ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
CALCULATION REPORT
TECHNOLOGICAL AND
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
EQUIPMENT "ACETONE ABSORPTION
COLUMN"
Nomenclature
1. Inrodiction
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Nomenclature
1. Inrodiction
2. Project data
2.1. Problem description
2.2. Packing parameters
2.3. Inlet data
3. Design procedure
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
Tower diameter
Pressure drop
Diffusion coefficients
Mass transfer coefficients
Packing Height
Operating and equilibrium lines
4.0 Designig of internals
5.0 Determination of nozzles inside diameters
6.0 Mechanical design of absortion column as per ASME S8. Di1/Di2
6.1 Minimum shell thickness
6.2 Torispherical head design
6.3 Shell thicnes at diffrent heights
7.0 Design of support
7.0' Design of support (conventional method)
8.0 Design of flanged joints
9.0 Design an integral radial nozzle centrally located
10.0 Check the design of a radial nozzle in a cylindrical shell
Abstract
In the present work, a packed bed absorption column is designed to remove certain amounts
of acetone contained in a gaseous stream. Four packing types (50-mm metal Hiflow® rings,
50-mm ceramic Pall® rings, 50-mm metal Top Pak® rings rings) are and 25-mm metal VSP®
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Abstract
In the present work, a packed bed absorption column is designed to remove certain amounts
of acetone contained in a gaseous stream. Four packing types (50-mm metal Hiflow® rings,
50-mm ceramic Pall® rings, 50-mm metal Top Pak® rings rings) are and 25-mm metal VSP®
considered in order to select the most appropriate one in terms of column dimensions,
pressure drop and mass-transfer results. Several design parameters were determined
including column diameter (D), packing height (Z), overall mass-transfer coefficient (Km) and
gas pressure drop (delta P/Z), as well as the overall number of gas-phase transfer units (NtOG),
overall height of a gas-phase transfer unit (HtOG) and the effective surface area of packing
(ah). The most adequate packing to use for this absorption system constitutes the 25-mm
metal VSP® rings, since it provided the greatest values of Km , ah , as well as the lowest values
of both Z and HtOG , meaning that it will supply the higher mass-transfer conditions with the
lowest column dimensions, but it does not comply with the requirement of pressure drop delta
P/Z() for this reason the next adequate packing to use for this absorption system is 50-mm
ceramic Pall® rings. The influence of both gas mixture (QG) and solvent (mL') feed flowrates on
D, Z, Km, P/Z, NtOG and HtOG was also evaluated for the four packing considered. The design
methodology was solved using computing software MATHCAD PRIME 3.0.
Nomenclature
ah
A
Ch
CL
CP
CSflood
CV
dP
D
DG
DL
e/k
fflood
Fp
Fr
G
GMy
GMx
hL
H
HtOG
kG
kL
Km
Kv
Effective specific surface area
of packing
Absorption factor
Hydraulic factor
Mass-transfer factor
Hydraulic factor
CS coefficient at flooding
conditions
Mass-transfer factor
Effective particle diameter
Tower diameter
Gas-phase diffusion
coefficient
Liquid-phase diffusion
coefficient
Lennard-Jones parameter
Flooding factor
Packing factor
Froude number
Mass velocity
Gas molar velocity
Liquid molar velocity
Liquid holdup
Henry’s constant
Overall height of a gas-phase
transfer unit
Gas-phase convective masstransfer coefficient
Liquid-phase convective
mass-transfer coefficient
Overall volumetric masstransfer coefficient
Volumetric mass-transfer
coefficient
m-1
Dimensionless
Dimensionless
Dimensionless
Dimensionless
m/s
Dimensionless
m
m
m2/s
m2/s
K
%
ft-1
Dimensionless
kg/m2.s
kmol/m2.s
kmol/m2.s
Dimensionless
atm
m
kmol/m
m/s
kmol/m3
kmol/m3
Gas molar velocity
kmol/m
Liquid molar velocity
kmol/m
Liquid
holdup
Dimensionless
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Henry’s constant
atm
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL”
Sh.a.
DESIGNED:
Arberor
MITA
Design
group“ELMAGERARD”
Overall height of a gas-phase
transfer unit
kG
Gas-phase convective masskmol/m2.s
transfer coefficient
kL
Liquid-phase convective
m/s
mass-transfer coefficient
Km
Overall volumetric masskmol/m3.s
transfer coefficient
Kv
Volumetric mass-transfer
kmol/m3.s
coefficient
KW
Wall factor
Dimensionless
m
Mass flowrate
kg/h
M
Molecular weight
kg/kmol
n
Factor
Dimensionless
N
Molar flowrate
kmol/h
NtOG
Overall number of gas-phase
Dimensionless
transfer units
ΔPlimit/Z
Maximum pressure drop
Pa/m
permitted
ΔP0/Z
Dry pressure drop
Pa/m
ΔP/Z
Overall pressure drop
Pa/m
P
Pressure
atm
Q
Volumetric flowrate
m3/h
R
Ideal gas constant
m3.atm/kmol.K
%R
Removal percent
%
Re
Reynolds number
Dimensionless
Sc
Schmidt number
Dimensionless
T
Temperature
ºC
T*
Factor
Dimensionless
v
Velocity
m/s
vflood
Velocity at flooding conditions
m/s
V
Molar volume
cm3/mol
X
Flow parameter
Dimensionless
x
Mole fraction in liquid phase
Fraction
y
Mole fraction in gas phase
Fraction
y*
Mole fraction in gas phase in
Fraction
equilibrium with the liquid
Z
Parking height
m
Greek Symbols
Density
kg/m3
μ
Viscosity
Pa.s
σ
Collision diameter
Å
σAB
Average collision diameter
Å
ψ0
Dry-packing resistance
Dimensionless
coefficient
Dimensionless
ΩD
Diffusion collision integral
Dimensionless
GMy
GMx
hL
H
HtOG
1. Inrodiction
Gas-liquid operations are used extensively in chemical and petrochemical industries for
D
Diffusion collision integral
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Dimensionless
Dimensionless
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
1. Inrodiction
Gas-liquid operations are used extensively in chemical and petrochemical industries for
transferring mass, heat and momentum between the phases. Among the most important gasliquid systems employed nowadays is absorption, defined as a mass transfer operation at
which one or more soluble components contained in a gas phase mixture are dissolved into a
liquid solvent whose volatility is low under process conditions. The absorption process could
be classified as physical or chemical. The physical absorption occurs when the target solute is
dissolved into the solvent, while the chemical absorption takes place when the target solute
reacts with the solvent. The removal efficiency of any physical absorption process will depend
on the physical-chemical properties (density, viscosity, diffusivity, etc.) and feed flowrates of
the gaseous and liquid streams; the type of mass-transfer contact surface (packing or plate);
the operating temperature and pressure (commonly, lower temperatures will favor gas
absorption by the liquid solvent); gas-liquid ratio; contact time between phases; and the
solute concentration at the inlet gas stream. Gas-liquid absorption operations are usually
accomplished in equipment named absorbers.
Absorbers are used to a great extent in industrial complexes and plants to separate and purify
gaseous streams, to recover valuable products and chemicals, as well as for contamination
control. The most common absorber types employed in industry are plate columns, packed
towers, Venturi cleaning towers and spray chambers. Packed towers are widely used for gasliquid absorption operations and, to a limited extent, for distillations. A typical packed column
consists of a vertical, cylindrical shell containing a support plate for the packing material, mist
eliminators, as well as a liquid distributing device designed to provide effective irrigation to the
packing The liquid is fed at the top of the column and trickles down through the packed bed,
exposing a large surface to contact the gaseous stream, which is supplied at the bottom of the
tower .
The design approach of a packed-bed absorber usually involves the determination of
geometrical parameters such as tower diameter (D) and packing height (Z), as well as some
other mass-transfer and operational variables such as convective mass-transfer coefficients for
gas and liquid streams; dry and overall pressure drops; as well as overall mass-transfer
coefficient. A well designed packed-bed tower will provide the required mass-transfer contact
between gas and liquid phases, with low pressure drop, small capital and operating costs, and
high removal efficiencies.
At the present work, a packed bed absorber is designed to remove certain amounts of acetone
contained in an air stream. Four different packing types (Pall®, Hiflow®, Top Pak® and VSP®)
were evaluated in order to determine which packing configuration provides the lowest column
dimensions (tower diameter and packing height) as well as the highest mass-transfer
coefficient for this application, without exceeding the maximum allowable pressure drop and
also without affecting the requested removal efficiency. The influence of both liquid solvent
and gas mixture feed flowrates on 4 important process parameters (tower diameter, packing
height, gas pressure drop and overall mass-transfer coefficient) was assessed for the four
packing, while the effect of this two flowrates on two design parameters (overall number of
gas-phase transfer units; NtOG and overall height of a gas-phase transfer unit, HtOG) was also
determined.
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Figure 1: Typical layout of a packed bed absorber
2. Project data
A gaseous mixture containing air and acetone, with a molar composition of 99 % air and 1 %
of acetone.The ethanol must be removed by means of a countercurrent absorption process
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
2. Project data
2.1. Problem description
A gaseous mixture containing air and acetone, with a molar composition of 99 % air and 1 %
of acetone.The ethanol must be removed by means of a countercurrent absorption process
using water as the solvent. The gas mixture will enter the tower at a rate of 4000 m3/h, at 27
ºC (300 K) and 1.7 atm, while the solvent (water) will be supplied at a flowrate of 14000 kg/h
and also at 300 K. The required removal of acetone to a final concentration of 100 mg/m3,
while the maximum pressure drop permitted for the gas stream should not exceed 250 Pa/m
of packed height. It’s desired to design a suited packed-bed absorber working at 70% of
flooding and operating under isothermal conditions.
For this application, four packing types will be evaluated (Figure 2):
1. 50-mm metal Hiflow® rings
2. 50-mm ceramic Pall® rings
3. 50-mm metal Top Pak® rings, and
4. 25-mm metal VSP® rings.
Table 1. Performance and mass-transfer characteristics of the different packing considered
2.2. Packing parameters
2.2.1. Hydraulic Parameters
!!
" #
"
$!%
#
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
2.2. Packing parameters
2.2.1. Hydraulic Parameters
*
Mass-transfer surface area per unit volume
&( ' )
, + -. ' /0
50 mm Metal Hiflow rings
1 + *.* ' /0 50 mm Cheramic Pall rings
2 + 34 ' /0
50 mm Metal Top Pac rings
5 + .64 ' /0 25 mm Metal VSP rings
7&(
Packing porosity or void fraction
7, + 68-33
50 mm Metal Hiflow rings
71 + 6839:
50 mm Cheramic Pall rings
72 + 68-9
50 mm Metal Top Pac rings
75 + 68-3
25 mm Metal VSP rings
$ & (
Hydraulic factor
$, + 6893;
50 mm Metal Hiflow rings
$1 + *8::4
50 mm Cheramic Pall rings
$2 + 6899*
50 mm Metal Top Pac rings
$5 + *8:;-
25 mm Metal VSP rings
$ &(
Hydraulic factor
$ , + 68<.*
50 mm Metal Hiflow rings
$ 1 + 68;;.
50 mm Cheramic Pall rings
$ 2 + 68;6<
50 mm Metal Top Pac rings
$ 5 + 6839.
*
= &( ' )
25 mm Metal VSP rings
Packing factor
50 mm Metal Hiflow rings (ft)
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
= , + 4.
50 mm Metal Hiflow rings (ft)
= 1 + *<.
50 mm Cheramic Pall rings (ft)
= 2 + <;
50 mm Metal Top Pac rings (ft)
= 5 + *64
25 mm Metal VSP rings (ft)
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
2.2.2. Mass trasfer Parameters
$" & (
Mass trasfer factor
$", + *8*;9
50 mm Metal Hiflow rings
$"1 + *8..3
50 mm Cheramic Pall rings
$"2 + *8:.;
50 mm Metal Top Pac rings
$"5 + *8:3;
25 mm Metal VSP rings
$ & (
Mass trasfer factor
$, + 68<69
50 mm Metal Hiflow rings
$1 + 68<*4
50 mm Cheramic Pall rings
$2 + 68:9-
50 mm Metal Top Pac rings
$5 + 68<64
25 mm Metal VSP rings
Figure 1. Schematic drawing of the packed bed absorber operationg condition
Since the absorption system operates at low pressure and temperature (1.7 atm and 300 K,
respectively); the solute gas is very diluted in the liquid phase (that is, the liquid phase can be
catalogued as a dilute liquid solution), the system operates under isothermal conditions and
there is no reaction between the dissolved solute and the solvent, it’s assumed that the
system obeys the Henry’s law, the value of the Henry’s constant for an acetone-water system
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Since the absorption system operates at low pressure and temperature (1.7 atm and 300 K,
respectively); the solute gas is very diluted in the liquid phase (that is, the liquid phase can be
catalogued as a dilute liquid solution), the system operates under isothermal conditions and
there is no reaction between the dissolved solute and the solvent, it’s assumed that the
system obeys the Henry’s law, the value of the Henry’s constant for an acetone-water system
operating at 27 ºC is H = 3.933 atm. Thus, the distribution coefficient for the gas-liquid
system (acetone-water system) at 27 ºC and 1.7 atm is H/P = 3.933 /1.7 = 2.314.
2.3. Inlet data
The inlet data necessary to carry out the design calculations are showed below:
@
>? + <666 ))
%ABC + 686*
DE + *6 /F ' ))
@
GH + *<666 )
ABC + 49869 ))
I + *9 ))
AJK + .98-; ))
Volumetric flowrate
Mole fraction of aceton
Outlet concentration of acetone in the gass
Mass flowrate of water
Molecular weight of acetone
Molecular weight of water
Combined molecular weight of air
LM + --8--N
Acetone removal percent
OPQQR + 36N
Flooding factor
S & .46 ' ))
Maximum pressure drop permitted
U + .46 ' ))
))
T
Liquid density of solvent
VG + --386<3 ))
@
WG + 686669- ' V?AXY + *8*;. ))
@
Liquid viscosity of solvent
WABC + 68666:*; ' Vapor viscosity of acetone at 25 ºC
WAJK + 686666*- ' @
ABC + 3<8*;; ))
"
AJK + .<8-.6 ))
ZABC + :84;< *6 /0[
Vapor viscosity of air at 25 ºC
Gas density at atmospheric preasure
Molar volume of acetone
Molar volume of air
Collision diameter of acetone
Collision diameter of air
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
ZAJK + :8;.* *6 /0[
Collision diameter of air
ABC + :48.: \
e/k parameter for acetone
AJK + -3 \
e/k parameter for air
@ ' L + 6866669.* )))
'\
+ :8-:: Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Ideal gas constant
Henry constant for ethanol-water system 25 ºC
] + .3 ^$
System temperature
+ *83 ` .8:*<
_+)
System pressure
Distribution coefficient
3. Design procedure
The equations and correlations used to design the packed-bed absorber were taken from
different sources ,considering several aspects such as process operating conditions, mass
transfer characteristics, and packing type.
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
3. Design procedure
The equations and correlations used to design the packed-bed absorber were taken from
different sources ,considering several aspects such as process operating conditions, mass
transfer characteristics, and packing type.
3.1. Tower diameter
The molecular weight of the gas mixture (MG) was determined applying the equation
? + bc%ABC ' ABCde a bcbc* f %ABCde ' AJKde ` 686.- ))
The gas mixture density (ρG) at 27 ºC was determined using the Kay’s method
' bcbc%ABC ' ABCde a bcbc* f %ABCde ' AJKdede
` .86*9 ))
Vg + )))))))))))
@
L']
Viscosity of the gas mixture (μG) was calculated using the following correlation.
?
/jd
b
Wg + ))))))))))
b %ABC ' ABC d b bc* f %ABCde ' AJK d ` c*8-:; ' *6 e ' h))))
i a h)))))i
WAJK
c WABC e c
e
Where μace and μair values are given in Pa.s.
The amount of ethanol absorbed is;
b >? ' Vg d
i ' %ABC ' LM ' ABC ` *;68.44 )
ABCkAlm + h)))
c ? e
The amount of solvent liquid exiting the column is:
F G + GH a ABCkAlm ` bc*8<*; ' *6 de )
The flow parameter (X), the pressure drop parameter under flooding conditions (Yflood) and the
CS coefficient at flooding conditions (CSflood) were determined according to the equations.
Flow parameter X
b Vg d [oj
G
b
d
' h)i
n c>?e + )))
>? ' Vg c VG e
Vg d [oj
G ' hb)
n + )))
i ` 6863>? ' Vg c VG e
Pressure drop parameter under flooding conditions
u
bcpOPQQRde & fbc:846. a *86.9 ' qr snt a 68**6-: ' sqr sntt de
‚
v
pOPQQR + /w@oj[u x 0o[uz y {| }~ x [o00[€@ y }{| }~ ƒ ` 68.6*
S
coefficient at flooding conditions
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
CS coefficient at flooding conditions
0
„„
[oj
u[
b pOPQQR d
$mOPQQR, + h))))
i ' ))))
[o0
0 „„
0 ` 68699
„„
hc = , ' WG ei
u[ ' u[
0
„„
b pOPQQR d [oj u[
$mOPQQR1 + h))))
i ' ))))
0 „„
0 ` 6864:
„„
hc = 1 ' WG [o0 ei
u[ ' u[
0
„„
[oj
u[
b pOPQQR d
$mOPQQR2 + h))))
i ' ))))
[o0
0 „„
0 ` 686-<
„„
hc = 2 ' WG ei
u[ ' u[
0
„„
[oj
u[
b pOPQQR d
$mOPQQR5 + h))))
i ' ))))
0 „„
0 ` 686;.
