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ECO-FRIENDLY
TRAVEL
CONVERSATION
MATTERS
TIKTOK
HYPE
NATURAL
DISASTERS
Oktober/November/Dezember
5/2020
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THIS AND THAT
4This & That
SOUND & SPEECH
8
IN
SI
D
E
5/
20
20
19
VOKABELLISTE,
MP3s UND
ARBEITSBLATT
6 Phonemic Symbols: /eə/
PEOPLE AND LIFESTYLE
RBEITSBLATT
8 TikTok Hype
CULTURE
11 D
ay by Day on the American
Frontier
CONVERSATION MATTERS
CONTROVERSIAL
DEBATE TOPICS
15 Enduring Natural Disasters
CONTROVERSIAL DEBATE TOPICS
19 Be Wise – Immunise!
TIPS
22 Be Brave, There’s Money to Save!
LANGUAGE
25 Many Shades of Meanings
To vaccinate or
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Matters is looking
at the main
arguments in
this controversial
vaccination
debate.
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This and That
VOLCANO
TOURISM
Cross-section of a volcano
ash cloud
More and more people are deciding to discover the beauty of nature by being in close
contact with it. So, visiting both dormant
and active volcanoes is high on the bucket
list of extreme adventurers, as well as more
ordinary tourists.
The top volcanic destinations include:
• Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy)
• Mount Aso (Japan)
• Mount Ngauruhoe (New Zealand)
• Mount Vesuvius (Italy)
volcano vɒlˈkeɪnəʊ / vɑːlˈkeɪnəʊ | Vulkan
to discover sth | etw. entdecken
bucket list | Löffelliste
ordinary | gewöhnlich
to include sth | etw. beinhalten, enthalten
vent
throat
secondary vent
crater
lava flow
layers of lava and ash
sill
magma chamber
THE MACHINE STOPS
BY E.M. FORSTER
The Machine Stops is a science fiction short story in which people live
underground, isolated from one
another. They worship the global
Machine and communicate via
messaging and video conferencing.
Those who oppose the Machine are
threatened with expulsion and being
left homeless. The main characters
are Vashti and her son Kuno, who is
dissatisfied with life below ground.
He manages to convince Vashti to
come to his cell to tell her that he
has visited the surface of the Earth and saw some people living
there. Eventually, the Machine starts to break down, but no-one
remembers how to mend it, so finally it totally collapses and
brings an end to the whole underground civilisation.
to worship sth | etw. huldigen,
anbeten
via sth | via/per etw.
to be threatened with sth | mit
etw. bedroht werden
expulsion ɪkˈspʌlʃn | Ausschluss,
Rauswurf
homeless | obdachlos
to manage to do sth | es schaffen,
etw. zu tun
4
ü
to convince sb | jdn. überzeugen
cell | Zelle
surface ˈsɜːfɪs / ˈsɜːrfɪs | Oberfläche
eventually | letztlich, schließlich
to break down | kaputtgehen
to mend sth | etw. reparieren
to collapse | zusammenbrechen,
kollabieren
3 NEW AWESOME
FOOD INVENTIONS
A knife that melts
butter when it is
spread on the bread
A chip bag resealer
An ice cream lock
awesome | großartig, geil
to melt sth | etw.
schmelzen
spread on sth | auf etw.
gestrichen
chip | Kartoffelchip, Chip
resealer | Wiederverschließer
ENGLISH MATTERS 5|2020
The company Zoom Video Communications was established
by Eric Yuan in 2011 and, by 2017, it had already become a socalled ‘unicorn company’.
Eric Yuan came to Silicon Valley in 1997 and started working
for WebEx as an engineer. The company was later taken over
by Cisco. Yuan received a lot of feedback from WebEx customers who claimed that the software had serious deficiencies. He
dreamt of creating a platform that would simply make customers
happy, but he wasn’t going to be given the green light to introduce
as many changes to the software as he wished while working
for Cisco. So, he left the company to set up his own business
and create his own videoconferencing tool.
It seems that he achieved his goal of customer satisfaction, as
during the COVID-19 pandemic, Zoom became everyone’s
favourite software and gained enormous popularity, among
other things, owing to its user-friendliness. The software is easy
to use, reliable and the installation process is not complicated
at all. What’s more, users are offered 40-minute meetings for
free. During pandemic, the numer of daily users of Zoom has
risen to 300 million. However, the increased interest in the
software revealed not only its advantages, but also certain
drawbacks, such as meetings being broken into by uninvited
attendees and Zoom’s problems with privacy and security. But
one thing is for sure, Zoom is here to stay, which brings us to
the final question; has your first Zoom meeting already taken
place, or is it yet to come?
SANDITON
The TV series Sanditon is based on an unfinished novel by Jane
Austen. The main heroine is called Charlotte Heywood. She
travels as a guest of Mr. And Mrs. Parker to a village called
Sanditon, which Mr. Parker would like to transform in a bustling
seaside resort. The girl is there introduced to the local society,
for instance Mr Parker’s siblings and Lady Denham.
Jane Austen didn’t manage to devote a lot of time to writing
the novel, due to her health problems. She wrote 11 chapters of
the book in which she outlined the main characters of the novel
and the main features of their characters.
Sanditon was brought to the screen by Andrew Davis, who had
already adapted other of Austen’s novels for television. So far,
there has been just one season of the series, whose ending in
fact sparked some controversy among Austen fans, as it didn’t
end on a positive note like completed Jane Austen novels, such
as Pride and Prejudice or Sense and Sensibility.
This and That
ZOOM – HERE,
THERE AND
EVERYWHERE
so-called | sogenannter
unicorn | Einhorn
valley ˈvæli | Tal
taken over | übernommen
customer | Kunde
to claim that… | behaupten,
dass ...
deficiency | Mangel, Fehler
to set up sth | etw. gründen,
aufbauen
own | eigener
to seem that… | scheinen, dass ...
to achieve sth | etw. erreichen
goal | Ziel
to gain popularity | an Popularität
gewinnen
owing to sth | aufgrund/dank
etw.
user-friendliness
| Benutzerfreundlichkeit
reliable | zuverlässig
at all | überhaupt
daily | täglich
increased | erhöht
to reveal sth | etw. offenbaren,
aufdecken
advantage | Vorteil
drawback ˈdrɔːbæk | Nachteil
broken into | hier: gestört
uninvited | uneingeladen
attendee əˌtenˈdiː | Teilnehmer
to take place | stattfinden
siblings | Geschwister
to devote sth to sth | etw. etw. widmen
due to sth | wegen/aufgrund von etw.
to outline sth | etw. in groben Zügen umreißen
feature | Eigenschaft
to spark sth | etw. auslösen
prejudice ˈpredʒədɪs | Vorurteil
novel | Roman
heroine | Heldin
bustling | geschäftig, betriebsam
seaside resort | Badeort, Seebad
introduced to sb | bei jdm. eingeführt
ü
5
Look over there! /ðeə/ It’s a bear! /beə/ I told you it’s
a dangerous area! /ˈeərɪə/
Pfft, bears /beəz/ don’t scare /skeə/ me.
I once defeated one with my bare /beə/ hands.
bear
/beə(r)/
Bär
hair
/heә(r)/
Haar
air
Do
you want to go
out and get some
fresh air /eә/?
/eə(r)/
Luft
square
/skweə(r)/
Quadrat
various
/ˈveəriəs/
verschieden, unterschiedlich
to care
/tə keə(r)/
sich kümmern, sorgen
to tear
6
ü
/tə teə(r)/
(zer)reißen
ENGLISH MATTERS 5|2020
(bɛr).
Since /eə/ is a diphthong,
in order to make the correct sounds, you will have
to transition from the first
vowel – /e/, to the second
one – /ə/. Start with opening
your mouth wide. Then, make
the /e/ sound (eh) and connect
it with the schwa – /ə/ (uh).
You can’t separate the two
sounds, so don’t make any
breaks while saying the /eə/
dipththong. Instead of making
the two sounds separately, try
to smoothly ‘slide’ from one
to the other. The result should
be a quite long sound which
resembles a sigh – eh-uh. 
ZUGANGSCODE
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ODER HÖR ES
DIR AN AUF
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T
he /eə/ sound
is a diphthong,
which means it’s
a combination of
two vowels. As you might
have guessed, the /eə/ diphthong is a combination of the
/e/ and /ə/ sounds. Because
it’s made up of vowels, /eə/ is
voiced – you will have to use
your vocal cords in order to
make the sound. The /eə/ phoneme may appear anywhere in
the word – either at the beginning (area – /ˈeərɪə/); middle
(carefree – /ˈkeəfriː/), or the
end (bear – /beə/).
While the aforementioned
pronunciation applies to
vowel ˈvaʊəl | Vokal
voiced | stimmhaft
vocal cords | Stimmbänder
in order to | um ... zu
to appear | auftauchen,
erscheinen
either…or… | entweder... oder...
aforementioned | obengenannt
pronunciation | Aussprache
to apply to sth | für etw. gelten,
etw. betreffen
commonly | üblicherweise
besides | außerdem
unless | außer, wenn nicht
to remain silent | stumm bleiben
break | Pause
instead of sth | anstatt etw.
smoothly | sanft, weich
to resemble sth | etw. ähneln
sigh saɪ | Seufzer
DOWNLOAD
/eə/
British English, in General
American the /eə/ phoneme
is much more commonly pronounced as /e/, /ɛ/ or /ɛə/.
Besides, in British English,
unless followed by a vowel,
the ‘r’ coming after the /eə/
sound remains silent (bear –
/beə/). In American English,
the ‘r’ is always pronounced
english-matters-magazin.de
Sound & Speech
Homophones
Homophones are words
which share the same pronunciation, but differ in meaning.
Homophones are especially
common among words containing the /eə/ sound. Take a look
at the following pairs: air, heir
(/eə/); fair, fare (/feə/); ware,
wear (/weə/). In order to
understand which word is being
said, you need to pay attention
to context.
to differ in sth | sich in etw.
unterscheiden
meaning | Bedeutung
containing sth | etw. enthaltend
to take a look at sth | einen Blick auf
etw. werfen
heir eə(r) / er | Erbe
fare | Fahrpreis
ware | Ware
to pay attention to sth | auf etw.
achten
Yeah /jeә/,
let me just take
care /keә/ of my
hair /heә/ real
quick.
ü
7
TikTok is currently one of the most
popular apps out there. It’s used
daily by hundreds of millions of
people and it still keeps getting
bigger and bigger. It’s time to
check what the fuss is about.
0 hype | Rummel, Wirbel
ZUGANGSCODE
8p8
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DIR AN AUF
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currently | gegenwärtig
fuss | Aufregung, Wirbel
DOWNLOAD
People and Lifestyle
TikTok Hype
english-matters-magazin.de
8
ü
T
ENGLISH MATTERS 5|2020
The History
of TikTok
TikTok is a Chinese app
owned by Beijing-based
developer ByteDance. It was
first released on the Chinese
market in September 2016
1 enthusiasm
ɪnˈθjuːziæzəm /
ɪnˈθuːziæzəm | Enthusiasmus,
Begeisterung
released | veröffentlicht
to allow sb to do sth | jdm.
erlauben, etw. zu tun
to force sb to do sth | jdn.
zwingen, etw. zu tun
in order to | um ... zu
set-up | Aufbau
punchline | Pointe
to launch sb to fame | jdn. zu
Ruhm führen
feature | Funktion
nowadays | heutzutage
Chinese ˌtʃaɪˈniːz | chinesisch,
Chinese/Chinesin
ü
1
under a different name –
A.me, which got changed to
Douyin in December 2016.
