muscle enter the lateral compartment
e. The adductor muscle of the hallucis and the lateral head of the short flexor of
the hallucis muscle enter the medial compartment
292.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Regarding the tarsal bones, the following statements are true:
There are seven tarsal bones
The proximal row consists of the talus and navicular bone
The proximal row consists of the talus and the calcaneal bone
The distal row is formed by the cuneiform and cuboid bones
The navicular bone is interposed between the head of the talus and the cuboid
bone
293.
The following statements are correct about tarsal bones:
a. The talus is an intercalated bone that has no muscle attachments
b. The cuboid bones are arranged medially and articulate with the calcaneus and
metatarsals 4 and 5
c. The cuboid bones are arranged laterally and articulate with the calcaneus and
metatarsals 4 and 5
d. The calcaneal bone has an irregular cuboidal shape, and its long axis is oriented
distally and upwards and laterally
e. The navicular bone is the largest of the tarsal bones
294.
About the metatarsal bones the following statements are correct:
a. The first metatarsal is the shortest and thickest
b. The first metatarsal is the longest and thickest
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Chapter 12. The foot
c. The third tarsometatarsal joint is relatively immobile
d. The fifth metatarsal has a tuberosity on the medial side of its base
e. The fifth metatarsal has a tuberosity on the lateral side of its base
295.
The deep plantar arch:
a. Is extending from the fifth metatarsal base to the proximal end of the first
intermetatarsal space
b. Is extending from the fifth metatarsal base to the proximal end of the second
intermetatarsal space
c. Gives rise to three perforating and four plantar metatarsal branches
d. The plantar metatarsal arteries are four in number
e. The plantar metatarsal arteries are five in number and divides into two plantar
digital arteries
296.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The following statements are true about the posterior tibial artery:
It is divided into 3 main branches
It is divided into 2 main branches
The lateral plantar artery passes distally and laterally to the fifth metatarsal base
The medial plantar artery is thicker than the lateral plantar artery
Medial plantar artery it arises midway between the medial malleolus and the
medial calcaneal tubercle
297.
Which of the following statements is true about the calcaneus tendon
(Achilles tendon)?
a. Is the common tendon of gastrocnemius muscle
b. Is the common tendon of gastrocnemius and soleus muscles
c. It becomes attached to the midpoint of the posterior surface of the calcaneus
bone
d. It becomes attached to the midpoint of the anterior surface of the calcaneus bone
e. It is the thickest and strongest tendon in the human body
298. The following statements about foot arches are false:
a. There are two main arches
b. They have a role in standing, walking, and running
c. The medial longitudinal arch it is made up of the calcaneus, talar head, navicular,
the three cuneiforms and the medial three metatarsals
d. The pillars of the lateral arch are the calcaneus posteriorly and to the lateral the
two metatarsal heads anteriorly
e. The medial longitudinal arch it is made up of the calcaneus, talar head, the three
cuneiforms and the medial two metatarsals
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Chapter 12. The foot
299. Deep dorsal fascia of the foot is:
a. Located on the back of the foot
b. A thin layer of the foot
c. Continuous above with the inferior extensor retinaculum
d. It covers the dorsal extensor tendons and flexor digitorum brevis
e. A thick fibrous layer of the foot
300. The following statements are true about the medial plantar nerve:
a. Is the larger terminal division of the tibial nerve
b. Is located medial to the lateral plantar artery
c. Its origin is under the flexor retinaculum
d. Abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis and the first lumbrical muscles are all
supplied by the medial plantar nerve
e. It supplies flexor accessorius and abductor digiti minimi muscles
301. The following statements are true about the lateral plantar nerve:
a. It supplies the skin of the fifth toe
b. It supplies the lateral half of the fourth toe, and most of the deep muscles of the
foot
c. It ends between flexor digiti minimi brevis and abductor digiti minimi muscles
d. Perforates the flexor retinaculum to supply the skin
e. The superficial branch splits into two common plantar digital nerves
302. The following statements are false about the transverse arch of the foot:
a. It is formed between the base of the fifth metatarsal bone, the cuboid, and the
cuneiforms
b. The lateral and intermediate cuneiform bone are adapted to maintain the
transverse arch of the foot
c. Flexor hallucis longus muscle acts as a bowstring for the transverse arch
d. The tendon of fibularis longus muscle provide the stability of the arch
e. It is made up of the talar head, navicular, the three cuneiforms bones
303. The following statements are true about cuneiform bones:
a. Cuneiform bones articulate with the talus proximally and with the bases of the
first to third metatarsal bones distally
b. Cuneiform bones articulate with the navicular bone proximally and with the
bases of the first to third metatarsal bones distally
c. The medial cuneiform bone articulates with the navicular bone and base of the
first metatarsal bone
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Chapter 12. The foot
d. The intermediate (middle) cuneiform bone articulates proximally with the
navicular bone and distally with the third metatarsal bone base
e. The intermediate (middle) cuneiform bone articulates proximally with the
navicular bone and distally with the second metatarsal bone base
304. Regarding the abductor hallucis muscle, the following can be stated:
a. Arises principally from the flexor retinaculum
b. Arises principally from the extensor retinaculum
c. Lies immediately deep to the central part of the plantar aponeurosis
d. Has a bifurcate tendon of origin
e. Arises also from the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity, the plantar
aponeurosis, and the intermuscular septum, between this and flexor digitorum
brevis muscle
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Chapter 13. Generalities, osteology, myology, vascularization
and innervation of the thoracic cage and abdominal wall
THORAX AND ABDOMEN
Chapter 13. Generalities, osteology, myology, vascularization and innervation of
the thoracic cage and abdominal wall
305. Select the correct statements about the anatomical position:
a. Standing upright, with eyes and palms looking anterior
b. In supine position, with eyes looking anterior
c. Upper limbs hanging next to the body and with the hands in pronation
d. Upper limbs hanging next to the body and with the hands in supination
e. Standing upright, with the upper limbs distant from the body
306. Select the correct statements about the basic anatomical axes and planes:
a. The human body has three fundamental axes that are parallel to each other
b. The longitudinal axis (of height) joins two extreme symmetrical points: left
and right
c. The sagittal axis (of thickness) unites two extreme points: ventral and dorsal
d. The longitudinal axis (of the waist), is vertical and joins the two extreme points
of the body: vertex and heel
e. There are three fundamental planes: frontal, mid-sagittal and transverse
307.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Synovial joints are characterized by:
Variable-shaped joint surfaces, not covered by hyaline cartilage
Reduced mobility and lack of joint cavity
A single-layer joint capsule
The presence of a capsule and a joint cavity
Endodermal origin starting the 5th week of development
308. The adaptive structures of the articular surfaces of a synovial joint are:
a. The articular disc, which does not adhere to the articular capsule
b. The articular disc consisting of a fibrous central part and a peripheral
cartilaginous part
c. The meniscus, a ring with two free faces and a face adherent to the joint
capsule
d. Articular labrum, triangular in section
e. The disc, an intra-articular septum that subdivides the articular cavity
309. Select the correct statements about the type of joints:
a. Fibrous - are joints without mobility that have articular cartilage
b. Cartilaginous - are joints with reduced mobility, have a joint cavity and
articular cartilage
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Chapter 13. Generalities, osteology, myology, vascularization
and innervation of the thoracic cage and abdominal wall
c. Synovial - are mobile, have surfaces of variable shape, covered by hyaline
cartilage, they have a capsule and a joint cavity
d. Syndesmosis type, are part of cartilaginous joints
e. Synovial – possess an articular capsule formed by a fibrous layer that secretes
synovial fluid
310. The abduction-adduction movements are performed:
a. Around a transverse axis
b. Around a vertical axis
c. Around a sagittal axis
d. At the level of the hand by moving the fingers against the median axis of the
hand
e. At the level of the foot, by eversion moving
311. The following movements are considered complex movements:
a. Lateral rotation - medial rotation
b. Circumduction
c. Pronation - supination
d. Eversion - inversion
e. Flexion - extension
312. The following movements can be performed in the sagittal plane:
a. Extension - flexion
b. Lateral rotation - medial rotation
c. Abduction - adduction
d. Pronation - supination
e. Circumduction
313. Select the true statements:
a. The center of gravity of the body is at the intersection of the three fundamental
axes, just anterior to the 2nd lumbar vertebra
b. The axial skeleton is formed by the bones of the head, the hyoid bone, the
spine, the thoracic skeleton
c. Muscles and their annexes originate from the ectoderm, except for smooth iris
muscles which are of mesodermal origin
d. The pulmonary primordium appears as a diverticulum at the level of the
posterior intestine
e. Cardiac primordia appear in the form of 4 tubes at the end of the 3rd week
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Chapter 13. Generalities, osteology, myology, vascularization
and innervation of the thoracic cage and abdominal wall
314. Select the true statements:
a. The amount of surfactant decreases during the last two weeks of intrauterine
life
b. Coronary arteries originate from the aortic sinuses
c. At the level of the right atrium, the four pulmonary veins and the coronary
venous sinus open
d. Bronchopulmonary buds generate three branches on the right and two branches
on the left side
e. The heart has an intraembryonic origin
315. For putting in the correct anatomical position the clavicle we need to place:
a. The flatten extremity lateral
b. The concavity of the lateral extremity anterior
c. The concavity of the lateral extremity posterior
d. The surface that presents a groove inferior
e. The surface that presents a big tubercle superior
316. Name the intrinsic muscles of the chest wall:
a. Pectoralis major muscle
b. Pectoralis minor muscle
c. Intercostals muscles
d. Serratus posterior muscle
e. Subclavius muscle
317. The muscles from the superficial layer of the back are:
a. Sternocleidomastoid muscle
b. Trapezius muscle
c. Latissimus dorsi muscle
d. Erector spinae muscle
e. Deltoid muscle
318. The following statements about the pectoralis minor muscle are true:
a. One of its attachments is on the medial border and upper surface of the
coracoid process of the scapula
b. Arterial supply is from branches of the thoraco-acromial and superior and
lateral thoracic arteries
c. The innervation is given by branches of the medial and lateral pectoral nerves:
C5, 6, 7, 8 and T1
d. Anterior it has relationships with the lateral pectoral nerve
e. Posterior it has relationships with the serratus anterior muscle
75
Chapter 13. Generalities, osteology, myology, vascularization
and innervation of the thoracic cage and abdominal wall
319. In regard with the inguinal canal, we can state that:
a. It is a natural passageway between the muscle layers of the anterior abdominal
wall in the region of the groin
b. It is a natural passageway between the muscle layers of the anterior abdominal
wall in the region of the thigh
c. It is an oblique tunnel that has a deep (medial) opening and a superficial
(lateral) opening
d. In both male and female, it transmits the round ligament
e. In both male and female, it transmits the ilioinguinal nerve
320. The internal inguinal ring has the following characteristics:
a. It is located lateral in confront with the external inguinal ring
b. Medial to it run the inferior epigastric vessels
c. It is located approximately midway between the anterior superior iliac spine
and the pubic symphysis
d. Lateral to it run the femoral vessels
e. It is an opening in the internal oblique fascia
321. The walls of the inguinal canal are formed by the:
a. Anterior wall: medially by the internal oblique fascia and laterally by the
external oblique fascia
b. Anterior wall: medially by the external oblique fascia and laterally by the
external oblique and internal oblique fascia
c. Posterior wall: conjoint tendon medially and fascia transversalis laterally
d. Posterior wall: medially the fibers of internal oblique and transversus
abdominis and laterally fascia transversalis
e. The roof is formed by the arching fibers of transversus abdominis, internal and
external oblique muscles
322. The manubrium of the sternum has the following features:
a. Jugular notch located on the inferior border; median located
b. Clavicular notches located on the superior border, lateral to the jugular notch
c. Costal facets for the articulation with the first three ribs
d. Costal facet for the articulation with the first rib and a demifacet for the
articulation with the second rib
e. Only the first costo-sternal articulation is a fibrous synarthrosis
323. What are the attachments of the pectoralis major muscle?
a. Superior it attaches at the level of the medial half of the anterior surface of the
clavicle
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Chapter 13. Generalities, osteology, myology, vascularization
and innervation of the thoracic cage and abdominal wall
b. Superior it attaches at the level of the acromion process of the scapula
c. Medial it attaches at the level of the first seven costal cartilages
d. Lateral it attaches at the level of the lateral lip of the intertubercular sulcus of
the humerus
e. Lateral it attaches at the level of the medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus of
the humerus
324. What is the linea alba?
a. The aponeurosis of external oblique
b. A tendinous strap that is located between the xiphoid process and pubic
symphysis
c. A junction of fibers from the aponeurosis of external oblique, internal oblique
and transversus abdominis muscle
d. A junction of fibers from the aponeurosis of external oblique, internal oblique
and rectus abdominis muscle
e. A junction of fibers from the aponeurosis of external oblique, internal oblique,
transversus abdominis muscle and rectus abdominis muscle
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Chapter 14. The breast and diaphragm
Chapter 14. The breast and diaphragm
325. What does the axillary tail of Spence mean?
a. An elongation of the superomedial quadrant of the breast
b. An elongation of the superolateral quadrant of the breast
c. An elongation of the axilla towards the breast
d. A disease
e. An island of tumoral breast tissue located in the axilla
326. What are the relations of the mammillary gland?
a. Posterior it rests on the deep pectoral fascia
b. Posterior it rests on the superficial pectoral fascia
c. Posterior to it is the pectoralis major muscle
d. Posterior to it is the serratus anterior muscle
e. Posterior to it is the pectoralis minor muscle
327. The nipple has the following characteristics:
a. It has a different position at the level of the chest wall (more superior or
inferior) depending on the gender and age
b. In women, it changes color depending on the melanization
c. In man it has more sebaceous and sweat glands then in women
d. As is normal in the rest of the body, even here the sebaceous glands are always
