Defining Literature
Literature, in its broadest sense, is any written work. Etymologically, the term derives from
Latin litaritura/litteratura “writing formed with letters,” although some definitions include spoken or
sung texts. More restrictively, it is writing that possesses literary merit. Literature can be classified
according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and whether it is poetry or prose. It can be further
distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama, and works are often
categorized according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or
expectations (genre).
Taken to mean only written works, literature was first produced by some of the world’s earliest
civilizations—those of Ancient Egypt and Sumeria—as early as the 4th millennium BC; taken to
include spoken or sung texts, it originated even earlier, and some of the first written works may have
been based on a pre-existing oral tradition. As urban cultures and societies developed, there was a
proliferation in the forms of literature. Developments in print technology allowed for literature to be
distributed and experienced on an unprecedented scale, which has culminated in the twenty-first
century in electronic literature.
Definitions of literature have varied over time. In Western Europe prior to the eighteenth century,
literature as a term indicated all books and writing.[1] A more restricted sense of the term emerged
during the Romantic period, in which it began to demarcate “imaginative” literature.[2]
Contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as returning to the older, more
inclusive notion of what constitutes literature. Cultural studies, for instance, takes as its subject of
analysis both popular and minority genres, in addition to canonical works. [3]
Poetry is a form of literary art that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke
meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning (ordinary intended
meaning). Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse; [4] prose is
cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry
is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem.[5]
Prior to the nineteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical
lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is “any kind of subject consisting of Rythm or
Verses”.[6] POSSIBLY AS A RESULT OF ARISTOTLE’S INFLUENCE (HIS POETICS), “POETRY”
BEFORE THE NINETEENTH CENTURY WAS USUALLY LESS A TECHNICAL DESIGNATION FOR
VERSE THAN A NORMATIVE CATEGORY OF FICTIVE OR RHETORICAL ART.[7] AS A FORM IT
MAY PRE-DATE LITERACY, WITH THE EARLIEST WORKS BEING COMPOSED WITHIN AND
SUSTAINED BY AN ORAL TRADITION;[8] HENCE IT CONSTITUTES THE EARLIEST EXAMPLE OF
LITERATURE.
Prose is a form of language that possesses ordinary syntax and natural speech rather than rhythmic
structure; in which regard, along with its measurement in sentences rather than lines, it differs from
poetry.[9] On the historical development of prose, Richard Graff notes that ”
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Novel: a long fictional prose narrative.
Novella:The novella exists between the novel and short story; the publisher Melville House
classifies it as “too short to be a novel, too long to be a short story.” [10]
Short story: a dilemma in defining the “short story” as a literary form is how to, or whether one
should, distinguish it from any short narrative. Apart from its distinct size, various theorists have
suggested that the short story has a characteristic subject matter or structure; [11] THESE
DISCUSSIONS OFTEN POSITION THE FORM IN SOME RELATION TO THE NOVEL.[12]
Drama is literature intended for performance.[13]