In order to expand worldwide,
in 2017, ByteDance decided to
merge Douyin with another
popular lip-syncing app –
musical.ly. As of 2018, the app
was officially released in over
150 countries under the name
TikTok. It quickly became an
international hit and joined
apps such as Facebook,
Messenger, WhatsApp and
Instagram as one of the most
downloaded apps of all time.
It’s impossible to sum up
TikTok’s content in one word.
With over 800 million active
users, the content is bound to
be varied.
The most prevalent kinds
of videos found in the app are
comedic ones. Content creators joke about, well… everything. Sarcastic commentary
videos on the current political situation in the world are
just as easy to find as simple
‘knock knock’ humour and
so-called ‘dad jokes’.
Besides humour, TikTok
can also act as an informative platform. Many creators
are eager to share their hobbies and are happy to answer
any additional questions they
find in the comments section. TikTok can, for example, teach you how to play
simple piano melodies, help
you with learning a foreign
language, teach you something new about history or
give you an insight into the
life of people coming from
different cultures.
Another huge part of TikTok’s content consists of…
dancing. Many songs gain
popularity thanks to TikTokers making up choreographies
to them. There are millions of
videos of people busting the
same set of moves to a currently popular track. It’s not
very original, but somehow
still remains a trend.
| etw. mit etw. verschmelzen/
verbinden
lip-syncing | Playback singend
to join sth | etw. beitreten
downloaded | heruntergeladen
appeal | Reiz, Attraktivität
addictive | abhängig machend
down to a tee | bis zum
Anschlag, perfektioniert
to analyse sth tu ˈænəlaɪz
ˈsʌmθɪŋ | etw. analysieren
content | Inhalt
commonly | üblicherweise,
allgemein
abbreviated | abgekürzt
to suit sth | zu etw. passen
comedian kəˈmiːdiən | Komiker,
Comedian
3 to scroll down | runterscrollen
to upload sth | etw. hochladen
to require sth | etw. (er)fordern
account | Konto
obviously ˈɒbviəsli / ˈɑːbviəsli
| offensichtlich, offenbar
to search for sth | nach etw. suchen
available | erhältlich
4 is bound to be varied | muss
sich unterscheiden
prevalent | vorherrschend
current | gegenwärtig
so-called | sogenannt
besides sth | neben/
außer etw.
eager | begierig
foreign ˈfɒrən / ˈfɔːrən | fremd
insight ˈɪnsaɪt | Einblick
to consist of sth | aus etw.
bestehen
to make up sth | sich etw.
ausdenken
choreography ˌkɒriˈɒɡrəfi /
ˌkɔːriˈɑːɡrəfi | Choreografie
to bust sth | hier: etw. zeigen,
vorführen
set | Reihe
2
3
What’s the
Appeal?
Just like most social media,
TikTok is supposed to be
addictive – and ByteDance has
got it down to a tee. The app’s
recommendation mechanism is
simple. It analyses everything
you do. It checks what kind of
users you follow, which videos
you like, what kind of content
you watch the most, and then it
gives you more of that. Thanks
to a feature called the For You
Page (commonly abbreviated
as FYP), TikTok keeps feeding you content that suits your
interests best. You recently followed a comedian who specialises in dark humour? Expect
to see more of that from other
owned | in Besitz
Bejing ˌbeɪˈdʒɪŋ | Peking
2 to expand worldwide | weltweit
expandieren
to merge sth with sth tə mɜːdʒ
/ mɜːrdʒ ˈsʌmθɪŋ wɪð ˈsʌmθɪŋ
users on your For You Page.
The FYP is the first thing users
see when they open the app.
All it takes to keep having fun
is to scroll down, and before
you know it, you’ve watched
a hundred videos – all selected
to your liking.
Another thing which
adds to the appeal of TikTok
is the fact that it’s a different type of social medium.
While on Twitter, Facebook
or Instagram the users are
expected to use real names,
or upload their own photos,
TikTok doesn’t even require
you to create an account to
use it. Obviously, those who
choose not to create an account
can’t like videos, follow users,
post comments and watch live
streams, but are free to view
recommended videos and even
search for specific users. Even
if you create a TikTok account,
it’s somewhat of a rare thing
to post personal information
there. Part of the appeal is the
fact that TikTok is available
for everyone, and as long as
you don’t post videos with
your face in them, you get
a sense of anonymity.
TikTok’s Content
4
9
People and Lifestyle
he Internet’s enthusiasm for short,
comedic videos
has been on the
rise since 2013, when a new
app called Vine was released
for free on iOS and Android.
Vine allowed its users to create and share seven secondlong video clips. The short
duration of the videos forced
content creators to use their
creativity in order to deliver
the set-up and the punchline in
that short time. The indisputable success of Vine launched
many of its users to fame and
inspired app developers to
try their luck at creating their
own video-sharing apps. Since
2013, we have got a fifteensecond video-sharing function
on Instagram, a similar feature
on Snapchat and a short GIF
creator by YouTube. However,
in the ever-changing world of
the Internet, apps come and go,
and so nowadays there is yet
another king of video-sharing
– TikTok.
People and Lifestyle
Since merging with musical.ly
was a thought out decision,
lip-syncing also remains
a very common type of content to be found on TikTok.
Not only does the app own
a huge audio library, but it
also allows users to ‘grab’
audio from any given TikTok
video in order to create their
own version of something
they’ve seen.
All That Glitters
Is Not Gold
There’s no denying that
TikTok is a fun app. It can
make you laugh, teach you
something, or make you
famous. However, it wouldn’t
be the top #1 downloaded app
in the world without a little
bit of controversy popping
up every now and then, right?
In March 2020 it was
revealed that TikTok’s moderators were instructed to suppress
videos created by unattractive,
poor and disabled people, as
well as content made by LGBT
communities. This decision has
pretty much prevented such
creators from making it big.
ByteDance, the developer
behind TikTok, has stated that
suppressing videos made by
certain people was a way of
reducing the rising amount of
cyber-bullying. However, it is
speculated that it was a rather
cheap excuse, and the real goal
was to attract more users by
popularising videos created by
wealthy, attractive people.
Another worrying thing
about TikTok is its privacy
TikTok’s Promotional Abilities
TikTok’s dance and lip-syncing trends are causing many
songs to blow up on an almost daily basis. Record companies are aware of TikTok’s huge promotional abilities.
For example, in April 2020, Drake, one of the world’s
best-selling rappers, released a song called Toosie Slide.
The song came out along with a music video which shows
Drake dancing to the chorus: ‘(…) right foot up, left foot
slide / Left foot up, right foot slide.’ The simplicity of the
dance caused the ‘Toosie Slide Challenge’ to go viral on
many social media platforms, including TikTok.
to cause sth | etw. bewirken
to blow up | explodieren
on a daily basis | täglich
to be aware of sth | sich etw. bewusst sein
chorus ˈkɔːrəs | Refrain
including sth | etw. eingeschlossen
5
10
ü
6
policy. The app collects all
kinds of user data – phonebook and device info, private
messages sent through the
app, location, IP addresses,
and even keystroke patterns.
Since ByteDance is a Chinese
company, western nations are
concerned that the collected
data may be shared with the
Communist Party of China,
making the app an intelligence
tool which is supposed to provide the Chinese government
with information about citizens of western countries.
It has also been proven that
ByteDance was, and possibly still is, censoring political
speech criticising the Chinese
government.
TikTok’s user base is thriving.
People quickly forget about
the bad stuff associated with
the app. The truth is, TikTok
doesn’t even have any competition as of now. Even though
people condemn the practices
used by ByteDance, they
can’t switch to another app
and they certainly don’t want
to stop using TikTok, because
it’s undeniably a good way to
have a moment of fun.
Long Live
the King?
Despite many serious issues
and controversies related to
user privacy and censorship,
Is TikTok here to stay? The
app is being used by more
and more people every day,
and no other app poses a real
threat to this video-sharing
platform. Unless any of the
social media moguls takes
matters into their own hands
in order to dethrone TikTok,
the Chinese app is looking at
a very bright future. 
5 to own sth | etw. besitzen
7 to collect sth | etw.
I’m Just Here
to Have to Fun…
to grab sth | etw. greifen,
packen
in order to | um ... zu
all that glitters is not gold
| nicht alles, was glänzt,
ist Gold
there’s no denying | es lässt
sich nicht leugnen
to laugh tə lɑːf / læf | lachen
6 to pop up | (plötzlich)
auftauchen
to reveal sth | etw. aufdecken
to suppress sth | etw.
unterdrücken, verbieten
disabled | behindert
LGBT community | LGBTGemeinschaft
to prevent sb from sth | jdn. an
etw. hindern
to make it big | groß
herauskommen
rising | wachsend
cyber-bullying | Cybermobbing
goal | Ziel
to attract sb | jdn. anziehen
wealthy | reich, wohlhabend
7
sammeln
data | Daten
device | Gerät
keystroke | Tastendruck
to be concerned | in Sorge
sein
to provide sb with sth | jdn. mit
etw. versorgen
despite sth | trotz etw.
8 to thrive | blühen, florieren,
Erfolg haben
stuff | Zeug, Kram
associated with sth | mit etw.
assoziiert
competition | Konkurrenz
to condemn sth | etw.
verurteilen, tadeln
to switch to sth | zu etw.
wechseln
undeniably | unbestreitbar
to pose a real threat to sth
| eine wirkliche Gefahr für etw.
darstellen
unless | es sei denn, außer
wenn
8
ENGLISH MATTERS 5|2020
jf8
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Culture
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english-matters-magazin.de
Day by Day on the
American Frontier
The American frontier opened when the first
Europeans began to settle on the Atlantic
coast and near eastern rivers (17th century)
and then proceeded westward to end in the
Far West (19th century). The new lands offered
numerous opportunities to work in salt, silver
and gold mines, become cowboys, or own land
quite cheaply.
ü
frontier | Grenze, Grenzland
to settle on sth | irgendwo siedeln, sich
niederlassen
coast | Küste
to proceed | vorrücken, weitergehen
westward | westwärts
numerous | zahlreich
gold mine | Goldmine
to own sth | etw. besitzen
11
Culture
Waves of Expansion
At first, the frontier was sparsely populated by Indian traders, hunters, miners, backwoodsmen and adventurers of
all sorts. Then other people came, like
the waves of the ocean. Pioneers built
their crude homes from logs, or bricks of
mud and grass where trees were scarce.
They made their living from hunting
and clearing the land for future fields.
The second wave of settlers bought the
land, build roads, bridges and houses
with glass windows, planted orchards,
and raised mills and schoolhouses. The
final wave brought men with capital and
enterprise. They built houses of brick and
stone, and looked for markets to sell their
agricultural surplus. They created towns
with general stores and other municipal
facilities.