associated with hair follicles
e. The skin of the nipple has the same amount of melanocites as the rest of the
breast skin
328. The lobes of the breast contain the following features:
a. The terminal lobular unit, the milk secretion unit
b. Glandular tissue
c. Secreting stroma
d. They are distinct areas, that can be distinguished very easy in surgery
e. Connective tissue: loose intralobular and fibrocollagenous interlobular
329. What does Astley Cooper ligaments represent?
a. Fibrous tissue that interconnects the lobes of the breast
b. Fibrous tissue that connects the deep fascia (located posterior to the breast)
with the dermis
c. Condensation of connecting tissue, better represented in the superior segment
of the breast
d. Condensation of connecting tissue, better represented in the inferior segment
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Chapter 14. The breast and diaphragm
of the breast
e. Ligaments that support the surrounding breast tissue
330. The arterial supply of the breast is insured:
a. By branches of the axillary, internal thoracic and intercostal arteries
b. Entirely by branches of axillary artery
c. By perforating branches of the internal thoracic and intercostal arteries
d. By the superior thoracic artery, pectoral branches of thoraco-acromial artery,
lateral thoracic artery, subscapular artery
e. By perforating branches of the axillary and subclavian artery
331. Name the main characteristics of the lymphatic drainage of the breast:
a. Most of the lymph collected from the breast will drain through parasternal
lymph nodes
b. Lymphatic vessels run parallel with arteries
c. It is the main way of breast cancer spreading
d. Most of the lymph collected from the breast will drain through axillary lymph
nodes
e. Most of the lymph collected from the breast will drain through subclavian
lymph nodes
332. What type of innervation does the breast have?
a. Both sensory and sympathetic
b. Both sensory and parasympathetic
c. Both parasympathetic and sympathetic
d. Only sympathetic
e. Only parasympathetic
333. Who is controlling the secretion of the breast?
a. Only ovarian hormones
b. Ovarian and hypophysial hormones
c. Only ovarian and hypophysial hormones
d. Efferent motor fibers
e. Afferent motor fibers
334. The breast:
a. Is a modified apocrine sweat gland
b. In the female has a base which extends from the 2-nd to the 6-th rib in the mid
clavicular line
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Chapter 14. The breast and diaphragm
c. Has about six to eight main ducts which open through a common orifice on the
summit of the nipple
d. Receives its blood supply mainly from the internal thoracic artery
e. Has a basic lymph drainage to the axillary and infraclavicular lymph nodes
from its lateral part, and to the internal thoracic lymph nodes from its medial
part
335. What is the lumbar attachment of the diaphragm composed of?
a. Two aponeurotic arches: medial and lateral
b. Two arcuate ligaments: medial (is situated superior to the quadratus
lumborum) and lateral (is situated superior to the psoas major)
c. Two crura or pillars
d. One wide, compact aponeurotic attachment
e. Only the two aponeurotic arches: medial and lateral
336. When the diaphragm contracts, does it affect the aorta?
a. Yes, because the aorta passes through the aortic hiatus when entering the
abdomen so, the diaphragmatic muscle will constrict the hiatus
b. Yes, because the aorta passes through the aortic hiatus which is formed by the
diaphragm on one side and the vertebral column on other side, the contractions
of the muscle will push the aorta towards the vertebral column and minimize
the diameter of the aorta
c. No, because the aorta passes through the aortic hiatus, which is a tendinous
one, not muscular
d. No, because the aorta has nothing to do with the diaphragm
e. No, because the aortic hiatus is located between the median arcuate ligament
anterior, vertebral column posterior and diaphragmatic crura lateral, basically
posterior the muscular part of the diaphragm, this way the contractions of the
muscle do not affect the aorta
337. The esophageal diaphragmatic hiatus has the following features:
a. Is located at the level of the twelve thoracic vertebra
b. Is located anterior, superior and lateral to the aortic hiatus
c. There is a distinct continuity between the esophageal wall and the muscular
fibers that form the hiatus
d. There is a loose connecting tissue between the inferior part of the esophagus
and the hiatus, this permits movement of the organ when swallowing and
ventilating
e. The only organ that passes through the esophageal diaphragmatic hiatus is the
esophagus
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Chapter 14. The breast and diaphragm
338. The venous drainage of the superior surface of the diaphragm is ensured
by:
a. Superior right phrenic vein
b. Superior left phrenic vein
c. Tributaries of the musculophrenic veins
d. Tributaries of the pericardicophrenic veins
e. Tributaries of the gastric veins
339. In lymphatic drainage of the breast, the major portion (about 75%) enters
eventually into which group of nodes?
a. Central axillary
b. Deltopectoral
c. Lateral axillary
d. Parasternal
e. Subscapular
340. Which of the following statements are true about the Cooper ligaments?
a. They are suspensory ligaments of the axilla
b. They are strands of connective tissue connecting the pectoralis fascia on the
deep surface of the breast to the superficial tissue and skin
c. They are numerous in the upper half of the breast
d. They are 15-20 lactiferous ducts which correspond with the lobules
e. They are strands of connective tissue connecting the clavi-pectoral fascia on
the deep surface of the breast to the superficial subcutaneous tissue and skin
341. Which of the following are true about the arterial blood supply of the
breast?
a. The internal thoracic artery arises from the first part of the axillary artery
b. The internal thoracic artery arises from the first part of the subclavian artery
c. The internal thoracic artery descends outside the ribs just lateral to the edge of
the sternum
d. The lateral thoracic artery arises from the first part of the axillary artery
e. The lateral thoracic artery arises from the sub-pectoral portion of the axillary
artery
342. Which of the following arteries provide blood for the breast?
a. Internal thoracic artery
b. Dorsal thoracic artery
c. Superior thoracic artery
d. Lateral thoracic artery
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Chapter 14. The breast and diaphragm
e. Thoraco-acromial artery
343. Name the location of the breast lymph nodes?
a. Level I lymph nodes are located posterior to pectoralis minor muscle
b. Level I lymph nodes are located above the pectoralis minor muscle
c. Level II lymph nodes are located posterior to pectoralis minor muscle
d. Level III lymph nodes are located above pectoralis minor muscle
e. Level I lymph nodes are located inferior to the lower border of the pectoralis
minor muscle
344. The blood supply of the nipple comes from:
a. A peri areolar cutaneous plexus
b. Deep branches of the lateral thoracic artery
c. Superficial branches of the internal thoracic artery
d. Superficial branches of the lateral thoracic artery
e. Branches of the intercostal vessels
345. Which of the following statements are true about the breast?
a. The base of the breast lies approximately between the second and the sixth ribs
with their cartilages in the longitudinal axis and from the lateral border of the
sternum till the midaxillary line in the transvers axis
b. It consists of 15-20 lobules of glandular tissue
c. The breast base is mainly in contact with pectoralis minor muscle
d. The arterial blood supply of the breast is made through branches of the
subclavian and axillary arteries
e. The internal mammary artery descends inside the ribs just lateral to the edge of
the sternum
346. The venous drainage of the breast has the following characteristics:
a. Blood drains from the circular venous plexus around the areola and from the
glandular tissue of the breast into the axillary, internal thoracic and anterior
jugular veins
b. Part of the blood drains into the axillary vein
c. Part of the blood drains into the internal thoracic vein
d. Blood is also drained into intercostal veins
e. Individual variations are uncommon
347. Which of the following are true about the attachments and components of
the diaphragm?
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Chapter 14. The breast and diaphragm
a. The muscle fibers of the diaphragm arise from the highly oblique
circumference of the thoracic outlet
b. The attachments are higher posterolateral
c. The attachments are lower anteriorly
d. Although it is a continuous sheet, the muscle can be considered as having three
parts: sternal, costal and lumbar
e. The lumbar part arises from two aponeurotic arches
348. Which are the two lesser apertures of the diaphragm:
a. Aortic hiatus
b. Caval opening
c. For the greater splanchnic nerve
d. For the lesser splanchnic nerve
e. Esophageal hiatus
349. Which of the following are true about the anatomy of the diaphragm?
a. The superior phrenic arteries supply the superior surface of the diaphragm
b. The inferior five intercostal and subcostal arteries supply the sternal margins of
the diaphragm
c. Through the esophageal hiatus passes the esophagus, vagal trunks and gastric
nerves, branches from the left gastric vessels and some lymphatic vessels
d. The diaphragm has two openings, that serve for vasculo-nervous bundles
passage
e. The diaphragm receives its motor supply via the phrenic nerves
350. The relations of the diaphragm are:
a. The superior surface is related to the pleura and pericardium
b. The middle folium is also named the cardiac plateau because of its relationship
with the heart
c. Most of the inferior surface is not covered by peritoneum
d. The left side has relationships with the left hepatic lobe, gastric fundus, spleen,
left kidney and the left suprarenal gland
e. The right side is molded only over the convex surface of the right lobe of the
liver
351. Which of the following are true about the caval opening of the diaphragm?
a. It is the most superior of the three main openings
b. It is traversed by the inferior vena cava
c. During inspiration, it gets dilated
d. Branches of the left phrenic nerve are also passing through the caval opening
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Chapter 14. The breast and diaphragm
e. The inferior vena cava adheres to the margins of the opening
352. The following structures pass through the esophageal hiatus:
a. The esophagus
b. The vagal trunks
c. The left gastric artery
d. Lymphatic vessels
e. Inferior Vena Cava
353. The venous drainage of the diaphragm is ensured by the?
a. The superior surface is drained by tributaries of the musculophrenic and
pericardiophrenic veins that run alongside the corresponding arteries
b. The inferior surface of the diaphragm is drained by phrenic veins into the
portal circulation
c. The right inferior phrenic vein drains blood into the inferior vena cava or into
the right hepatic vein
d. The left inferior phrenic vein can drain blood into the left suprarenal vein
e. The left inferior phrenic vein most commonly drains blood into the left hepatic
vein
354. The phrenic nerves:
a. Are derived mostly from the fourth cervical ramus
b. Also receive contributions from the third and fifth cervical ventral rami
c. The right phrenic nerve passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm
together with the left phrenic nerve
d. The left phrenic nerve passes through the aortic hiatus
e. Phrenic nerves also provide branches for the pleura
84
Chapter 15. The vertebral column
Chapter 15. The vertebral column
355. Choose the correct statements about the characteristics of the cervical
vertebrae:
a. The Chassaignac tubercle is found on the sixth cervical vertebra and has
practical importance in the compression of the common carotid artery in case
of a bleeding
b. The anterior tubercles are located on transverse processes
c. The anterior tubercles are located on the spinous processes
d. The posterior tubercles insert the posterior longitudinal ligament
e. The anterior tubercles insert the posterior longitudinal ligament
356. The following structures participate in the formation of the intervertebral
foramen:
a. The anterior part of two adjacent vertebral bodies
b. The postero-lateral part of two adjacent vertebral bodies
c. The vertebral pedicles with the upper and lower notches
d. The ligamentum Flava
e. Intervertebral discs
357. The following are particular characteristics of the cervical vertebrae:
a. The cervical vertebrae have transverse processes that have an intervertebral
foramen through which the spinal nerves pass.
b. The cervical vertebrae have transverse processes that have a transverse
foramen through which the spinal nerves pass
c. Cervical vertebrae have transverse processes that have a transverse foramen
through which the vertebral arteries and veins pass
d. The triangular prismatic spinous process that descends obliquely and
posteroinferior
e. A short and bifid spinous process
358. The sacrum:
a. It is formed by the fusion of the sacral vertebrae
b. It articulates directly with the lumbar vertebra L5
c. It articulates through the intervertebral disc with the lumbar vertebra L4
d. Presents the sacral hiatus that opens into the spinal canal
e. It presents a dorsal face that gives attachment to the piriformis muscle
359. The physiological curves of the spine are:
a. Thoracic lordosis
85
Chapter 15. The vertebral column
b.
c.
d.
e.
Cervical kyphosis
Lumbar lordosis
Thoracic kyphosis
Lumbar scoliosis
360. The nuchal ligament inserts on:
a. The external occipital protuberance
b. The cervical spinous processes
c. The thoracic spinous processes
d. The transverse cervical processes
e. The posterior borders of the foramen magnum
361. The structures that are a part of the joints in between the vertebral bodies
are represented by the:
a. Intervertebral discs
b. Interspinous ligaments
c. Posterior longitudinal ligament
d. Yellow ligament (Iigamentum Flava)
e. Nuchal ligament
362. The atlanto-occipital joint:
a. It is formed between the C1 vertebra and the occipital condyles
b. It is formed between the C1 vertebra and the atlas
c. It is strengthened by the atlanto-occipital membranes
d. Allows head extension
e. Allows head flexion
363. The spinal erector muscle:
a. It consists of the iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinal muscles
b. It consists of the longissimus, spinal, and splenius muscles
c. It forms the second layer of the paravertebral muscles
d. It is innervated by the ventral branches of the spinal nerves
e. It is innervated by the dorsal branches of the spinal nerves
364. The semispinalis muscle:
a. It forms the middle layer of the paravertebral muscles
b. Forms the deep layer of the paravertebral muscles
c. It consists of the semispinalis muscles of the head, neck, and chest
d. It is a small muscle located between two adjacent vertebrae.