[o0
„„
hc = 5 ' WG ei
u[ ' u[
The gas velocity at flooding conditions (vGflood), the gas velocity (vG), and finally the tower
diameter (D), were calculated by using the following correlations:
Gas velocity at flooding conditions
Gas velocity
$mOPQQR,
)` *8-4- )
?OPQQR, + ))))
b Vg d [oj h)))
i
c VG f Vg e
$mOPQQR1
)` *8*9; )
?OPQQR1 + ))))
b Vg d [oj h)))
i
c VG f Vg e
$mOPQQR2
)` .869: )
?OPQQR2 + ))))
b Vg d [oj h)))
i
c VG f Vg e
$mOPQQR5
)` *8:3- )
?OPQQR5 + ))))
b Vg d [oj h)))
i
c VG f Vg e
?, + ?OPQQR, ' OPQQR ` *8:3* )
?1 + ?OPQQR1 ' OPQQR ` 689: )
?2 + ?OPQQR2 ' OPQQR ` *8<49 )
?5 + ?OPQQR5 ' OPQQR ` 68-;4 )
Tower diameter
†
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
Tower diameter
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
u ††††††
< ' >? b
‡, + )))
` c*86*; ' *6 @ de
U ' ?,
u ††††††
< ' >? b
‡1 + )))
` c*8:6; ' *6 @ de
U ' ?1
u ††††††
< ' >?
‡2 + )))
` -9486*4
U ' ?2
u ††††††
< ' >? b
‡5 + )))
` c*8.** ' *6 @ de
U ' ?5
3.2. Pressure drop
Most packed-bed absorbers are designed to safely avoid flooding conditions and also to
operate in the preloading region, with a gas-pressure drop limit of 200 – 400 Pa/m of packed
depth . In this approach, both the gas dry pressure drop ( 0/Z) and overall pressure drop
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
3.2. Pressure drop
Most packed-bed absorbers are designed to safely avoid flooding conditions and also to
operate in the preloading region, with a gas-pressure drop limit of 200 – 400 Pa/m of packed
depth . In this approach, both the gas dry pressure drop (ΔP0/Z) and overall pressure drop
(ΔP/Z) were determined for the absorption process using well-accepted equations. The liquid
holdup influence was also taken into account, that is, when the packed bed is irrigated, the
liquid holdup causes an increment of the pressure drop. Prior to the determination of both
pressure drops, it was necessary to determine several parameters first. Among those
parameters are included the effective particle diameter (dP) ; the wall factor (KW); the gasphase Reynolds number (ReG); the dry-packing resistance coefficient (ψ0); liquid mass velocity
(GL); the liquid velocity (vL); the liquid-phase Reynolds number (ReL); liquid-phase Froude
number (FrL) ; the ratio ah/a; the effective specific surface area of packing (ah); and, finally,
the liquid holdup (hL).
Effective particle diameter
b*f7 d
Wall factor
, i ` *84
1, + ; ' h)))
c , e
b * f 71 d
11 + ; ' h))
i ` *683;
c 1 e
b * f 72 d
12 + ; ' h))
i ` *8;
c 2 e
b * f 75 d
15 + ; ' h))
i ` 68939
c 5 e
*
\I, + )))))))
` 68-4b * d 1,
.
* a )' h)))
' ))
: c * f 7, ei ‡,
*
\I1 + )))))))
` 68-34
b * d 11
.
* a )' h))i ' ))
: c * f 71 e ‡1
*
\I2 + )))))))
` 68-<b * d 12
.
* a )' h))i ' ))
: c * f 72 e ‡2
*
\I5 + )))))))
` 68-9<
b * d 15
.
* a )' h))i ' ))
: c * f 75 e ‡5
Gas-phase Reynolds number
?, ' Vg ' 1, ' \I, ` 98-:- ' *6 @
L?, + ))))))
bc* f 7,de ' Wg
?1 ' Vg ' 11 ' \I1 ` <8*9: ' *6 @
L?1 + ))))))
bc* f 71de ' Wg
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
?2 ' Vg ' 12 ' \I2 ` *8*4: ' *6 F
L?2 + ))))))
bc* f 72de ' Wg
?5 ' Vg ' 15 ' \I5 ` .89-3 ' *6 @
L?5 + ))))))
bc* f 75de ' Wg
Dry-packing resistance coefficient
Liquid mass velocity
b ;<
*89 d ` 68:;ˆE, + $ , ' h))
a )))
[o[z i
c L?, L?, e
b ;<
*89 d ` 68;..
ˆE1 + $ 1 ' h))
a )))
[o[z i
c L?1 L?1 e
b ;<
*89 d ` 684*9
ˆE2 + $ 2 ' h))
a )))
[o[z i
c L?2 L?2 e
b ;<
*89 d ` 683;*
ˆE5 + $ 5 ' h))
a )))
[o[z i
c L?5 L?5 e
< G
‰G, + )))
` <8944 ))
u
u '
U ' ‡,
< G
‰G1 + )))
` .8-:9 ))
u
u '
U ' ‡1
< G
‰G2 + )))
` 48*;. ))
u
u '
U ' ‡2
Liquid velocity
< G
‰G5 + )))
` :8<*; ))
u
u '
U ' ‡5
‰G,
` 68664 )
G, + ))
VG
‰G1
` 6866: )
G1 + ))
VG
‰G2
` 68664 )
G2 + ))
VG
‰G5
` 6866: )
G5 + ))
VG
Liquid-phase Reynolds number
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Liquid-phase Reynolds number
G, ' VG ` 4-8.-*
LG, + )))
, ' WG
G1 ' VG ` .38.9
LG1 + )))
1 ' WG
G2 ' VG ` 338:.LG2 + )))
2 ' W G
G5 ' VG ` *983.4
LG5 + )))
5 ' WG
Liquid-phase Froude number
u '
G,
, ` .8..< ' *6 /F
=G, + )))
u '
G1
1 ` *863* ' *6 /F
=G1 + )))
u '
G2
2 ` .864 ' *6 /F
=G2 + )))
u
G5 ' 5 ` .8<4< ' *6 /F
=G5 + )))
Ratio ah/a
‹
Š, & )
Š + 6894 $, ' LG, [ouj ' =G, [o0 ` 689-*
,
‹
Š1 & )
Š1 + 6894 $1 ' LG1 [ouj ' =G1 [o0 ` *86<
‹
Š2 & ) Š2 + 6894 $2 ' LG2 [ouj ' =G2 [o0 ` 68-4
‹
Š5 & ) Š5 + 6894 $5 ' LG5 [ouj ' =G5 [o0 ` *864<
Effective specific surface area of packing
*
‹, + Š, ' , ` 9*8-3< )
*
‹1 + Š1 ' 1 ` *.48393 )
*
‹2 + Š2 ' 2 ` 3*8.:9 )
*
‹5 + Š5 ' 5 ` .*;8**: )
Liquid holdup
0
Œ
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
Liquid holdup
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
0
Œ
u
b =G, d @ Œ
G, + *. ' h))i ' Š, @ ` 68*3:
c LG, e0
Πu
b =G1 d @ Œ
G1 + *. ' h))i ' Š1 @ ` 68*-<
c LG1 e 0
Πu
b =G2 d @ Œ
G2 + *. ' h))i ' Š2 @ ` 68*;
c LG2 e 0
Πu
b =G5 d @ Œ
G5 + *. ' h))i ' Š5 @ ` 68.-:
c LG5 e
The gas dry pressure drop per meter of packing height (ΔP0/Z) was determined according to
the following correlation:
, ' Ž?, u ' Vg
URKD, + E, ' ))))
` 3.86:* ))
@
. \I, ' 7,
1 ' Ž?1 u ' Vg
URKD1 + E1 ' ))))
` ***8;< ))
@
. \I1 ' 71
2 ' Ž?2 u ' Vg
URKD2 + E2 ' ))))
` -:8:6< ))
@
. \I2 ' 72
5 ' Ž?5 u ' Vg
URKD5 + E5 ' ))))
` *;:8.;. ))
@
. \I5 ' 75
The gas overall pressure drop per meter of packing height (ΔP/Z) can be finally calculated:
‘’“ d
bb 7 d 0oj ŒŒ
,
h
UCX, + URKD, ' hh)))i u[[ ii ` *.-836. ))
cc 7, f G, e
e
‘’” d
bb 7 d 0oj ŒŒ
1
h
UCX1 + URKD1 ' hh)))i u[[ ii ` *-;8.;. ))
cc 71 f G1 e
e
‘’• d
bb 7 d 0oj ŒŒ
2
UCX2 + URKD2 ' hhh)))i u[[ ii ` *3-8;6: ))
cc 72 f G2 e
e
‘’– d
bb 7 d 0oj ŒŒ
5
h
UCX5 + URKD5 ' hh)))i u[[ ii ` :6384:* ))
cc 75 f G5 e
e
3.3. Diffusion coefficients
Gas-phase diffusion coefficient: The theory describing diffusion processes in binary gas
mixtures at low to moderate pressures has been studied extensively in recent years, and is
well developed nowadays. Since the absorption process is a binary gas system taking place at
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
3.3. Diffusion coefficients
Gas-phase diffusion coefficient: The theory describing diffusion processes in binary gas
mixtures at low to moderate pressures has been studied extensively in recent years, and is
well developed nowadays. Since the absorption process is a binary gas system taking place at
low-pressure, the gas-phase diffusion coefficient can be estimated using the Wilke and Lee
correlation :
Gas diffusion coefficient
@
b
68-9 d *6 /@ ' ] Œ
u
:86:
f
)))
h
i
u ˜˜˜˜
™š ei
hc
—? & )))))))))
' u ˜˜˜˜
™š ' Z™š u ' ›œ
/0
b *
d
*
™š + . h))a ))i ` 686:- ))
c ABC AJK e
Molecular weight of the gas mixture
Colision diameter of the micture
ZABC a ZAJK b
` c:84-: ' *6 /0[de
Z™š + ))))
.
Difusion colision diameter integral of the mixture
*86;6:; a )))
68*-:66 a )))
*86:493 a )))
*83;<3<
›œ & )))
[oFž@j
y
Ÿ
0oju€€
y
Ÿ
[o0j0[
]M
@oz€F00 y Ÿ
]
]M + ))))
` 48*:<
u ˜˜˜˜˜˜˜
ABC ' AJK
*86;6:; a )))
68*-:66 a )))
*86:493 a )))
*83;<3< ` 689:›œ + )))
[oFž@j
y
Ÿ
0oju€€
y
Ÿ
[o0j0[
@oz€F00 y Ÿ
]M
u
/
—? + *689 ' *6 ' ))
Liquid-phase diffusion coefficient: Compared with the kinetic theory behind the gases
behavior, which is well developed and available today, the theoretical basis of the internal
structure of liquids and their transport characteristics are still insufficient to permit a rigorous
treatment. Usually, liquid diffusion coefficients are several orders of magnitude smaller than
gas diffusivities, and depend mostly on concentration profiles due to changes in viscosity, as
well as some changes in the degree of ideality of the solution. To determine the liquid-phase
diffusion coefficient in binary systems for solutes transport to aqueous solutions, the Hayduk
and Minhas correlation was used:
Liquid-phase diffusion coefficient
*8.4 ' *6 /z bcCX‹ /[o0€ f 68.-.de ] 0oju ' WG ¡
—G & ))))))))))))
*666
-849 *8*.
& ))
CX‹
u
—G + *8*9 ' *6 /€ ' ))
3.4. Mass transfer coefficients
To determine the mass transfer coefficients for both phases, two correlations were used which
were obtained from an extensive study, that involved measurement and correlation of masstransfer coefficients for 31 different binary and ternary systems, equipped with 67 different
types and sizes of packings, in columns of diameter ranging from 6 cm to 1.4 m.
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
3.4. Mass transfer coefficients
To determine the mass transfer coefficients for both phases, two correlations were used which
were obtained from an extensive study, that involved measurement and correlation of masstransfer coefficients for 31 different binary and ternary systems, equipped with 67 different
types and sizes of packings, in columns of diameter ranging from 6 cm to 1.4 m.
Gas-phase convective mass-transfer coefficient (kG):
@
Œ
u
Œ
b —? ' d b
d b L? d F
,
? & 68*:6< ' $, h)))
i ' h)))))
i ' h))
i ' ? @
u
c L ' ] e hc ˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜
7, ' bc7, f Gde ei c \I e
ScG - Shmit number for gas phase
Wg
` 68999
? + )))
Vg ' —?
@
Œ
b —? ' d b
d b L?, d F
,
?, + 68*:6< ' $, ' h)))
i ' h))))))
i ' h))i ' ? ` :8<;3 ))
u '
c L ' ] e hc u ˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜
7, ' bc7, f G,de ei c \I, e
@
Œ
b —? ' d b
d b L?1 d F
1
'
?1 + 68*:6< ' $1 ' h)))
))))))
i h
i ' h))i ' ? ` :8:9: ))
u '
c L ' ] e hc u ˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜
b
d
71 ' c71 f G1e ei c \I1 e
@
Œ
b —? ' d b
d b L?2 d F
2
?2 + 68*:6< ' $2 ' h)))
i ' h))))))
i ' h))i ' ? ` :8.4: ))
u '
c L ' ] e hc u ˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜
72 ' bc72 f G2de ei c \I2 e
@
Œ
b —? ' d b
d b L?5 d F
5
?5 + 68*:6< ' $5 ' h)))
i ' h))))))
i ' h))i ' ? ` :84:< ))
u '
c L ' ] e hc u ˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜
75 ' bc75 f G5de ei c \I5 e
Liquid-phase convective mass-transfer coefficient (kL):
[oj
b —G ' , ' ŽG, d b
G, + 68343 ' $", ' h))))i ` c<8-4 ' *6 /jde )
c 7, ' G, e
[oj
b —G ' 1 ' ŽG1 d b
G1 + 68343 ' $"1 ' h))))i ` c<8994 ' *6 /jde )
c 71 ' G1 e
[oj
b —G ' 2 ' ŽG2 d b
G2 + 68343 ' $"2 ' h))))i ` c48<*9 ' *6 /jde )
c 72 ' G2 e
[oj
b —G ' 5 ' ŽG5 d b
G5 + 68343 ' $"5 ' h))))i ` c48;.4 ' *6 /jde )
c 75 ' G5 e
where:
CL – Mass transfer factor
a – Mass transfer surface area per unit volume
3.5. Packing Height
In those systems handling dilute solutions and when Henry’s law applies, is very usual and
convenient to work with overall mass-transfer coefficients in order to calculate the packing
height (Z), which can be determined by the following expression:
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
where:
– Mass Required:
transfer “CONFIDENTIAL”
factor
Sh.a. DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
a – Mass transfer surface area per unit volume
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
3.5. Packing Height
In those systems handling dilute solutions and when Henry’s law applies, is very usual and
convenient to work with overall mass-transfer coefficients in order to calculate the packing
height (Z), which can be determined by the following expression:
T & X¢? a £X¢?
where:
HtOG – Overall height of a gas-phase transfer units
NtOG – Overall number of gas-phase transfer units
Prior to determine the values of HTU and NTU, it will be necessary to calculate several
parameters first, which are the inlet gas molar velocity [GMy(1)]; the outlet gas molar velocity
[GMy(2)]; the average molar gas velocity (GMy); the inlet liquid molar velocity [GMx(2)]; the outlet
liquid molar velocity [GMx(1)]; the absorption factor at the bottom [A(1)] and top [A(2)] of the
column ; the geometric average of the absorption factor (A) ; the ethanol molar composition
of outlet gas [yeth(2)] ; the volumetric gas-phase (KvG) and liquid-phase (KvL) mass-transfer
coefficients ; the overall volumetric mass-transfer coefficient (Km); the overall height of a gasphase transfer unit (HtOG) ; the overall number of gas-phase transfer units (NtOG); and finally
the packing height (Z).
Inlet gas molar velocity
< §?
¤¥D¦ & )))
U ' ¨u
Gas molar flow rate
>? ' Vg b
` c.834- ' *6 j de ))
§? + )))
?
< §?
¤¥D¦, + )))
` -<8;69 ))
u '
U ' ¨, u
< §?
¤¥D¦1 + )))
` 438.4* ))
u '
U ' ¨1 u
Inlet gas molar velocity
< §?
¤¥D¦2 + )))
` *66849- ))
u '
U ' ¨2 u
Molar flow of ethanol absorbed
< §?
¤¥D¦5 + )))
` ;;8439 ))
u '
U ' ¨5 u
< bc§? f §CX‹Almde
¤¥D© & )))))
U ' ¨u
>? ' Vg
' % ' LM ` 683;; ))
§ABCAlm + )))
? ABC
Outlet gas molar velocity
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
Outlet gas molar velocity
Average molar gas velocity
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
< bc§? f §ABCAlmde
¤¥D©, + )))))
` -:8;;. ))
u '
U ' ¨, u
< bc§? f §ABCAlmde
¤¥D©1 + )))))
` 4;8;3- ))
u '
U ' ¨1 u
< bc§? f §ABCAlmde
¤¥D©2 + )))))
` --849: ))
u '
U ' ¨2 u
< bc§? f §ABCAlmde
¤¥D©5 + )))))
` ;48-*: ))
u '
U ' ¨5 u
¤¥D¦, a ¤¥D©,
¤¥D, + )))))
` -<8*:4 ))
u '
.
