ATAL Faculty Development Program
“Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using
Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@
K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli
Introduction to Electric Vehicles:
Selection of Electric Motors for Electric Vehicles
(EMs for EVs)
P. Raja
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Before I start…
We at NIT Tiruchirappalli
UG Programme
10 (including B.Arch.)
PG Programme
26 (including M.Arch., M.Sc., MBA and MCA)
UG Students
Total : 3585 (Boys : 2756, Girls : 829)
PG Students
Total : 1511 (Boys : 1138, Girls : 373)
Ph.D. Scholars (Since January 2012)
990
MS (by Research)
272
Faculty Strength
298 (Male : 221, Female : 77)
Faculty with Ph.D.
282
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Before I start…
Admission to Undergraduate Programmes
Admission to Undergraduate Programmes is based on +2 / other Qualifying Examination
and in the Joint Entrance Examination, JEE (Main). Admissions are open for Foreign
Nationals / Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) / Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) under Direct
Admission of Students Abroad (DASA) Scheme
Admission to postgraduate Programmes
Admission to postgraduate Programmes are based on the scores in the Graduate
Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) and the admissions are through the Centralized
Counseling for M.Tech. / M.Arch./ M.Plan. Admissions (CCMT)
Admissions to M.Sc. Programmes
Admissions to M.Sc. Programmes (Physics, Chemistry and Computer Science) are
based on the marks obtained in entrance test conducted by the Institute and the
qualifying degree examination marks.
Admissions to MBA Programme
Admission to MBA is based on the scores in the Common Admission Test (CAT)
examinations.
Admissions to MCA Programme
Admission to MCA Programme is based on the scores in NIT MCA Common Entrance
Test (NIMCET).
Admissions to MS (by Research)
Admission to Master of Science (By Research) is based on the scores in the Graduate
Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE).
Admissions to Ph.D.
Admission to Doctor of Philosophy is based on the following categories. (1) Ph.D. (Full
time) / Stipendiary (2) Ph.D. (Full time) / Project (3) Ph.D. (Full time) / Non-Stipendiary (4)
Ph.D. / (Part time – External / On campus) The candidates, short listed based on the
written test performance need to appear for a technical and personal interview by the
Departmental Research Committee comprising HOD, all eligible Supervisors and the
Dean’s nominee (observer).
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Before I start…
MILESTONE (EEE at NITT)
YEAR
Started B.Tech. E E E
1964
Started M.Tech. ( Power Systems )
1971
Started Ph.D.
1973
First Ph.D. produced in the dept.
1978
Department became QIP centre for Ph.D
1986
Started M.S. ( By Research )
2006
Started M.Tech. ( Power Electronics )
2006
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Before I start…
Research Laboratories at EEE, NITT
•Control Systems Research Lab
•Hybrid Electrical Systems Lab
•Power Converters Research Lab
•Power Electronics Research Lab
•Power Systems and Smart Grid Lab
•Power System Automation and Control Research Lab
•Solar PV Energy conversion ResearchLab
•VLSI Systems Research Lab
•Switched Mode Power Converters Research Laboratory
•Electric Mobility Research Lab
•Industrial Automation Research Lab
•Nano and Micro Grid Laboratory
•Robotics Lab
•Siemens Lab
•Intelligent Systems And Networking Research Lab
•Centre For Intelligent Electrical System Research Lab
•Computer Lab
•Electrical Drives Research Lab
•Power Quality and Energy Systems Lab
•Applied Power Electronics Research Lab
•Advanced Power Converters Research Lab
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
To be discussed
• What are the expectations from a transportation system : General
public opinion?!
• What is wrong in the current transportation system? Why Electric
Vehicles (EVs)?
• Electric motors (EMs): relevance and importance
• Basic load requirements
• Basics on EMs, types and their characteristics
• EV drive system and EM suitability
• Popular EMs used in EVs
• Concluding remarks
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Why not Electric Motors were not popular in Electric Traction
(automobile)?
Currently, what are the factors influencing the manufactures to include
Electric Motors in automobiles (EVs)?
What are the expectations from a transportation system :
General public opinion?!
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
A vehicle!!
System employed for motion control are called drives
Motion control
• Starting
• Acceleration
• Steady Speed
• Deceleration
• Braking
• One more?!
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
What is wrong in the current transportation system?
Why Electric Vehicles (EVs)?
 Lower running costs
 Low maintenance cost
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
What is wrong in the current transportation system?
Why Electric Vehicles (EVs)?
 Zero Tailpipe
Emissions
 Tax and financial benefits
ELECTRIC VEHICLE INCENTIVES (niti.gov.in)
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
What is wrong in the current transportation system?
Why Electric Vehicles (EVs)?
 Petrol and diesel use is
destroying our planet
 Electric Vehicles are easy to
drive and quiet
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
What is wrong in the current transportation system?
Why Electric Vehicles (EVs)?
 Convenience of charging at
home
 No noise pollution
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
What is wrong in the current transportation system?
Why Electric Vehicles (EVs)?