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Chapter 15. The vertebral column
e. Together with the multifidus and rotator muscles forms the transversospinal
muscle
365. The vertebral canal:
a. Is formed solely by the superposition of the vertebral bodies
b. Follows the curvatures of the vertebral curves
c. Extends from foramen magnum to the sacral hiatus
d. Extends form C1 vertebra to S1 vertebra
e. It has the same diameter throughout its entire length
366. The boundaries of the intervertebral foramina are:
a. Anteriorly, the posterolateral aspect of the superior vertebral body
b. Posteriorly, the posterolateral aspect of the intervertebral symphysis
c. Posteriorly, the posterolateral part of the body of the inferior vertebra
d. Superiorly, the intervertebral disc
e. Inferiorly, the posterolateral aspect of the intervertebral symphysis
367. The following statements about the thoracic vertebrae are true:
a. All present two lateral facets for the articulation with the ribs at the level of the
transverse processes
b. They present lateral facets for the articulation with the ribs at the level of the
vertebral bodies
c. All, but T12 present two lateral facets for the articulation with the ribs at the
level of the vertebral bodies
d. All, but T1 present two lateral facets for the articulation with the ribs at the
level of the vertebral bodies
e. None of the above
368. The following statements about the lumbar vertebrae are false:
a. They present costal facets on the transverse processes
b. They have the largest vertebral bodies
c. They present the transverse foramina
d. They have an almost horizontal spinal process
e. They present the mammillary process
369. The following muscles have attachments on the sacrum:
a. Iliopsoas muscle
b. Levator ani muscle
c. Gluteus minimum muscle
d. Piriformis muscle
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Chapter 15. The vertebral column
e. Coccygeus muscle
370. The coccyx:
a. Is formed by the fusion of 1-3 rudimentary vertebrae
b. Is formed by the fusion of 2-4 rudimentary vertebrae
c. Gives attachment to the levator ani muscles
d. Gives attachment to piriformis muscle
e. It presents two coccygeal cornua for the articulation to the sacrum
371. The sacral canal has the following characteristics:
a. Is continuous with the pelvic and sacral foramina
b. Has a triangular shape
c. Has a round shape
d. Contains the spinal cord
e. Contains structures of cauda equina and the filum terminale
372. The following structures are ligaments of the vertebral column:
a. Anterior longitudinal ligament
b. Ligamenta flava
c. Intervertebral disc
d. Interspinal ligaments
e. Posterior longitudinal ligament
373. The following types of joints can be found at the level of the vertebral
column:
a. Symphyses
b. Synovial joints
c. Fibrous joints
d. Socket joints
e. Diarthrosis
374. The following statements are true about the intervertebral discs:
a. They have the same size throughout the length of the vertebral column
b. They differ in size throughout the length of the vertebral column
c. They comprise of an anulus fibrous structure in the exterior
d. They comprise of a pulpous nucleus at the interior
e. They comprise of an anulus fibrous structure on the inside
375. The transverse grooves of the cervical vertebrae give pass way for:
a. Vertebral arteries
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Chapter 15. The vertebral column
b.
c.
d.
e.
Basivertebral veins
Intervertebral veins
Vertebral veins
Spinal arteries
376. The branches of spinal nerve concerned with the innervation of the
vertebral column are:
a. The dorsal ramus
b. The ventral ramus
c. The recurrent meningeal ramus
d. The gray rami communicantes
e. The white rami communincantes
377. The internal vertebral venous plexus:
a. Consists of two internal venous plexuses- lateral and median
b. Consists of two internal venous plexuses- anterior and posterior
c. Occurs between the dura mater and the vertebral bony surface
d. It is a denser network then the external venous plexus
e. It is a less dense network then the external venous plexus
378. The following statements about the atlas vertebra are false:
a. Is the first cervical vertebra
b. Is the second cervical vertebra
c. It articulates with the occipital condyles
d. It articulates with C3 vertebra
e. It articulates with the dens of the axis
379. The articular surfaces of the atlanto-axial joint are:
a. The occipital condyles
b. The anterior surface of the axis dens
c. The posterior surface of the arch
d. The lateral masses of C1 and C2 vertebra
e. The lateral masses of C1 and the occipital bone
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Chapter 16. The heart
Chapter 16. The heart
380. Name which of the following structures are located at the level of the right
atrium:
a. Opening of inferior vena cava
b. Opening of the coronary sinus
c. Crista terminalis
d. Fossa ovalis
e. Opening of the pulmonary veins
381. Koch’s triangle:
a. Is defined by the attachment of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve
b. Is defined by the ostium of the coronary sinus
c. Is defined by the tendon of Todaro
d. Is indicating the site of the atrioventricular node
e. Is indicating the site of the sinoatrial node
382. The internal features of the right ventricle are represented by:
a. Septomarginal trabecula
b. Moderator band
c. Supraventricular crest
d. Papillary muscles
e. Opening of aorta
383. The internal features of the left atrium are represented by the:
a. Opening of the four pulmonary veins
b. Opening of the mitral orifice
c. Opening of the pulmonary artery
d. Sinoatrial node
e. Opening of the aorta
384. The conduction system of the heart has the following components:
a. Sinoatrial node
b. Atrioventricular node
c. Atrioventricular bundle of His
d. Pectinate muscles
e. Purkinje fibers
385. The main branches of the left coronary artery are:
a. Circumflex artery
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Chapter 16. The heart
b.
c.
d.
e.
Anterior interventricular artery
Diagonal artery
Sinoatrial nodal artery
Atrioventricular nodal artery
386. Left coronary artery has the following features:
a. Is usually larger in diameter than the right coronary artery
b. Arises from the left posterior aortic sinus
c. Is usually smaller in diameter than the right coronary artery
d. Arises from the transverse sinus
e. Arises from oblique sinus
387. The tributaries of the coronary sinus are:
a. Great cardiac vein
b. Small cardiac vein
c. Middle cardiac vein
d. Vein of Marshall
e. Pulmonary veins
388. Initiation of the cardiac cycle is produced by the:
a. Sinoatrial node
b. Atrioventricular node
c. Moderator band
d. Purkinje fibers
e. His bundle
389. The pericardial cavity:
a. Is the space formed between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous
pericardium
b. Covers the proximal part of the great vessels of the heart
c. Normally contains approximately 15–20 ml of serous plasma ultrafiltrate
d. Normally contains approximately 1,5–2 l of serous plasma ultrafiltrate
e. Is the space formed between the parietal and visceral layers of the fibrous
pericardium
390. The anatomical apex of the heart is:
a. The apex of the left ventricle
b. The apex of the right ventricle
c. Directed anteroinferior and to the left
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Chapter 16. The heart
d. Located most commonly posterior to the fifth left intercostal space, near or a
little medial to the mid-clavicular line
e. Overlapped by the left lung and pleura
391. The sulcus terminalis is a shallow groove which:
a. Is extending between the right sides of the openings of the two venae cavae
b. Corresponds, internally, to the terminal crest (crista terminalis), which is the
site of origin of the pectinate muscles
c. Is extending between the openings of the pulmonary veins
d. Is extending between the openings of the superior vena cava and coronary
sinus
e. Corresponds, internally, to the terminal crest, which is the site of origin of the
papillary muscles
392. Name which of the following valves are located at the level of the right
atrium:
a. Eustachian valve, at the level of the orifice of inferior vena cava
b. Thebesian valve, at the level of the orifice of coronary sinus
c. Mitral valve
d. Eustachian valve, at the level of the orifice of superior vena cava
e. Thebesian valve, at the level of the orifice of superior vena cava
393. The atrioventricular valvular complex, in both ventricles, consists of:
a. Orifice and its associated anulus
b. The leaflets
c. The supporting chordae tendineae
d. The papillary muscles
e. The pectinate muscles
394. The tricuspid valve leaflets are located:
a. Anterosuperior
b. Septally
c. Inferiorly
d. The inferior leaflet is often described as being posterior
e. The inferior leaflet is often described as being anterior
395. The papillary muscles in the right ventricle have the following
characteristics:
a. The anterior papillary muscle is the largest
b. The inferior papillary muscle is often bifid or trifid
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Chapter 16. The heart
c. The septal papillary muscle of the conus, the muscle of Lancisi, is almost
always present
d. All the major papillary muscles supply chordae to adjacent components of the
leaflets they support
e. The inferior papillary muscle is the largest
396. The muscle of Lancisi has the following characteristics:
a. Is a septal (medial) papillary muscle
b. Is the most superior and largest of the small septal papillary muscles
c. It arises from the posterior septal limb of the septomarginal trabeculation
d. It arises from the anterior septal limb of the septomarginal trabeculation
e. Locates the right bundle branch within the right ventricle
397. The left atrial appendage has the following features:
a. Is longer, narrower, and more hooked than the right
b. The tip of the appendage has a variable position lying over the pulmonary
trunk and anterior interventricular artery
c. Is a potential site for deposition of thrombi
d. Is shorter and larger than the right
e. Is a finger-like extension
398. The papillary muscles supporting the leaflets of the mitral valve have the
following characteristics:
a. Are two
b. Are three
c. The anterolateral (superolateral) muscle arises from the sternocostal mural
myocardium
d. The posteromedial (inferoseptal) arises from the diaphragmatic region
e. Chordae tendineae arise mostly from the tip and apical third of each muscle
399. The sinu-atrial node has the following parts:
a. Head
b. Body
c. Tail
d. Short digitations of nodal tissue which radiate towards the superior vena cava
e. Short digitations of nodal tissue which radiate towards the inferior vena cava
400. The great cardiac vein has the following characteristics:
a. Begins at the cardiac apex
b. Ascends in the anterior interventricular groove
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Chapter 16. The heart
c. Follows the atrioventricular groove, passing to the left and posteriorly
d. Enters the coronary sinus at its origin
e. Ascends in the posterior interventricular groove
401.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The small cardiac vein has the following characteristics:
Lies in the posterior atrioventricular groove
Opens into the coronary sinus
The right marginal vein sometimes joins the small cardiac vein
Lies in the posterior interventricular groove
Lies in the anterior interventricular groove
402. The autonomic nerves form a mixed cardiac plexus, which has the following
parts:
a. The deep component inferior to the aortic arch, lying between it and the
pulmonary trunk
b. The superficial part between the aortic arch and tracheal bifurcation
c. The left coronary plexus, which accompanies the left coronary artery
d. The right coronary plexus, which accompanies the right coronary artery
e. The atrial plexuses
403. The middle cardiac vein:
a. Begins at the cardiac apex
b. Opens into the coronary sinus
c. Runs posteriorly in the inferior interventricular groove
d. Lies in the posterior atrioventricular groove
e. Lies in the anterior interventricular groove
404. About the innervation of the heart, the following statements are true:
a. Sympathetic fibers accelerate the heart
b. Sympathetic fibers dilate the coronary arteries when stimulated
c. Vagal fibers slow the heart
d. Vagal fibers cause coronary arterial constriction
e. Vagal fibers accelerate the heart
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Chapter 17. The lungs
Chapter 17. The lungs
405. The root of the lung contains the following structures:
a. Two pulmonary arteries
b. One pulmonary artery
c. Two pulmonary veins
d. One pulmonary vein
e. Two primary bronchi
406. The anterior relations of the pulmonary hilum on both sides are with:
a. The Vagus nerve
b. The Phrenic nerve
c. The pericardiophrenic vessels
d. The Azygos vein
e. The anterior pulmonary plexus
407. Posterior relations of the pulmonary hilum on both sides are with:
a. The Vagus nerve
b. The Phrenic nerve
c. The internal thoracic artery
d. The anterior pulmonary plexus
e. The superior vena cava
408. The mediastinal surface of the right lung has relationships with the
following structures:
a. The heart
b. The inferior vena cava
c. The Azygos vein
d. The esophagus
e. The trachea
409. The following aspects regarding the right lung are true:
a. Has three lobes limited by the horizontal and oblique fissures
b. Has two lobes limited by the horizontal and oblique fissures
c. Has relationships with the Azygos vein at the level of the costal surface
d. Has relations with the esophagus at the level of the mediastinal surface
e. Is shorter than the left lung
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Chapter 17. The lungs
410. The following statements regarding the blood supply of the lungs are
correct:
a. The lungs have two distinct circulatory pathways: functional and nutrient
b. The bronchial arteries supply oxygenated blood to the proper tissue of the
lungs
c. The bronchial veins are tributaries of the brachiocephalic vein on the right and
of the Azygos vein on the left
d. The functional blood supply of the right lung is provided by two pulmonary
arteries and one pulmonary vein
e. The bronchial arteries end at the level of the respiratory bronchioles
411. The relationships of the diaphragmatic surface of the left lung are with:
a. The spleen
b. The left kidney
c. The pancreas
d. The fundus of the stomach
e. Left lobe of the liver
412. The following statements are correct:
a. The pleural cavity is the potential space made between the visceral layer and
the parietal layer of the pleura
b. The pleural cavity is a closed space
c. The pleural cavity openly communicates with the main bronchus
d. The costal parietal pleura and the peripheral part of the diaphragmatic parietal
pleura are innervated by the intercostal nerves
e. The mediastinal parietal pleura and the central part of the diaphragmatic
parietal pleura are innervated by the phrenic nerves
413. The following statements regarding the lungs are true:
a. The pulmonary lobules represent the main morphologic units of the lungs
b. The broncho-pulmonary buds will generate three branches on the right side
and two on the left
c. The respiratory mucosa arises from the endoderm
d. The bronchial arteries give blood supply to the pulmonary acinus
e. The nerve fibers that innervate the lungs are organized in an anterior
pulmonary plexus and a medial pulmonary plexus
414. The mediastinal surface of the left lung has relationships with the following
structures:
a. The superior vena cava
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Chapter 17. The lungs
b.
c.
d.
e.
Aortic arch
The esophagus
The left subclavian artery
Inferior vena cava
415.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The right principal bronchus:
Is wider, shorter and more vertical than the left one
Is wider, longer, and more horizontal than the left one
Gives rise to the superior lobar bronchus at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra
Gives rise to the superior lobar bronchus at the level of the seventh thoracic
vertebra
e. After giving of the superior lobar bronchus it divides into middle and inferior
lobar bronchi
416.
The bronchial arteries:
a. Are suppling with oxygenated blood and nutritive substances the bronchi and
connective tissue of the lungs
b. Have branches that supply the esophagus
c. Have their origin from the descending aorta
d. Have their origin from the aortic arch
e. Accompany the bronchial tree
417.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The left lung:
Is divided into superior and inferior lobes by the oblique fissure
Is divided into superior, middle and inferior lobes by the oblique fissure
The left oblique fissure is usually more vertical than the right one
The right oblique fissure is usually more vertical than the left one
The superior lobe lies anterosuperior to the oblique fissure
418.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The pulmonary root:
Connects the medial surface of the lung to the heart and trachea
Connects the sternocostal surface of the lung to the heart and trachea
Contains besides others, one principal bronchus
Contains besides others, two pulmonary veins
Contains besides others, one pulmonary vein
419.
a.
b.
c.