¤¥D¦1 a ¤¥D©1
¤¥D1 + )))))
` 4;8-;4 ))
u '
.
¤¥D¦2 a ¤¥D©2
¤¥D2 + )))))
` *66869; ))
u '
.
¤¥D¦5 a ¤¥D©5
¤¥D5 + )))))
` ;;8.<; ))
u '
.
Inlet liquid molar velocity
< §G
¤¥ª© & )))
U ' ¨u
Inlet liquid molar flow rate
G ` .*984.. ))
§G + ))
I
< §G
¤¥ª©, + )))
` .;-83* ))
u '
U ' ¨, u
< §G
¤¥ª©1 + )))
` *;:8.*: ))
u '
U ' ¨1 u
< §G
¤¥ª©2 + )))
` .9;83;* ))
u '
U ' ¨2 u
< §G
¤¥ª©5 + )))
` *9-896< ))
u '
U ' ¨5 u
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
< bc§G f §ABCAlmde
¤¥ª¦, + )))))
` .;983;< ))
u '
U ' ¨, u
< bc§G f §ABCAlmde
¤¥ª¦1 + )))))
` *;.8;<* ))
u '
U ' ¨1 u
< bc§G f §ABCAlmde
¤¥ª¦2 + )))))
` .948344 ))
u '
U ' ¨2 u
< bc§G f §ABCAlmde
¤¥ª¦5 + )))))
` *9-8*:9 ))
u
u '
U
'
¨
5
Absorption factor at the bottom
­®¯¬,
_ ` .8:*<
«¬, + ))))
` *8..9
­®D¬, ' _
­®¯¬1
«¬1 + )))
` *8..9
­®D¬1 ' _
­®¯¬2
«¬2 + )))
` *8..9
­®D¬2 ' _
­®¯¬5
«¬5 + )))
` *8..9
­®D¬5 ' _
Absorption factor at the top
­®¯°,
«°, + ))))
` *8.<4
­®D°, ' _
Outlet liquid molar velocity
­®¯°1
«°1 + )))
` *8.<4
­®D°1 ' _
­®¯°2
«°2 + )))
` *8.<4
­®D°2 ' _
­®¯°5
«°5 + )))
` *8.<4
­®D°5 ' _
Geometric average of the absorption factor
«¬, a «°,
«, + ))))
` *8.:;
.
«¬1 a «°1
«1 + ))))
` *8.:;
.
«¬2 a «°2
«2 + ))))
` *8.:;
.
«¬5 a «°5
«5 + ))))
` *8.:;
.
Ethanol molar composition of outlet gas
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Ethanol molar composition of outlet gas
%ABCH + %ABC ' s* f LMt ` *6 ' *6 /±
Volumetric gas-phase mass-transfer coefficient
\5?, + ?, ' ‹, ` .9<8.*4 ))
@ '
\5?1 + ?1 ' ‹1 ` <.4843. ))
@ '
\5?2 + ?2 ' ‹2 ` .:*834; ))
@ '
\5?5 + ?5 ' ‹5 ` 3;:89<4 ))
@ '
Volumetric liquid-phase mass-transfer coefficient
VG b
` c484:- ' *6 F de ))
+ ))
@
I
\5G, + G, ' ‹, ' ` ..<83<< ))
@ '
\5G1 + G1 ' ‹1 ' ` :<68:<. ))
@ '
\5G2 + G2 ' ‹2 ' ` .*:83-. ))
@ '
\5G5 + G5 ' ‹5 ' ` ;3:8:69 ))
@ '
Overall volumetric mass-transfer coefficient
*
\Y, + )))))
` 3.8:-9 ))
@ '
*
_
))a ))
\5?, \5G,
*
\Y1 + )))))
` *6-8:. ))
@ '
*
_
))a ))
\5?1 \5G1
*
\Y2 + )))))
` ;;86;; ))
@ '
*
_
))a ))
\5?2 \5G2
*
\Y5 + )))))
` .*683:9 ))
@ '
*
_
))a ))
\5?5 \5G5
Overall height of a gas-phase transfer unit
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Overall height of a gas-phase transfer unit
­®D,
X²?, + ))
` *8:
\Y,
­®D1
X²?1 + ))
` 684.*
\Y1
­®D2
X²?2 + ))
` *84*4
\Y2
­®D5
X²?5 + ))
` 68:*<
\Y5
Product streams and composition
³ + ´? ` bc.834- ' *6 j de ))
%³ + 686* ))
nE + 6
Molar ratio of acetone in the input gas
%³
p³ + ))
` 686* ))
* f %³
Molar flowrate of carier gas
+ ³ ' bc* f p³de ` bc.83:. ' *6 j de ))
Concentration of acetone in the output gas
AJK b
` c.8<3* ' *6 /jde ))
%E + DE ' )))
ABC ' Vg
Molar ratio of acetone in the output gas
%E b
pE + ))
` c.8<3* ' *6 /jde ))
* f %E
Molar ratio of acetone in the output liquid (equilibrium case)
Molar flowrate of liquid
p
n³Y + )³ ` 6866< ))
_
GH ` bc38339 ' *6 j de ))
" + ))
I
Molar ratio of acetone in the output liquid
bp f p d ` 6866< ))
n³ + nE a )
" c ³ Ee
Diferece in molar ratios of acetone in the output gas
Sp³ + p³ f _ ' n³ ` 6866. ))
SpE + pE a _ ' nE ` bc.8<3* ' *6 /jde ))
Diferece in molar ratios of acetone in the input gas
Number of gas-phase transfer units
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Number of gas-phase transfer units
b Sp³ d
p³ f pE
´X²?, + ))))
' qr h))
i ` .:8.6*
Sp³ f SpE c SpE e
b Sp³ d
p³ f pE
´X²?1 + ))))
' qr h))
i ` .:8.6*
Sp³ f SpE c SpE e
b Sp³ d
p³ f pE
´X²?2 + ))))
' qr h))
i ` .:8.6*
Sp³ f SpE c SpE e
b Sp³ d
p³ f pE
´X²?5 + ))))
' qr h))
i ` .:8.6*
Sp³ f SpE c SpE e
Packing height
T + ´X²?, ' X²?, ` :68*;3
T + ´X²?1 ' X²?1 ` *.86T + ´X²?2 ' X²?2 ` :48*<9
T + ´X²?5 ' X²?5 ` 38.-:
3.6. Operating and equilibrium lines
The operating line will be elaborated using the following data:
Mole fraction of acetone in inlet gas mixture [yace(1)] = 0.01
Mole fraction of acetone in outlet gas mixture [yace(2)] = .8<3* ' *6 /j
Mole fraction of acetone in inlet liquid [xace(2)] = 0.
Mole fraction of acetone in outlet liquid [xace(1)] = 6866:
The operating line points
µ
¸
%MM + ¶ 686* /j ¹
· .8<3* ' *6 º
¸
»MM + µ¶ 6866:
· 6 ¹º
The equilibrium line for the absortion system
' » & .8:*< ' »
%M & _ ' » & )
%M s»t + .8:*< ' »
The operating and equilibrium line for the absortion system
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
The operating and equilibrium line for the absortion system
¼½¼Æ
¼½¼¼Å
¼½¼¼Ä
¼½¼¼Ã
¼½¼¼Â
¼½¼¼Á
¼½¼¼À
¼½¼¼¿
¼½¼¼¾
¼½¼¼Æ
¼¼
.8:*< ' »
%MM
ÀÇƼÈÉ ÄÇƼÈÉ ¼½¼¼Æ
¼½¼¼¾
¼½¼¼¾
»
»MM
¼½¼¼¾
¼½¼¼¿
¼½¼¼¿
¼½¼¼À
¼½¼¼À
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
4.0 Designig of internals
(Designing of internals is proprietary knowledge for me so I will not give you a step by step guide how
to design or select internals, instead I will give you a the theoretical fundamentals on how to do i )
Theoretical fundamentalsThe basis of any distributor design is the exact knowledge of the
discharge behaviour of liquids from ground holes and lateral rectangular slots or triangular
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
4.0 Designig of internals
(Designing of internals is proprietary knowledge for me so I will not give you a step by step guide how
to design or select internals, instead I will give you a the theoretical fundamentals on how to do it)
Theoretical fundamentalsThe basis of any distributor design is the exact knowledge of the
discharge behaviour of liquids from ground holes and lateral rectangular slots or triangular
notches. The following refers to circular ground orifices but can be applied analogously to
rectangular slots or triangular notches as well. The fundamentals of the discharge behaviour
of fluids out of circular openings stretch back to the year 1644, where Torricelli developed
Equation 1.Michael Schultes, Werner Grosshans, Steffen Müller and Michael Rink, Raschig
GmbH, Germany, present a modern liquid distributor and redistributor design.
Ï
ËÌÍ Ê ÎÎÎÎÎ
Ñ ÒÐÓ
Equation 1 describes the theoretical discharge velocity of liquids, wth, from orifices as a
function of the gravitational acceleration, g, and the liquid head above the orifice, h. If one
multiplies this theoretical velocity, wth, by the cross-sectional area of a hole, Ah, and the
number of discharge holes of a liquid distributor, n, then one achieves the theoretical total
volume rate, , which can flow out of a liquid distributor (Equation 2).
Ï
ÔÌÍ Ê ÕÍ Ð Ö Ð ÎÎÎÎÎ
Ñ ÒÐÓ
Equation 2 applies under ideal conditions, i.e. assuming that the flow through the hole imparts
no resistance to the flow of liquid. But in reality, streamlines of different velocities are formed
due to the sharp edged holes which cause deflection of the liquid jet flow (Figure 1). For
describing the flow behaviour of the liquid jet flow, one has to interpret two effects. First the
jet contraction and second the jet velocity. The orientation of the streamlines causes the jet of
liquid to contract when it leaves the ground hole. This effect can be described mathematically
by a contraction coefficient, CC. Friction losses, caused by shearing forces of the fluid,
influence the velocity of the jet of liquid when it issues through the hole and can be described
mathematically by a velocity coefficient, CV. The coefficients depend on the liquid head, the
hole geometry and the physical properties of the liquid.The product of the contraction
coefficient, CC, and the velocity coefficient, CV, results in the discharge coefficient, CD = CC ·
CV, which describes the difference between the effective volume rate, , and the theoretical
value,. Only the discharge coefficient, CD, can be derived from experimental investigations
directly.
Ï
Ô Ê ×Ø Ð ÕÍ Ð Ö Ð ÎÎÎÎÎ
Ñ ÒÐÓ
The discharge coefficient, CD, is described in the literature according to Table1 as a constant
value in function of the hole geometry only.
Actual discharge behaviour
If one describes the flow through a hole on the basis of an energy balance, equilibrium can be
set up according to Equation 4. The inflowing volume, , acts on the hole with the potential
energy (?L -?V)gh while the out flowing volume rate leaves the hole as a jet flow with the
kinetic energy (?Lw2/2). The energy of the jet leaving the hole is less than that of the
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Actual discharge behaviour
If one describes the flow through a hole on the basis of an energy balance, equilibrium can be
set up according to Equation 4. The inflowing volume, , acts on the hole with the potential
energy (?L -?V)gh while the out flowing volume rate leaves the hole as a jet flow with the
kinetic energy (?Lw2/2). The energy of the jet leaving the hole is less than that of the
inflowing liquid since the contraction and friction loss of the jet has consumed energy
characterised by in Equation 4.
ÜÝ Ï
ÙÚÜÝ Û ÜÞßà Ð Ò Ð Ó Ð Ô Ê â
Ðã ÐÔáä
Ñ
In Equation 4, ρL describes the liquid density and ρV the gas density; g describes the
gravitational acceleration, h describes the liquid head above the hole, and w describes the
current velocity of the jet. By including Equation 3 in Equation 4, Equation 5 follows for the
coefficient of discharge CD. The second term of the right side of Equation 5 describes the
energy consumption E divided by the potential energy for a certain liquid head above the hole
h and for a volume flow rate V. The energy consumption E tends to zero for low flow rates.
Consequently, the coefficient of discharge CD tends to unity for low flow rates in case the gas
density can be neglected compared to the liquid density.
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ÜÝ Û ÜÞ
ä
×Ø Ê âââ
Û ââââ
ÜÝ
ÜÝ Ð Ò Ð Ó Ð Ô
Systematic investigations have shown that the discharge coefficient, CD = CC CV is a variable
which is dependent on several influencing parameters. An expression for the energy
consumption E was evaluated that allows an accurate prediction of the coefficient of discharge
CD.Following the influencing parameters on the overall coefficient of discharge, CD, will be
discussed in detail (Figure 2). Figure 2 shows measurement points for the discharge
coefficient, CD, for water at ambient temperature as a function of the liquid head, h, for
various hole diameters, d. It also shows the constant CD = 0.62 recorded in the literature for
holes whose dimensions are larger than the depth of the hole.12 It can be clearly seen that
the discharge coefficients only approximate the value given in the literature if the liquid head
is great and hole diameters large. With decreasing liquid head, the discharge coefficient rises
significantly with the result that the discharge behaviour with small liquid head deviate more
favourable from discharge behaviour according to Table 1 than with large liquid head. This can
be explained by the fact that as the liquid head decreases, the horizontal velocity component
decreases and therefore a reduction of the contraction of the jet occurs. Figure 2 also shows
that with decreasing hole diameter, the discharge coefficient rises, i.e. the contraction is
reduced by the counteraction of the horizontal velocity components. In case of small liquid
heads, tensile forces of the jet are also transferred even into the hole cross-section, with the
result that the liquid is drawn out of the opening and, if the liquid level is calm, a vortex is
formed. This effect is more marked in the case of large hole geometries than in the case of
small hole geometries, as can be seen from the steeper curves in Figure 2 at low liquid heads.
The relationships described only apply if the influence of the surface tension is negligible. For
instance, in case of small holes and liquids with a high surface tension, a drop of liquid is
formed beneath the hole, preventing the fluid from flowing out. Further factors that are
influencing the coefficient of discharge but not discussed here are physical properties of the
fluid (density, viscosity), elevation and orientation of holes, overflow velocity and ratio of hole
diameter to deck thickness
instance, in case of small holes and liquids with a high surface tension, a drop of liquid is
formed beneath the hole, preventing the fluid from flowing out. Further factors that are
influencing the coefficient of discharge
but
not discussed
here are physical properties of the
ACETONE
ABSORPTION
COLUMN
fluid (density, viscosity), elevation and orientation of holes, overflow velocity and ratio of hole
“CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a. DESIGNED: Arberor MITA Design group“ELMAGERARD”
diameter toRequired:
deck thickness
The dimensioning of liquid distributors
In the dimensioning of liquid distributors, not only the discharge coefficient but also other
design determining criteria have to be taken into account. In that manner, first the minimum
liquid head, hmin , above a discharge hole of a liquid distributor must be determined. Here the
flow velocity of the liquid in the distributor troughs is of decisive importance since flow
gradients occur due to wall friction and lead to significant differences in height, particularly in
case of low liquid heads. If these minimum liquid heads are not attained, considerable
maldistribution of a distributor can occur, as described as follows. The minimal liquid level in a
distributor Feeding liquid into a mass transfer column generally takes place via a feed pipe
which first leads the liquid into a preliminary distribution trough called a parting box.
Afterwards, the liquid reaches the individual distributor troughs lying below and flows in the
troughs towards the column wall. Drag, due to wall friction, causes liquid head gradients to
form in the distributor troughs, which has to be taken into account, particularly with low liquid
levels. This is illustrated in Figure 3.
For liquid flow in open trough systems the difference in height, ∆h, taking place along the
trough can be calculated using Equation 6. It is a function of the wall friction factor, λ,
hydraulic diameter, dh, gravitational acceleration, g, and flow velocity. Figure 3 shows the
result of such a calculation for a trough with a width of b = 100 mm for various flow velocities
as a function of the liquid head, h.
ç ââ
ãÏ
åÓ Ê æ Ð â
èÍ Ñ Ò
Õ Ê âââ
ÓÐë
èÍ Ê é â
ê ëáÑ Ó
The following recommendations for the minimum liquid level, hmin , in distributor troughs
can be derived from the observations of Figure 3. The minimum liquid head should not fall
short of a value of 25 - 35 mm and at the same time the flow velocity in the troughs should
be limited to a maximum of 0.5 m/s. Furthermore, the liquid head should be equivalent to at
least twice the hole diameter in order to avoid vortex formation above the hole (Equation 7).
The overall height of a distributor
The overall height of a liquid distributor is first defined by the required liquid loading range.
To this height, the hydrostatic pressure occurring as the result of the pressure drop of the
gas phase as this passes the troughs of the distributor must be added. Furthermore,
The following recommendations for the minimum liquid level, hmin , in distributor troughs
can be derived from the observations
of Figure 3. The minimum liquid head should not fall
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
short of a value of 25 - 35 mm and at the same time the flow velocity in the troughs should
be limited toRequired:
a maximum
of 0.5 m/s.
theMITA
liquidDesign
head group“ELMAGERARD”
should be equivalent to at
“CONFIDENTIAL”
Sh.a. Furthermore,
DESIGNED: Arberor
least twice the hole diameter in order to avoid vortex formation above the hole (Equation 7).
The overall height of a distributor
The overall height of a liquid distributor is first defined by the required liquid loading range.