Road to the Frontier
Once the first US Transcontinental
Railroad had been completed in 1869,
the majority of the settlers came to the
West on the train, but the earlier pioneers embarked on their long journey
with ox-driven wagons. The cart ride
was uncomfortable and jolting, and
1 at first | am Anfang
sparsely | kaum, spärlich
trader | Händler
hunter | Jäger
miner | Bergmann
backwoodsman | Hinterwäldler
pioneer ˌpaɪəˈnɪə(r) / ˌpaɪəˈnɪr | Pionier
crude | primitiv, plump
log | Holzstamm
scarce | knapp, selten
settler | Siedler
orchard | Obstplantage
to raise sth | etw. errichten
mill | Mühle
enterprise | Unternehmung,
Unternehmen
to look for sth | nach etw. suchen
agricultural | landwirtschaftlich
surplus | Überschuss
municipal | städtisch
facility | Einrichtung
majority | Mehrheit
to embark on a journey | sich auf eine Reise
begeben
ox-driven | von Ochsen gezogen
12
ü
1
often all the travellers walked alongside the wagons. Attacks by hostile
Indians were not the only fear lurking in the back of the pioneers’ minds.
Violent storms might soak right through
all their clothing and bedding, while
bogging the wagons down in mud and
making rivers impossible to cross. Even
fording a river might result in the loss
of life and valuable supplies. Cattle, the
oxen pulling the wagon, or big herds
of buffalo could be startled into sudden and deadly stampedes. There were
other challenges to face: oxen dying of
thirst, overloaded wagons and dysentery, among others. Trails were poorly
marked and hard to follow, and travellers often lost their way, as guidebooks
were rare and often unreliable.
Daily Life
Once the pioneers arrived, the only
thing they could really look forward to
was a life of hard work and troubles.
Their land had to be cleared, a cabin and
a barn built, and crops planted, and there
were still a lot of chores to be done each
day. The barn was important to keep
the animals safe from wolves and other
predators, and also to store farming tools
cart | Wagen
uncomfortable ʌnˈkʌmftəbl | ungemütlich
jolting | rüttelnd, aufschreckend
2 hostile | feindlich
lurking | lauernd, schlummernd
violent | heftig, brutal
to soak sth | etw. einweichen
to bog down in sth | in etw. versinken,
steckenbleiben
to cross sth | etw. überqueren
to ford sth | etw. durchqueren,
durchwaten
to result in sth | zu etw. führen
supplies | Vorräte
cattle | Vieh, Rinder
to startle sth | etw. aufschrecken
stampede stæmˈpiːd | wilde Flucht,
Stampede
to face sth | etw. gegenüberstehen
to die of thirst | verdursten
overloaded | überladen
dysentery | Ruhr (Krankheit)
trail | Pfad, Weg
unreliable | unzuverlässig
2
and grain. There was no running water
or bathrooms, but only outhouses where
leaves or dried cornhusks were used for
toilet paper.
Dangers
Major threats to the settlers’ life
and limb came from accidents, exhaustion and disease. In addition, the land
was difficult to farm, there were few
building materials, weather was harsh
and the surrounding nature unfriendly
with a multitude of insects and predators. Often, the pioneers’ inexperience
in dealing with such an unforgiving
environment would lead to setbacks.
A drought could kill the crops and wipe
out an entire year’s worth of work.
Wildfires could destroy everything,
including the settler’s crops, barn and
home. As if that was not enough, settlers also had to worry about tornados
devastating their homes. It was not an
easy life – to say the least.
Food
Keeping hungry mouths fed on the
frontier was an unending cycle of hunting
to look forward to sth | etw. freudig
entgegensehen
barn | Scheune, Stall
crops | Feldrüchte
chore | kleine (lästige) Arbeit
predator | Raubtier
to store sth | etw. lagern, verstauen
3 grain | Korn, Getreide
outhouse | Plumpsklo,
Außentoilette
cornhusk | Maishülse
major | Hauptthreat to sb | Gefahr für jdn.
exhaustion | Erschöpfung
disease | Krankheit
few | wenig
harsh | rau
multitude of sth | Vielzahl an etw.
to deal with sth | mit etw. fertig werden
unforgiving | gnadenlos
setback | Rückschlag
drought draʊt | Dürre
to wipe out sth | etw. auslöschen
wildfire | Wildfeuer
including sth | einschließlich etw.
3
ENGLISH MATTERS 5|2020
Frontier Facts and Trivia
It is estimated that between 1 and 18 million native Indians lived in North America
before the arrival of European explorers.
The Indian population spoke about 300
different languages and consisted of more
than 200 tribes.
Culture
and gathering, salting and smoking
meats, and canning and drying fruit
and vegetables. The vegetable garden
was one of the main food sources. Many
families planted two gardens a year:
one in the spring, which would provide greens, peas and radishes, and one
in the summer with more nourishing
vegetables such as pumpkins, beans,
potatoes and squash. Food kept sickness, malnutrition and starvation at bay.
Visits to local shops were restricted to
buying items that could not be grown,
shot, picked or made on the farm.
Prices were steep, as all goods had to
be imported and the assortment was
a far cry from the well-stocked stores
in the east.
The term ‘red-light district’ originated
in the Red Light Brothel in Doge City,
Kansas. The front door of the establishment, made of red-tinted glass,
would emit a red glow when lit during
the night.
Life of Women
Apart from sharing the heavy workload, frontier women also bore children,
cared for them in sickness and often
taught them to read and write. Women
also tended the garden, cooked the food
and managed the family supplies for
the winter months. As bought goods
were expensive or unavailable, women
made garments for their families from
the skins of animals or homespun cloth.
Even in the 1900s, a typical farm wife
worked nine hours per day cleaning,
4 to gather sth | etw. sammeln
to can sth | etw. einmachen, einlegen
pea | Erbse
radish | Radieschen
nourishing | nahrhaft, ernährend
pumpkin | Kürbis
bean | Bohne
squash | Riesenkürbis
to keep sth at bay | etw. fernhalten,
eindämmen
starvation | Hungersnot
restricted to sth | auf etw. beschränkt
picked | gepflückt
steep | happig
to be a far cry from sth | weit entfernt sein
von etw.
well-stocked | mit Ware eingedeckt
apart from sth | abgesehen von etw.
to bear a child | ein Kind gebären
to manage sth | etw. stemmen, zustande bringen
unavailable | unerhältlich
garment | Kleidungsstück
homespun | selbst gesponnen, handgestickt
4
The bison herds provided an important food
supply for the Plains Indians, but overhunting by white settlers reduced their numbers
from about 50 million to fewer than 1,000
between 1850 and 1895.
‘Boys, I’ve found a gold mine,’
exclaimed James W. Marshall when
he pulled a gold nugget from the water
of a mill operating on the American
River. Needless to say, his discovery
kicked off the California Gold Rush.
Texas experienced the highest number of
shoot-outs – there were about 160 of them
from the 1850s to the 1890s.
trivia | Trivialitäten
arrival | Ankunft
to originate | entspringen, herstammen
lit | beleuchtet, angezündet
to provide sth | etw. zur Verfügung stellen
ü
overhunting | Überjagen
needless to say | unnötig zu sagen
to kick sth off | etw. lostreten
Gold Rush | Goldrausch
shoot-out | Schießerei
13
Culture
sewing, making soap, laundering, spinning wool and preparing food, with two
additional hours cleaning the barn and
chicken coop, milking the cows, caring
for the chickens and tending the family
garden. As one farm wife commented
in 1879, ‘[We are] not much better than
slaves. It is a weary, monotonous round of
cooking and washing and mending and as
a result the insane asylum is a third filled
with wives of farmers.’
their parents with planting and harvesting.
Entertainment
But life was not just about hard
work, and the frontier settlers occasionally got together for a dance or
a picnic. The frontier women especially
suffered from loneliness and boredom,
as their work confined them to their
cabins, thus limiting their chances
for social interaction. So no wonder
these women always enthusiastically
welcomed any opportunity to relax,
socialise and entertain.
Reading was a great escape from the
daily grind. People read whatever they
could get their hands on, from the Bible,
to classic literature, to month-old newspapers and magazines. As one-woman
settler from Montana said, ‘As soon as the
children could understand stories, an hour
was spent in the long winter evenings,
when we read aloud all the good stories
to be had at that time.’ Children also had
fun playing games outdoors and swimming. Toys were expensive, so children
had to create their own. For example, girls
practised their sewing by making their
own dolls to play with.
Because of the sheer amount of work
to be done every day, recreation and leisure time on the frontier was scarce. So,
settlers came up with an idea to combine
the most gruelling tasks with pleasure in
the form of a bee – a gathering of women
Children
Kids, even as young as four, were put
to work as soon as they were deemed able
to help. They would carry water from the
nearby stream, watch the fire so it did not
go out, look after chickens and cows, or
churn cream into butter. When older, boys
would help their fathers run the farm,
while their sisters would look after their
younger siblings.
Education
Only some children went to school,
which would consist of one room for all
pupils and had one teacher to educate
all of the grades. Children learned the
basics such as reading, writing, math,
spelling and history. Small chalkboards
were used instead of paper. Schools
were usually open only in the winter
and summer, while in the spring and
autumn, children stayed home, helping
5 to sew | nähen
chalkboard | Schreibtafel
instead of sth | anstatt etw.
6 to harvest | ernten
entertainment | Unterhaltung
loneliness | Einsamkeit
boredom | Langeweile
to confine sb to sth | jdn. an etw. fesseln
no wonder | kein Wunder
daily grind | Alltagstrott
aloud | laut
sheer | schier, völlig
leisure ˈleʒə(r) / ˈliːʒər | Freizeit
to come up with sth | sich etw. ausdenken
to combine sth with sth | etw. mit etw.
verbinden
gruelling | strapaziös
gathering | Zusammenkunft
7 to stitch sth | etw. stopfen
stuffing | Polsterung
to launder | (Wäsche) waschen
to spin | spinnen
chicken coop | Hühnerstall
to tend sth | etw. hegen
slave | Sklave
weary | beschwerlich,
erschöpft
to mend sth | etw. reparieren
insane asylum | Irrenhaus
deemed | erachtet
to go out | ausgehen, erlöschen
to look after sth | nach etw. schauen, sich
um etw. kümmern
to churn sth into sth | etw. zu etw. rütteln
to run sth | etw. führen
siblings | Geschwister
to consist of sth | aus etw. bestehen
spelling | Buchstabieren
5
14
ü
6
to stitch the top, bottom and stuffing
of their heavy winter quilts together.
While the women were making quilts,
men performed other heavy tasks like
corn husking, harvesting, barn-raising
and cabin-building. People chatted to
one another, children played and everyone was looking forward to a big meal
at the end of the day. However, as it
was the Wild West, sometimes the bees
might become ‘noisy, drunken meetings,
often terminating in violent quarrels, and
even bloodshed,’ as one woman-settler
remarked.
In the summer, picnics with food and
drinks, and also races, games and other
amusements were very popular. They
would often end with a dance, with music
played on the fiddle, harmonica, guitar or
even a washboard or spoons. In the winter,
there were sled rides through the snow,
with young men going on horseback and
acting as guides.
Freedom and
Opportunity
At the end of the 19th century, the
open frontier disappeared from the map.
There were still some unsettled areas, but
continental railroads made it possible to
stay in touch with the rest of the country.