The pulmonary pleura:
Is a serous membrane arranged as a closed invaginated sac
The pleural cavity represents the potential space between the two pleurae
The pleural cavity is a space between the parietal pleura and the thoracic wall
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Chapter 17. The lungs
d. The visceral pleura is inseparably adherent to the lung surface
e. The parietal pleura is inseparably adherent to the lung surface
420.
The following statements are correct in concern with the parietal pleura:
a. Adheres to the thoracic wall, mediastinum and diaphragm
b. The diaphragmatic part covers the superior surface of the diaphragm except
where the diaphragm is fused with the pericardium
c. The phrenicopleural fascia connects the diaphragmatic pleura with the muscular
fibers of the diaphragm
d. The cervical part of the parietal pleura covers the base of the lung
e. Adheres to the lung itself
421.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Each lung has:
An apex
A base
Three surfaces (costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic)
Three borders (anterior, inferior, posterior)
Three borders (anterior, superior, lateral)
422.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The diaphragmatic surface of the lung:
Is concave
Is convex
Forms the base of the lung
Lateral and posterior is bounded by a thin sharp margin
There is no diaphragmatic surface on the lungs
423.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The mediastinal surface of the lungs:
Is concave because of the relation to the mediastinum
Is convex
Includes the hilum which receives the root of the lung
The cardiac impression on the left lung is larger than the one the right lung
The cardiac impression on the right lung is larger than the one of the left lung
424.
The following statements are correct:
a. The hilum of the lung is an area through which structures that form the root of
the lung pass
b. Inferior to the root of the lung the continuity between the parietal and visceral
pleura forms the pulmonary ligament
c. The pulmonary ligament is located on the diaphragmatic surface of the lung
d. The hilum of the lung is a region located on the sternocostal surface of the lung
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Chapter 17. The lungs
e. The pulmonary ligament consists of a double layer of pleura separated by
connective tissue
425.
The pulmonary bronchi have the following characteristics:
a. The right main bronchus is wider, shorter and runs more vertically than the left
one
b. Within the lungs, the bronchi branch to form the tracheobronchial tree
c. Each main bronchus divides into lobar bronchi
d. Each main bronchus divides into segmental bronchi
e. The left main bronchus is wider, shorter and runs more vertical than the right
one
426.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The following statements are correct:
The pulmonary alveolus is the basic structural unit of gas exchange in the lungs
Bronchioles lack cartilage in their walls
Conducting bronchioles transport air
Each terminal bronchiole gives rise to several generations of respiratory
bronchioles
e. The bronchiole is the basic structural unit of gas exchange
427.
The following is correct about the blood supply of the lungs:
a. The right and left pulmonary arteries arise form the pulmonary trunk at the level
of the sternal angle
b. The pulmonary artery carries low-oxigenated blood to the lungs
c. The pulmonary artery carries high – oxygenated blood to the lungs
d. Each pulmonary artery divides in lobar arteries
e. Lobar arteries divide into segmental arteries
428.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The bronchial arteries:
Belong to the functional circulation of the lungs
Belong to the nutritional circulation of the lungs
The two left bronchial arteries usually arise directly from the thoracic aorta
The two left bronchial arteries usually arise directly from the ascending aorta
The bronchial arteries provide branches to the upper esophagus
429.
The nerves of the lungs:
a. Have their origin at the level of the pulmonary plexuses, anterior and posterior
to the roots of the lungs
b. The parasympathetic fibers are bronchoconstrictor to the bronchial muscle
c. The sympathetic fibers are bronchodilator to the bronchial muscle
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Chapter 17. The lungs
d. The parasympathetic fibers are presynaptic fibers from the vagus nerve (X)
e. The parasympathetic fibers are presynaptic fibers from the Glossopharyngeal
nerve (IX)
100
Chapter 18. The mediastinum
Chapter 18. The mediastinum
430. The mediastinum:
a. Includes an upper, lower and a middle part
b. It is separated by the horizontal plane passing through the sternal angle and the
intervertebral disc T4-T5
c. It is separated by the horizontal plane passing through the sternal angle and the
T2-T3 intervertebral disc
d. The lower part is subdivided by two frontal planes into anterior, middle, and
posterior mediastinum
e. The upper part is subdivided by two frontal planes into anterior, middle, and
posterior mediastinum
431. The superior mediastinum contains:
a. The aortic arch
b. The trachea
c. Internal thoracic vessels
d. The thymus
e. Parasternal and prepericardial lymph nodes
432. The relations of the abdominal surface of the diaphragm are:
a. The liver
b. The left adrenal gland
c. The colon
d. The spleen
e. Rectum
433. The superior mediastinum:
a. It is subdivided by two frontal planes into anterior, middle, and posterior
mediastinum
b. It contains the pulmonary vessels, the lower latero-pericardial and
tracheobronchial lymph nodes
c. It contains the pericardium
d. It contains the Azygos and Hemi-Azygos veins
e. It contains for example the esophagus, the trachea, the aortic arch
434. The anterior mediastinum:
a. It is narrow, between the sternum and the pericardium
b. It contains the internal thoracic vessels
c. It contains the esophagus, trachea, aortic arch
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Chapter 18. The mediastinum
d. It contains the upper half of the superior vena cava
e. It contains the vagus nerve
435. The posterior mediastinum contains the following structures:
a. The thoracic aorta, the esophagus, the Azygos and Hemi-Azygos veins, the
vagus and splanchnic nerves
b. The thoracic duct, the juxta-esophageal, prevertebral, and upper phrenic
pulmonary lymph nodes
c. The pericardium
d. The heart
e. The lungs
436. The following statements about the inferior mediastinum are true:
a. It is subdivided by two frontal planes into anterior, middle, and posterior
mediastinum
b. The anterior plane is tangent to the anterior face of the heart
c. The posterior plane passes through the tracheal bifurcation
d. Contains the thymus or thymic island cells in adults
e. It contains the pericardium
437. The mediastinum has the following features:
a. It contains many organs surrounded by a fatty connective tissue environment
b. It includes an upper part, the superior mediastinum, and a lower part, separated
by the horizontal plane tangent to the pericardium, passing through the sternal
angle and the intervertebral disc T4-T5
c. The lower part is subdivided by two frontal planes into anterior, middle, and
posterior mediastinum
d. The upper part is subdivided by two frontal planes into anterior, middle, and
posterior mediastinum
e. The lower part is subdivided by two transverse planes into anterior, middle,
and posterior mediastinum
438. The blood supply to the cervical and thoracic parts of the esophagus is
provided by:
a. The left inferior phrenic artery
b. The inferior thyroid arteries
c. The superior thyroid arteries
d. The bronchial arteries
e. The inferior thyroid arteries and the superior thyroid arteries
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Chapter 18. The mediastinum
439. The superior mediastinum contains:
a. The esophagus
b. The trachea
c. The aortic arch
d. The brachiocephalic veins
e. The inferior half of the superior vena cava
440. Regarding the thoracic duct, the following statements are true:
a. The thoracic duct passes the retrocrural space of the diaphragm with the aorta,
azygos and hemiazygos veins to ascends in the posterior mediastinum
b. The diaphragm and esophagus are located anterior to the thoracic duct
c. The thoracic duct passes the retrocrural space of the diaphragm with the aorta,
azygos and hemiazygos veins to ascends in the anterior mediastinum
d. Rupture of the thoracic duct leads to leakage of chyle, which is rich in lipid,
protein, and lymphocytes, and hence a progressive nutritional and immune
deficit occurs
e. The incidence of true thoracic duct transection is very common
441. Regarding the azygos vein, the following statements are true:
a. Typically ends in the superior vena cava
b. Typically ends in the inferior vena cava
c. The azygos vein ascends in the posterior mediastinum to the level of the fourth
thoracic vertebra, where it arches forward above the right pulmonary hilum
d. The azygos vein ascends in the posterior mediastinum to the level of the fourth
thoracic vertebra, where it arches forward above the left pulmonary hilum
e. The azygos lies anterior to the bodies of the lower eight thoracic vertebrae
442. Choose the correct statements about the mediastinum:
a. The mediastinum is the partition between the lungs and includes the
mediastinal pleura
b. The mediastinum is the partition between the lungs and includes the parietal
pleura
c. The plane of division into superior and inferior mediastina crosses the
manubriosternal joint and the lower surface of the fourth thoracic vertebra
d. The inferior mediastina is subdivided into anterior, middle and posterior parts
e. The superior mediastina is subdivided into anterior, middle and posterior parts
443. Choose the correct statements about the superior mediastinum:
a. The superior mediastinum lies between the manubrium sterni and the upper
four thoracic vertebrae
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Chapter 18. The mediastinum
b. The superior mediastinum lies between the manubrium sterni and the upper
four lumbar vertebrae
c. It is bounded below by the sternal plane, above by the plane of the thoracic
inlet, and laterally by the mediastinal pleurae
d. It is subdivided into anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum
e. It is subdivided into anterior and posterior mediastinum
444. The superior mediastinum contains:
a. The bifurcation of the trachea
b. The pulmonary vessels
c. The pericardium and the main arterial and venous trunks
d. The posterior part of the upper surface of the diaphragm
e. The thoracic duct, aortic arch
445. The superior mediastinum contains the following vascular structures:
a. The pulmonary vessels
b. The internal thoracic arteries and veins
c. The brachiocephalic veins
d. The upper half of the superior vena cava
e. The aortic arch
446. The superior mediastinum contains the following anatomical structures:
a. The right and left vagus nerves
b. Phrenic nerves
c. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve
d. The cardiac nerves and the superficial part of the cardiac plexus
e. The splanchnic nerves
447. Choose the correct statements about the inferior mediastinum:
a. It lies between the manubrium sterni and the upper four thoracic vertebrae
b. It is subdivided into four anatomical parts
c. It is subdivided into anterior and posterior mediastinum
d. It is subdivided into anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum
e. It contains the lower ends of sternohyoid, sternothyroid and longus colli
448. The anterior mediastinum contains the following anatomical structures:
a. The sternopericardial ligaments
b. A few lymph nodes
c. The mediastinal branches of the internal thoracic artery
d. Part of the thymus gland
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Chapter 18. The mediastinum
e. Part of the thyroid gland
449. The middle mediastinum contains the following vascular structures:
a. The aortic arch
b. The ascending aorta
c. The lower half of the superior vena cava
d. The upper half of the superior vena cava
e. The left common carotid
450. The middle mediastinum contains:
a. The pericardium
b. The heart
c. The tracheal bifurcation
d. The right and left vagus nerve
e. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve
451. The posterior mediastinum contains the following structures:
a. Descending thoracic aorta and
b. The azygos, hemiazygos and accessory azygos veins
c. The splanchnic nerves and
d. The right and left vagus nerve
e. The trachea
452. Regarding the thoracic esophagus, the following statements are correct:
a. In the superior mediastinum is situated a little to the left between the trachea
and the vertebral column
b. In the posterior mediastinum, the esophagus is related to the descending
thoracic aorta and left pleura
c. The thoracic esophagus is supplied by bronchial and esophageal branches of
the thoracic aorta
d. The vein from the thoracic esophagus drains predominantly into the azygos
veins
e. The vein from the thoracic esophagus drains predominantly into inferior
thyroid vein
453. Choose the correct statements about the thoracic sympathetic trunk:
a. It contains ganglia almost equal in number to those of the thoracic spinal
nerves (usually 11, occasionally 12, rarely 10 or 13)
105
Chapter 18. The mediastinum
b. The greater splanchnic nerve consists mainly of myelinated preganglionic
efferent and visceral afferent fibers, and is formed by branches from the fifth to
ninth or tenth thoracic ganglia
c. The lesser splanchnic nerve is formed by rami of the ninth and tenth thoracic
ganglia
d. The lowest splanchnic nerve enters the abdomen with the sympathetic trunk to
end in the renal plexus
e. The lowest splanchnic nerve enters the abdomen with the sympathetic trunk to
end in the rectal plexus
454. The blood supply of the thymus is provided by:
a. Internal thoracic arteries
b. Inferior thyroid arteries
c. Superior thyroid artery
d. Facial artery
e. Pharyngeal artery
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Chapter 19. Associative questions
Chapter 19. ASSOCIATIVE QUESTIONS
455. Match the anatomical terms with their correct definition:
Abduction
Rotating the hand with the palm down
Circumduction
Rotating the hand with the palm up
Supination
Moving an anatomical structure away from the
midline
Pronation
Conical movement of a limb extending from the
joint at which the movement is controlled
456. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
The plane that separates the body into a right and a left part is called [] plane; if we
characterize an anatomical structure in this plane we can talk about its relationships
with other structures in regard with the [] and [] axes; the major movements done
in this plane are [] and [].
457. Put the following joints in the ascending order in concern with their
mobility, from lesser mobility to greater mobility.
1) Amphiarthrosis
2) Synarthrosis
3) Diarthrosis
458. Name the main features of a synovial joint.
459. Match the following nerves with their correct cord origin:
Radial nerve
Medial cord
Musculocutaneous nerve
Medial and lateral cord
Median nerve
Lateral cord
Ulnar nerve
Posterior cord
460. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
The axillary nerve originates from the [] trunk, [] division, [] cord and has its spinal
roots at the level of [].
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Chapter 19. Associative questions
461. Put the following muscles in the correct order from superior to inferior in
regard with their attachment at the level of the medial border of the
scapula.
1) Latissimus dorsi muscle
2) Levator scapulae muscle
3) Rhomboid major muscle
4) Rhomboid minor muscle
462. Name the nerves that sensory innervate the shoulder region.
463. Match the structures with the appropriate characteristics:
Cephalic vein
Follows closely the radial nerve
Median nerve
Runs around the neck of the humerus
Axillary nerve
Proximal is located lateral to the axillary artery
and distal medial to it
Coracobrachialis muscle
It is pierces by the musculocutaneous nerve
Deep brachial artery
At the level of the proximal part of the arm it
runs between the deltoid and pectoralis major
muscles
464. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
The triceps muscle is a muscle of the [] compartment of the arm; its three heads of
origin are [] with the attachment at the level of [], [] with the attachment at the
level of [] and [] with the attachment at the level of [].