To this height, the hydrostatic pressure occurring as the result of the pressure drop of the
gas phase as this passes the troughs of the distributor must be added. Furthermore,
additional height is necessary if a foaming system is present and if a noticeable gas rate is
injected into the liquid at the liquid feed point. The latter applies particularly in the case of
high pressure systems if the degassing of the liquid is markedly restricted due to the small
differences in density between the gas and the liquid. Furthermore, wave formation has to
be taken into account in the case of flowing liquids.
Liquid loading range
By converting Equation 3, Equation 8 can be obtained which defines the necessary extra
height, ?h1, of a liquid distributor resulting from a required loading range.
ÙÙ Ô ß Ï Ù × Ð Ó ß Ï ß
îïð ó Ð íâââ
ô îñò ó Û çó Ð Ó
åÓì Ê íííââ
óà îñò
Ô
×
ÚÚ îñò à Ú ô Ð Óîïð à
Reprinted from HydrocarbonEnginEEringJanuary2009 www.hydrocarbonengineering.com
When calculating the necessary extra height, Figure 2 must be taken into account showing
that the discharge coefficient, CD, provides larger values with the lower liquid head than with
the higher liquid head. This yields greater overall heights than if a constant discharge
coefficient is assumed.
Gas phase pressure drop
The pressure drop, which the gas flow undergoes when it passes through the narrowed
distributor cross-section, can be calculated by Equation 9. ? is the drag coefficient for the
sudden narrowing and expansion of flows, Fv is the gas capacity factor in the column, AC is
the cross-sectional area of the column and AD is the free cross-sectional area of the
distributor.
Õ÷ Ï Ï
ö Ð ââ
ø
åõ Ê â
Ñ Õô Ï ù
åõ Ê ÙÚÜÝ Û ÜÞßà Ð Ò Ð åÓú Ï
This pressure drop causes a rise in hydrostatic pressure to the head of liquid in the distributor,
which can be described with the aid of Equation 10. By equating Equation 9 and Equation 10,
Equation 11 can be obtained for the description of the second portion, ?h2, for the overall
height of a distributor.
Ï
Õ÷
ç
ö Ð ââ
Ï
åÓú Ê ââââ
â
ÙÚÜÝ Û ÜÞßà Ð Ò Ñ Õô Ï øù
Foaming systemIn the case of a foaming system, the foam will be built up in particular in
those areas in which a marked gas injection into the liquid takes place. This applies
particularly to the transfer of the liquid from the feed pipe into the parting box, since
relatively large quantities of liquid are transferred per transition point. Since the description of
the foaming behaviour is very complex, it is advisable to use the foam or system factor, ?,
which is described in the literature.13 This empirical factor is known for numerous mass
transfer tasks and has to be taken into account by Equation 12, based on empirical equation,
for the calculation of the additionally necessary distributor height, ?h3.
Foaming systemIn the case of a foaming system, the foam will be built up in particular in
those areas in which a marked gas injection into the liquid takes place. This applies
particularly to the transfer of the liquid from the feed pipe into the parting box, since
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
relatively large quantities of liquid are transferred per transition point. Since the description of
the foamingRequired:
behaviour
is very complex,
it is advisable
to useDesign
the foam
or system factor, ?,
“CONFIDENTIAL”
Sh.a. DESIGNED:
Arberor MITA
group“ELMAGERARD”
which is described in the literature.13 This empirical factor is known for numerous mass
transfer tasks and has to be taken into account by Equation 12, based on empirical equation,
for the calculation of the additionally necessary distributor height, ?h3.
Ùçß
åÓû Ê ü íâ
Ú ý óà
One must notice that system factors, listed in the literature, result from long term experience
in designing tray columns and includes foaming and degassing effects in parallel. Experience
is needed for avoiding overdesigns in taking system factor and degassing into account in
parallel. The increase of liquid distributor height can, however, be markedly restricted if
design methods are taken into account to reduce foaming. For instance, immersed elongated
guide pipes at the feed pipe can be used to feed the liquid into the liquid level of the parting
box and thus reduce foaming. Alternatively, guide sheets can be used as impulse dampers
above the parting box, or a package of structured or random packings can be used within the
parting box or distributor trough in order to support separation of gas and liquid.
Degassing
As has already been described, the high impulse transfer as liquid passes from the feed pipe
into the parting box, causes gas also to be introduced with the jets of liquid into the liquid
layer. The gas then occupies a noticeable volume in the amount of liquid, which causes the
liquid level in the trough to rise. The additional extra height this requires is determined by the
gas portion introduced and by the residence time of the gas in the liquid. The degassing
behaviour is essentially defined by the buoyancy of the gas bubbles, i.e. by the difference in
density between the gas and the liquid. Particularly in high pressure applications the density
differences are small and therefore the degassing efficiency reduced. As is the case with
foaming systems, the additional height, ?h4, which must be taken into account on the basis of
the degassing behaviour can, until now, only be described on the basis of an empirical
equation (Equation 13).
Ù Ü ß
Ý ó
åÓþ Ê ü íâââ
Ù
Ú ÚÜÝ Û ÜÞßà à
The degassing of liquids can, however, be improved by design methods, similar to foaming
behaviour. Wave formationIf the liquid is led from the distributor pipe into the parting box
and then into the distributor troughs, the impulse transfer causes wave formation which is
supported by the flow of the liquid in the troughs. The overall height of a distributor must be
dimensioned so that the wave crests do not lead to a flooding of the distributor troughs or
gas risers. Since the wave formation depends on the quantity of liquid to be distributed, it is
advisable to design the additionally necessary distributor height, ?h5, according to Equation
14 as an empirical function of the liquid load.
åÓÿ Ê ü ÙÚêÝßà
Taking all the single heights into account, the necessary overall height is defined according to
Equation 15.
åÓÌ ÌïÝ Ê Óîñò á åÓì á åÓú á åÓû á åÓþ á åÓÿ
Conclusion
Modern liquid distributor designs are relevant for good mass transfer efficiencies in packed
columns. The article describes the flow behaviour of a liquid jet flow that is leaving a
distributor via bottom holes. An equation is provided to describe the coefficient of discharge
and influencing parameters are discussed. The height of a distributor trough has to take into
account the recommended minimum liquid head, specified liquid loading range, gas pressure
drop, foaming and degassing effects and wave creations. This subject is described as well.
5.0 Determination of nozzles inside diameters
Liquid feed of first distributor nozzle dimension
columns. The article describes the flow behaviour of a liquid jet flow that is leaving a
distributor via bottom holes. An equation is provided to describe the coefficient of discharge
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
and influencing parameters are discussed. The height of a distributor trough has to take into
account theRequired:
recommended
minimum
head,
specified
range, gas pressure
“CONFIDENTIAL”
Sh.a. liquid
DESIGNED:
Arberor
MITA liquid
Designloading
group“ELMAGERARD”
drop, foaming and degassing effects and wave creations. This subject is described as well.
5.0 Determination of nozzles inside diameters
Liquid feed of first distributor nozzle dimension
Øì â
ÕòØ âââ
Ü Ð Øì
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
é Ð ÕòØ
âââ
ò Ø
ò Ø
We accept
Ï
Sch 40
Liquid feed second distributor nozzle dimension and outlet nozzle
Øú â
Õò Ì âââ
Ü Ð Øú
Ï
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
é Ð Õò Ì
ò Ì âââ
We accept
ò Ì Sch 40
Gas feed inlet nozzle dimension
Ìç â
Ï
Õò ââ
ééç Ì
ò
We accept
ò
é
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎ
é Ð Õò
ç âââ
Sch 20
Gas feed outet nozzle dimension
Ìç â
Ï
ÕòÌ ââ
ééç Ì
òÌ
We accept
ò
é
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎ
é Ð ÕòÌ
ç âââ
Sch 20
6.0 Mechanical design of absortion column as per ASME S8. Di1/Di2
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
6.0 Mechanical design of absortion column as per ASME S8. Di1/Di2
Ì ç Diameter of the tower
Ò
ç Ð ââ
Ï
Ò
ô Ð ââ
Ï
Ñ ×
ô
Design pressure
Working temperature
Working pressure
×
Design temperature
Õ Û ç Û Ò
ïÝ çé ââ
Ï
Ò
ä Ñ Ð ç " Ð ââ
Ï
!
Shell material: carbon steel plate
Permissible tensile stress
Elastic modulus
# Joint efficiency
×Õ Corrosion allowance
$
çé Overall packing height
ì Ñ
Top disengaging space
ú Ñ
Bottom disengaging space
û Ñ
Middle liquid distribution space
$ $ $ Ì
% $
ñÌ Ñ
$&' á $ì á $ú á $ú Ñ Shell length
Skirt length
Ò
Ñ ââ
)
( ì Ñ
$( $(* ú çç $( ì Ñ
Ò
ì ç
+ $+ Packing weight
First packing section initial distance of applied weight
from the top
First and second packing height
Second packing section initial distance of applied weight
from the top
Top internals weight
Top internals distance of applied weight from the top
Middle span internas weight
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
ú é
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Ò
Middle span internas weight
+ ú ç
Middle internals distance of applied weight from the top
$+ û ç
+ Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Ò
Bottom span internas weight
û ç
Bottom internals distance of applied weight from the top
$+ Ò
Ë,ñ,&-ÝïØ& ç â
Ò
ì ç ââ
Ï
Ò
ú ç ââ
Ï
Ò
.&Ì ââ
)
Weight of attachment (pipes, ladders & platform)
Wind pressure up to 20m
Wind pressure beyond 20 m
Steel density
Ò
Ë,Ý çÑ
Weight of a plate
6.1 Minimum shell thickness
23
Ù 111
ß
Ì
5
4:
í
ó
6789
/& ââ Ú0
Û çà á ×Õ ééç Ñ
We accept:
/& Checking maximum pressure allowed before plastic deformation starts to occur
ê ç
Minimum elastic deformation alued from the curve
;
Ù
Ù Ñ Ð Ì ßß
Ñ !ïÝ Ð ÙÚ/& Û ×Õßà Ð íç á ç Ð ê Ð íç Û ââââ
óó
%Ì Ò
Ú
Ú
àà
&Ý âââââââââââââââ çéçç ââ
Ï
ç Ð /&
The alouble pressure is greater than the design pressure, hence the thickness is satisfactory
with respect of plastic deformation
6.2 Torispherical head design
Determine, D, assume values for Rc, Rk and tt
Ì
<= <' Ì
ç
/ ç Ì
Crown radius
Knuckle
radius
Torispherical head thickness
Compute the head Rc/ D, Rk / D, and Rc/
equations are satisfied.
ratios and determine if the following
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Compute the head Rc/ D, Rk / D, and Rc/ tt ratios and determine if the following
equations are satisfied.
>
<
<
=
>ç
ââ
Ì <
Ñ > â= > Ñ
/Ì
'
? ââ
Ì Calculate the geometric constants
@ th, A th, R th.
Ù Ð Ì Û <' ß
âââââó ç
í
ÌÍ
Ú <= Û <' à
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎ
<= Ð /Ì
AÌÍ âââ ççé
@
BCDE
<'
Since , AÌÍ F @ÌÍ calculate Rth as follows:
Ì ÌÍ ââ
Ñ
<
Determine the coefficient C1 and C2
<
'
×ì ç Ð ââ
Û Ì ×ú çÑ
é
Calculate the value of internal pressure expected to produce elastic buckling of the knuckle,Peth
×ì Ð ä Ð /Ì Ï
Ò
ç
çç ââ
ââââââ
ÌÍ
Ï
Ù <ÌÍ
ß
×ú Ð <ÌÍ Ð íââ
Û <'ó
Ú Ñ
à
Calculate the value of internal pressure that will result in a maximum stress in the knuckle
equal to the material yield strength Py.
Since the allowable stress at design temperature is governed by time-independent properties,
C3 is the material yield strength at the design temperature.
×û !ïÝ G ×û Ð /Ì
Ò
ââ
âââââââ
Ï
Ù <ÌÍ
ß
×ú Ð <ÌÍ Ð íââ
Û çó
Ú Ñ Ð <' à
Calculate the value of internal pressure expected to result in a buckling failure of the knuckle,
Pck.
Calculate variable G.
H
ÌÍ
Ñç
ââ
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
H
Since
HF
ç, P
ck
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
G
is determenined as:
Ù H Û Ñ é H Ï á çÑé Ð H ) ß
=' íââââââââââââââó Ð G
Ú ç á ççé H Û é H Ï á H ) à
Ò
çé ââ
Ï
Calculate the allowable pressure based on a buckling failure of the knuckle, Pak.
ï
'
='
Ò
é é ââ
ââ
Ï
ç
Calculate the allowable pressure based on rupture of the crown, Pac.
ï
=
Ñ Ð !ïÝ Ð #
ç
ââââ
<=
ç
âá â
/Ì
Ñ
Ò
ââ
Ï
Calculate the maximum allowable internal pressure, Pa
ÙÚ ï
ï
Ò
ï ßà é é ââ
Ï
IJK ' L '
Ò
ï é é ââ
Ï
Ò
ô ââ
Ï
ï
ô
F
The alouble pressure is greater than the design pressure, hence the thickness is satisfactory.
Weight of the torispherical head
Ï ß
Ù
Ð Ì ËÌ .&Ì Ð íçé Ð ââââ
Ð /Ìó
é
Ú
à
Ò
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
6.3 Shell thicnes at difrent heights
Let X be the distance from the top of up to which we can use 6 mm thick shell
1.Circumferential stress induced in shell plate material at a distance X from the top of shell
(due to internal pressure)
!MN !MN
ô Ð Ì Ò
ââ
ââââ
Ï
Ñ ÙÚ/& Û ×Õßà
!MN O !ïÝ Ð #
will remain same for entire length
2.Various axial stresses induced due to internal in the shell plate material at a distance X from
the top of the shell.
-Axial stress induced due to internal pressure
!PMN ô Ð Ì Ò
Ñ ââ
ââââ
Ï
é ÙÚ/& Û ×Õßà
-Axial stress induced due to dead load
Axial stress induced due to weight of the shell
Ï
Ù
Ïß
Ù
ß
á
Ñ
/
â
Ú
Ú
Ì
&à Û Ì à Ð .&Ì Ð S
é
!PQR Ê ââââââââââââ
Ê .&Ì Ð S
Ï
ß
Ù
Ï
âÚÙÚÌ á Ñ /& Û ×Õßà Û Ì à
é
!PQR
Ò
Ê .&Ì Ð S Ê Ð S Ð ââ
Ï
Axial stress induced due to weight of the packing
Ï
Ð Ì Ð ( Ð S Ð ââââ
é
!PQNQ Ê âââââââââââ
Ê Ñ
Ï
ß
Ù
Ï
âÚÙÚÌ á /& Û ×Õßà Û Ì à
é
Axial stress induced due to weight of the internals
Weight of the top internal per surface area
é +ì
Ò
Ëñòì ââââ
ç ââ
Ï
Ï
Ð Ì Weight of the middle internal per surface area
é +ú
Ò
Ëñòú ââââ
é ââ
Ï
Ï
Ð Ì S
Ò
Ð ââ
Ï
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Weight of the bottom internal per surface area
é +û
Ò
Ëñòú ââââ
çç ââ
Ï
Ï
Ð Ì Weight of liquid per meter of packing
N
ç â
ÓT
Spread of the moving liquid in the packing
U
)
V
ËÝñî, âââ
ç ââ
Ü Ð V
Weight of liquid per length of the column
Ò
ËÝñî,W Ê ËÝñî, Ð Ü Ð X Ê ç Ð ç ) Ð X Ð â
Axial stress induced due to weight of liquid
!YZ-W
ËÝñî,W
ç Ð X Ò Ê é
Ê ââââââ
Ê
ââââ
Ð Ì Ð Ù
Ú/& Û ×Õßà çÑ Ï
X
Ò
Ð ââ
Ï
Axial stress induced due to weight of attachments
!WYZ
ËÌ á Ë,ñ,&-ÝïØ& Ð X [
Ò
Ê âââââââ
Ê
[ç á çÑÑé X\
\ Ð ââ
Ï
Ð Ì Ð Ù
Ú/& Û ×Õßà
Total axial stress due to dead loads
ô Ê !YW] á !YWVW á !YZ-W á !WYZ
!Y
Ð X\\ á [[Ñ X\\ á [[é
Ò
ÙÚç Ð ç ^ ßà ââ
Ï
[
[
X\
\
á [[çÑÑé X á ç\\ á [[ç á é á çÑ\\ Ê ç á çéç X
ô Ê ç á çéç X
!Y
Axial stress induced due to wind load at a distance X from the top of the shell
!W
çé Ð Ì Ð X Ï
çé Ð X Ï
Ï
Ê âââââââ
Ê ââââââ
Ê
ç
é Ð X
Ï
Ð Ì Ð Ù
Ú/& Û ×Õßà Ð Ì Ð ÙÚ/& Û ×Õßà
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Maximum tensile stress induced in the shell plate material at a distance X from the top of the shell.
Ï
Ï
Ìîïð Ê !Y_V á !W Û !Yô Ê Ñ Û [[ç á çéç X\\ á çé Ð X Ê Ñ Û çéç X á çé Ð X
!
Maximum allowed length for kipping the same shell thickness according to tensile stress.
Ìîïð Ê !Y_V á !W Û !Yô Ê !ïÝ Ð #
Ò
!ïÝ Ð # Ù
Úçç Ð ç ) ßà ââ
Ï !Y_V á !W Û !Yô Û !ïÝ Ð # Ê çé Ð X Ï Û çéç X á Ñ Û çç Ê çé Ð X Ï Û çéç X Û Ê !