Although the physical frontier came to an
end, its influence persisted in picture and
in story. It was a rich and vibrant reminder
of the American tradition of individual
freedom, opportunity and daring. 
winter quilt | Wintersteppdecke
to husk sth | etw. enthülsen
to chat | quatschen, plaudern
drunken | betrunken
quarrel | Streit
bloodshed | Blutvergießen
amusement | Vergnügen,
Belustigung
fiddle | Geige
washboard | Waschbrett
sled | Schlitten
to disappear | verschwinden
unsettled | unbesiedelt
railroad | Eisenbahn
although | obwohl
influence | Einfluss
to persist | andauern, bestehen
reminder | Erinnerung
daring | Wagemut
7
ENGLISH MATTERS 5|2020
Enduring
g Natural
DISASTERS
to endure sth | etw. durchleben
flood flʌd | Hochwasser, Überschwemmung
tough tʌf | hart, schwer
to predict sth | etw. vorhersagen
ü
to strike | zuschlagen
common | geläufig, üblich
phenomenon fəˈnɒmɪnən / fəˈnɑːmɪnən
| Phänomen
15
Conversation Matters
Storms. Floods. Fires. It’s tough to predict when natural disasters will
strike, but we all need to be prepared for them. Carefully scan this
guide from English Matters of the most common terms associated with
extreme natural phenomena.
Conversation Matters
PREPARING
FOR
DISASTER
Shocking Storms
Herman: Did you catch the news? Tonight’s storm is supposed to be cataclysmic. We’d better get the house prepared.
Angela: I’ve already started boarding up the windows in
case the wind gusts get too bad.
Herman: Good idea. That’ll also protect them against
flying debris.
Angela: I also have some sandbags lying around. Do you
want to help me pile them up by the doors to prevent any
flooding?
Herman: I’ll be happy to. I heard it’s going to be a torrential downpour, so I think we should take every possible
precaution.
Angela: I have a backup generator, canned foods and
bottled water in the basement. That should tide us over in
case shops can’t reopen.
Herman: Tonight’s report mentioned schools are closed
tomorrow, so businesses might follow suit.
Angela: Let’s not worry too much about it. Maybe, we’ll
be spared the worst of it. Come on, let’s get to work.
to board sth up | mit Brettern
vernageln
gust ɡʌst | Böe
debris ˈdebriː / ˈdeɪbriː
| Trümmerteile
sandbag | Sandsack
to pile sth up | etw. auftürmen
to prevent sth | etw. verhindern
precaution
| Vorsichtsmaßnahme
backup | Notfallcanned food | Dosenfutter
to tide sb over sth | jdm. über
die Runden helfen
to follow suit | dem Beispiel
folgen
we’ll be spared the worst of
it | das Schlimmste wird uns
erspart bleiben
Problematic Phrasal Verbs
• The wind is picking up.
• Numerous families were flooded out.
• The storm should blow over in a few hours.
• The rain is really beating down/pelting down now.
• Our pipes froze up last winter.
to pick up | stärker werden
numerous ˈnjuːmərəs /ˈnuːmərəs
| zahlreich
flooded out | überflutet,
ausgespült
16
to blow over | herüberwehen
to beat down/pelt down
| niederprasseln
pipe | Rohr
to freeze up | zufrieren
ü
• We’re expecting a severe blizzard this weekend.
• We’re experiencing an absolute downpour.
• Our city saw torrential rains last week.
• Hailstones battered the roof of our car.
• This area is prone to flash floods.
• They’ve just announced a gale warning. The hurricane
is about to make landfall.
blizzard | Schneesturm
downpour | Platzregen,
Wolkenbruch
torrential | sintflutartig
hailstone | Hagelkorn
to batter sth | etw.
zerschmettern
prone to sth | anfällig für etw.
flash flood | Sturzflut
gale | Sturm, Starkwind
hurricane ˈhʌrɪkən / ˈhɜːrəkeɪn
| Orkan
to make landfall | auf Land
treffen
Terrifying Tragedies
• Experts are expecting a powerful earthquake to hit in
the next 10 years.
• This country is suffering from its worst drought in
decades.
• The volcano can erupt at any minute.
• A typhoon swept through the island last year.
• The tornado resulted in 200 casualties.
earthquake | Erdbeben
drought draʊt | Dürre
to sweep through sth | durch
etw. fegen
to result in sth | zu etw. führen
casualty | Todesopfer
Crisis Collocations
• The river burst its banks last night.
• Countless buildings were destroyed by the storm.
• Roofs were torn off multiple houses.
• Fences were blown down.
• The death toll from the earthquake was enormous.
• We need to act quickly to avoid an environmental catastrophe.
• It’s absolutely vital for everyone to pitch in.
to burst one’s banks | über die
Ufer treten
countless | zahllos
torn off | abgerissen
multiple | mehrere
blown down | umgeweht
death toll | Opferzahl
to avoid sth | etw. vermeiden
environmental ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl
| Umweltto pitch in | zulangen,
anpacken
ENGLISH MATTERS 5|2020
A RESCUE
OPERATION
to survey sth | etw.
untersuchen
to assess sth | etw.
beurteilen
to take place | stattfinden
property damage | Sachschaden
to anticipate sth | etw. erwarten
unfortunately | leider
blur blɜː(r) / | Nebel, Unschärfe,
Unklarheit
howling | heulend
utterly ˈʌtəli / ˈʌtərli | absolut,
gänzlich
shelter | Schutzraum,
Unterkunft
Tina: OK everyone, it’s been eight hours since the earthquake hit. Let’s survey the area to assess the damage.
Mark: Can you remind us what took place precisely? What
should we be expecting?
Tina: Late last night, this region was shaken by a powerful
tremor that registered a 7.3 on the Richter scale. There is
a tsunami warning in effect as well.
Mark: Are we only looking at property damage? Are we
anticipating any fatalities?
Tina: We’ll need to project a death toll, unfortunately.
We’re not expecting many casualties, but be on the lookout
for anyone who may need assistance.
Mark: This seems so appalling. Has something like this
happened here before?
Tina: This area is known for volcanic activity. Thankfully,
nothing major has been reported yet. We’ve heard of roofs
caving in and fences falling down, but that might be the
extent of the damage.
Mark: I’d add that earthquakes are known to cause landslides and fires, too, so be on the lookout for further damage
to come. This situation could escalate before it gets better.
to be on the lookout for sb
| nach jdm. Ausschau halten
major | Größeres
to cave in | einbrechen
to fall down | herunterfallen
extent of sth | Umfang, Ausmaß
von etw.
Alan: Excuse me, miss. Can you hear me? I’m an emergency
worker, and we’re trying to evacuate the area. Are you OK?
Georgina: I’m feeling fine, but what happened? It all
seems like a blur.
Alan: A forceful tornado just swept through your neighbourhood. Your house was right in its path, but it’s still
standing.
Georgina: Oh, I remember the howling wind. It was terrible! I thought I wouldn’t make it out alive. Utterly dreadful!
Alan: Don’t be worried, miss. We’re going to get you out
of here now. Please, follow us into this vehicle, and we’ll
transport you to the local shelter.
Georgina: Why can’t I stay at home?
Alan: We believe your property no longer has access to running water or electricity. Your house needs to be examined
as well to ensure it’s a safe dwelling.
Georgina: So where are you taking me?
Alan: The local schoolhouse has been transformed into
a makeshift shelter. We have medical facilities there, so
a doctor will have a good look at you. There’s also food,
drink and a bed there for you, so you can safely remain
there until everything calms down.
dwelling | Wohnung
makeshift | provisorisch
to calm down | sich beruhigen
Diverse Disasters
Nouns Related to Disasters
• Tsunamis are my greatest fear.
• We narrowly avoided an avalanche during our ski trip.
• Dust storms plague this region.
• Rising temperatures are leading to more brushfires.
• Landslides are common here, but they’re rarely fatal.
• Last night’s storm caused widespread devastation.
• The earthquake was an utter calamity.
• The event was nothing short of a cataclysm.
• Recovery efforts after the flood have been a debacle.
• A short tremor has become a major fiasco.
narrowly | mit Mühe, knapp
avalanche ˈævəlɑːnʃ / ˈævəlæntʃ
| Lawine
dust storm | Sandsturm
to plague sth tə pleɪɡ ˈsʌmθɪŋ
| etw. heimsuchen
related to sth | mit etw.
verbunden
widespread | weitverbreitet
utter ˈʌtə(r) / ˈʌtər | völlig,
vollkommen
calamity | Katastrophe
ü
brushfire | Buschfeuer
landslide | Erdrutsch
common | geläufig, häufig,
gewöhnlich
fatal | tödlich
to be nothing short of sth
| nichts anderes als etw. sein
debacle | Debakel
tremor | Beben, Erschütterung
17
Conversation Matters
RECOVERY
EFFORTS
Conversation Matters
Adjectives to Describe Disasters
Australia’s Black Summer
• The eruption’s effects have been ravaging.
• Consequences are predicted to be dire.
• Another storm may prove ruinous for the town.
• Another grievous hurricane will be the straw that broke
the camel’s back.
• Seeing the devastation is sobering.
• A month after the avalanche, conditions here remain
appalling.
Before coronavirus put the world on lockdown, another
crisis had grabbed everyone’s attention – Australia’s outof-control bushfires. The 2019-2020 bushfire season, which
Australians refer to as the Black Summer, lasted from June
2019 to May 2020. Hundreds of fires burnt throughout
Australia, but most major infernos blazed in the southeast.
Urban hubs like Sydney, Brisbane and Canberra were
directly affected.
Statistics indicate just how bleak the situation was. Nearly
200,000 sq km of land were scorched. Almost 6,000 buildings, including 2,700 homes were burnt to the ground.
About 1 bln animals were killed, and certain species are
believed to have been driven to extinction. The fires produced so much smoke that it impacted air quality in Chile
and Argentina, over 11,000 km away. The fires took at
least 34 human lives, as well. In response, international aid
groups, celebrities and the public at large donated A$500
mln to assist in recovery efforts.
ravaging | verwüstend,
verheerend
dire ˈdaɪə(r) / | fatal, schrecklich
to prove | sich erweisen
ruinous ˈruːɪnəs | ruinös
grievous ˈɡriːvəs | schwer, schlimm
the straw that broke the camel’s
back | der Tropfen, der das Fass
zum Überlaufen brachte
sobering | ernüchternd
appalling | entsetzlich,
beängstigend
A Disastrous Year
The people of Japan probably won’t forget 2018 anytime soon. Each December, the Japan Kanji Aptitude
Foundation announces a word that best represents that
events that took place in the preceding 12 months. The
winner is determined by a popular vote. Why is 2018 so
significant? The Japanese public settled on a term that
translates to “disaster” in English. In 2018, Japan was ravaged by a series of natural tragedies that deeply impacted
the national ethos.