465. Put the anatomic structures in the correct order from medial to lateral:
1) Cephalic vein
2) Ulnar nerve
3) Biceps brachialis muscle
4) Brachial artery
466. Name the nervous, arterial, and venous supply of the triceps brachialis
muscle.
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Chapter 19. Associative questions
467. Match the structures with the appropriate location at the level of the cubital
region:
Radial nerve
Most lateral structure of the region
Brachioradialis muscle
Near the median nerve, just lateral to it
Brachial artery
Enters the region in between the brachialis and
brachioradialis muscle
Median nerve
Passes between the two heads of the pronator teres
468. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
The region located in between arm and forearm, on the anterior aspect is called [];
most frequently at this level, superficially located, we can find the [] vein which is
a vein that links [] vein with [] vein.
469. Put the following structures in the correct order from lateral to medial.
1) Tendon of origin of pronator teres muscle
2) Radial nerve
3) Brachial artery
4) Biceps brachialis muscle
5) Median nerve
470. Name the anatomical elements that form the elbow arterial anastomosis and
their arterial origin.
471. Match the muscles with the appropriate location and relationships at the
level of the forearm:
Anconeus muscle
Anterior compartment, distal forearm, deep to the
majority of the flexor’s tendons
Pronator quadratus
Anterior compartment, in the same layer as
flexor digitorum superficialis
Palmaris longus
Posterior compartment, deep to extensor
digitorum
Abductor pollicis longus
Posterior compartment, medial to extensor carpi
ulnaris
109
Chapter 19. Associative questions
472. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
The motor innervation of the muscles from the superficial compartment of the
forearm is given by the [] nerve, this one together with [] nerve innervate together
[] muscle which is part of the [] anterior compartment of the forearm.
473. Put the following muscles in the correct order from superficial to deep.
1) Pronator quadratus
2) Flexor digitorum superficialis
3) Palmaris longus
4) Flexor pollicis longus
474. Name the muscles that form the deep posterior compartment of the
forearm.
475. Match the structures with their appropriate path at the level of the wrist:
Median nerve
Is located superficial to the flexor retinaculum
Palmaris longus tendon
Is located in between the layers of flexor
retinaculum
Flexor carpi radialis tendon
Is located deep to the extensor’s retinaculum
Abductor pollicis longus
Is located deep to the flexor retinaculum
476. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
Both the [] nerve and its homonymous artery have a superficial trajectory in regard
with the flexor retinaculum. Carpal tunnel syndrome is the compression of the []
nerve in the carpal tunnel.
477. Arrange the following structures from superficial to deep:
1) Tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle
2) Tendon of the palmaris longus muscle
3) Tendon of the flexor pollicis longus muscle
4) The flexor retinaculum
478. Name the bone structures to which the fibrous band of the flexor
retinaculum is attached.
110
Chapter 19. Associative questions
479. Match the structures with the appropriate characteristics:
Trapezium
Located in the proximal row of the carpal bones
Triquetrum
Located in the distal row of the carpal bones
Palmaris brevis
Is part of the thenar group muscles
Opponens pollicis
Is part of the hypothenar group muscles
480.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
The motor innervation of the muscles of the hand is as follows: the muscles of the
thenar eminence are innervated by the [] nerves, the muscles of the hypothenar
eminence are innervated by the [] nerve, the palmar interosseous muscles are
innervated by the [] nerve, the dorsal interosseous muscles are innervated by the []
nerve and the lumbar muscles are innervated by the [] nerves.
481. Arrange the muscles of the thenar eminence from lateral to medial:
1) The opponens pollicis muscle
2) The adductor pollicis muscle
3) The short flexor of the pollicis muscle
4) The abductor pollicis muscle
482. Name the carpal bones and indicate which row they belong to.
483. Match the muscles of the hip and thigh with the appropriate bone
insertions:
Gluteus maximus muscle
Medial surface of greater trochanter of femur
Gluteus minimus muscle
Intertrochanteric crest of femur
Quadratus femoris
Anterior aspect of greater trochanter of femur
Piriformis
Gluteal tuberosity of the femur, iliotibial tract
Obturator internus
Apex of greater trochanter of femur
484.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
The area located inferior to piriformis muscle is called [], the structures located
there are: []. The main nerve that passes through this area has its origin at the level
of the [] plexus, it is going to descend at the level of the [] compartment of the
thigh and divide at the level of the [] fossa into two main nerves [].
111
Chapter 19. Associative questions
485. Put the muscle of the deep gluteal muscle compartments from superior to
inferior:
1) Gemellus superior
2) Piriformis
3) Quadratus femoris
4) Obturator internus
5) Gemellus inferior
486. Name the main function and innervation of the muscles of the superficial
gluteal muscles.
487. Match the structures with the appropriate characteristics:
Iliotibial tract
Sends intermuscular septa to the linea aspera of the
femur
Fascia lata
Filled with loose connective tissue called the
cribriform fascia
Saphenous hiatus
Extends from the iliac tubercle to the lateral condyle
of the tibia
Greater saphenous vein
Perforates the deep fascia at the popliteal fossa
Small saphenous vein
Pierces the deep fascia of the thigh to enter the
femoral vein
488. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
The saphenous hiatus is a [] in the [] which lies inferior and lateral to the []; the
[] is the lower lateral border of the opening, which lies anterior to the []; it is
filled with loose connective tissue called the [].
489. Arrange in order from medial towards lateral the following structures
located at the level of the superior area of Scarpa’s triangle:
1) Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
2) Femoral nerve
3) Femoral sheath with: Deep inguinal lymph nodes, femoral vein, femoral
artery, femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve
490. Name the borders of the Hunters canal:
112
Chapter 19. Associative questions
491. Match the structures with the appropriate border of the popliteal fossa:
Superomedial
Biceps femoris muscle
Lateral
Knee joint capsule, distal femur, proximal tibia, popliteus muscle
Floor
Semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles
Inferior
Popliteal fascia
Roof
Gastrocnemius muscle
492. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
The popliteal artery has the origin at the level of the [] where it continues the [],
runs inferior and deep in the [] and terminates by dividing into [] arteries.
493. Put the structures in the correct order from superior to inferior:
1) Popliteus muscle
2) Sciatic nerve
3) Adductor hiatus
4) Common fibular nerve
5) Tendinous arch of Soleus muscle
6) Attachment of the two heads of gastrocnemius muscle
494. Name the content of the popliteal fossa.
495. Match the structures with the appropriate characteristics:
Anterior tibial
artery
Gives off muscular branches and a nutrient artery to the fibula
Popliteal artery
Descends deep to the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles and to
the deep transverse fascia of the leg
Posterior tibial
artery
Is a continuation of the femoral artery after passes through
adductor magnus muscle hiatus
Peroneal artery
It descends on the anterior surface of the interosseous
membrane, accompanied by the deep peroneal nerve
Great saphenous
vein
Receives superficial veins from the thigh, external genitalia,
and anterior abdominal wall in its distal part
496. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
113
Chapter 19. Associative questions
The great saphenous vein has origin at the medial end of the [] on the dorsum of
the foot, ascends anterior to the [] malleolus, ascends on the [] side of the leg, at
the level of the knee running [] to the medial condyles of the tibia and the femur,
curving anterior on the medial aspect of the thigh, where it pierces the [] of the
thigh to drain into the [].
497. Put in the correct order from lateral towards medial the origin attachment
of the muscles of the posterior deep compartment of the leg:
1) Popliteus muscle
2) Tibialis posterior muscle
3) Flexor hallucis longus muscle
4) Flexor digitorum longus muscle
498. Name the muscles that form the anterior compartment of the leg.
499. Match the structures with the appropriate location at the level of the ankle:
Tendon of fibularis brevis muscle
Posterior to medial malleolus
Tendon of fibularis longus muscle
Posterior to medial malleolus
Tendon of tibialis posterior muscle
Posterior to medial malleolus
Tendon of flexor digitorum longus muscle
Posterior to lateral malleolus
Tendon of flexor hallucis longus muscle
Posterior to lateral malleolus
500. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
The small saphenous vein has the origin [] to the [] malleolus being the
continuation of the [] vein, ascending to reach the middle [] region of the leg, it
perforates the [] at the popliteal fossa, ending in the [] vein.
501. In regard with the anterior muscle compartment of the leg please, put the
tendons of insertion in the correct order from medial towards lateral at the
level of the inferior extensor retinaculum:
1) Tendon of fibularis tertius muscle
2) Tendon of extensor hallucis longus muscle
3) Tendon of tibialis anterior muscle
4) Tendon of extensor digitorum longus muscle
502. Name the neuro-vascular structures that are located superficial at the level
of the ankle, beside the name please also name their location.
114
Chapter 19. Associative questions
503. Match the structures with the appropriate location at the level of the foot:
Talus and calcaneus
Intermediate row of tarsal bones
Navicular
Distal row of tarsal bones
Cuboid and cuneiform bones
Proximal row of tarsal bones
504. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
The dorsal foot muscles are the [], both have their origin at the level of the []; they
are innervated by the []. The plantar foot muscles are divided into three groups of
muscles by the [] of the foot: []. The group of muscles corresponding to the little
finger are innervated by the [].
505. Please put in order from distal towards proximal the insertions of the
following muscles: quadratus plantae, flexor digitorum longus, lumbricals,
transvers head of adductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis
506. Name the muscles that form the plantar group and their origin in a certain
plantar muscle subgroup.
507. Match the structures with the appropriate characteristics:
Diaphragmatic muscle
Is one of the intrinsic muscles of the thorax, having
the origin at the level of the sternum, posterior
surface
External intercostal muscles
Depress ribs for forced expiration
Internal intercostal muscles
Elevate the ribs in forced inspiration
Transvers thoracic muscle
Consists of a peripheral muscular part and a central
tendon
Pectoralis minor muscle
Is one of the extrinsic muscles of the thorax, having
the origin at the level of the coracoid process of the
scapula
508. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
The inguinal canal is an oblique intramuscular slit that had the following walls:
anterior wall it is formed by the [], the posterior wall it is formed by the [], the
superior wall, the roof is formed by the [], the floor is formed by the [].
115
Chapter 19. Associative questions
509. Name the content of the inguinal canal in male and female.
510. Name the structure of the rectus abdominis sheath superior and inferior to
the arcuate line.
511. Match the muscle with the appropriate location at the level of the back:
Splenius cervicis and splenius capitis
Deep back muscles:
deep layer
Iliocostalis cervicis, iliocostalis thoracis, iliocostalis
lumborum, longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis,
longissimus thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis thoracis
Deep back muscles:
superficial layer
Semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis
Deep back muscles:
thoracis, multifidis cervicis, multifidis thoracis, multifidis intermediate layer
lumborum, rotatores breves, rotatores longi
512. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
The back is supplied by the posterior branches of the []. The venous supply it is
ensured by a venous network that form the veins of the spine, they are called [].
These venous networks will drain into the [] and at the end into the []. Occipital,
deep cervical, intercostal, subcostal and lumbar veins will drain the blood into the
following veins [].
513. Put in correct order from anterior toward posterior the following vertebral
elements:
1) Vertebral body
2) Vertebral laminas
3) Transvers processes
4) Pedicles
5) Spinous process
514. Name the muscles that form the superficial back muscles group and their
innervation.
515. Match the following structures with their correct location at the level of the
heart:
Tricuspid valve
At the junction of the crista terminalis in the superior wall
of the right atrium and the opening of superior vena cava
116
Chapter 19. Associative questions
Sino-atrial node
Interatrial septum
Corda tendineae
Right interatrio-ventricular septum
Fossa ovalis
Between the orifice of the inferior vena cava and the
atrioventricular opening
Opening of the
coronary sinus
Right and left ventricles
516. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
The pericardium is a double-walled sac around the heart composed of a superficial
[] and a deep two-layer [], subdivided into: the [], which lines the [] surface of the
fibrous pericardium and the [], also called the [] which lines the surface of the
heart.
517. Put in order, the following structures of the conducting system of the heart,
according to its importance:
1) Sinoatrial node
2) Bundle of Hiss
3) Atrioventricular node
4) Purkinje fibers
5) Right and left bundle branches
518. Name the structures that border the Koch’s triangle.
519. Match the following structures with their correct location in the left
pulmonary hilum:
Main bronchi
Most superior
Pulmonary artery
Most anterior
Pulmonary veins
Intermediate posterior
520. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
The lungs are covered by [], which is a [] membrane. It is composed of a [] layer that
is adherent to the [], and a parietal layer that is adherent to the []. The space between
the [] layers is named the [] and it is filled with [] that allows the pleural layers to []
over each other during breathing.
117
Chapter 19. Associative questions
521. Put in the correct order, from superior towards inferior the following
features of the costal surface of the right lung:
1) Superior lobe of the lung
2) Oblique fissure
3) Pulmonary apex
4) Middle lobe of the lung
5) Horizontal fissure
6) Inferior lobe of the lung
522. Name the impressions of the medial surface of the left lung.
523. Match the following structures with their correct location in the
mediastinum:
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Middle mediastinum
Azygos vein
Superior and posterior mediastinum
Ascending aorta
Superior mediastinum
Phrenic nerve
Superior and middle mediastinum
Thoracic duct
Posterior mediastinum
524. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
The middle mediastinum is part of the [] mediastinum, is bordered in between:
superior-posterior by the body of the [] vertebra, inferior-posterior by the body of
the [] vertebra; anterior and posterior by the []. The middle mediastinum contains
as main structure the [].
525. Put the structures in the correct position from anterior towards posterior,
structures located in the middle mediastinum.
1) Pulmonary trunk
2) Heart
3) Superior vena cava
4) Phrenic nerve
526. Name the structures located in the posterior mediastinum in direct contact
with the vertebral column.
118
Chapter 19. Associative questions
527. Name the correct axis and planes:
528. Name the structures pointed in the picture at the level of the lateral thoracic
wall:
119
Chapter 19. Associative questions
529. Name the structures pointed in
the picture at the level of the
axilla:
531. Name the structures pointed in
the picture at the level of the
cubital fossa:
530. Name the structures pointed in
the picture at the level of the
arm:
532. Name the structures pointed in
the picture at the level of the
forearm:
120
Chapter 19. Associative questions
533.