 Convenience of charging at home
 Electric Vehicles are easy to drive and quiet
 Zero Tailpipe Emissions
Electric motors (EMs): relevance and importance
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Basic load requirements: Torque, Speed and Horsepower
Motor production: Speed, Torque and Horsepower - YouTube
TORQUE - and why it reduces at high revs - YouTube
Paper mill and hoist
Fans & blowers
Electric generator
Boring machine and road vehicles
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Basics on EMs, types and their characteristics
How does torque get produce?
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
EV drive system and EM suitability
 Starting – from idle condition
 Speed Control – brake and gear
 Stopping (braking) – energy dissipation
 Fuel to Rotation & Rotation to Fuel
 Reversing – many options with energy saving
Types and Speed Vs Torque characteristics
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Types and Speed Vs Torque characteristics
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Guess the characteristics
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Motor Selection: General thumb rules
 Know the load characteristics
 Get the horsepower (hp) rating
 Getting started
 Adjust for duty cycle
 Motor hypoxia
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Motor Selection: General thumb rules
Motor Selection: Selecting a Motor on the basis of Speed, Power, and Torque
(electroniclinic.com)
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Blocks required to achieve (Automation)
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Types of EVs
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
Electric Vehicle Architecture & EV Powertrain Components - E-Vehicleinfo
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Types of EVs
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
Examples of PHEV:
Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid, BMW 330e, Porsche Panamera S E-hybrid, Chevy Volt, Chrysler Pacifica, Ford C-Max Energi,
Mercedes C350e, Mercedes S550e, Mercedes GLE550e, Mini Cooper SE Countryman, Ford Fusion Energi, Audi A3 E-Tron, BMW
i8, BMW X5 xdrive40e, Fiat 500e, Hyundai Sonata, Kia Optima, Volvo XC90 T8.
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Types of EVs
Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
Examples of BEV:
MG ZS, TATA Nexon, TATA Tigor, Mahindra E20 plus, Hyundai Kona, Mahindra Verito
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Some of the advanced technologies typically used by hybrids include
 Regenerative Braking
 Electric Motor Drive/Assist
 Automatic Start/Shutoff
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Motors used in EVs
 DC Series Motor
 Brushless DC Motor
 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)
 Three Phase AC Induction Motors
 Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM)
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Motors used in EVs : BLDC
Outer runner BLDC
Inner runner BLDC
This motor is widely preferred by electric cycle manufacturers like Hullikal, Tronx, Spero, light speed
bicycles, etc. It is also used by two-wheeler manufacturers like 22 Motors, NDS Eco Motors, etc.
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Motors used in EVs : PMSM
 Permanent Magnet Synchronous motors are available for higher power ratings. PMSM is
the best choice for high performance applications like cars, buses.
 Most of the automotive manufacturers use PMSM motors for their hybrid and electric
vehicles. For example, Toyota Prius, Chevrolet Bolt EV, Ford Focus Electric, zero
motorcycles S/SR, Nissan Leaf, Hinda Accord, BMW i3, etc use PMSM motor for
propulsion.
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Motors used in EVs : three-phase IMs
 The induction motors do not have a high starting toque like DC series motors under
fixed voltage and fixed frequency operation.
 Squirrel cage induction motors have a long life due to less maintenance. Induction
motors can be designed up to an efficiency of 92-95%.
 The drawback of an induction motor is that it requires complex inverter circuit and
control of the motor is difficult.
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Motors used in EVs : three-phase IMs
 Tesla Model S is the best example to prove the high-performance capability of induction
motors compared to its counterparts.
 By opting for induction motors, Tesla might have wanted to eliminate the dependency
on permanent magnets.
 Even Mahindra Reva e2o uses a three-phase induction motor for its propulsion.
 Major automotive manufacturers like TATA motors have planned to use Induction
motors in their cars and buses.
 The two-wheeler manufacturer TVS motors will be launching an electric scooter which
uses induction motor for its propulsion.
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Motors used in EVs : SRM
 Switched Reluctance Motors is a category of variable reluctance motor with double
saliency.
 The rotor of the SRM is a piece of laminated steel with no windings or permanent
magnets on it.
 The biggest drawback of the SRM is the complexity in control and increase in the
switching circuit. It also has some noise issues.
 Once SRM enters the commercial market, it can replace the PMSM and Induction
motors in the future.
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
Insights for Selecting the Right Motor for your EV
 first list down the requirements of the performance that the vehicle has to meet, the
operating conditions and the cost associated with it.
 For example, go-kart vehicle and two-wheeler applications which requires less
performance (mostly less than 3 kW) at a low cost,
 it is good to go with BLDC Hub motors.
 For three-wheelers and two-wheelers, it is also good to choose BLDC motors with or
without an external gear system.
 For high power applications like performance two-wheelers, cars, buses, trucks the ideal
motor choice would be PMSM or Induction motors.
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
praja@nitt.edu
ATAL Faculty Development Program “Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles using Artificial Neural Network Techniques”
@K.Ramakrishnan College of Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli// P.RAJA, EEE, NIT TIRUCHIRAPPALLI