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Ï Û é ( Ð çéç á Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Ï
Ûë
á
ë
ç
éç Û é çé Ð [
[Û \
\
X Ê ââââââ
Ê ââââââââââââ
Ñ(
Ñ çé
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ç
éç á
çéç Ï Û é çé Ð [[Û \\
X ââââââââââââ Ñ
Ñ çé
The length x is almost the double off the length of our column hence the same shell
thickness can be used through the column according to tensile stress
Maximum compressive stress induced in the shell plate at a distance X from the top of the
shell.
÷
! Y Ñ ÙÚ/& Û ×Õßà
Ò
ç ââââ
ä
Ð
Ñç ââ
â
ââââ
Ï
Ï
Ù
ß
çÑ Úç Û à Ì Allowable compressive stress
Maximum compressive stress induced in the shell plate material at a distance X from the top
of the shell.
Ï
Ï
Ìîïð Ê Û!Y_V á !W á !Yô Ê ÛÑ á [[ç á çéç X\\ á çé Ð X Ê ÛÑ á çéç X á çé Ð X
!
Maximum allowed length for kipping the same shell thickness according to compressive stress.
Ìîïð Ê !Y_V á !W Û !Yô Ê !÷Y Ð #
!
Û!Y_V á !W á !Yô Û !÷Y Ð # Ê çé Ð X Ï á çç X Û Ñ Û Ñé Ê çé Ð X Ï á çéç X Û é Ê Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Ï Û é ( Ð Ûçéç á Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Ûë
á
ë
çéç Ï Û é çé Ð é X Ê ââââââ
Ê âââââââââââ
Ñ(
Ñ çé
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Ï
Ûç
éç á
ç
éç Û é çé Ð Ûé X ââââââââââââ çÑé
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Ñ çé
The length x is less than the length of our column hence we have to use a different thickness
in the half bottom of the column, for this reason we are going to use shell thickness of 8mm in
the half bottom of it and redo the calculation again only for this section of the column.
/& 2.Various axial stresses induced due to internal in the shell plate material at a distance X from
the middle of the shell.
-Axial stress induced due to internal pressure
!Y_V ô Ð Ì Ò
ç
ââ
ââââ
Ï
é ÙÚ/& Û ×Õßà
Weight of the top half of the column
Ï
%Ì Ù
ÙÚÌ á Ñ /&ßà Û Ì Ï ßà Ð ââ
ËÌ &ÍÝÝ`aÿ â
Ð .&Ì á ËÌ ÙÚÑ ç Ð ç ) ßà Ò
Ú
é
Ñ
Ï Ð $(* ÙÚÑ Ð ç ) ßà Ò
ËVï`aÿ ( Ð â
é Ì +ú
ÙÚé Ð ç ) ßà Ò
ËÌ &`aÿ ËÌ &ÍÝÝ`aÿ á ËVï`aÿ á +ì á ââ
Ñ
Total axial stress due to weight of half of the column
ËÌ &`aÿ
Ò
çé ââ
ÿ âââââââââââ
Ï
Ï
Ù
ÙÚÌ á /& Û ×Õßà Û Ì Ï ßà
â
Ú
é
!WZ`a -Axial stress induced due to dead load
Axial stress induced due to weight of the shell
Ï
Ù
ÙÚÌ á Ñ /&ßà Û Ì Ï ßà Ð .&Ì Ð X
â
Ú
é
!YW] Ê ââââââââââââ
Ê .&Ì Ð X
Ï
ß
Ù
Ï
Ù
ß
âÚÚÌ á Ñ /& Û ×Õà Û Ì à
é
!YW]
Ò
Ê .&Ì Ð X Ê Ð X Ð ââ
Ï
Axial stress induced due to weight of the packing
Ð Ì Ï
Ð ( Ð X Ð ââââ
Ò
é
!YWVW Ê âââââââââââ
Ê
é
ç Ñ X Ð ââ
Ï
Ï
ß
Ù
Ï
Ù
ß
á
/
Û
×Õ
Û
â
ÚÚ Ì
à
à
Ì
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
á / ×Õà
é ÚÚ Ì &
Ì
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
à
Axial stress induced due to weight of the internals
Weight of the top internal per surface area
Ñ +ú
Ò
Ëñòú ââââ
ç ââ
Ï
Ï
Ð Ì Weight of the bottom internal per surface area
é +û
Ò
Ëñòú ââââ
çç ââ
Ï
Ï
Ð Ì Weight of liquid per meter of packing
V
ç â
ÓT
Speed of the moving liquid in the packing
U
)
V
ËÝñî, âââ
ç ââ
Ü Ð V
Weight of liquid per length of the column
Ò
ËÝñî,W Ê ËÝñî, Ð Ü Ð X Ê ç Ð ç ) Ð X Ð â
Axial stress induced due to weight of liquid
!YZ-W
ËÝñî,W
ç Ð X Ò Ê
Ê ââââââ
Ê
ââââ
Ð Ì Ð Ù
Ú/& Û ×Õßà Ñ Ï
Ò
ç X Ð ââ
Ï
Axial stress induced due to weight of attachments
!WYZ
ËÌ á Ë,ñ,&-ÝïØ& Ð X [
Ê âââââââ
Ê [éÑ á Ð Ì Ð Ù
Ú/& Û ×Õßà
X\
\
Ò
Ð ââ
Ï
Total axial stress due to dead loads
ô Ê !YW] á !YWVW á !YZ-W á !WYZ
!Y
[
[
Ð X\\ á [[éç Ñ X\\ á [[
ç X\\ á [[
X
á éÑ\\ á [[ çé á ç á çç\\ Ê á çÑ
ô Ê á çÑ
!Y
X
X
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
ô
!Y
á
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Axial stress induced due to wind load at a distance X from the top of the shell
!W
çé Ð Ì Ð X Ï
çé Ð X Ï
Ê âââââââ
Ê ââââââ
Ê ç Ð X Ï
Ï
Ù
ß
Ð
Ð
/
Û
×Õ
Ù
ß
Ð Ì Ð Ú/& Û ×Õà
à
Ì Ú &
Maximum tensile stress induced in the shell plate material at a distance X from the top of the
shell.
Ìîïð Ê !Y_V á !W Û !Yô Ê ç Û [[ á çÑ
!
X\
\
á ç Ð X Ï Ê ç Û çÑ
X
á ç Ð X Ï
Maximum allowed length for kipping the same shell thickness according to tensile stress.
Ìîïð Ê !Y_V á !W Û !Yô Ê !ïÝ Ð #
!
Ò
ïÝ Ð # ÙÚçç Ð ç ) ßà ââ
Ï
Ï
ç Ð X Û çÑ
á !W Û !Yô Û !ïÝ Ð # Ê Ï
X á ç Û çç Ê çé Ð X Û çç X Û ç
Ê
!
!Y_V
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Ï Û é ( Ð çÑ á Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Ûë
á
ë
çÑ Ï Û é ç Ð [[Ûç \\
X Ê ââââââ
Ê ââââââââââââ
Ñ(
Ñ ç
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ç
Ñ á
çÑ Ï Û é ç Ð [[Ûç \\
X ââââââââââââ éçç
Ñ ç
The length x is larger than the double off the length of our column hence the same shell
thickness can be used through the column according to tensile stress
Maximum compressive stress induced in the shell plate at a distance X from the top of the
shell.
÷
! Y Ñ ÙÚ/& Û ×Õßà
Ò
ç ââââ
ä
Ð
é
ç ââ
â
ââââ
Ï
Ï
çÑ ÙÚç Û ßà Ì Allowable compressive stress
Maximum compressive stress induced in the shell plate material at a distance X from the top
of the shell.
Ìîïð Ê Û!Y_V á !W á !Yô Ê Ûç á [[ á çÑ
!
X\
\
á ç Ð X Ï Ê Ûç á çÑ
X
á ç Ð X Ï
Maximum allowed length for keeping the same shell thickness according to compressive stress.
Ìîïð Ê !Y_V á !W Û !Yô Ê !÷Y Ð #
!
Û!Y_V á !W á !Yô Û !÷Y Ð # Ê Ï
Ï
ç Ð X á çÑ X Û ç Û éç Ê ç Ð X á çÑ
X
Û Ê ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
á
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
á
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Ï Û é ( Ð ÛçÑ á Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Ûë
á
ë
çÑ Ï Û é ç Ð Û
X Ê ââââââ
Ê ââââââââââââ
Ñ(
Ñ ç
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Ûç
Ñ á
çÑ Ï Û é ç Ð Û
X ââââââââââââ ÑççÑ
Ñ ç
ç + ÑçÑç Weight of tower
Ï
Ù
ÙÚÌ á Ñ /&ßà Û Ì Ï ßà Ð %Ì Ð .&Ì á Ñ Ð ËÌ ÙÚ
ËÌ &ÍÝÝ â
Ú
é
Ñ Ð ç ) ßà Ò
7.0 Design of support
Skirt support
ñÌ ç
&' ñÌ
/&' Skirt diameter
Skirt thickness
Minimum weight of the vessel with attachments
Weight of tower
ËÌ îñò Ê ËÌ &ÍÝÝ á Ë,ïb'ñòÞ á ËñòÌ á ËïÌb
/& Ï
%Ì Ù
ÙÚÌ á Ñ /&ßà Û Ì Ï ßà Ð ââ
ËÌ &ÍÝÝÌ ,`aÿ â
Ð .&Ì á ËÌ ÙÚÑ Ð ç ) ßà Ò
Ú
é
Ñ
/& Ï
%Ì Ù
ÙÚÌ á Ñ /&ßà Û Ì Ï ßà Ð ââ
ËÌ &ÍÝÝ Ì`aÿ â
Ð .&Ì á ËÌ
Ú
é
Ñ
ËÌ &ÍÝÝ ËÌ &ÍÝÝÌ ,`aÿ á ËÌ &ÍÝÝ Ì`aÿ
Weight of packing
ÙÚÑ ç Ð ç ) ßà Ò
ÙÚé Ð ç ) ßà Ò
Ð Ì Ï
Ë,ïb'ñòÞ Ñ Ð $(* Ð ââââ
Ð ( ÙÚ é Ð ç ) ßà Ò
é
Weight of internals
Weight of attachments
ËñòÌ +ì á +ú á +û
Ò
ËïÌb Ë,ñ,&-ÝïØ& Ð %Ì ÙÚ Ð ç ) ßà Ò
Minimum weight of the vessel with attachments
ËÌ îñò ËÌ &ÍÝÝ á Ë,ïb'ñòÞ á ËñòÌ á ËïÌb ÙÚçéé Ð ç ^ ßà Ò
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
ËÌ îñò ËÌ &ÍÝÝ á Ë,ïb'ñòÞ á ËñòÌ á ËïÌb Ú
à Ò
Maximum weight of the vessel
Weight of water during testing
Ò
ÜïÌ ç ââ
)
Ð Ì Ï
ËÝñc ÜïÌ Ð ââââ
Ð %Ì ÙÚÑ Ð ç ^ ßà Ò
é
ËÌ îïð ËÌ &ÍÝÝ á ËïÌb á ËÝñc ÙÚéÑ Ð ç ^ ßà Ò
Applied axial force
øY ÛËÌ îïð Ð Ò Û é Ð ç d
Applied net section bending moment
Wind loads acting over the vessel
ì ç
e ú
e øì eì Ð eú Ð ì Ð ÙÚÌ á Ñ /&ßà çç
Ò
â
Ò
øú eì Ð eú Ð ú Ð ÙÚÌ á Ñ /&ßà çç â
Applied wing bending moment
%Ì ÙÚÑ Ð ç ^ ßà Ò Ð ì øì Ð %Ì Ð ââ
Ñ
f Ù
$&'ñÌ ß
ø
Ð
$
Ð
%
á
ââ
í
ó ÙÚéç Ð ç ) ßà Ò Ð ú ú &'ñÌ Ú Ì Ñ à
f Pressure loads
^
ì á fú ÙÚçÑ Ð ç ßà Ò Ð f f
ñÌ
&' Determine applicability of the rules of VIII-2, based on satisfaction of the following
requirements.
The section of interest is at least 2.5 Rt away from any major structural discontinuity.
&'ñÌ
ñ Ì ââ
Ñ
g&' Ñ Ð Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
g&'ñÌ Ð /&'ñÌ ç h Shear force is not applicable.
The shell R / t ratio is greater than 3.0:
g
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
g&'ñÌ
Ê
ââ
/&'ñÌ
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
i
Calculate the membrane stress for the skirt, with a weld joint efficiency of E =0.85.
Note that the maximum bending stress occurs at j Ê è0Ò .
j
è 0Ò
ñÌ
!k
ñ Ì á Ñ Ð /&'ñÌ
&'ñÌ
Ò
Ò
Ð
ââ
ââ
î âââââââ
Ï
Ï
Ù &'ñÌ á Ñ Ð /&'ñÌ ß # Ð lm íâââââ
ó
&'ñÌ
Ú
à
&' &' !&
Ð Ð Ò
é Ð ËÌ îïð
Ñ Ð f Ð &'ñÌ Ð nop [
[j\
\ß
Ò
ç Ùâââââââ
á
á
é
ââ
âââââââ
ââââââââ
í Ù &'ñÌ Ï&'ñÌ
ó
îì â
^
^
Ï
Ï
Ï
Ï
# íÐ Ú Ú &'ñÌ Û &'ñÌ ßà Ð ÙÚ &'ñÌ Û &'ñÌ ßà Ð ÙÚ &'ñÌ Û &'ñÌ ßà óà
!&
Ð Ð Ò
é Ð ËÌ îïð
Ñ Ð f Ð &'ñÌ Ð nop [
[j\
\ß
Ò
ç Ùâââââââ
á
Û
ÛÑÑÑ
ç ââ
âââââââ
ââââââââ
í Ù &'ñÌ Ï&'ñÌ
ó
îú â
^
^
Ï
Ï
Ï
Ï
# íÐ Ú Ú &'ñÌ Û &'ñÌ ßà Ð ÙÚ &'ñÌ Û &'ñÌ ßà Ð ÙÚ &'ñÌ Û &'ñÌ ßà óà
Ì
Ò
ç Ð fÌ Ð &'ñÌ Ð nop [[j\\ Ð % Ð ââ
Ï
Ò
q ââââââââââ ââ
^
^
Ï
ÐÙ
Ú &'ñÌ Û &'ñÌ ßà
f Calculate the principal stresses.
ì
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Ù
Ï
ß
Ò
íÚ!kî á !&îì á ÙÚ!kî Û !&îìßà á é Ð q Ï óà é ââ
Ï
ú
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Ù
Ï
ß
íÚ!kî á !&îì Û ÙÚ!kî Û !&îìßà á é Ð q Ï óà
û
Ò
Ò
Ð &'ñÌ Ð ââ
Ï ââ
Ï
! ! ! Ò
ââ
Ï
Check the allowable stress acceptance criteria.
!r ÙÙ! Û ! ß Ï á Ù! Û ! ß Ï á Ù! Û ! ß Ï ß é Ò
ç Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ââ
ââ
Ï ÎÎ ÚÚ ì úà Ú ú ûà Ú û ìà à
Ï
Ñ
!r s !ïÝ Note that VIII-2 uses an acceptance criteria based on von Mises Stress. VIII-1 typical uses the
maximum principal stress in the acceptance criteria. Therefore:
Ò
ÙÚ ì ú ûßà é ââ
Ï
tuv ! w ! w !
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
ÙÚ ì ú ûßà s !ïÝ tuv ! w ! w !
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Ò
ïÝ ÙÚçé Ð ç ) ßà ââ
Ï
!
For cylindrical and conical shells, if the axial membrane stress,
!&
îì
is compressive, then
VIII-2, Equation (4.3.45) shall be satisfied where Fxa is evaluated using paragraph 4.4.12.2
with æ ç .
!&
îì x øðï
For !&îú that is compressive, a buckling check is required.
VIII-2, paragraph 4.4.12.2.b – Axial Compressive Stress Acting Alone.
In accordance with VIII-2, paragraph 4.4.12.2.b, the value of øðï is calculated as follows, with
æ ç
.
The design factor FS used in VIII-2, paragraph 4.4.12.2.b is dependent on the predicted
buckling stress øñb and the material’s yield strength, !ïÝ as shown in VIII-2, paragraph 4.4.2.
An initial calculation is required to determine the value of øðï by setting FS =1.0 , with
øñb = øðï . The initial value of øñb is then compared to !ïÝ as shown in paragraph 4.4.2 and
the value of FS is determined. This computed value of FS is then used in paragraph
4.4.12.2.b. For æ ç
øðï Ê tym ÙÚøðïì w øðïúßà
&'ñÌ
ñ Ì âââ
Ñ
g &' Since
ø
ç
x
&'ñÌ
x âââ
/&'ñÌ
ç
&'ñÌ
çé
âââ
/&'ñÌ
Ñ $&'ñÌ
fð âââââ ç
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
g &'ñÌ Ð /&'ñÌ
, calculate xa1 F as follows with an initial value of FS=1.
é !ïÝ Ò
ÙÚçç Ð ç ) ßà ââ
øðïì ââââââ
Ï
Ù
&'ñÌ ß
ø Ð íç á âââ
ó
/&'ñÌ à
Ú
øðïú is calculated as follows with an initial value of FS =1.