Name the structures pointed in the picture at the level of the wrist:
534. Name the structures pointed in the picture at the level of the hand:
535. Name the structures pointed in the picture at the level of the gluteal region:
121
Chapter 19. Associative questions
536. Name the structures pointed in the picture at the level of thigh:
537. Name the structures pointed in the picture at the level of the popliteal fossa:
538. Name the structures pointed in the picture at the level of the anterior leg:
122
Chapter 19. Associative questions
539. Name the structures pointed in
the picture at the level of the
ankle:
541. Name the muscles that attach
in the pointed areas of the
superior surface of the clavicle:
542. Name the marked structures:
540. Identify in the picture the
marked structures at the level
of the foot:
543. Name the marked structures at
the level of the cervical
vertebra:
123
Chapter 19. Associative questions
544. Name the pointed structures at
the level of the heart:
545. Name the pointed structures at
the level of the left lung:
546. Name the pointed structures at
the level of the mediastinum:
547. Name the pointed structures at
the level of the right ventricle.
124
Chapter 19. Associative questions
548. Name the pointed structures at the level of the upper limb.
549. Name the pointed structures at the level of the upper limb.
550. Name the pointed structures at the level of the upper limb.
125
Chapter 19. Associative questions
551. Name the pointed structures at the level of the upper limb.
552. Name the pointed structures at the level of the axilla.
553. Name the pointed structures at the level of the mediastinum.
126
Chapter 19. Associative questions
554. Name the pointed structures at
the level of the axilla.
556. Name the pointed structures at
the level of the mediastinum.
555. Name the pointed structures at
the level of the mediastinum.
557. Name the pointed structures at
the level of the mediastinum.
127
Chapter 19. Associative questions
558. Name the pointed structures at the level of the right inguinal canal.
559. Name the pointed structures at the level of the right inguinal canal.
560. Name the pointed structures at the level of the right lateral abdominal wall.
128
Chapter 19. Associative questions
561. Name the pointed structures at the level of the right thigh.
562. Name the pointed structures at the level of the right thigh.
563. Name the pointed structures at the level of the right thigh.
129
Chapter 19. Associative questions
564. Name the pointed structures at the level of the right thigh.
565. Name the pointed structures at the level of the posterior aspect of the right
lower limb.
566. Name the pointed structures at the level of the posterior aspect of the right
lower limb.
130
Chapter 19. Associative questions
567. Name the pointed structures at the level of the right leg.
568. Name the pointed structures at the level of the right leg.
569. Name the pointed structures at the level of the posterior aspect of the
gluteal and posterior thigh areas.
131
Chapter 19. Associative questions
570. Name the pointed structures at the level of the posterior aspect of the
posterior thigh areas.
571. Name the pointed structures at the level of the posterior aspect of the
gluteal and posterior thigh areas.
572. Name the pointed structures at the level of the posterior aspect of the
gluteal and posterior thigh areas.
132
Chapter 19. Associative questions
573. A 17-year-old patient falls with his skies. After the fall he cannot stand on his
foot, reason why he goes to the emergency room where an x-ray is done. The
x-ray looks like this.
1) Please name the broken bone.
2) Name the group of muscles that are medially located in confront with the
fracture.
3) Name the muscles that form this group.
4) Which is the main nerve that innervates the medial muscle compartment of the
thigh and what is its origin?
5) Name the muscle from the medial compartment of the thigh that is not
innervated by the nerve mentioned above; please also specify its innervation.
6) Name the borders of the Scarpa’s triangle.
574. A patient suffers a deep laceration at the level of the proximal anteriormedial region of the left thigh while cutting wood with a chainsaw. This
results in a massive blood loss (arterial) and within minutes, he succumbs
(loses his life).
133
Chapter 19. Associative questions
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Name the vessel that was ruptured and caused the bleeding.
What is the name of the area where this artery originates?
What are the borders of this area?
What is the name of the area located lateral to it?
The path of this artery continues inferiorly into another area. Please name that
area and its borders.
6) Name the canal through which the artery travels from the anterior compartment
to the popliteal fossa.
575. A boy wants to turn around but by mistake he hits his medial side of the
elbow into the frame of the door while turning. At that moment he feels an
acute pain at the level of the medial compartment of the forearm and arm.
1) What structure was damaged in order to produce that pain.
2) Name the exact location of that structure at the level of the elbow.
3) If the hit damages the medial epicondyle what muscle attachments might be
involved?
4) Please name the motor innervation of the anterior compartment of the forearm.
5) Name the muscular layers of the anterior compartment of the forearm and the
muscles that form them.
6) What structures pass anterior to the flexor’s retinaculum.
576. A patient comes into the emergency room with a broken humerus, the
fracture is just inferior to the insertion of the deltoid muscle. After doing an
ultrasound a big hematoma (collection of blood) is seen at the level of the
fracture.
134
Chapter 19. Associative questions
1) Name the structure that could have been ruptured and in consequence give the
hematoma.
2) What nerve runs into the sulcus located inferior to the insertion of the deltoid
muscle?
3) Name its origin.
4) What other nerves originates from the same cord?
5) What groups of muscles does this nerve innervate?
6) Name the relationships of the radial artery at the level of the distal forearm.
577. A patient presents itself into the emergency room with pain at the level of the
epigastrium (area located inferior to the sternum) and chest wall with
irradiation in the left upper limb, nausea. An ECG is done and reveals a
localized infarction like the one in the picture.
1)
2)
3)
4)
Specify which artery is obstructed.
What is the origin of the obstructed artery?
Name the territory supply of this artery?
Specify the arterial branch with which the obstructed artery can anastomose at
the level of the apex of the heart.
5) Name the anatomical structure on which this artery travels, what is the name of
the corresponding structure inside the heart.
6) What part of the conductive system of the heart is located there?
135
Chapter 19. Associative questions
578. A 70-year old patient is a heavy smoker. He presents itself into the
pneumatology department with a bad couch. At the CT-scan a tumor is
discovered, the tumor is located right posterior to the superior aspect of the
hilum of the right lung.
1) If the tumor is located at the level of the fissure, please name the fissure and the
segments that may be affected.
2) Name the structure from the hilum that can be invaded by the tumor (taking in
account the localization of the tumor).
3) What structure leaves an impression at that level?
4) What is the direction of the structure and in what mediastinum is it located?
5) We can find a similar impression at the level of the left lung, please name the
structure that leaves that impression.
6) Please tell the location of the main elements of the left hilum.
579. A patient presents himself into the surgery department with a tumor at the
level of the bifurcation of the trachea. In order to see the relationships of the
tumor with the surrounding structures a CT (computer tomography)-scan is
done.
136
Chapter 19. Associative questions
1) If we want to see the relationships of the tumor with the esophagus in what
anatomical plans are we going to see that best?
2) What about if we want to see if the hilum of the lung is invaded by the tumor?
3) If we draw an imaginary transvers plane at the level of the bifurcation of the
trachea at what vertebral level are we?
4) This imaginary transvers plane will by the limit in between what cavities? And
in between that segments of the aorta?
5) If the tumor extends towards posterior what structure can be invaded?
137
Answers
ANSWERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
a, b, d
a, d
a, b
a, c, e
a, b, c
c, e
a, c
a, c, d
a, b, c, d
c, d
a, c
a, b
b, d
b, d
a, c, e
b, c, e
a, b, c
b
a, c
a, b, d
c
a, c
a, b, e
c
b
b, c
c, e
c, e
a, b, e
a, c
a, c, e
b, e
b, c, e
d, e
a, c, d
a, d
b, c, d
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
c, e
b, d
a, d, e
c, e
a, d, e
b, c, d
b, d
a, b, e
a, d
a, c, d
a, c
b, c, d, e
b, c
b, c, e
a, d
b, d
a, c, e
a, c, d
c, d
b, e
b
a, c
b
a, b, c
b, d
a, d, e
a, b, c
a, b, c, d
a, b, e
c, d, e
a, b, c
a, b, e
a, b, c, d
a, b, d
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c, e
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
a, b, d, e
b, d, e
c, d, e
a, b, c
a, b, e
a, b, c, e
b, d
a, b, d, e
a, b
a, b, c
b, c
b, c, d
b, c, d
a, b, e
c, e
c, d
a, c, d
a, e
a, b, c
a, b, d, e
a, b, c
a, c, d, e
a, d
a, b
c, d
a, c, e
a, d, e
a, b, e
a, b, d
a, b, d, e
d, e
a, c, d, e
a, c, d
b, d
b, c, d
a, b, e
a, c, d
138
Answers
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
b, c, d
d, e
a, b, e
b
a
a, c, d, e
a, c
b, c, d
c, e
b, d, e
a, b, d
b
b, e
a, b, c, e
c, d, e
b, c, d, e
a, b, e
a, c, d, e
a, e
b, c, d
d, e
b, c
b, d
a, c, e
b, c
b, e
a, b, e
b, c
b, e
a, d
b, d, e
b, d
b, c, e
a, d
a, c, d
b, c, d
a, c
a, b, e
b, c, d
a, c
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
a, b, c
c, d
a, b, c
c, e
b, c
a, b
a, d, e
b, e
a, c, d, e
c, d
a, c, e
a, b, e
b
b, d
a, c
a, c, d, e
d, e
a, b, c
c
a, b, c, e
a, e
b, d, e
d, e
a, b, c
a, d, e
a, d
a, c, d
b, c, d
a, b, d
b, c, d
a, c, d
b, d, e
a, b, e
d, e
a, d, e
b, d, e
c, e
b, d, e
a, c
b, c
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
a, e, f
c
b, d
a, b
a, c, d
a, b, c, e
a, b, d
e
b, e
d
b, c
b, d
d, e
a
b, c, d
a, b, c, e
a, d
a, d, e
c, d
a, c, e
b, c
b, c
a, b, c, e
a, c, d
a, c, d, e
b, d
a, b, c
d, e
c, d
c, d, e
a, b, c
a, b
a, b, c
a, c
a, e
b, c, e
b, c
b, c, d, e
a, c, d
a, b, d
139
Answers
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
240.
241.
242.
243.
244.
245.
246.
247.
248.
249.
250.
251.
252.
253.
254.
255.
256.
257.
258.
259.
260.
261.
262.
263.
264.
265.
266.
267.
268.
269.
270.
271.
a, b, c
a, d
a, c, d
b, e
b, d
b, c, d
a, b, e
b, e
c, e
c
c
b, e
a
a, b, d, e
a, c, e
a, d
a, c, e
a, c
a
bd
b, d
a, b, e
e
cde
b, c, d, e
a, c, e
a, e
a, b, c, e
b, c, d
a, c, e
c, d, e
b, d, e
a, d, e
d, e
a, b, d
a, b
a, c, d
a, b, e
a, c, d
b, d
272.
273.
274.
275.
276.
277.
278.
279.
280.
281.
282.
283.
284.
285.
286.
287.
288.
289.
290.
291.
292.
293.
294.
295.
296.
297.
298.
299.
300.
301.
302.
303.
304.
305.
306.
307.
308.
309.
310.
311.
a, b, d
a, b, c
a, b, c, e
c, e
b, c, d, e
a, e
a, c, d, e
a, c, d, e
b, c, d
a, b, e
a, c, d
a, b
c, d, e
a, c, d, e
a, d
a, c, d
b, c, e
a, b, d
b, c, e
c, d
a, c, d
a, c, d
a, c, e
a, c, d
b, c, e
b, c, e
b, c, d
a, b, e
a, c, d
a, b, c, e
c, e
b, c, e
a, e
a, d
c, d, e
d
c, d, e
c
c, d
b, c, d
312.
313.
314.
315.
316.
317.
318.
319.
320.
321.
322.
323.
324.
325.
326.
327.
328.
329.
330.
331.
332.
333.
334.
335.
336.
337.
338.
339.
340.
341.
342.
343.
344.
345.
346.
347.
348.
349.
350.
351.
c
a, b
b, d
a, b, d
c, d
b, c
a, b, c, d
a, e
a, b, c
b, c, d
b, d, e
a, c, d
b, c
b
a, c, d
a, b
a, b, e
b, c
a, c, d
c, d
a
b, d
a, c, e
a, c
e
b, d
c, d
a
b, c
b, e
a, d
c, d, e
a, c, d, e
a, b, d, e
b, c, d
a, d, e
c, d
a, c, e
a, b, d
a, b, c, e
140
Answers
352.
353.
354.
355.
356.
357.
358.
359.
360.
361.
362.
363.
364.
365.
366.
367.
368.
369.
370.
371.
372.
373.
374.
375.
376.
377.
378.
379.
380.
381.
382.
383.
384.
385.
386.
a, b, d
a, c, d
a, b, e
a, b
b, c, e
c, e
a, d
c, e
a, b, e
a, c
a, c, e
a, e
b, e
b, c
a
b
a, c
d, e
b, c, e
a, b, e
a, b, d, e
a, b, c
b, c, d
a, d
a, c, d
b, c, d
b, d
b, c, d
a, b, c, d
a, b, c, d
a, b, c, d
a, b, e
a, b, c, e
a, b
a, b
387.
388.
389.
390.
391.
392.
393.
394.
395.
396.
397.
398.
399.
400.
401.
402.
403.
404.
405.
406.
407.
408.
409.
410.
411.
412.
413.
414.
415.
416.
417.
418.
419.
420.
421.
a, b, c, d
a
a, b, c
a, c, d, e
a, b
a, b
a, b, c, d
a, b, c, d
a, b, c, d
a, b, c, e
a, b, c, e
a, c, d, e
a, b, c, d
a, b, c, d
a, b, c
c, d, e
a, b, c
a, b, c, d
b, c
b, c, e
a
a, c, d
a, d, e
a, b, e
a, d, e
a, b, d, e
a, b, c
b, c, d
a, c, e
a, b, c, e
a, c, e
a, c, d
a, b, d
a, b, c
a, b, c, d
422.