Two major earthquakes ravaged Osaka and Hokkaido on
18 June and 6 September, respectively, resulting in over 40
deaths. Typhoon Jebi, the most forceful typhoon to strike
Japan in over 20 years, made landfall on 4 September. It
brought sustained winds of 285 km/h and brought about an
estimated financial loss of $12.6 bln. The slightly weaker
Typhoon Maria directly hit Japan on 10 July and managed
to wreak havoc, too. On top of all of this, a record-breaking
heatwave slammed the country in July 2018. The city of
Kumagaya saw a maximum temperature of 41.1°C, the
highest ever observed in Japan.
to put sb/sth on lockdown | jdn./etw. in Quarantäne stecken
to grab one’s attention | jds. Aufmerksamkeit erregen
to last | dauern
inferno | Flammenhölle, Inferno
urban | städtisch
hub | Zentrum, Mittelpunkt
to indicate sth | auf etw. hindeuten
bleak | trostlos, düster
scorched | verbrannt
including sth | einschließlich etw.
species | Rasse, Spezies
to be driven to extinction | ausgerottet werden
at least | mindestens
disastrous | verheerend
to announce sth | etw. bekannt geben, ankündigen
preceding | vorhergegangen
to settle on sth | sich für etw. entscheiden
ravaged by sth | durch etw. verwüstet
deeply | tief, stark
to impact sth | sich auf etw. auswirken
respectively | beziehungsweise, jeweils
sustained | anhaltend
loss | Verlust
slightly | ein wenig
to wreak havoc | Chaos und Verwüstung anrichten
to slam sth | etw. treffen, zuschlagen
18
ü
ENGLISH MATTERS 5|2020
Be Wise –
Immunise!
Controversial Debate Topics
To vaccinate or not to vaccinate?
It’s undoubtedly a hot topic nowadays.
This time English Matters is looking at the
main arguments in this controversial
vaccination debate.
T
here is no doubt that throughout the years vaccines have greatly
reduced the burden of infectious and fearsome diseases. As
they are rigorously tested and go through many rounds of
study and examination before being used with the general
public, vaccinations are considered to be safe. And yet, paradoxically, a vociferous anti-vaccination movement thrives today in
spite of the undeniable success of vaccination programmes. Let’s
take a look at the following opinions and find out.
0 to immunise | immunisieren
to vaccinate | impfen
undoubtedly | zweifellos
nowadays | heutzutage
1 burden | Bürde
fearsome | furchterregend
disease | Krankheit
considered | angesehen, betrachtet
vociferous | lautstark
to thrive | florieren, Erfolg haben
in spite of sth | trotz etw.
undeniable | unbestreitbar
to find out sth | etw. herausfinden, erfahren
1
ü
19
WHAT’S POSITIVE ABOUT IMMUNISATION?
“I’m a vaccine enthusiast. There is no
doubt that im­mu­
nisation is a way of
protecting against
serious diseases. Once we have been
immunised, our bodies are better able
to fight these diseases if we come into
contact with them. In the past, people
suffered from contagious diseases like
measles or polio, but thanks to medical
advancement the number of people
infected declined and we can control
diseases that once threatened many
lives. I completely don’t understand all
those who are against vaccinations.“
– Sean
“Visiting more
exotic and remote
locations can put
you at risk for diseases that may not
normally be found in your homeland.
Getting vaccinated against certain diseases is one of the most effective things
you can do to protect your health
abroad. I have recently visited Thailand
and I had to remember about the mandatory vaccinations that are needed
before being allowed into the country.
One of them was against typhoid, as
you can get it through contaminated
food or water in this beautiful country.
One more hint: plan to get the travel
vaccines you need at least a month
before your trip. For example, some
developing countries require proof of
yellow fever inoculation before allowing entry. Some of these vaccinations
can be quite expensive, but don’t skimp
and save – be safe!”
– Eric
“I live in
California. There
are still some dangerous diseases
that show up in the
United States, so children are still at
risk. You may have heard about the
measles becoming more common. In
2019, our country had the most cases
since 1992. More than 120 people
were hospitalised because of measles,
with complications such as pneumonia
and brain inflammation. We need to
remember that the benefit of immunisation is that your child has the best
possible protection against dangerous
diseases. This can give you peace of
mind.”
– Barbara
remote | entlegen
to get vaccinated against sth | gegen etw.
geimpft werden
abroad | im Ausland
mandatory | Pflichttyphoid ˈtaɪfɔɪd | Typhus
contaminated | verseucht
hint | Tipp, Hinweis
at least | mindestens, wenigstens
to require sth | etw. erfordern
yellow fever inoculation
| Gelbfieberimpfung
to skimp | knausern
Controversial Debate Topics
doubt daʊt | Zweifel
to fight sth | etw. bekämpfen
contagious kənˈteɪdʒəs | ansteckend
measles ˈmiːzlz | Masern
advancement | Fortschritt
to decline | sinken, abnehmen
to threaten sth | etw. bedrohen,
gefährden
to show up | auftauchen
common | verbreitet, geläufig
pneumonia njuːˈməʊniə / nuːˈməʊniə
| Lungenentzündung
brain inflammation | Gehirnentzündung
20
ü
“It’s important that
as many people as
possible get vaccinated. We shouldn’t
forget that the vaccine protects not only the individual to
whom it is administered, but also the
entire population. When enough people
are vaccinated, it helps protect society.
This occurs through herd immunity.
Widespread vaccinations make it less
likely that a susceptible person will
come into contact with someone who
has a particular disease.”
– Andrea
administered | verabreicht
to occur | auftreten
herd immunity | Herdenimmunität
widespread | weit verbreitet
susceptible səˈseptəbl | anfällig,
empfänglich
“I’m a mother of
a one-year-old boy.
Vaccines are very
important for infants
because your child
will be protected against more dangerous diseases than ever before. However,
they’re not all given immediately after
birth. Each vaccine is given on a timeline, and some require multiple doses.
I was given a special table in easy-toread format which helps me understand
the timeline of each vaccine. I will
definitely stick to this immunisation
schedule.”
– Kate
infant | Säugling
multiple | viele, mehrfach
definitely | definitiv
to stick to sth | sich an etw. halten
schedule | Plan
Celebrities and politicians also
willingly express their opinions
about immunisation. Today anecdote often wins over facts.
“Healthy young child goes to doctor, gets pumped with massive shot
of many vaccines, doesn’t feel good
and changes – AUTISM, many
such cases!”
Trump tweeted
in 2014
willingly | gerne,
bereitwillig
ENGLISH MATTERS 5|2020
THE OTHER FLIP OF THE COIN
the other flip of the coin | druga strona medalu
“We need to remember that each vaccine is made with
different components, and each can
affect you differently. People who have
experienced allergic reactions to certain vaccines in the past may experience an allergic reaction again.
Moreover, subsequent allergic reactions to vaccines are usually more serious than the first and may carry a risk
of a life-threatening allergy reaction.
Therefore, you should always contact
your doctor if you have any worrisome
symptoms after receiving a vaccination.”
– Miranda
therefore |deshalb
needle | Nadel
petrified | gelähmt, versteinert
seizure | Krampfanfall
memory loss | Gedächtnisverlust
home bird | Hausvogel, Stubenhocker
to be reluctant to sth | etw. nur ungern tun
moreover | außerdem, zudem
pharmaceutical ˌfɑːməˈsuːtɪkl / ˌfɑːməˈsjuːtɪkl
| Pharmato earn | verdienen
without sth | ohne etw.
side effect | Nebeneffekt
trigger for sth | Auslöser für etw.
learning disability | Lernschwäche
angioma ˌæn.dʒiˈəʊ.mə | Angiom
hepatitis B | Hepatitis B
“Some people say
that vaccines are
unethical because
some ingredients
include animal
byproducts, while other ingredients
may cause cancer. I partially agree with
them. As far as I’m concerned, the
government shouldn’t force people to
get vaccinated as it would take away
peoples’ basic freedoms. I want to
decide about myself and my body! In
my view, medical decisions for children should be left to the parents or
caregivers.”
– Majken
ingredient | Zutat
to include sth | etw. enthalten
byproduct | Nebenprodukt
cancer | Krebs
partially | teilweise
as far as I’m concerned | was mich betrifft
to take sth away | etw. wegnehmen
caregiver | Betreuungsperson
ü
“I’ve been a vegetarian for 10 years
and I’m not a super
supporter of vaccines as some can
contain ingredients I consider immoral
and objectionable. Some vaccines for
flu, MMR, and chicken pox are made
using animal products like chicken
eggs, insect cells, Cocker Spaniel cells
or pig gelatine, which is definitely
against some vegetarian and vegan
philosophies. What about some inoculations that are produced using human
albumin, a blood plasma protein?
I really consider it problematic.”
– Mehmet
supporter | Befürworter
objectionable əbˈdʒekʃənəbl | unzulässig,
verwerflich
flu | Grippe
MMR | Masern, Mumps, Röteln
chicken pox | Windpocken
To Cut a Long Story
Short
Today, thanks to the overwhelming
bulk of research, vaccines have an
excellent safety record and most “vaccine scares” have been shown to be
false alarms. Of course you need to be
aware of the potential costs as well as
side effects and always ask your doctor for recommendation. However,
the illness may be far worse than the
potential side effects of the vaccine.
The choice belongs to you!
2 to cut a long story short | kurz gesagt
overwhelming ˌəʊvəˈwelmɪŋ /
ˌəʊvərˈwelmɪŋ | überwältigend
bulk of sth | Menge an etw.
to be aware of sth | sich einer S.
bewusst sein
2
21
Controversial Debate Topics
“To be honest, I have
always been afraid
of needles and inoculations. I was petrified when my doctor informed me about all potential
risks and side effects, like: seizures,
memory loss or muscle paralysis. Is it
really necessary to vaccinate everyone?
Maybe it should be mandatory for all
those globetrotters but I’m a typical
home bird who is really reluctant to
leave own place of living. Moreover,
I think that the whole hype around
vaccinations is connected to money
that some pharmaceutical concerns
want to earn”.
– Sylvia
“I’m dead against
i m mu n isat ion!
I heard that a child’s
immune system
can fight against
most diseases without any help from
vaccines and putting the substances of
a vaccine into a child’s body can cause
serious side effects. Moreover, it may
be the trigger for a lot of the health
problems and learning disabilities we
see in children today, such as autism or
ADHD. My daughter had angioma as
a side effect of hepatitis B vaccination.
Luckily, she is safe and sound now.”
– Bob
Be Brave, There’s
Money to Save!
Recently, COVID-19 has created huge problems, and people are losing
their jobs or having their incomes drastically cut as demand for their
services decreases. So, here are ten things you can do to cut your
spending.
Food Shopping
In the USA and UK, 30 percent of food
is thrown out or just not eaten every year.
What to do?
• Don’t shop when hungry: A recent study
showed you could be spending 60 percent more than you need!
• Make a shopping list: Writing down
what to buy can mean spending one
quarter less!
• O wn-brands: Up to 50 percent savings are there if you shun consumer
brands in favour of value labels from
your supermarket.
Water
ZUGANGSCODE
8s6
ODER HÖR ES
DIR AN AUF
DOWNLOAD QR CODE SCANNER:
COLORFULMEDIA.DE/SCANNER
DOWNLOAD
Tips
When it goes down the drain, it costs you
more. Some ideas on how to cut water
usage and bills:
• Don’t run the tap when cleaning teeth.
It wastes six litres every minute! For
a 10-minute brush you throw three
large bottles of mineral water away!
• Doing dirty dishes with a running
tap. That uses up 75 litres per session. A modern dishwasher’s usage
of water cuts that waste by at least
half!
• When doing the laundry, many washing
machines use 40 litres of water per wash.
So don’t put in one or two shirts even if
you do need them in the morning!
english-matters-magazin.de
1
22
ü
2
• Glass of tap water: Do you let the tap
run to let the water go cold? This wastes
four litres every 30 seconds for one glass
of water! Better fill a jug and put it in
the fridge!