×ð Ð ä Ð /&'ñÌ
øðïú Ê ââââ
ø Ð &'ñÌ
&'ñÌ
Since âââ
x çÑé , calculate C x as follows:
/&'ñÌ
Since fð i ç , calculate c. as follows:
é Ð z
z ç
×ð âââââ
The value of
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
×ð
Therefore:
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
ñÌ
á âââ
/&'ñÌ
&' ×ð Ð ä Ð /&'ñÌ Ù
Ò
øðïú ââââ
Úé Ð ç ) ßà ââ
Ï
ø Ð &'ñÌ
Ò
øðï tym ÙÚøðïì w øðïúßà ÙÚçç Ð ç ) ßà ââ
Ï
With a value of øñb Ê øðï , in accordance with VIII-2, paragraph 4.4.2, the value of FS is
determined as follows.
Ò
øñb ççÑ ââ
Ï
Ð !ïÝ Ò
ââ
Ï
ïÝ s øñb
!
Ù øñ b ß
ø Ñé Û éç Ð íââ
ó Ñéç
Ú !ïÝ à
Using this computed value of FS =2.401 in paragraph 4.4.12.2.b,
øðï is calculated as follows.
é Ð !ïÝ Ò
øðïì ââââââ
é
é é ââ
Ï
Ù
&'ñÌ ß
ø Ð íç á âââ
ó
/&'ñÌ à
Ú
×ð Ð ä Ð /&'ñÌ Ù
Ò
øðïú ââââ
ÚéÑ Ð ç ) ßà ââ
Ï
ø Ð &'ñÌ
øðï tym ÙÚøðïì w øðïúßà
Ò
éé é ââ
Ï
Compare the calculated axial compressive membrane stress,
compressive membrane stress, øðï per following criteria:
!&
!&
îì
to the allowable axial
îì x øðï
Therefore, local buckling due to axial compressive membrane stress is not a concern.
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
7.0' Design of support (conventional method)
Periods of vibration at minimum weight
ç
îñò ââââââââââââ
Ù %Ì ß |}d Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ËÌ îñò Ð Ò
{d
Ð ç Ð íââó Ð
ââââ
/& Ð Ò
Ú Ì à
îñò x Hence
e, Ñ
ç
Periods of vibration at maximum weight
ç
îñò ââââââââââââ
Ù %Ì ß |}d Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ËÌ îïð Ð Ò
{d
Ð ç Ð íââó Ð
ââââ
/& Ð Ò
Ú Ì à
îñò x Minimum skirt thickness
stress due to wind load
Hence
e, é
ç
Coefficient of wind influence for cylindrical surface
For minimum weight condition
For maximum weight condition
Minimum wind moment
îñò Ð e, Ð ì Ð Ì Ð %Ì ÙÚÑ Ð ç ) ßà Ò
îïð Ð e, Ð ì Ð ÙÚÌ á Ñ Ð ç ßà Ð %Ì ÙÚÑ Ð ç ) ßà Ò
f
Maximum wind moment
f
Ù %Ì ß
á $&'ñÌó
îñò îñò Ð íÚââ
Ñ
à
Ù %Ì ß
á $&'ñÌó
îïð îïð Ð íÚââ
Ñ
à
ÙÚÑ Ð ç ^ ßà Ò Ð ÙÚéç Ð ç ^ ßà Ò Ð Determination of skirt thickness
Minimum and maximum stress on the skirt
Minimum and maximum wind load stress on the skirt
Assuming a small skirt thickness Din=Dout we can write:
Minimum wind load stress
!W
Maximum wind load stress
!W
é Ð f îñò
Ò
ÑÑÑ ââ
Ê ââ
îñò Ê âââââ
Ï
/&'ñÌ Ð Ì Ð /&'ñÌ
é Ð f îïð
Ò
Ñ ç ââ
Ê
ââ
îïð Ê âââââ
Ï
/&'ñÌ Ð Ì Ð /&'ñÌ
Minimum and maximum dead load stress on the skirt
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Minimum and maximum dead load stress on the skirt
Minimum dead load stress
ËÌ îñò
Ñ Ò
Ê ââ
ââ
ô îñò Ê âââââ
Ð Ì Ð /&'ñÌ
/&'ñÌ ËÌ îïð
ç Ò
!ô îïð Ê âââââ
Ê âââ
ââ
Ð Ì Ð /&'ñÌ
/&'ñÌ
!
Maximum dead load stress
Minimum and maximum tensile stress without any eccentric load
Maximum tensile stress
Ò
Ñç ââ
îïð Ê !W îñò Û !ô îñò Ê ââ
/&'ñÌ !Z]
Minimum tensile stress
Ò
Ñé ââ
îñò Ê !W îïð Û !ô îïð Ê ââ
/&'ñÌ !Z]
Determination of skirt thickness according to minimum and maximum tensile stress
Taking into account the joint efficiency of 0.7 we can derive:
# ïÝ
!Z]
Ò
ïÝ Ð # ÙÚçç Ð ç ) ßà ââ
Ï
!
Also we can write
!Z]îïð
Ò
Ñé ââ
Ê ââ
ïÝ Ê âââ
/&'ñÌ
/&'ñÌ !Z]
!Z]îïð
Ñé Ê Ñ Ê ââ
ñ Ì Ê âââ
!Z]ïÝ
çç
/&' Minimum and maximum stress due to compressive loads
Minimum compressive stress
Ò
ÑÑ ââ
÷ îñò Ê !W îñò á !ô îñò Ê ââ
/&'ñÌ ! ]
Maximum compressive stress !÷]îïð Ê !W
Ò
Ñ ââ
îïð á !ô îïð Ê ââ
/&'ñÌ Determination of skirt thickness according to minimum and maximum compressive stress
We can write:
çÑ Ð ä Ð /&'ñÌ
Ò
ÑÑ ââ
Ê ââ
÷ Ê âââââ
Ì /&'ñÌ Ï Ì Ð ÑÑ Ò
/&'ñÌ Ê ââââ ââ
çÑ Ð ä
Î
! ]
From this we can derive
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Ì Ð ÑÑ Ò
ââç ñ Ìîñò ââââ
Ñ Ð ä
/&' Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Ì Ð Ñ
Ò
ââââ
ââ
ñ Ìîïð
Ñ Ð ä
We accept skirt thickness: /&'ñÌ ç Taking into consideration corrosion and other
/&' construction factors
Design of skirt bearing plates
Maximum compressive stress between bearing plate and foundation
ñÌ
Ì
&' Ñ
á Ñ /&'ñÌ ÙÚçÑ Ð ç ) ßà Distance between outer radius of bearing plate and inner radius of bearing plate
÷
! ]~V
Were:
ËÌ îïð f îïð
Ê ââââ
á âââ
Õ

Ï
Ð ÙÚÙÚ&'ñÌ á Ñ ßà Û &'ñÌ Ï ßà Ù
Õ âââââââââ Ú Ð ç ) ßà Ï
é
Ù á Ñ ß ^ Û ^ ß
ÚÙ
Ú &'ñÌ
à
&'ñÌ à
 â ââââââââ Ù
ÚÑ Ð ç d ßà )
Ñ
&'ñÌ á Ñ From this we can derive:
÷
! ]~V Ò
Ð ââ
Ï
÷
! ]~V x ËÌ îïð f îïð
Ò
á âââ çééç ââ
ââââ
Ï
Õ

Which is concrete compression stress allowed
)
ñ Ì á Ñ ÙÚçÑ Ð ç ßà , &' Bearing plate outer diameter
Bearing plate thickness
ïÝ ç
!
We accept:
Ò
Ð ââ
Ï
é
Allowable compressive stress for bearing plate
Ï
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
!÷]~V Ð /, ââââ Ñ !ïÝ /, As bearing thickness plate is less/equal than 20 mm gaskets are no required.
Minimum compressive stress in bearing plate
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL”
Sh.a. DESIGNED:
MITA Design
group“ELMAGERARD”
As bearing thickness
plate is less/equal
than 20 Arberor
mm gaskets
are no
required.
Minimum compressive stress in bearing plate
÷
ËÌ îñò f îïð
Ò
á âââ çç ââ
îñò ââââ
Ï
Õ

! ]~V
Anchorage factor of overturn
# ç
ËÌ îñò Ð éÑ Ð ,
Ñ
âââââââ
f îñò
This means that akore bolts are required
# s Calculation of anchor bolts
Anchor bolts sum of actual force
÷
! ]~ ï !÷]~Vîñò Ð Õ ÙÚççé Ð ç d ßà Ò
Ò
é ââ
Ï
Hot rolled plain carbon steel allowable stress
The sum area of bolts
ï ÙÚÑçç Ð ç ^ ßà Ï
Õ& ââ
!÷]~
Determine bolt diameter
Maximum allowable number of bolts is 20, from this we can derive the surface of a bolt
Ö Ñ
Õ& Ù
Õ ââ
Úç Ð ç ) ßà Ï
Ö
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎ
é Õ
ââ
We accept M36 for anchor bolt
Thickness of bearing plate inside the bolting chair
øç
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ï Ð ø
Ð âââ
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Ð fîïð
/b Ê ââââ
Ê ââââ
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Ï
ÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Ð !ïÝ Ð !ïÝ We accept:
Spacing between stiffeners
Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ï Ð ø Ð Ð ââââ
/b ââââââ ÑÑ Ï ÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Ð !ïÝ /b ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
8.0 Design of flanged joints
General data
ô
Ò
Ð ââ
Ï
ô
×
Design pressure
Design temperature
Õ Û ç Û Shell material: carbon steel plate
Ò
ïÝ &Ý çé ââ
Ï
Ò
ä Ñ Ð ç " Ð ââ
Ï
!
Permissible tensile stress
Elastic modulus
Joint efficiency
# Flange data
Õ Û ç Û Ñ
Ò
ïÝ Ýï çé ââ
Ï
Ò
ä Ñ Ð ç " Ð ââ
Ï
!
Shell material: carbon steel plate
Permissible tensile stress
Elastic modulus
Bolt data
Õ Û ç € Û Ñ
Ò
!ïÝ ÝÌ ç ââ
Ï
Ò
ä Ñ Ð ç " Ð ââ
Ï
Ñ
Permissible tensile stress
Elastic modulus
Diameter of the bolt
Number of bolts
Õ ç
Shell material: carbon steel plate
Ï
Root Area Of the bolt
Gasket data
ü‚(/0/(‚ƒ(0/0è
Shell material: iron/soft steel
Gasket factor
„ Ò
Ð ââ
Ï
Þñ çÑ Seating stress
Inside diameter
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
Þñ
Þ
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Inside diameter
ç
Outside diameter
Design rules for bolted flange connections with ring type gaskets are provided in VIII-1
Mandatory Appendix 2. The rules in this paragraph are the same as those provided in VIII-2.
The design procedures in VIII-2, paragraph 4.16 are used in this example problem with
substitute references made to VIII-1 Mandatory Appendix 2 paragraphs.
Evaluate the girth flange in accordance with VIII-2, paragraph 4.16.
VIII-2, paragraph 4.16.6, Design Bolt Loads. The procedure to determine the bolt loads for
the operating and gasket seating conditions is shown below.
Determine the design pressure and temperature of the flanged joint.
ô
Ò
Ð ââ
Ï
Design preasure
ô Ñ ×
Design temperature
Select a gasket and determine the gasket factors m and y from Table 4.16.1 (VIII-1,Table
2-5.1).
Gasket factor
„ Ò
Ð ââ
Ï
Seating stress
Determine the width of the gasket, N , basic gasket seating width, bo , the effective
gasket seating width, b , and the location of the gasket reaction, G
Þ Û Þñ
ç
âââ
Ñ
From Table 4.16.3 (VIII-1, Table 2-5.2), Facing Sketch Detail 2, Column II,
ã raised nubbin width
ã á Ð
ë` âââ
For
ë` s ë ë`
Therefore, the location of the gasket reaction is calculated as follows (VIII-1, paragraph 2-3).
G mean diameter of the gasket contact face
Þ á Þñ
ÙÚç Ð ç ) ßà âââ
Ñ
Determine the design bolt load for the operating condition, (VIII-1, paragraph 2-5).
Ë` â
Ð Ï Ð ô á Ð Ð ô Ð ë Ð ÙÚééÑ Ð ç ^ ßà Ò
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
Ë`
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
é
ôá
ô ë
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Ú
à Ò
Determine the design bolt load for the gasket seating condition (VIII-1, paragraph 2-5).
Ù Õî á Õ ß
ËÞ Ê íâââ
ó
Ú Ñ à Þ
Were:
Õ Õ Ð
Ï
ß
ÙÙ
é f ß
íí Ë` á øY á ââ
ó Ù Ë ßó
Þ& óó
ó w íâââ
Õî Ê tuv ííííââââââ
ó
ÚÚ !ïÝ ÝÌ à Ú !ïÝ ÝÌ àóà
Axial load aplued in flange joint
Ï
Ù ÙÙ
ß
øY ËÌ îïð Û íâ
Ì á Ñ /&ß
Û Ì Ï ßà Ð $û Ð .&Ì á ËÌó ÙÚ Ð ç ^ ßà Ò
Ú
Ú
à
Úé
à
Bending moment aplued in flange joint
Ù
%Ì Û $û ß
$û
ÙÚçç Ð ç ^ ßà Ò Ð ó Û øì Ð $û Ð ââ
ì øì Ð íÚÙÚ%Ì Û $ûßà Ð ââââ
Ñ
Ñ
à
f Ù
ÙÚ%Ì Û $û Û $&'ñÌßà ß Ù
ó Ú Ð ç ) ßà Ò Ð ú øú Ð $&'ñÌ Ð íÚ%Ì Û $û á âââââââ
Ñ
à
f ^
ì á fú ÙÚÑ Ð ç ßà Ò Ð f f
Maximum load aplued in flange joint
ËÞ& Ð ë Ð Ð „ ÙÚçé Ð ç d ßà Ò
From this we can derive
ÙÙ
ß
é f ß
íí Ë` á øY á ââ
ó Ù Ë ßó
Þ& óó
ó w íâââ
Õî tuv ííííââââââ
ÚÚ !ïÝ ÝÌ óà Ú !ïÝ ÝÌ àóà
ÑéÑ Ï
Bolt load for the operating condition
Ù Õî á Õ ß
ËÞ íâââ
ó !ïÝ ÝÌ ÙÚ
Ð ç d ßà Ò
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
ËÞ í
Ú
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Ñ
ó !ïÝ ÝÌ Ú
à
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
à Ò
Flange Design Procedure. The procedure in this paragraph can be used to design circular
integral, loose or reverse flanges, subject to internal or external pressure, and external
loadings. The procedure incorporates both a strength check and a rigidity check for flange
rotation.
Determine the design pressure and temperature of the flanged joint and the external
net-section axial force, Fa , and bending moment, Me.
ô
Ò
Ð ââ
Ï
ô
×
Design pressure
Design temperature
øY ÙÚ Ð ç ^ ßà Ò
f
Axial force
ÙÚÑ Ð ç ^ ßà Ò Ð Bending moment
Determine the design bolt loads for operating condition Ë` , and the gasket seating condition
ËÞ , and the corresponding actual bolt load area Õ , (VIII-1, paragraph 2-5).
Ë` ÙÚééÑ Ð ç ^ ßà Ò
ËÞ ÙÚ
Õ
Ð ç d ßà Ò
Ï
Determine an initial flange geometry (see Figure E4.16.1) in addition to the information
required to determine the bolt load, the following geometric parameters are required, (VIII-1,
paragraph 2-3).
çç
€ ×ç
á Ñ çÑÑ Flange bore
Bolt circle diameter
Õ ç Flange outside diameter
/ Flange thicness
Òì Ð [[ç
Ò` ç Û ×Õ
Û çç \\ Û ×Õ çé Thickness of the hub at the large end
Thickness of the hub at the small end
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
Ò`
Ó
×
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Thickness of the hub at the small end
Hub length
Determine the flange stress factors using the equations in Tables 4.16.4 and 4.16.5 (VIII-1,
Table 2-7.1 and Fig. 2-7.1 – Fig. 2-7.6).
e
Õ çÑç
â
€
Ï
ç Ù
e Ð lo‡ [
[ e\
\ß
† ââ íé á çç Ð ââââ
ó
eÛç Ú
eÛç
à
Ï [ç á Ñé Ð lo‡ [[e\\\\ Û ç
e Ð[
ââââââââââ
ÙÚçéÑ á çéé Ð e Ï ßà Ð [[e Û ç\\ ç
Ï [ç á Ñ Ñé Ð lo‡ [[e\\\\ Û ç
e Ð[
ê ââââââââââ
ç
çç Ð ÙÚe Ï Û çßà Ð [[e Û ç\\

VIII-1, Fig. 2-7.2:
Ï
e áç
âââ
Ï
e Ûç
Ó` Ï ÎÎÎÎ
€ Ð Ò` ç Òì
XÞ â Ñ
Ò`
Ó
Í â
Ó`
X Ñ
ø* Û ÑçÑ lm ÙÚXÞßà á Ñ Ð ç {) Ð lm ÙÚXÍßà á çÑ
)
Ï
Ð ÙÚlm ÙÚXÞßàßà á ø** ÛçééÑ Ð lm ÙÚXÞßà Ð lm ÙÚXÍßà Û ççÑ Ð ÙÚlm ÙÚXÞßàßà á çÑ Ð ÙÚlm ÙÚXÍßàßà
"
Ï
ø*** Û lm ÙÚXÞßà Ð ÙÚlm ÙÚXÍßàßà á Ñç Ð ÙÚlm ÙÚXÞßàßà Ð lm ÙÚXÍßà
ø ø* á ø** á ø***
çé
Ð ÙÚlm ÙÚXÍßàßà
)
Í Ñ
ç éçç
ç
ÑÑ
Ñééç
ççÑ
Ô* çéé Û âââ
Û ââââ
á âââ
á ââââ
á âââ
á âââ
)
Ï
Ï
XÞ
XÍ
XÞ Ð XÍ
XÞ
XÍ
XÞ
ÑÑ
ÑÑ
Ñç
Ô** Ûââââ
Û ââââ
Û âââ
)
Ï
Ï
XÍ
XÞ Ð XÍ
XÞ Ð XÍ
For
x X x
Ï
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
Þ
Þ
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Ô Ô* á Ô**
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Ñçç
Ù Ñ Û Ð XÞ á éç Ð XÞ Ï á Ñ Ð XÍ á éé Ð XÍ Ï Û éç Ð XÍ ) ß
í
ó
ü tuv ç w ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ
íÚ
óà
ç Û Ð ç {) Ð XÞ á çÑé Ð XÍ á éÑ Ð XÍ Ï á ç Ñ Ð XÍ )
ü ç
VIII-1, paragraph 2-3:
Ù Ò` ß Ï
ê Ð íâó Ð Ó`
Ú +Ö à
è âââââ
çÑ
Ô
0
Ö
+
ø Ñç
ââ
Ó`
â
+Ö
Ù / ß)
Ð
0
á
ç
â
íÚâ
ó
+Ö
+Ö à
% âââ âââ
ÑÑÑ
è
â
+Ö
/
Determine the flange forces, (VIII-1, paragraph 2-3).