423.
424.
425.
426.
427.
428.
429.
430.
431.
432.
433.
434.
435.
436.
437.
438.
439.
440.
441.
442.
443.
444.
445.
446.
447.
448.
449.
450.
451.
452.
453.
454.
a, c, d
a, c, d
a, b, e
a, b, c
a, b, c, d
a, b, d, e
b, c, e
a, b, c, d
b, d
a, b, d
a, b, d
e
a, b
a, b
a, b, c
a, b, c
b, d
a, b, c, d
a, b, d
a, c, e
a, c, d
a, c
e
b, c, d, e
a, b, c, d
d
a, b, c, d
b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c, d
a, b, c, d
a, b, c, d
a, b, c
141
Answers
455.
Abduction
Moving an anatomical structure away from the midline
Circumduction
Conical movement of a limb extending from the joint at which
the movement is controlled
Supination
Rotating the hand with the palm up
Pronation
Rotating the hand with the palm down
456. The plane that separates the body into a right and a left part is called [sagittal]
plane; if we characterize an anatomical structure in this plane we can talk about
its relationships with other structures in regard with the [antero-posterior] and
[supero-inferior] axes; the major movements done in this plane are [flexion] and
[extension].
457.
4) Synarthrosis
5) Amphiarthrosis
6) Diarthrosis
458.
•
•
•
Articular capsule formed by two layers: fibrous and synovial
Articular cartilage
Synovial fluid
459.
Radial nerve
Posterior cord
Musculocutaneous nerve
Lateral cord
Median nerve
Medial and lateral cord
Ulnar nerve
Medial cord
460. The axillary nerve originates from the [superior] trunk, [posterior] division,
[posterior] cord and has its spinal roots at the level of [C5, C6].
461.
5) Levator scapulae muscle
6) Rhomboid minor muscle
142
Answers
7) Rhomboid major muscle
8) Latissimus dorsi muscle
462.
•
•
•
Axillary nerve
Supraclavicular nerve
Suprascapular nerve
463.
Cephalic vein
At the level of the proximal part of the arm it runs
between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles
Median nerve
Proximal is located lateral to the axillary artery and
distal medial to it
Axillary nerve
Runs around the neck of the humerus
Coracobrachialis muscle
It is pierces by the musculocutaneous nerve
Deep brachial artery
Follows closely the radial nerve
464. The triceps muscle is a muscle of the [posterior] compartment of the arm; its three
heads of origin are [long] with the attachment at the level of [infraglenoid tubercle
of the scapula], [medial] with the attachment at the level of [humerus, just inferior
to the radial groove] and [lateral] with the attachment at the level of [humerus,
just superior to the radial groove].
465.
5)
6)
7)
8)
Ulnar nerve
Brachial artery
Biceps brachialis muscle
Cephalic vein
•
•
•
•
Radial nerve
Deep brachial artery
Ulnar collateral arteries
Brachial vein
466.
143
Answers
467.
Radial nerve
Enters the region in between the brachialis and
brachioradialis muscle
Brachioradialis muscle
Most lateral structure of the region
Brachial artery
Near the median nerve, just lateral to it
Median nerve
Passes between the two heads of the pronator teres
468. The region located in between arm and forearm, on the anterior aspect is called
[cubital fossa]; most frequently at this level, superficially located, we can find the
[medial cubital] vein which is a vein that links [cephalic] vein with [basilic] vein.
469.
6) Radial nerve
7) Biceps brachialis muscle
8) Brachial artery
9) Median nerve
10) Tendon of origin of pronator teres muscle
470.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Superior ulnar collateral artery from brachial artery
Inferior ulnar collateral artery from brachial artery
Middle collateral artery from deep brachial artery
Radial collateral artery from deep brachial artery
Radial recurrent artery from radial artery
Common interosseous artery from ulnar artery
Posterior ulnar recurrent artery from ulnar artery
Anterior ulnar recurrent artery from ulnar artery
471.
Anconeus muscle
Posterior compartment, medial to extensor carpi
ulnaris
Pronator quadratus
Anterior compartment, distal forearm, deep to the
majority of the flexor’s tendons
Palmaris longus
Anterior compartment, in the same layer as flexor
digitorum superficialis
144
Answers
Abductor pollicis longus
Posterior compartment,
digitorum
deep
to
extensor
472. The motor innervation of the muscles from the superficial compartment of the
forearm is given by the [median] nerve, this one together with [ulnar] nerve
innervate together [flexor digitorum profundus] muscle which is part of the [deep]
anterior compartment of the forearm.
473.
5)
6)
7)
8)
Palmaris longus
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus
•
•
•
•
Supinator muscle
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor indicis
474.
475.
Median nerve
Is located deep to the flexor retinaculum
Palmaris longus tendon
Is located superficial to the flexor retinaculum
Flexor carpi radialis tendon
Is located in between the layers of flexor
retinaculum
Abductor pollicis longus
Is located deep to the extensor’s retinaculum
476. Both the [ulnar] nerve and its homonymous artery have a superficial trajectory in
regard with the flexor retinaculum. Carpal tunnel syndrome is the compression of
the [median] nerve in the carpal tunnel.
477.
5) Tendon of the palmaris longus muscle
6) The flexor retinaculum
7) Tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle
8) Tendon of the flexor pollicis longus muscle
145
Answers
478.
• Medial: pisiform bone and the hook of the hamate bone
• Lateral: tubercle of the scaphoid and trapezius bone
479.
Trapezium
Located in the distal row of the carpal bones
Triquetrum
Located in the proximal row of the carpal bones
Palmaris brevis
Is part of the hypothenar group muscles
Opponens pollicis
Is part of the thenar group muscles
480. The motor innervation of the muscles of the hand is as follows: the muscles of the
thenar eminence are innervated by the [ulnar and median] nerves, the muscles of
the hypothenar eminence are innervated by the [ulnar]nerve, the palmar
interosseous muscles are innervated by the [ulnar] nerve, the dorsal interosseous
muscles are innervated by the [ulnar] nerve and the lumbar muscles are innervated
by the [ulnar and median] nerves.
481.
5)
6)
7)
8)
The opponens pollicis muscle
The abductor pollicis muscle
The adductor pollicis muscle
The short flexor of the pollicis muscle
482.
• Proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
• Distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
483.
Gluteus maximus muscle
Gluteal tuberosity of the femur, iliotibial tract
Gluteus minimus muscle
Anterior aspect of greater trochanter of femur
Quadratus femoris
Intertrochanteric crest of femur
Piriformis
Apex of greater trochanter of femur
Obturator internus
Medial surface of greater trochanter of femur
146
Answers
484.
The area located inferior to piriformis muscle is called [infrapiriformis fossa],
the structures located there are: [inferior gluteal bundle and sciatic nerve]. The main
nerve that passes through this area has its origin at the level of the [sacral] plexus, it
is going to descend at the level of the [posterior] compartment of the thigh and divide
at the level of the [popliteal] fossa into two main nerves [common peroneal and
tibial].
485.
6) Piriformis
7) Gemellus superior
8) Obturator internus
9) Gemellus inferior
10) Quadratus femoris
486. Extension, external and internal rotation, abduction and adduction of the thigh and
in regard with the innervation it is ensured by the: superior (L4, S1) and inferior
(L5-S2) gluteal nerves
487.
Iliotibial tract
Extends from the iliac tubercle to the lateral condyle of
the tibia
Fascia lata
Sends intermuscular septa to the linea aspera of the
femur
Saphenous hiatus
Filled with loose connective tissue called the
cribriform fascia
Greater saphenous vein
Pierces the deep fascia of the thigh to enter the femoral
vein
Small saphenous vein
Perforates the deep fascia at the popliteal fossa
488. The saphenous hiatus is a [gap] in the [deep fascia of the thigh] which lies inferior
and lateral to the [pubic tubercle]; the [falciform margin] is the lower lateral
border of the opening, which lies anterior to the [femoral vessels]; it is filled with
loose connective tissue called the [cribriform fascia].
147
Answers
489.
4) Femoral sheath with: Deep inguinal lymph nodes, femoral vein, femoral
artery, femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve
5) Femoral nerve
6) Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
490.
•
•
•
Antero-medial: Sartorius muscle
Lateral: Vastus medialis muscle
Posterior: Adductor longus and adductor magnus muscle
491.
Superomedial
Semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles
Lateral
Biceps femoris muscle
Floor
Knee joint capsule, distal femur, proximal tibia, popliteus
muscle
Inferior
Gastrocnemius muscle
Roof
Popliteal fascia
492. The popliteal artery has the origin at the level of the [adductor hiatus] where it
continues the [femoral artery], runs inferior and deep in the [popliteal fossa] and
terminates by dividing into [anterior and posterior tibial] arteries.
493.
7) Adductor hiatus
8) Sciatic nerve
9) Common fibular nerve
10) Attachment of the two heads of gastrocnemius muscle
11) Popliteus muscle
12) Tendinous arch of Soleus muscle
494.
Nerves: tibial, common fibular, sural, posterior femoral cutaneous; vessels:
popliteal artery and vein, short saphenous vein; lymph nodes: superficial and deep
popliteal lymph nodes
148
Answers
495.
Anterior tibial artery
It descends on the anterior surface of the interosseous
membrane, accompanied by the deep peroneal nerve
Popliteal artery
Is a continuation of the femoral artery after passes through
adductor magnus muscle hiatus
Posterior tibial artery
Descends deep to the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles and
to the deep transverse fascia of the leg
Peroneal artery
Gives off muscular branches and a nutrient artery to the
fibula
Great saphenous vein
Receives superficial veins from the thigh, external genitalia
and anterior abdominal wall in its distal part
496. The great saphenous vein has origin at the medial end of the [dorsal venous
plexus] on the dorsum of the foot, ascends anterior to the [medial] malleolus,
ascends on the [medial] side of the leg, at the level of the knee running [posterior]
to the medial condyles of the tibia and the femur, curving anterior on the medial
aspect of the thigh, where it pierces the [deep fascia] of the thigh to drain into the
[femoral vein].
497.
5)
6)
7)
8)
Popliteus muscle
Flexor hallucis longus muscle
Tibialis posterior muscle
Flexor digitorum longus muscle
•
•
•
•
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius
498.
499.
Tendon of fibularis brevis muscle
Posterior to lateral malleolus
Tendon of fibularis longus muscle
Posterior to lateral malleolus
Tendon of tibialis posterior muscle
Posterior to medial malleolus
149
Answers
Tendon of flexor digitorum longus muscle
Posterior to medial malleolus
Tendon of flexor hallucis longus muscle
Posterior to medial malleolus
500. The small saphenous vein has the origin [posterior] to the [lateral] malleolus
being the continuation of the [lateral marginal] vein, ascending to reach the
middle [posterior] region of the leg, it perforates the [deep fascia] at the popliteal
fossa, ending in the [popliteal] vein.
501.
5)
6)
7)
8)
Tendon of tibialis anterior muscle
Tendon of extensor hallucis longus muscle
Tendon of extensor digitorum longus muscle
Tendon of fibularis tertius muscle
•
•
•
Saphenous nerve and greater saphenous vein are located antero-medial
Sural nerve and lesser saphenous vein are located postero-lateral
Superficial fibular nerve is located antero-lateral
502.
503.
Talus and calcaneus
Proximal row of tarsal bones
Navicular
Intermediate row of tarsal bones
Cuboid and cuneiform bones
Distal row of tarsal bones
504. The dorsal foot muscles are the [extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis
brevis], both of them have their origin at the level of the [superolateral surface of
calcaneus bone]; they are innervated by the [deep fibular/peroneal nerve]. The
plantar foot muscles are divided into three groups of muscles by the [deep fasciae]
of the foot: [lateral, central and medial]. The group of muscles corresponding to
the little finger are innervated by the [lateral plantar nerve].
505. Flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum brevis, lumbricals, transvers head of
adductor hallucis, quadratus plantae
150
Answers
506.
•
•
•
Lateral plantar muscles: abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis
and opponens digiti minimi
Central plantar muscles: flexor digitorum brevis, quadratus plantae, four
lumbricals, three plantar interossei and four dorsal interossei muscles
Medial plantar muscles: abductor hallucis, adductor hallucis and flexor
hallucis brevis
507.
Diaphragmatic muscle
Consists of a peripheral muscular part and a
central tendon
External intercostal muscles
Elevate the ribs in forced inspiration
Internal intercostal muscles
Depress ribs for forced expiration
Transvers thoracic muscle
Is one of the intrinsic muscles of the thorax,
having the origin at the level of the sternum,
posterior surface
Pectoralis minor muscle
Is one of the extrinsic muscles of the thorax,
having the origin at the level of the coracoid
process of the scapula
508. The inguinal canal is an oblique intramuscular slit that had the following walls:
anterior wall it is formed by the [aponeuroses of the internal and external oblique
muscles], the posterior wall it is formed by the [transversalis fascia], the superior
wall, the roof is formed by the [internal oblique and transversus abdominis
muscles], the floor is formed by the [inguinal and lacunar ligament].
509.
Male: spermatic cord (3 arteries: testicular, cremasteric, ductus deferens artery; 3
fascial layers: external spermatic, cremasteric, internal spermatic; 3 nerves: genital
branch of genitofemoral nerve, sympathetic fibers, ilioinguinal nerve and
ilioinguinal nerve), lymphatics
Female: round ligament of the uterus, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve,
ilioinguinal nerve, lymphatics, sympathetic fibers
151
Answers
510.
•
•
Superior to the arcuate line:
- Anterior wall is formed by the aponeurosis of external abdominal
oblique muscle and the anterior sheath of aponeurosis of internal
abdominal oblique muscle
- Posterior wall is formed by the posterior sheath of aponeurosis of
internal abdominal oblique muscle and the aponeurosis of transversus
abdominis muscle
Inferior to the arcuate line:
- Anterior wall is formed by the aponeurosis of external abdominal
oblique muscle + the aponeurosis of internal abdominal oblique muscle
+ aponeurosis of transversus abdominis muscle
- Posterior wall is absent
511.