0 to save | sparen
income | Einkommen
demand for sth | Nachfrage nach etw.
to decrease tə dɪˈkriːs | sinken,
abnehmen
1 thrown out | weggeworfen
2 to write sth down | etw. aufschreiben
to mean sth | etw. bedeuten
one quarter | ein Viertel
own-brand | Eigenmarke
savings | Ersparnisse
to shun sth | etw. meiden
in favour of sth | zugunsten
von etw.
value label | Eigenmarkenlabel
to go down the drain | durch die Spülung
rauschen, hier: flöten gehen
water usage | Wasserverbrauch
bill | Rechnung
to run the tap | das Wasser
laufen lassen
to waste sth | etw. verschwenden
brush | Bürste, Bürsten
(Putzen)
to throw sth away | etw. wegwerfen
to do the dishes | Geschirr spülen
at least | mindestens,
wenigstens
to do the laundry | Wäsche waschen
per wash | pro Wäsche
3 tap water | Leitungswasser
to fill sth | etw. füllen
jug dʒʌɡ | Krug
3
ENGLISH MATTERS 5|2020
Clothes
Why your local second-hand store can be
your one-stop fashion hunt:
• Looking for treasure: You never know
what you will find! These shops do not
all have the same stuff.
• Brand names for less: People donate
things they have no use for. And what
the shops have, they do not up the price
for big name items!
• Eco-friendly shopper: About 12 billion
tons of used clothes go to landfill every
year in the USA: 85 percent of what
they make every year! Be eco-friendly!
Toiletries
Little things give big savings. Here’s how
it can go further:
• Cut it: A lot is wasted because you cannot
get out the last bit of your tube! So cut the
container open and squeeze, but please
do this safely!
• Size is everything: Don’t be fooled by
a, “bigger bottle”. Before taking, check
how much is in the bottle. How happy
they are to give you less for more money!
4 to look for sth | n
ach etw. suchen
4
Holidays
Don’t give up your break, but go away
for less:
• Save the day: It costs more to fly at or
before the weekend. Do you need to go
when everybody else does?
• DIY dinners: You needn’t eat out every
time, but find the local grocer’s for
bread, cheese, vegetables and something
local. It’ll cost less than tourist-trap
restaurants!
• Escape the trap: Your hotel is in a touristy part of town, prices are higher. Get
a bus map and out to the real heart of
the action away from the money grabbers. It may only be a ten-minute walk
down the coast!
• Currency clash: You are overcharged
when you get cash from an ATM. Get
grocer’s | Lebensmittelgeschäft
vegetable ˈvedʒtəbl | Gemüse
tourist-trap | Touristenfalle
money grabber | Geldgieriger,
Halsabschneider
overcharged | zu viel
berechnet
ATM | Geldautomat
6 prepaid | vorausbezahlt
to top sth up with sth | etw. mit etw.
aufladen
instead | stattdessen
swimming pool
| Schwimmbad
running track
| Laufbahn
outdoor
exerciser | 5
ü
a prepaid debit card back home before
your holiday, then top it up with what
you need for your trip.
Fitness
Enjoy the gym? What to do instead?
• Behind you: Many recreation centres,
local parks and even schools and universities have a swimming pool, running
track and outdoor exercisers to access
when needed.
• Screen on, disk in: There are fitness
DVDs or online exercise videos for low
or zero cost.
• Load apps: The Internet has many free
fitness apps. Many come with your
phone to count steps, track jogging
routes etc.
• Dream team: Check your newspaper for
local sports teams who use the local park or
indoor sports hall. Make friends! Have fun!
Cars
The car is one of our biggest expenses.
Get rid of it!
Freilufttrainingsgerät
to access X | zugreifen auf X
to track sth | etw. nachverfolgen
indoor | Innen-, Hallento make friends | Freundschaft
schließen
expense | Ausgaben
to get rid of sth | etw. loswerden
Tips
to do sth up | etw. erhöhen
landfill | Mülldeponie
toiletries | Toilettenartikel
to get out sth | etw.
herausbekommen
to cut sth open | etw. aufschneiden
container | Behälter
to squeeze | drücken
safely | vorsichtig
fooled | betrogen
less | weniger
5 to shave sth | etw. rasieren,
reduzieren
razor | Rasierer
daily | täglich
shave | Rasieren, Rasur
single-blade | Einzelklinge
disposable | Einweginstant | sofortig
to notice sth | etw. bemerken
to give sth up | etw. aufgeben
break | Pause
to go away | wegfahren
DIY = do it yourself | Heimwerken,
Basteln
to eat out | essen gehen
• Shave the costs: If you use those bigname razors for your daily shave, it
is time to stop. Get yourself a pack of
cheap single-blade disposable razors
which do the job just as well. Instant
savings, and you probably won’t notice
any difference!
6
23
• Car sharing: No insurance, and saves
you hundreds! And no maintenance
costs! Neither are there buying costs
like credit.
• On your bike: Cycling gets you in the
fresh air. There are many reasons to
go to two wheels from four, like low
maintenance, going where cars can’t,
no parking costs, and no traffic jams!
• Go public: Access may not be good in
rural areas, but in the city, the cost of
a monthly pass for all public transport
does not compare to spendings on petrol.
And again, no parking fees!
Recycling
Does it save you money? Yes, it definitely
does and here’s how.
• Bottled water: When having a drink
of tap water, just use and then wash up
a glass. If you are out buying bottled
water, take the empty bottle home and
wash it for re-use.
• Jam jars: There are so many ways to use
these, too, if you make your own jam
or fruit juice, or just need somewhere
Tips
Books, Music and
Movies
So much to read, listen to or watch! And
so much that you can save on:
• Remember the library: A novel doesn’t
cost much, but the library is free and has
everything you need to get your reading
pleasure for free! They’re also great for
music and movie rental.
• Music and movies: With streaming
media, buying CDs or DVDs has become
less popular now, although LP records
are also making a comeback. Maybe
they please audiophiles, but they take up
a lot of physical space, and it is probably
not worth it in practical and cost terms!
Everything Else
The Biggest Wasters
Some ideas that don’t fit what we’ve covered so far:
• Unused subscriptions: You would not
believe how much money goes on these
every year that isn’t used: fitness clubs,
old insurance policies, cinema membership, football season tickets etc. Keep it
in your pocket!
• Lottery tickets: The jackpot is tempting,
but you know you’re not going to win!
Stop chasing rainbows!
• Coffee to go: Can’t you make coffee
at home in a thermos flask and take it
to work? One 100g jar gives up to 50
coffees at a fraction of the cost of your
costly, morning latte.
• Paper clean-up towels – What a waste!
One ton of paper towels means 17 trees
and over 70,000 litres of water go on
wiping up your coffee stains!
• Birthday cards: Greetings cards cost
too much for what you get. And there
is the postage you’ll be saving! There
are many free eCards online!
• Present wrapping: 40 million tons of
paper is wasted a year, giving one million tons of rubbish and 60,000 kilometres of ribbon wrap.
7
8
Every year, in the UK, people waste
over £9,000 on things that they never
use! The biggest wasters are:
• Food £1,337
• Clothes £733
• Drinks £689
• TV packages £628
• Gym £588
• Travel £585
• Gaming £580
• Beauty products £544
• Events £531
• Toiletries £526
• Phone credit £522
• CDs/vinyls/DVDs £502
• Cleaning products £494
What about you! What do you waste?
24
to keep things like coins, tickets, shop
receipts or buttons.
• Shopping bags: These cost when you get
them from the supermarket. So don’t
discard, but reuse as bin bags, for collecting rubbish after a picnic, or in the
car for muddy boots after a walk.
ü
The coronavirus pandemic has given us
a push, prompting us to do what we normally only think about. Until now, we’ve
had no reason to think of why we should
cut costs. So now is the time to look at our
money situation and cut what we spend,
and as we have shown in this article, it is
not so hard as you may think. 
7 insurance | Versicherung
maintenance ˈmeɪntənəns | Instandhaltung,
Wartung
neither | auch nicht
cycling | Radfahren
traffic jam | Stau
rural area | ländliche
Gegend
pass | Fahrkarte
parking fee | Parkgebühr
definitely | definitiv
bottled water | Flaschenwasser
jam jar | Marmeladenglas
8 receipt rɪˈsiːt | Quittung
to discard sth | etw. wegwerfen
bin bag | Müllbeutel
to collect sth | etw. (ein)sammeln
rubbish | Müll
muddy | matschig,
dreckig
novel | Roman
rental | Ausleihe
although | obwohl
LP record | Schallplatte, LP
to please sb | jdm. gefallen
to take up sth | etw. einnehmen
worth sth | etw. wert
to fit | passen
to cover sth | etw. abdecken, über etw.
berichten
insurance policy | Versicherungspolice
membership | Mitgliedschaft
jackpot | Hauptpreis, Jackpot
tempting | verlockend
to chase rainbows | einer Illusion
nachjagen
thermos flask | Thermosflasche
to give up to X | X ergeben
at a fraction of sth | zu einem Bruchteil von
etw.
to wipe up sth | etw. aufwischen
coffee stain | Kaffeefleck
greeting card | Grußkarte, Geschenkkarte
postage | Porto
rubbish | Müll
ribbon | Band, Schleife
9 to give sb a push | jdm. einen Schubs geben
to prompt sb to do sth | jdn. dazu bewegen,
etw. zu tun
9
ENGLISH MATTERS 5|2020
Many Shades
of Meaning
gs
There might be two sides to every story as the saying goes, but there
are definitely many sides to English words. Study these examples of
nouns and verbs with multiple meanings.
A ‘crane’, depending on the context,
may refer to a large bird, a construction
machine or to the activity of stretching
your neck. Look at the examples of other
words whose meanings depend on the
context.
shade | Schattierung, Nuance
meaning | Bedeutung
two sides to every story | jedes Ding hat
zwei Seiten
saying | Sprichwort, Redensart
definitely | definitiv
JACK
NAIL
• jacks – a children’s game with starshaped objects
• a thin metal spike used for joining
planks together
• a playing card with a young man on it
• a name, e.g. Jack Sparrow
• a type of plug
ü
Related phrases:
• jack shit – nothing
• Jack Frost – an imaginary character that
brings frost
• Union Jack – the UK’s flag
• Jack the Ripper – a murderer of prostitutes in England in the 19th century
• jack-of-all-trades – someone who is good
at many things
• jack-o’-lantern – Halloween pumpkin
with some light inside and a carved face
tyre ˈtaɪə(r) / ˈtaɪər | Reifen
plug plʌɡ | Stecker
frost | Frost
pumpkin | Kürbis
carved | eingeritzt
• flat hard part of fingers and toes
• to attach something to a surface with
nails (for example to a wall)
• to prove that someone has been involved
in an illegal activity
• to do something perfectly
spike | Zacke, Nagel
to join sth together | etw. verbinden
plank | Brett
surface ˈsɜːfɪs / ˈsɜːrfɪs | Oberfläche
25
Language
• a piece of equipment used for lifting
a car while changing a tyre
multiple ˈmʌltɪpl | mehrfach, mehrere
depending on sth | abhängig von etw.
bird bɜːd / bɜːrd | Vogel
to stretch sth | etw. strecken, dehnen
JAM
• a sweet mixture made of fruit spread
on bread
• a situation that can’t be solved easily
• a line of cars/vehicles on a road
INTEREST
• a need to learn more about something
• money from the bank received for keeping your savings in an account in this
bank
• money paid to the bank for taking a loan
from this bank
• for the sake of something, e.g. in the
interest of citizens
• a legal right to possess a part of a business
savings | Ersparnisse
account | Konto
to take a loan | einen Kredit aufnehmen
for the sake of sth | einer S. zuliebe
• a situation in which a machine e.g.
a printer doesn’t work because there is
some paper stuck inside of it
• valid now, existing now
• water, air or electricity moving in one
direction
valid | gültig
Other examples of words with multiple
meanings include: run, pool, bolt, draft,
bank, bat as well as mass.
to include sth | etw. einschließen
Study an English-English dictionary and
discover many more words with numerous meanings.