Ð Ï Ð ô Ù
^
$ô ââââÚéçç Ð ç ß
à Ò
é
Ï Ð
Ð
ô Úéç Ð ç ^ ßà Ò
$ ââââÙ
é
€
$Z $
$ Û $ô
ç
Ò
Ë` Û $ô ÙÚé Ð ç ) ßà Ò
Determine the flange moment for the operating condition using Equation (4.16.14) or
Equation (4.16.15), as applicable (VIII-1, paragraph 2-6). In these equations, Óô , ÓZ , Ó , are
determined from Table 4.16.6 (VIII-1, Table 2-6). For VIII-2 designs – For integral and loose
type flanges, the moment, Moe is calculated using Equation (4.16.16) where I and Ip, in this
equation are determined from Table 4.16.7.
f Ù
ß Ù Óô ß
ˆ
Ê é Ð f Ð íââââ
ó Ð íâââó á øY Ð Óô
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
í é Ð ˆ á ˆ ó í × Û Ñ Ð Ó ó á
Ú
à Ú
ôà
,
Y
Óô
From Table 4.16.6 (VIII-1, Table 2-6),
× Û € Û Òì
Óô ââââ
Ñ Ñ
×Û
Ó ââ
Ñ
Ñ
Ù ×ۀ
ß
ÓZ íââ
á Óó
Ú Ñ
à
é % Ð Ò` Ï Ð Ó` Ð € Ù
ˆ âââââââÚ
Ô
Չ [[Õ Û €\\
ïÞ Ð ÙÚÒ` á Òìßà ç
Ð ç {"ßà ^
ÕY Ó á /&
€~ ïÞ
×÷ Չ Û ïÞ
ô
/&
Ùç
Ù €~ ßß Ù ç Ù €~ ß ^ ß
)ß
Ù
eY~ ÚÕY Ð €~ à Ð íâ
Û Ñç Ð íââ
óó Ð íç Û â Ð íââ
ó ó Ñç ^
Ú
Ú ÕY àà íÚ çÑ Ú ÕY à óà
Ùç
Ù ô ßß Ù
Ù ô ß ^ ß
ç
)ß
Ù
í
e÷ô Ú×÷ Ð ô à Ð íâ
Û ç Ð íââ
Ð íââ
óó Ð ç Û ââ
ó ó Ñç ^
Ú
Ú ×÷ àà íÚ çÑ Ú ×÷ à óà
ˆV eY~
f Ù
ß Ù Óô ß
ˆ
é Ð f Ð íââââ
ó á øY Ð Óô ÙÚÑé Ð ç ) ßà Ò Ð ó Ð íâââ
é
Ð
ˆ
á
ˆ
×
Û
Ñ
Ð
Ó
Ú
V
à Ú
ôà
For internal person
ø ç
á e÷ô éÑ ^
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
f` uŠp
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
ÙÚÙÚ$ô Ð Óô á $Z Ð ÓZ á $ Ð Ó á f ßà Ð øßà ÙÚç Ð ç ^ ßà Ò Ð Determine the flange moment for gasket seating condition using Equation (4.16.17) or
Equation (4.16.18), as applicable (VIII-1, paragraph 2-6).
For internal pressure
ËÞ Ð [[× Û \\ Ð ø Ù
Úéç Ð ç ^ ßà Ò Ð Þ ââââââ
Ñ
f Where, Fs=1 for non split rings . VIII-1, paragraph 2-6 does not provide a split loose flange
factor in the equation for Wgs as is provided for in the VIII-2 procedure. However, VIII-1,
paragraph 2-9 provides guidance for split loose flanges.
Determine the flange stresses for the operating and gasket seating conditions using
the equations in Table 4.16.8 (VIII-1, paragraph 2-7).
ü Ð f` Ù
Ò
âââ
ÚÑÑç Ð ç ) ßà ââ
Ï
Ï
% Ð Òì Ð €
ß
Ù
/
Ð 0 á çó f`
íÚç Ð â
Ò
+Ö
à
‰ âââââââçÑçÑ ââ
Ï
Ï
%Ð/ Ѐ
‹ Z † f
`
Û  Ð ‰
ââ
Ï
/ Ѐ
Ò
ééçç ââ
Ï
Gasket Seating Condition
ü Ð fÞ Ù
Ò
âââ
Úé Ð ç ) ßà ââ
Ï
Ï
% Ð Òì Ð €
Ù
ß
/
Ð 0 á çó fÞ
íÚç Ð â
Ò
+Ö
à
‰ âââââââé Ñ ââ
Ï
Ï
%Ð/ Ѐ
‹ Z † fÞ
Ò
Û  Ð ‰ ÙÚÑ Ð ç ) ßà ââ
ââ
Ï
Ï
/ Ѐ
The criteria below shall be evaluated. If the stress criteria are satisfied, go to STEP 10. If the
stress criteria are not satisfied, re-proportion the flange dimensions and go to STEP 4.
Allowable normal stress – The criteria to evaluate the normal stresses for the operating and
gasket seating conditions are shown in Table 4.16.9 (VIII-1, paragraph 2-8), (for integral type
flanges with hub welded to the neck, pipe or vessel wall).
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
9.0 Design an integral radial nozzle centrally located in a 2:1 ellipsoidal head based on the
vessel and nozzle data below. The parameters used in this design procedure are shown in
Figure E4.5.3.
Vessel and Nozzle Data:
ô
Ò
Ð ââ
Ï
ô
×
Design preasure
Design temperature
Õ Û ç Û Ñ
Ò
!ïÝ çé ââ
Ï
Ò
ä Ñ Ð ç " Ð ââ
Ï
Ellipsoidal head material: carbon steel plate
# Joint eficency
×Õ Corrosion allowance
Õ Û ç Û Elastic modulus
Nozzle material
Ò
ïÝ ò çé ââ
Ï
!
Permissible tensile stress
Nozzle material permissible tensile stress
Í ç
Head Inside Diameter
Í
Height of the Elliptical Head, (2:1)
r $r Í
/r Ñ
Í
r Head thickness
Nozzle outside diameter
ÖrÍ Nozzle thickness
Óò
Nossle height
Ñ
Section VIII, Division 1 Solution
The required thickness of the 2:1 ellipsoidal head based on circumferential stress is given by
UG- 32(d). However, per UG-37(a), when an opening and its reinforcement are in an
ellipsoidal head and located entirely within a circle the center which coincides with the center
of the head and the diameter of which is equal to 80% of the shell diameter, tr is the
thickness required for a seamless sphere of
radius K1 D , where K1 is given in Table UG-37.
Per Table UG-37, for a 2:1 ellipsoidal head where:
- 32(d). However, per UG-37(a), when an opening and its reinforcement are in an
ellipsoidal head and located entirely within a circle the center which coincides with the center
ACETONE
of the head and the diameter of
which is ABSORPTION
equal to 80% COLUMN
of the shell diameter, is the
thickness required
for
a
seamless
sphere
of
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a. DESIGNED: Arberor MITA Design group“ELMAGERARD”
radius K D , where K is given in Table UG-37.
Per Table UG-37, for a 2:1 ellipsoidal head where:
rÍ
ç
âââ
Ñ Ð $rÍ
ì
e The required thickness per UG-32(d) is as follows. Note, the rules of UG-32(d) are only
applicable for a specific geometry, i.e. half the minor axis (inside depth of head minus the
skirt) equals one–fourth of the inside diameter of the head skirt. Additionally, if the ratio
ÖrÍ
,
ââ
%
is not satisfied, the rules of Mandatory Appendix 1-4(f) shall also be met.
ÖrÍ
ÖrÍ
Ê âââ
Œ Ñ
ââ
%
eì Ð rÍ
ÖrÍ
âââ
eì Ð rÍ
ô Ð rÍ
ç Í ââââââ
Ñ !ïÝ Ð # Û Ñ ô
/ The required thickness, tr , per the UG-37 definition for nozzle reinforcement calculations.
/ ô Ð rÍ Ð eì
çé
ââââââ
Ñ !ïÝ Ð # Û Ñ ô
The required thickness of the nozzle based on circumferential stress is given by UG-27(c)(1).
ô Ð rÍ
Ñ ò ââââââ
!ïÝ Ð # Û ô
/ Calculate the Limits of Reinforcement per UG-40.
1) Reinforcing dimensions for an integrally reinforced nozzle per Fig. UG-40(e), UG-40(e-1),
UG-40(e-2): See Figure E4.5.3 of this example:
Ñ /ð Ñ ð
/ ð
ìÐ
% e
Í Ñé ð Ñ
% Πr
Therfore UG-40 (e-1)
ÖÍ
ð
/


 
Ž
‘Ž
‘
 ’
 / ’
/ Reinforcment pad
Note: Fig. UG-40 does not provide a sketch for an integral uniform thickness nozzle with full
penetration weld inserted through the shell without a reinforcing pad. Therefore, sketch (e-1)
was used with. The limits of reinforcement, measured parallel to the vessel wall in the
corroded condition:
$rÍ Û Ñ Ð ÖrÍ
ç
Í ââââ
Ñ
èrÍ Ñ Ð grÍ çé gr Í
/ tuv
ÙÚèrÍ w grÍ á /rÍ á ÖrÍßà
çé Ö ÙÚÑ Ð /Í w Ñ Ð ÖÍ á /ßà ç
+
Calculate the reinforcement strength parameters per UG-37.
1) Strength Reduction Factors:
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Calculate the reinforcement strength parameters per UG-37.
1) Strength Reduction Factors:
ïÝ , !ïÝ !
!ïÝ ò
üì ââ
ç
!ïÝ !ïÝ ò
ç
üú ââ
!ïÝ +Ö Ù
Ú!ïÝ ò w !ïÝ ,ßà ç
üû âââââââ
!ïÝ !ïÝ ,
üþ ââ
ç
!ïÝ Joint Efficiency Parameter: For a nozzle located in a solid plate: # Correction Factor for variation of internal pressure stresses on different planes with respect
to the axis of the vessel: For a nozzle in an ellipsoidal head. ø ç
Calculate the Areas of Reinforcement, see Fig. UG–37.1
Area Required, A :
Õ èrÍ Ð /Í á Ñ Ð /Í Ð ÖÍ Ð ø Ð ÙÚç Û üìßà çé “
Area Available in the Shell,
A1 . Use larger value:
Õìì èrÍ Ð ÙÚ# Ð /Í Û ø Ð /ßà Û Ñ ÖÍ Ð ÙÚ# Ð /Í Û ø Ð /ßà ÙÚç Û üìßà ççÑ “
Õìú Ñ ÙÚ/Í á ÖÍßà Ð ÙÚ# Ð /Í Û ø Ð /ßà Û Ñ ÖÍ Ð ÙÚ# Ð /Í Û ø Ð /ßà ÙÚç Û üìßà çç
Õì tuv ÙÚÕìì w Õìúßà ççÑ “
Area Available in the Nozzle Projecting Outward, A2 . Use the smaller value:
Õúì ÙÚÖÍ Û /òßà Ð üú Ð /Í Ñç Ñ “
Õúú ÙÚÖÍ Û /òßà Ð üú Ð ÙÚÖÍ á /ßà
ÑÑ “
Õú +Ö ÙÚÕúì w Õúúßà Ñç Ñ “
Area Available in the Nozzle Projecting Inward, A3 :
Õû tym ÙÚ
ñ
/ Ð ñ Ð ü ú w
/ /
ñ Ð /ñ Ð üú w Ñ Óò Ð /ñ Ð üúßà
/
Area Available in Welds, A41 , A42 , A43 , use the following minimum specified weld leg
dimensions, see Figure E4.5.3 of this example:
Òì ‚0
Òú ‚0
Òû ‚0
“
“
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
Òì
‚0
Òú
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Òû
‚0
‚0
Õþì ‚0Òì “ Ð üú
Ñ
Õþú ‚0Òú “ Ð üú
Õþû ‚0Òû “ Ð üú
“
Ð
Ð
Õþ Õþì á Õþú á Õþû
“
Area Available in Element,
A5 :
Õÿ ÙÚ Û èrÍ Û Ñ Ð ÖÍßà Ð / Ð üþ çÑ “
Total Available Area, Aavail :
ÕïïñÝ Õì á Õú á Õû á Õþ á Õÿ
é é “
Nozzle reinforcement acceptance criterion:
ÕïïñÝ Œ Õ
Division 2 Solution with VIII-1 Allowable Stresses
The procedure, per VIII-2, paragraph 4.5.10, to design a radial nozzle in an ellipsoidal head
subject to pressure loading is shown below.
Determine the effective radius of the ellipsoidal head as follows.
g Ù rÍ ßß Ù
Ð rÍ Ù
âââ
íÑ á íââ
óó ÚçÑé Ð ç ” ßà Ú Ú Ñ Ð Óò àà
Calculate the limit of reinforcement along the vessel wall. For integrally reinforced set–in
nozzles in ellipsoidal heads,
Ù
ß
rÍ Û Ñ Ð ÖrÍ
Ö í“ ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
g Ð /Í w Ñ ââââó
Ñ
Ú
à
%‰ +
é Note: This is an analysis of a single nozzle; therefore, the spacing criterion is automatically
satisfied. If there were multiple nozzles in the shell, the spacing requirements for nozzles in
VIII- 2, paragraph 4.5.13 would need to be checked.
Calculate the limit of reinforcement along the nozzle wall projecting outside the vessel surface.
See VIII-2, Figures 4.5.9 and 4.5.10.
For set–in nozzles in ellipsoidal heads,
%‹
Ù
“
Ê +Ö í/Í Ð / á ø, Ð
íÚ
ß
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Ù èrÍ Û Ñ Ð ÖÍ ß
íââââ
ó Ð ÖÍ w Óò á /Íó
Ñ
Ú
à
àó
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
X`
j u–um
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Ù ÙÙ èrÍ Û Ñ Ð ÖÍ ß
ß
Ê +Ö í ííââââ
ó á ÖÍó Ð •
Ñ
Ú ÚÚ
à
à
[
[j\
\w
rÍ ß
ââ
ó
Ñ à
ßß
Ù Ñ Óò Ù
Ð íââââââ
íââ
óó Ñ
Ù rÍ ß “
í rÍ í “ ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
óó
ó á “ óó
í
í íââ
Ú
Ú Ú Ñ à
àà
ÙÙ
ÙÙ èrÍ Û Ñ Ð ÖÍ ß
ßß
rÍ ß
Ö íí á ííââââ
ó á ÖÍóó Ð nop [[j\\ w ââ
ó
Ñ
Ñ à
ÚÚ
ÚÚ
à
àà
X` +
Since:
X`
ø, Ê ×ò
Ð rÍ é
X` Œ Ð rÍ
calculate Fp as follows:
ÙÙ / á / ß —˜”™ ß
Í
í
×ò +Ö ííâââ
ó w çóó ç
ÚÚ ÖÍ à
à
ø, ×ò ç
Ù
ß
“ ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
èrÍ Û Ñ Ð ÖÍ
Ö í/Í á / á ø, Ð ââââ
Ð ÖÍ w Óò á /Íó é Ñ
Ñ
àó
íÚ
%‹ +
Calculate the limit of reinforcement along the nozzle wall projecting inside the vessel surface,
if applicable.
ú
%V ß
Ù “ ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
èrÍ Û Ñ Ð ÖÍ
Ö íø, Ð ââââ
Ð ÖÍ w %Vúó
Ñ
íÚ
óà
%_ +
Determine the total available area near the nozzle opening (see VIII-2, Figures 4.5.1 and
4.5.2) where frm and Frp are given by VIII-2, Equations (4.5.21) and (4.5.22) respectively. Do
not include any area that falls outside of the limits defined by LH , LR , and LI .