Splenius cervicis and splenius capitis
Deep back muscles:
superficial layer
Iliocostalis cervicis, iliocostalis thoracis, iliocostalis Deep back muscles:
lumborum, longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, intermediate layer
longissimus thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis thoracis
Semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis Deep back
thoracis, multifidis cervicis, multifidis thoracis, multifidis deep layer
lumborum, rotatores breves, rotatores longi
muscles:
512. The back is supplied by the posterior branches of the [vertebral, ascending
cervical, deep cervical, occipital, intercostal, subcostal, lumbar and lateral sacral
arteries]. The venous supply it is ensured by a venous network that form the veins
of the spine, they are called [basivertebral and intervertebral veins]. These venous
networks will drain into the [internal and external vertebral venous plexuses] and
at the end into the [vertebral and segmental veins]. Occipital, deep cervical,
intercostal, subcostal and lumbar veins will drain the blood into the following
veins [vertebral veins, azygos venous system and inferior vena cava].
513.
6)
7)
8)
9)
Vertebral body
Pedicles
Transvers processes
Vertebral laminas
152
Answers
10) Spinous process
514.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Suboccipital muscles: rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior
minor, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior; they are
innervated by the suboccipital nerve
Trapezius; it is innervated by the accessory spinal nerve and the anterior
rami of C3-C4
Latissimus dorsi; it is innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve
Levator scapulae; it is innervated by the anterior rami of spinal nerves C3C4 and dorsal scapular nerve
Rhomboids: major and minor; they are innervated by the dorsal scapular
nerve
Serratus posterior: superior and inferior; they are innervated by the
Intercostal nerves 9-11 and subcostal nerve (anterior rami of spinal nerves
T9-T12)
515.
Tricuspid valve
Right interatrio-ventricular septum
Sino-atrial node
Between the orifice of the inferior vena cava and the
atrioventricular opening
Corda tendineae
Right and left ventricles
Fossa ovalis
Interatrial septum
Opening of the
coronary sinus
At the junction of the crista terminalis in the superior wall of the
right atrium and the opening of superior vena cava
516. The pericardium is a double-walled sac around the heart composed of a superficial
[fibrous pericardium] and a deep two-layer [serous pericardium], subdivided into:
the [parietal layer], which lines the [internal] surface of the fibrous pericardium
and the [visceral layer], also called the [epicardium] which lines the surface of
the heart.
517.
6) Sinoatrial node
7) Atrioventricular node
8) Bundle of Hiss
153
Answers
9) Right and left bundle branches
10) Purkinje fibers
518.
•
•
•
Coronary sinus with the Thebesian valve
Todalo tendon
Septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve
519.
Main bronchi
Intermediate posterior
Pulmonary artery
Most superior
Pulmonary veins
Most anterior
520. The lungs are covered by [pleura], which is a [serous] membrane. It is composed
of a [visceral] layer that is adherent to the [lung], and a parietal layer that is adherent
to the [inner thoracic wall, body of the inferior cervical vertebras, costovertebral
region, and diaphragm]. The space between the [parietal and visceral] layers is
named the [pleural cavity] and it is filled with [serous fluid] that allows the pleural
layers to [freely glide] over each other during breathing.
521.
7) Pulmonary apex
8) Superior lobe of the lung
9) Horizontal fissure
10) Middle lobe of the lung
11) Oblique fissure
12) Inferior lobe of the lung
522.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cardiac impression
Arch of the aorta
Descending aorta
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Esophagus
Thoracic duct
Left vagus nerve
154
Answers
•
•
Left phrenic nerve
Pulmonary trunk
523.
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Superior mediastinum
Azygos vein
Posterior mediastinum
Ascending aorta
Middle mediastinum
Phrenic nerve
Superior and middle mediastinum
Thoracic duct
Superior and posterior mediastinum
524. The middle mediastinum is part of the [inferior] mediastinum, is bordered in
between: superior-posterior by the body of the [T4] vertebra, inferior-posterior by
the body of the [T9] vertebra; anterior and posterior by the [pericardium]. The
middle mediastinum contains as main structure the [heart].
525.
5)
6)
7)
8)
Phrenic nerve
Heart
Pulmonary trunk
Superior vena cava
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Descending thoracic aorta
Esophagus
Azygos vein
Hemiazygos vein
Accessory hemiazygos vein
Thoracic duct
Sympathetic chain
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Longitudinal axis
Transvers (frontal) axis
Sagittal (antero-posterior) axis
Sagittal plan
Frontal (coronal) plane
526.
527.
155
Answers
6) Transvers plane
528.
1)
2)
3)
4)
Pectoralis major muscle
External intercostal muscles
Pectoralis minor muscle
Serratus anterior muscle
1)
2)
3)
4)
Musculocutaneous nerve
Axillary vein
Thoraco-acromial artery
Pectoralis minor muscle lateral attachment
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Median nerve
Coracobrachialis muscle
Musculocutaneous muscle
Brachialis muscle
Cephalic vein
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Basilic vein
Median nerve
Brachial artery
Pronator teres muscle
Median cubital vein
Brachioradialis muscle
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Brachioradialis muscle
Pronator teres muscle
Radial artery
Flexor carpi radialis muscle
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Palmaris longus muscle
529.
530.
531.
532.
533.
1) Ulnar artery
2) Flexor retinaculum
156
Answers
3) Median nerve
4) Flexor carpi radialis muscle
5) Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle
534.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Flexor digitorum profundus tendon of the IVth digit
Flexor digitorum superficialis tendon of the IVth digit
Ist lumbrical muscle
Adductor pollicis
Thenar muscles group
Hypothenar muscles group
Median nerve
Palmar aponeurosis
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Gluteus maximus muscle
Gluteus medius muscle
Gluteus minimus muscle
Piriformis muscle
Gemellus superior muscle
Gemellus inferior muscle
Obturator internus muscle
Quadratus femoris muscle
Sciatic nerve
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Pectineus muscle
Adductor longus muscle
Great saphenous vein
Sartorius muscle
Rectus femoris muscle
Femoral artery
Tensor fasciae latae muscle
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Exit of the adductor canal (Hunter canal)
Tendon of semitendinous muscle
Tendon of semimembranous muscle
Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
535.
536.
537.
157
Answers
6) Sciatic nerve
7) Tibial nerve
8) Common fibular nerve
538.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Tibia
Anterior tibial muscle
Deep fibular nerve
Anterior tibial artery
Extensor halluces longus tendon
Extensor digitorum longus tendon
Fibularis brevis muscle
Superficial fibular nerve
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Great saphenous vein
Saphenous nerve
Superior extensor retinaculum
Inferior extensor retinaculum
Superficial fibular nerve
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Extensor retinaculum
Extensor hallucis longus tendon
Extensor hallucis brevis muscle
Extensor digitorum brevis tendons
Extensor digitorum longus muscle
Dorsal artery of the foot
1)
2)
3)
4)
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
539.
540.
541.
542.
1) Oesophageal hiatus
2) Aortic hiatus
3) Right phrenic nerve
158
Answers
4) Central tendon of the diaphragm
543.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Transverse foramen
Pedicle
Lamina
Bifid spinous process
Superior articular facet
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary veins
Fossa ovale
Coronary sinus
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Main bronchi
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Oblique fissure
Horizontal fissure
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Right main bronchi
Azygos vein
Pericardium
Parietal pleura
Intercostal bundle
1)
2)
3)
4)
Valvular cusp
Cordae tendineae
Papillary muscle
Ventricular wall
544.
545.
546.
547.
548.
1) Brachioradialis muscle
2) Pronator teres muscle
159
Answers
3)
4)
5)
6)
Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle
Flexor carpi radialis muscle
Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle
Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Lateral cord
Musculocutaneous nerve
Median nerve
Radial nerve
Medial cutaneous of the arm nerve
Medial cutaneous of the forearm nerve
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Cephalic vein
Musculocutaneous nerve
Axillary artery
Median nerve
Brachial artery
Basilic vein
Median cubital vein
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Lateral cord
Musculocutaneous nerve
Coracobrahialis muscle
Biceps brahialis muscle
Brahialis muscle
Radialis artery
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Musculocutaneous nerve
Axillary artery
Radial nerve
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
Teres major muscle
549.
550.
551.
552.
160
Answers
553.
1)
2)
3)
4)
Phrenic nerve
Intercostal bundle
Sympathetic paravertebral chain
Greater splanchnic nerve
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Axillary artery
Posterior circumflex artery
Axillary nerve
Deep brachial artery
Radial nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Phrenic nerve
Azigos vein
Vagus nerve
Esophagus
Inferior vena cava
Diaphragm
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Aortic arch
Left bronchi
Descending thoracic aorta
Vertebral column
Hemiazygos vein
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Vagus nerve
Esophagus
Brachiocephalic artery
Azygos vein
Thoracic duct
Descending thoracic aorta
554.
555.
556.
557.
558.
1) Aponeurosis of external oblique muscle
2) Aponeurosis of internal oblique muscle
161
Answers
3)
4)
5)
6)
Transversalis fascia
Spermatic cord
Conjoint tendon
Testis
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Aponeurosis of external oblique muscle
Internal oblique muscle
Inguinal ligament
Superficial inguinal ring
Vascular lacuna
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Transversus abdomini muscle
Internal oblique muscle
External oblique muscle
External oblique aponeurosis
Inguinal ligament
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Spermatic vessels
Femoral vein
Great saphenous vein
Middle superficial femoral vein
Lateral superficial femoral vein
Latero-anterior superficial femoral vein
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Femoral artery
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Pectineus muscle
Adductor longus muscle
Gracilis muscle
Sartorius muscle
Vastus medialis muscle
Rectus femoris muscle
Vastus lateralis muscle
Tensor fascia latae muscle
Iliopsoas muscle
559.
560.
561.
562.
162
Answers
563.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Iliopectineal arch
Inguinal ligament
Lascular ligament
Fascia latae
Saphenous hiatus
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Superficial circumflex artery
Femoral artery
Femoral nerve
Femoral vein
Great saphenous vein
Fascia latae
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Biceps femoris muscle
Sciatic nerve
Common fibular nerve
Gastrocnemius muscle
Tibial nerve
Semitendinosus muscle
Semimembranosus muscle
Sartorius muscle
Gracilis muscle
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Biceps femoris muscle
Sciatic nerve
Popliteal vein
Popliteal artery
Semimembranosus muscle
Semitendinosus muscle
Gracilis muscle
1)
2)
3)
4)
Tibia
Tibialis anterior muscle
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor retinaculum
564.
565.
566.
567.
163
Answers
5) Fibularis longus muscle
6) Gastrocnemius muscle
568.
1)
2)
3)
4)
Tibialis anterior muscle
Extensor halucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Anterior tibial artery
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Gluteus maximus muscle
Semitendinosus muscle
Biceps femoris muscle
Adductor magnus
Semimembranosus muscle
Gracilis muscle
Tensor fascia latae muscle
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Suprapiriform foramen
Infrapiriform foramen
Gluteus minimus muscle
Piriformis muscle
Superior gemellus muscle
Obturator internus muscle
Inferior gemellus muscle
Quadratus femoris muscle
Adductor magnus muscle
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Gluteus maximus muscle
Gluteus medius muscle
Piriformis muscle
Biceps femoris muscle
Semitendinosus muscle
Semimembranosus muscle
Adductor magnus
569.
570.
571.
572.
1) Superior gluteal neuro-vascular bundle
164
Answers
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Inferior gluteal neuro-vascular bundle
Sciatic nerve
Posterior cutaneous femoral nerve
Sciatic nerve
Common fibular nerve
573.
1) Femur
2) Adductor muscles
3) Pectineus, obturator externus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, adductor
longus, adductor minimus, gracilis
4) Obturator nerve from the lumbar plexus
5) Pectineus, innervated by femoral nerve
6) Superior: inguinal ligament; medially: adductor longus muscle; laterally:
sartorius muscle
574.
1) Femoral artery
2) Vascular lacuna
3) Anterior: inguinal ligament; posterior: Cooper ligament; medial: Gimbernat
lacunar ligament; lateral: ilio-pectineal arch
4) Muscular lacuna
5) Femoral (Scarpa’s) triangle. Superior: inguinal ligament; medially: adductor
longus muscle; laterally: sartorius muscle.
6) Adductor (Hunter) canal
575.
1) Ulnar nerve
2) Posterior to the medial epicondyle
3) The medial epicondyle is the site of attachment for the common origin of
the forearm flexors (flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor
digitorum superficialis, palmaris longus) and pronator teres muscles
4) Median nerve and ulnar nerve
5) Superficial layer: flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis,
pronator teres; intermediate layer: flexor digitorum superficialis; deep layer:
flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus.
6) Ulnar artery and nerve, palmaris longus tendon
165
Answers
576.
1) Deep brachial artery
2) Radial nerve
3) C5-T1 roots, posterior cord which is formed from all three posterior
divisions of the trunks
4) Upper subscapular nerve, thoracodorsal nerve, lower subscapular nerve,
axillary nerve
5) The radial nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the arm and the
posterior compartment of the forearm
6) Lateral to it is the tendon of the brachioradialis muscle, medial to it is the
tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle
577.
1) Anterior interventricular artery
2) Left coronary artery
3) Anterior surface of left and right ventricles, anterior 2/3 of interventricular
septum
4) Posterior interventricular artery
5) Anterior interventricular sulcus (groove); the corresponding structure is the
interventricular septum
6) Bundle of Hiss and its right and left bundle branches
578.
1) Oblique fissure, posterior segment of the superior lobe, superior segment of
the inferior lobe
2) Main bronchi
3) Azygos vein
4) From posterior-inferior to anterior-superior, it is located in the posterior
mediastinum
5) Aortic arch
6) Pulmonary artery most superior, main bronchi intermediate posterior,
pulmonary veins most anterior
579.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Transvers and sagittal
Transvers and frontal
T4
Superior and inferior mediastinum
Esophag
166
ISBN: 978-606-075-031-4