The verb ‘to jam’ has several meanings
as well. They are as follows:
• to push something into something else
• to make a place full of people
• to block something
• to stop working (about the telephone
system)
• to play music (e.g. with friends) in an
informal way
spread | verteilt, gestrichen
vehicle ˈviːəkl / ˈviːhɪkl | Fahrzeug
printer | Drucker
stuck | stecken geblieben
inside of sth | in etw., im Inneren von etw.
several | einige
26
numerous ˈnjuːmərəs / ˈnuːmərəs | zahlreich
Answer key:
1 a. pool, b. pupil, c. bear, d. mean, e. shed,
2. jack, nail, nail, jack, jack-o’-lantern, Union
Jack,
3. a. flat hard part of fingers and toes, b. to do
something perfectly (mainly AmE), c. a thin
metal spike used for joining planks together,
d. to attach something to a surface with nails,
e. to prove that someone has been involved in
an illegal activity,
4. a. Jam Jack, b. interrest interest, c. too to,
d. cranned craned, e. jack-of-all-trails jackof-all-trades, f. jam jack, g. cranes crane h.
loosing losing, i. gigg gig, j. currently current
Language
CURRENT
ü
PRACTICE
1. G
uess the word
to fill in the gaps
in the pairs of
sentences.
a. The victim’s body was lying in
a ............................. of blood.
It has always been my dream to
buy a mansion with an outdoor
............................. and a small stable.
b. There is one ............................. still
left in the classroom. We need to
wait for him.
The ............................. of an eye contracts or dilates depending if it is
light or dark.
c. Look! I think I saw a huge brown
............................. among the trees
on the right.
I can’t stand it anymore! This
horrible person is so difficult to
.............................
d. What does this word ...........................?
I have never heard it before.
It was ............................. of you to
mention her previous two marriages
at the wedding.
e. D
ue to the coronavirus crisis, the
company ............................. some
staff this month.
If you are looking for a rake, look in
the garden .............................
victim | Opfer
outdoor | Außenstable | Stall
to dilate tə daɪˈleɪt | sich weiten
previous | frühere, vorherige
wedding | Hochzeit
due to sth | wegen/aufgrund von etw.
staff | Personal, Mitarbeiter
to look for sth | nach etw. suchen
rake | Rechen, Harke
ENGLISH MATTERS 5|2020
2. N
ame the objects presented
in the pictures
3. R
ead the following sentences.
Which meanings of the word ‘nail’
described in the article does each
sentence present?
a. I had my manicure done yesterday. What do you think of
that nail varnish?
b. He literally nailed it. It was awesome. He’s a real winner and
a lucky devil!
c. I can hang this picture for you. Do you have a nail?
d. H
e finally nailed the shelf to the wall.
e. I can’t believe the newspaper headline. The police finally
nailed the guy responsible for all the night robberies.
literally | buchstäblich
awesome ˈɔːsəm | toll, fantastisch
lucky devil | Glückspilz
headline | Schlagzeile
robbery | Raubüberfall
a. Would you like to watch a film about Jam the Ripper with me?
b. The news aroused interrest among all members of our community.
c. According too the terms and conditions of the contract, you
have to repay the loan in 10 days with interest. Not much can
be done about this.
d. The tourists cranned their necks to get a closer look at the
statue.
e. Peter is a real jack-of-all-trails, he can help you with anything.
f. I don’t need your advice. You know jam shit!
g. L
ook up! I have never seen such a tall cranes.
h. Gradually, Peter was loosing interest in any political activity.
i. It was a great gigg. The band nailed it.
j. C
ould you give me your currently address, please?
ü
27
Language
4. F
ind one mistake in each sentence.
ZUGANGSCODE
ao7
ODER HÖR ES
DIR AN AUF
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COLORFULMEDIA.DE/SCANNER
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Eco-Friendly
Travel
english-matters-magazin.de
Travelling can have a serious negative effect
on the environment, but it doesn’t have to.
English Matters looks at how to travel with
ecology in mind, without compromising
enjoyment.
Travel
C
limate change is becoming
increasingly apparent every
day, with extreme temperature fluctuations and long
periods of drought happening more and
more frequently. That, coupled with an
increased awareness of the adverse environmental effects travel can have, has led
to a growing movement of eco-friendly
travel. Every person who travels has the
opportunity to take a few steps towards
becoming more ecological. Here are some
ideas how.
other side of the world. Air travel uses
a lot of fossil fuels and releases a lot of
emissions into the atmosphere, so one of
the simplest ways to start your journey
towards being an eco-friendly traveller
is to say no to flying. Holiday destinations that are close to home require the
least energy (and therefore fuel) to travel
to – that doesn’t mean you have to go
camping in your garden, though – with
some thorough research, it can be surprising how many attractive destinations are
just a stone’s throw away.
Keep it Within
the Country
Choo Choo Choose
the Train
Whether the international borders are
closed due to a worldwide pandemic or
not, holidaying domestically is an ecofriendly alternative to jetting off to the
Continuing on the track of avoiding
air travel, from the remaining vehicle
options, some are better than others.
Of course, walking or riding a bike are
0 environment ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt | Umwelt
whether | ob
due to sth | wegen/aufgrund von etw.
to jet off | davondüsen (mit einem Flugzeug)
2 fossil fuel ˈfɒsl fjuːəl / ˈfɑːsl fjuːəl | fossiler
Kraftstoff
to release sth | etw. freilassen,
freisetzen
to require sth | etw. (er)fordern
fuel | Kraftstoff
though | obgleich, wenngleich
thorough | gründlich
stone’s throw away | ein Steinwurf
entfernt
to avoid sth | etw. (ver)meiden
vehicle ˈviːəkl / ˈviːhɪkl | Fahrzeug, Gefährt
without sth | ohne etw.
to compromise sth | etw. schaden
enjoyment ɪnˈdʒɔɪmənt | Vergnügen
1 increasingly | zunehmend
apparent | offensichtlich
fluctuation | Schwankung
drought draʊt | Dürre
coupled with sth | verbunden/gekoppelt
mit etw.
awareness of sth | Bewusstsein/Kenntnis
von etw.
adverse | nachteilig
to lead to sth | zu etw. führen
a few | ein paar
1
28
ü
2
The Tunnel of Love, Ukraine
ENGLISH MATTERS 5|2020
the most environmentally friendly, but
they’re also not really feasible for most
vacations. Public transport, however, can
provide the space to cater for a group,
such as a family with a week’s worth
of luggage. Public transport also often
provides a connection to sought-after
destinations which are well out of walking distance. The train has been rated by
many eco-travellers as the number one
option for moving from destination to
destination – sometimes even internationally (Trans-Siberian express anyone?),
and bus trips can also connect you to
luxurious and exotic places – they’re
definitely more eco-friendly than travelling by car and only take a slightly
longer time.
Hand Luggage Only
3 feasible
ˈfiːzəbl | machbar, möglich
to cater for sb | auf jds. Bedürfnisse
eingehen
week’s worth of | für eine Woche
sought-after | begehrt, nachgefragt
to be well out of sth | von etw. weit entfernt
sein
luxurious lʌɡˈʒʊəriəs / lʌɡˈʒʊriəs | luxuriös
definitely | definitiv
slightly | ein wenig, etwas
low-cost | billig, kostengünstig
strictness | Strenge, Genauigkeit
to fit in sth | in etw. passen
hold luggage | Frachtraumgepäck
weight weɪt | Gewicht
strictly | streng
to seem | scheinen
sly | gerissen, schlau
to grab sth | etw. greifen, schnappen
ultimately | letztendlich
harm | Schaden
ü
3
29
Travel
Anyone who has had the pleasure of
travelling on low-cost airlines, knows
the strictness that can be placed on luggage size. The free option is a tiny bag
with very limited space, and all bags
have to fit in a specially made frame for
checking size. Even if you pay for hold
luggage, the weight is strictly limited.
This might seem like a sly way for the
airlines to grab some more of our cash,
but there is a logical reason behind it,
and an ecological lesson, too – more
luggage means more weight, therefore
more fuel, and ultimately more harm to
Vacation and Holiday
The article is written in British
English, but still uses the word ‘vacation’ (an American English word).
Examples of American English in
British English are becoming increasingly common, especially Am. Eng.
‘movie’ for Br. Eng. ‘film’ and Am.
Eng. ‘kids’ for Br. Eng. ‘children.’
This last example is so common that
British Prime Minister Boris Johnson
recently used it frequently in a video
post on social media.
common | verbreitet, geläufig
the environment. So, the lesson is; pack
light. Think about what you will need on
your travels, and pack only that – you’ll
have less to carry around with you and it
will be better for the environment.
Buy Local
Travel
Once you’ve arrived at your destination, however far you travelled and
whichever way you chose to get there,
there are still things you can do to help
4
the environment, and they could help you
to have a good time, too. One of the best
tips is to buy local – when you’re buying
food and drink for the trip, choose the
local produce rather than the international
brand that you always have at home. Not
only will this help the environment by
lowering the distance the products have
travelled (and therefore reduce the amount
of fuel used and emissions created) but it
will also support local communities and
give you a chance to sample local flavours
and delicacies – guaranteed fresh, hopefully tasty. Another little tip is to take
reusable shopping bags with you, just
like you would at your local shops – saves
you paying for a new bag on your travels
and helps save the world by reducing the
amount of plastic we create.
Destination Destination
Destination
It is said that life is a journey, not
a destination – while the sentiment is true
even on holiday, it would be foolish to
think only about means of travel and not
final destination. The tips above are ones
which can help minimise the environmental impact of your travels, but it’s understandable that they are not for everyone.
Whether you heed them or not, there are
other options, too – some holiday operators
run carbon-offsetting programs and some
give back to local communities. There are
even destinations whose governments
place importance on ecology in welcoming
visitors – they can be seen in the annual
Sustainable Destinations Top 100 awards,
choosing one of these destinations ensures
thoughts are being given to the environment as well as tourism.