For set–in nozzles:
ÕZ Ê Õì á üò Ð ÙÚÕú á Õûßà á Õþì á Õþú á Õþû á üò Ð Õÿ
Õì /Í Ð %‰ éÑ “
Õú ÖÍ Ð %‹
ÑÑ “
Õû ÖÍ Ð %_
Õþì Ð ‚0Òì “
“
çÑ
“
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Õþú Ð ‚0Òú “
çÑ
Õþû Ð ‚0Òû “
çÑ
Ë ç Õÿï Ë Ð /
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
“
“
“
Õÿ ÙÚ%‰ Û ÖÍßà Ð / éÑÑÑ “
Õÿ +Ö ÙÚÕÿï w Õÿßà éÑÑÑ “
!ïÝ ò
üò ââ
ç
!ïÝ !ïÝ ò
ü, ââ
ç
!ïÝ ÕZ Õì á üò Ð ÙÚÕú á Õûßà á Õþì á Õþú á Õþû á üò Ð Õÿ çÑÑ “
Determine the applicable forces. For set–in nozzles,
èrÍ Û Ñ Ð ÖÍ
ò ââââ
Ñ
g üš Ê ô Ð g&î Ð %‹
ÖÍ
ðò âââââ
Ù gò á ÖÍ ß ç Ñ
lm íâââ
ó
Ú gò à
g
üš ô Ð gðò Ð %‹ Ñç
Ò
ô Ð gðò Ð Ù
Ú%‰ á ÖÍßà
ü] Ê ââââââ
Ñ
Ù ü, Ð Õÿ ß
/ /Í á íâââ
ó ç Ú %‹ à
ӧ
Ù
âââââ
Ù g á ÖÍ ß Úç Ð ç à lm íââââ
ó
Ú g à
ô Ð gð& Ð Ù
Ú%‰ á ÖÍßà ÙÚÑ Ð ç ” ßà Ò
ü] ââââââ
Ñ
ð
g &
/
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
ô Ð gð& Ð gò
ÙÚéÑ Ð ç ” ßà Ò
ü] ââââ
Ñ
Determine the average local primary membrane stress and the general primary membrane
stress at the nozzle intersection.
üš á ü ] á ü]
Ò
çÑçÑ ââ
ï Þ ââââ
“
ÕZ
! ñ
!b b ô Ð gð&
Ò
çÑÑ ââ
âââ
“
Ñ Ð /
Determine the maximum local primary membrane stress at the nozzle intersection.
tuv
Ò
ÙÚÑ Ð !ïÞ Û !bñb w !bñbßà ÙÚçç Ð ç ” ßà ââ
“
The calculated maximum local primary membrane stress should satisfy VIII-2, Equation
4.5.146. If the nozzle is subjected to internal pressure, then the allowable stress, is given by
VIII-2, Equation 4.5.57. If the nozzle is subjected to external pressure,then the allowable
stress is given by VIII-2, Equation 4.5.58.
Ò
ç Ð !ïÝ Ð # ÙÚç Ð ç ” ßà ââ
“
ç Ð !ïÝ Ð #
x Determine the maximum allowable working pressure of the nozzle.
ü š á ü] á ü]
“
é ÕV ââââ
ç Ð !ïÝ Ð #
Ò
ÛÑ
Ñ ââ
îïðì ââââââ
“
Ù Ñ Ð ÕV ß Ù gð& ß
íââ
ó Û íââó
Ú ÕZ à Ú Ñ Ð / à
Ù /Í ß
Ò
îïðú Ñ Ð !ïÝ Ð íââ
ó é ââ
“
Ú gð& à
îïð tuv ÙÚîïðì w îïðúßà
The nozzle is acceptable because:
îïð Œ ô
Ò
é ââ
“
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
10.0 Check the design of a radial nozzle in a cylindrical shell based on the vessel and nozzle
data below.Verify the adequacy of the attachment welds. Calculate the shear stresses from
the applied nozzle loads and compare to the acceptance criteria of UG-45. The parameters
used in this design procedure are shown in Figure E4.5.5.
ô
Ò
Ð ââ
“
ô
×
Design pressure
Design temperature
Õ Û ç Û Ñ
Ò
!ïÝ çé ââ
“
Ò
ä Ñ Ð ç › Ð ââ
Shell material: carbon steel plate
# Joint efficiency
×Õ Corrosion allowance
“
Õ Û ç Û Permissible tensile stress
Elastic modulus
Nozzle material
Ò
ïÝ ò çé ââ
“
Nozzle material permissible tensile stress
Õ Û ç Û Ñ
Reinforcement pad material
Ò
ïÝ , çé ââ
“
Reinforcement pad material permissible tensile stress
!
!
Í ç
r Í
Shell thickness
/r Í
Shell Inside Diameter
Ñ
r ÖrÍ Nozzle outside diameter
Nozzle thickness
Í
r Reinforcement pad diameter
õrÍ Reinforcement pad thickness
é
$ Ò
Applied shear load
Applied torsional moment
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
Ñ
œ ÒÐ
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Applied torsional moment
All category A joints are to be fully radiographed (see UW-3).
Section VIII, Division 1 Solution
Evaluate per UG-37.
The required thickness of the shell based on circumferential stress is given by UG-27(c)(1).
rÍ
ô Ð ââ
Ñ
/ ââââââçéç !ïÝ Ð # Û ô
The required thickness of the nozzle based on circumferential stress is given by UG-27(c)(1).
rÍ
ô Ð ââ
Ñ
/ò ââââââéçé !ïÝ Ð # Û ô
Determine the Minimum Nozzle Thickness per UG-45.
1) For access openings and openings used only for inspection:
þÿ Ê (Ÿ ÙÚ/ï w /ßà
/ž
Where,
/
Ê (Ÿ ÙÚ/û w (Ÿ ÙÚ/ì w /úßàßà
t , the minimum neck thickness required for internal or external pressure using UG-27 and
UG-28 (plus corrosion allowance), as applicable. The effects of external forces and
moments from supplemental loads (see UG-22) shall be considered. Shear stresses
caused by UG-22 loadings shall not exceed 70% of the allowable tensile stress for the
nozzle material.
ï
/ /
/
ò á ×Õ
éçé ì , for vessels under internal pressure, the thickness (plus corrosion allowance) required for
pressure for the shell or head at the location where the nozzle neck or other connection
attaches to the vessel but in no case less than the minimum thickness specified for the
material in UG-16(b).
ì ~ ç /ž
/
ì
ÙÚ á ×Õ w /žì ~ßà ééç / tuv /
ú , for vessels under external pressure, the thickness (plus corrosion allowance) obtained
by using the external design pressure as an equivalent internal design pressure in the formula
for the shell or head at the location where the nozzle neck or other connection attaches to the
vessel but in no case less than the minimum thickness specified for the material in UG-16(b).
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
, for vessels under external pressure, the thickness (plus corrosion allowance) obtained
“CONFIDENTIAL”
Sh.a. as
DESIGNED:
Arberor MITA
Design
group“ELMAGERARD”
by using theRequired:
external
design pressure
an equivalent
internal
design
pressure in the formula
for the shell or head at the location where the nozzle neck or other connection attaches to the
vessel but in no case less than the minimum thickness specified for the material in UG-16(b).
ú
/ /
û , the thickness given in Table UG-45 plus the thickness added for corrosion allowance.
Ìï Ý
/ é Ìï Ý á ×Õ ççé û
/ / Therefore,
Ö ÙÚ/û w tuv ÙÚ/ì w /úßàßà ééç / +
Calculate the maximum membrane shear stress due to the superimposed shear and
torsion loads and compare to the allowable shear stress.
As specified in the definition of ta in UG-45:
Ð ïÝ & !
Ò
ââ
“
Membrane shear stress from shear load:
Ò
Ñ $
Ñé ââ
Ý ââââ
“
Ð rÍ Ð ÖrÍ
& Membrane shear stress from torsional moment:
œ
Ñ
ÌÝ ââââââ
Ù rÍ ß “
Ñ Ð íââ
ó Ð/
Ú Ñ à rÍ
Total membrane stress:
Ý
Ò
Ý á ÌÝ Ñçç ââ
“
&
Since
Ý
x &
Ò
ââ
“
the nozzle is adequately designed for the applied shear loads.
Calculate the required weld sizes per UW-16(d) and Fig. UW-16.1 Sketch (q). See Figure
E4.5.5 of this example.
1) Outer nozzle fillet weld, based on throat dimensions:
Ö ÙÚ
/b +
ïÌ
Ð
Ð Íßà
w /r
/b b ïÌ
/b b /b
Outer reinforcing element fillet weld, based on throat dimensions:
¡•(/ Ð /rÍ é ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Ð
ïÌ
¡•(/ b Design group“ELMAGERARD”
éÑ ïÌ
¡•(/ b i ¡•(/
Reinforcing element groove weld:
Ð Í
/¢ /r
Ñ ïÌ
/¢ b ïÌ
/b b Π/b
Shell groove weld:
Ð Í
/¢ /r
Ñ ïÌ
/¢ b ïÌ
/b b Π/b
Calculate the Limits of Reinforcement per UG-40.
1) Reinforcing dimensions for a reinforced nozzle per Fig. UG-40 sketch (b-1). See Figure
E4.5.5 of this example:
2) The limits of reinforcement, measured parallel to the vessel wall in the corroded condition:
Ñ /ð Ñ ð
/ ð
ìÐ
% e
Í Ñ Ñ ð Ñ
% Πr
Therfore UG-40 (e-1)
ÖÍ
ð
/


 
Ž
‘Ž
‘
 ’
 / ’
/ Reinforcment pad
The limits of reinforcement, measured parallel to the vessel wall in the corroded condition:
rÍ Û Ñ Ð ÖrÍ
ç
Í ââââ
Ñ
èrÍ Ñ Ð grÍ çÑ gr Í
/ tuv
ÙÚèrÍ w grÍ á /rÍ á ÖrÍßà
çÑ Ö ÙÚÑ Ð /Í w Ñ Ð ÖÍ á /ßà Ñ +
Calculate the reinforcement strength parameters per UG-37.
1) Strength Reduction Factors:
ïÝ , !ïÝ !
!ïÝ ò
üì ââ
ç
!ïÝ ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
!ïÝ ò
üú ââ
ç
!ïÝ +Ö Ù
Ú!ïÝ ò w !ïÝ ,ßà ç
üû âââââââ
!ïÝ !ïÝ ,
üþ ââ
ç
!ïÝ Joint Efficiency Parameter: For a nozzle located in a solid plate: # Correction Factor for variation of internal pressure stresses on different planes with respect
to the axis of the vessel: For a nozzle in an ellipsoidal head. ø ç
Calculate the Areas of Reinforcement, see Fig. UG–37.1
Area Required, A :
Õ èrÍ Ð /Í á Ñ Ð /Í Ð ÖÍ Ð ø Ð ÙÚç Û üìßà Ñé “
Area Available in the Shell, A1 . Use larger value:
Õìì èrÍ Ð ÙÚ# Ð /Í Û ø Ð /ßà Û Ñ ÖÍ Ð ÙÚ# Ð /Í Û ø Ð /ßà ÙÚç Û üìßà ç “
Õìú Ñ ÙÚ/Í á ÖÍßà Ð ÙÚ# Ð /Í Û ø Ð /ßà Û Ñ ÖÍ Ð ÙÚ# Ð /Í Û ø Ð /ßà ÙÚç Û üìßà ç ç “
Õì tuv ÙÚÕìì w Õìúßà ç “
Area Available in the Nozzle Projecting Outward, A2 . Use the smaller value:
Õúì ÙÚÖÍ Û /òßà Ð üú Ð /Í
Õúú ÙÚÖÍ Û /òßà Ð üú Ð ÙÚÖÍ á /ßà
Õú +Ö ÙÚÕúì w Õúúßà
é “
“
é “
Area Available in the Nozzle Projecting Inward, A3 :
Õû tym ÙÚ
ñ
/ Ð ñ Ð ü ú w
/ /
ñ Ð /ñ Ð üú w Ñ Óò Ð /ñ Ð üúßà
/
“
Area Available in Welds, A41 , A42 , A43 , use the following minimum specified weld leg
dimensions, see Figure E4.5.3 of this example:
Òì ‚0
Òú ‚0
Òû ‚0
Õþì ‚0Òì “ Ð üú
Õþú ‚0Òú “ Ð üú
“
“
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Õþû ‚0Òû “ Ð üú
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
“
Õþ Õþì á Õþú á Õþû ç “
Area Available in Element, A5 :
Õÿ ÙÚ Û èrÍ Û Ñ Ð ÖÍßà Ð / Ð üþ Ñç “
Total Available Area, Aavail :
ÕïïñÝ Õì á Õú á Õû á Õþ á Õÿ éç “
Nozzle reinforcement acceptance criterion:
ÕïïñÝ Œ Õ
The load to be carried by the welds is calculated in accordance with UG-41.
Per Fig. UG-41.1, sketch (a) Nozzle Attachment Weld Loads and Weld Strength Paths
to be Considered; typical nozzle detail with nozzle neck inserted through (set–in) the vessel
wall. Weld Load for Strength Path 1-1, W1 1 .
Ëìžì ÙÚÕú á Õÿ á Õþì á Õþúßà !ïÝ Ð # ÙÚ Ð ç £ ßà Ò
Weld Load for Strength Path 2-2, W 2 2
Ëúžú ÙÚÕú á Õû á Õþì á Õþû á Ñ Ð /Í Ð ÖÍ Ð üìßà !ïÝ Ð # ÙÚ
ç Ð ç ” ßà Ò
Weld Load for Strength Path 3-3, W 3 3 .
Ëûžû ÙÚÕú á Õû á Õÿ á Õþì á Õþú á Õþû á Ñ Ð /Í Ð ÖÍ Ð üìßà !ïÝ Ð # ÙÚÑç Ð ç £ ßà Ò
Total Weld Load, W .
Ë ÙÚÕ Û Õì á Ñ Ð ÖÍ Ð üì Ð ÙÚ# Ð /Í Û ø Ð /ßàßà !ïÝ Ð # ÙÚçç Ð ç £ ßà Ò
Since W is smaller than W3 3 , W may be used in place of W 3 3 for comparing weld capacity to
weld load.
Determine the allowable stresses of the attachment welds for weld strength path
check. The allowable stress of the welds should be considered equal to the lesser of the two
allowable stresses joined. Per UW-15(c) and UG-45(c), the allowable stresses for groove/fillet
welds in percentages of stress value for the vessel material, used with UG-41 calculations are
as
follows:
Groove Weld Tension:74%
Groove Weld Shear:60%
Fillet Weld Shear:49%
Nozzle Neck Shear:70%
Fillet Weld Shear – Outer Nozzle Fillet and Outer Element Fillet:
welds in percentages of stress value for the vessel material, used with UG-41 calculations are
as
follows:
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required:
“CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
Groove Weld
Tension:74%
Groove Weld Shear:60%
Fillet Weld Shear:49%
Nozzle Neck Shear:70%
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Fillet Weld Shear – Outer Nozzle Fillet and Outer Element Fillet:
é Ð ïÝ ò
& !
Ò
ââ
“
Groove Weld Tension – Nozzle Groove Weld and Element Groove Weld:
Ò
”
òÞÌ é Ð !ïÝ ÙÚç Ð ç ßà ââ
“
Groove Weld Shear:
Ò
é ââ
“
Þ
Ð ïÝ ò
Ð ïÝ & !
Nozzle Wall Shear:
& !
Ò
ââ
“
Determine the Strength of Connection Elements
1) Outer Nozzle Fillet Weld Shear:
Ë â
Ð
Ñ
œ
£
Í Ð ‚0Òì Ð ò& ÙÚÑçÑç Ð ç ßà Ò
r
Outer Element Fillet Weld Shear:
ÙÚ Ð ç £ ßà Ò
äË â
Ð Ð ‚0Ò Ð Ñ ì ò&
œ
Nozzle Groove Weld Tension:
Ë â
Ð
Ñ
£
Í Ð ‚0Òì Ð òÞÌ ÙÚÑ Ð ç ßà Ò
r
Element Groove Weld Tension:
ä Ë â
Ð
Ñ
£
Í Ð ‚0Òì Ð òÞÌ ÙÚÑ Ð ç ßà Ò
r
Nozzle Wall Shear:
Ë â
Ð ÖÍ Ð ÙÚ rÍ Û ÖÍßà Ð ò& ÙÚéç Ð ç £ ßà Ò
Ñ
Check Weld Strength Paths
(/
(/
Óìžì œäË á Ë ÙÚÑ Ð ç £ ßà Ò
Óú ú œ Ë á ä Ë á
Ë ÙÚ Ñ Ð ç £ ßà Ò
ACETONE ABSORPTION COLUMN
Required: “CONFIDENTIAL” Sh.a.
(/
(/
Óúžú
œ
DESIGNED: Arberor MITA
Ë á
Óûžû œäË á
Ë á
Ë
Design group“ELMAGERARD”
Ú
à Ò
Ë ÙÚÑ Ð ç £ ßà Ò
(/
Óìžì ÙÚÑ Ð ç £ ßà Ò
Ëìžì ÙÚ Ð ç £ ßà Ò
(/
Óìžì Œ Ëìžì
(/
Óúžú ÙÚ Ñ Ð ç £ ßà Ò
Ëúžú ÙÚ
ç Ð ç ” ßà Ò
(/
Óúžú Œ Ëúžú
(/
Óûžû ÙÚÑ Ð ç £ ßà Ò
Ëûžû ÙÚÑç Ð ç £ ßà Ò
(/
Óûžû Œ Ëûžû
ÙÚ
¤ tym (/
Óìžì w (/Óúžú w (/Óûžûßà ÙÚÑ Ð ç £ ßà Ò Ë ÙÚçç Ð ç £ ßà Ò
¤Œ
Ë