5 brand | Marke
to lower sth | etw. verringern,
senken
to support sb/sth | jdn./etw.
unterstützen
community | Gemeinschaft
to sample sth | etw. probieren
reusable ˌriːˈjuːzəbl | wiederverwertbar
to pay for sth | für etw. zahlen
impact | Einfluss, Wirkung
understandable ˌʌndəˈstændəbl /
ˌʌndərˈstændəbl | verständlich
to heed sth | etw. beherzigen
30
ü
5
Pronunciation
Warning
Many words in English can be
used as a noun and a verb – often
one form is more common than the
other. When using a word in a different way to what you are used to,
pay attention to the pronunciation,
as it often changes. The article uses
‘holiday’ as a verb and a noun (and
the pronunciation doesn’t change)
and also ‘produce’ as a noun. Here
the pronunciation is /ˈprɒdjuːs/ as
opposed to the more common verb
form /prəˈdjuːs/.
to pay attention to sth | seine
Aufmerksamkeit auf etw. richten
Down the Road
At first glance, it may seem that placing high importance on ecology when
planning a trip takes some of the fun
away, but this does not have to be the
case. A train ride through the country
can become part of the wonder of travelling. Only packing what you really
need can make you realise what is truly
important to you. And sampling the local
food and drink can bring flavours and
experiences that simply couldn’t be had at
home. Even if these things don’t appeal, if
we don’t all start to take responsibility for
our environmental impact, we may find
that life at home is no holiday, as climate
change becomes more extreme and we
have more problems with the weather
down the road. 
carbon-offsetting | Emissionshandel
government | Regierung
to place importance on sth | auf etw. Wert
legen
annual | jährlich
sustainable səˈsteɪnəbl | nachhaltig, tragbar
award | Preis
to ensure sth | etw. gewährleisten,
garantieren
6 down the road | am Ende,
später einmal
at first glance | auf den ersten Blick
to realise | realisieren, verstehen
to appeal | reizen, wirken
6
ENGLISH MATTERS 5|2020
Rack Your Brain
1. P
ut the words in
the correct order.
2. R
ead this passage from the article Day by Day
on the American Frontier and find 10 grammar/
vocabulary mistakes.
a) if / the / continues / the / will / crops
/ suffer / drought
b) gales / expected / to / in / north / blow
/ of / the / the / country / are
c) people / ten / lost / lives / in / today’s
/ their / avalanche
d) the / flights / delayed / blizzard / due
/ to / a / are
e) hurricane / consequences / of / the /
will / be / dire / the
f) the / just / volcano / erupted / has
g) the / majority / of / houses / an / the
/ were / by / earthquake / destroyed
h) pipes / did / the / up / freeze / ?
Once the first US Transcontinental Railroad has been completed in 1869, the majority of the settlers came to the West on the train, but the earlier pioneers embarked on
their long journey with ox-driven wagons. The cart ride was being uncomfortable
and jolting, and often all the travellers walked alongside the wagons. Attacks by
hostile Indians were not the only fear lurking in the back of the pioneers’ minds.
Violent storms might soaked right through all their clothing and bedding, while
bogging the wagons down in mud and making rivers impossible cross. Even
fording a river might result in the lost of life and valuable supplies. Cattle, the oxs
pulling the wagon, or big herds of buffalo could be startled into sudden and deadly
stampedes. There were other challenges to face: oxen dying off thirst, overloaded
wagons and dysentery, among other. Trails were poorily marked and hard to follow,
and travellers often lost their way, as guidebooks were rarely and often unreliable.
settler | Siedler
ox | Ochse
uncomfortable ʌnˈkʌmftəbl / ʌnˈkʌmfətəbl | ungemütlich
cattle | Vieh, Rinder
stampede stæmˈpiːd | panische Flucht, Massenpanik
crops | Feldfrüchte, Gesamternte
drought | Dürre
avalanche ˈævəlɑːnʃ / ˈævəlæntʃ
| Lawine
blizzard | Schneesturm
hurricane ˈhʌrɪkən / ˈhɜːrəkeɪn | Orkan
majority | Mehrheit
earthquake | Erdbeben
Answer key:
1.a) If the drought continues, the crops will
suffer. b) Gales are expected to blow in the north
of the country. c) Ten people lost their lives in
today’s avalanche. d) The flights are delayed due
to a blizzard. e) The consequences of the hurricane will be dire. f) The volcano has just erupted.
g) The majority of the houses were destroyed by
an earthquake. h) Did the pipes freeze up?
3. U
nderline the words
containing the /eə/
sound.
4. F
ind six adjectives.
v
bl
epr
evalen
tun
at
tra
ctivewea
ed
lth
y
is
pu
ta
b
le
hair air pair fairly rare square mayor stairs
where
a
a
a
il
abl
Answer key:
is
hair • air • pair • learn • fairly
straight • rare • pure • square • mayor
near • clown • stairs • cake • where
.......................
.......................
.......................
d
.......................
.......................
.......................
d
in
ü
31
Leisure
Once the first US Transcontinental Railroad had been completed in 1869, the majority of the settlers
came to the West on the train, but the earlier pioneers embarked on their long journey with ox-driven
wagons. The cart ride was uncomfortable and jolting, and often all the travellers walked alongside
the wagons. Attacks by hostile Indians were not the only fear lurking in the back of the pioneers’
minds. Violent storms might soak right through all their clothing and bedding, while bogging the
wagons down in mud and making rivers impossible to cross. Even fording a river might result in the
loss of life and valuable supplies. Cattle, the oxen pulling the wagon, or big herds of buffalo could
be startled into sudden and deadly stampedes. There were other challenges to face: oxen dying of
thirst, overloaded wagons and dysentery, among others. Trails were poorly marked and hard to
follow, and travellers often lost their way, as guidebooks were rare and often unreliable.
Answer key:
Charlie Puth – We
Don’t Talk Anymore
The world of pop
music is full of songs
about unfulfilled love
and broken hearts. We
don’t talk anymore by
Charlie Puth is one of
those hits that people
can easily relate to.
Leisure
W
ho has never had to say
goodbye to someone
you were in love with?
Probably not many people have been so lucky. It seems Charlie
Puth is one of those who experienced disappointment in love and he sings about it
convincingly. What else do we know about
him? He’s an American singer of the young
generation born in 1991. His career started
10 years ago when he uploaded some of his
recordings on YouTube. The song We don’t
talk anymore came out in 2016 and was
a huge success, which was helped by Selena
Gomez, another pop star, with whom Puth
recorded it. Let’s look at the lyrics and learn
some colloquial, idiomatic English.
The lyrics are the property of the
author and have been published here
only for educational purposes for
persons studying English.
Grammar
2. We don’t talk anymore like we
used to do
The sentence contains the structure ‘used
to’, which serves the purpose of expressing something in the past that happened
regularly, but is no longer true now.
The words of the song mean that it was
a regular thing for him and his girlfriend
to talk, but they don’t do it now, as they
broke up. Let’s look at more examples:
I used to have longer hair when I was
a child. (now I don’t have such long
hair.)
1
32
Did You Know…?
The structure ‘used to’ can also be
seen in a lot of other songs such as
Somebody That I Used To Know by
Gotye, Used To by Chris Daughtry,
We Used To Wait by Arcade Fire, The
Way We Used To Be by Eric Carmen
and Used To Be by Ilya.
1. We don’t talk anymore, we don’t
talk anymore
2. We don’t talk anymore like
we used to do
3. We don’t love anymore
4. What was all of it for
5. Oh, we don’t talk anymore like
we used to do. . . 6. I just heard you found the one
you’ve been looking
7. You’ve been looking for
8. I wish I would’ve known that
wasn’t me
9. C
ause even after all this time
10. I still wonder
11. W
hy I can’t move on
12. Just the way you did so easily
13. Don’t wanna know
14. What kind of dress you’re wearing tonight
15. I f he’s holding on to you so tight
16. The way I did before
17. I overdosed
18. Should’ve known your love was
a game
19. N
ow I can’t get you out of my
brain
20. O
h, it’s such a shame
21. That we don’t talk anymore, we
don’t talk anymore
22. W
e don’t talk anymore like we
used to do
23. W
e don’t laugh anymore
24. W
hat was all of it for
25. Oh, we don’t talk anymore like
we used to do. . . ü
I used to visit my grandma every summer. (I don’t do it now as my grandma
died two years ago.)
I used to go swimming every morning.
(now I go only once a week.)
Instead of the structure ‘used to’,
you can sometimes use ‘would’ to
express the same thing. The difference between the two is that ‘would’
is only possible when the main verb is
an action verb. You can say:
I used to visit my grandma every summer. or I would visit my grandma every
summer.
I used to go swimming every morning.
or I would go swimming every morning.
However, you cannot use ‘would’ in
the sentence I used to have longer hair
0 to relate to sth | sich mit
etw. identifizieren
1 to seem | scheinen
disappointment | Enttäuschung
convincingly kənˈvɪnsɪŋli | überzeugend
to upload sth | etw. hochladen
to come out | rauskommen, veröffentlicht
werden
to record sth | etw. aufnehmen
lyrics | Liedtext
to contain sth | etw. enthalten
used to | pflegte zu (+ Inf.)
to mean that… | bedeuten
to break up | sich trennen
2 instead of sth | anstatt etw.
2
ENGLISH MATTERS 5|2020
3
ü
26. I just hope you’re lying next to
somebody
27. Who knows how to love you like
me
28. T
here must be a good reason that
you’re gone
29. E
very now and then I think you
might want me to
30. Come show up at your door
31. But I’m just too afraid that I’ll be
wrong
32. D
on’t wanna know
33. If you’re looking into her eyes
34. If she’s holding on to you so
tight
35. T
he way I did before
36. I overdosed
37. S
hould’ve known your love was
a game
38. Now I can’t get you out of my
brain
39. Oh, it’s such a shame
40. That we don’t talk anymore
41. ( We don’t we don’t)
42. W
e don’t talk anymore
43. (We don’t we don’t)
44. W
e don’t talk anymore
45. Like we used to do
46. W
e don’t laugh anymore
47. (We don’t we don’t)
48. W
hat was all of it for?
49. ( We don’t we don’t)
50. O
h, we don’t talk anymore
51. Like we used to do
52. (Like we used to do)
53. Don’t wanna know
54. What kind of dress you’re wearing tonight
55. If he’s giving it to you just right
56. The way I did before
57. I overdosed
58. Should’ve known your love
was a game
59. N
ow I can’t get you out of my
brain
60. Oh, it’s such a shame
have been a good idea to do so one
week ago.
59. N
ow I can’t get you out of my
brain
The phrase means you cannot forget
about somebody. Another expression
to say the same thing is:
I can’t get over you: you still love the
person, although you are no longer in
a relationship
It’s been weeks and I still can’t get over her.
4
60. Oh, it’s such a shame
This phrase is used in a variety of
contexts to say that something is disappointing or not satisfactory. You
can also say: ‘what a shame’ ‘that’s
a shame’:
What a shame he can’t go on holiday
this year!
It’s such a shame they’ve broken up.
That’s a shame you had to work at the
weekend.
It seems that apart from listening to a song
about a broken heart and sympathising
with the singer, we can also come across
some bits of useful language. Even when
the lyrics seem very simple, it’s worth
looking at them with curiosity to find
more examples of authentic English that
we want to learn. 
3 to confuse sth | etw. verwechseln
familiar with sth | vertraut mit etw.
to analyse sth tu ˈænəlaɪz ˈsʌmθɪŋ | etw.
analysieren
meaning | Bedeutung
to lay tə leɪ | hinlegen, legen
to overdose on sth | eine Überdosis von
etw. einnehmen
drug | Droge
cocaine kəʊˈkeɪn / koʊˈkeɪn | Kokain
to apologise to sb | sich bei jdm.
entschuldigen
5 shame | Schande
variety | Vielfalt
disappointing | enttäuschend
satisfactory | befriedigend
apart from sth | abgesehen von etw.
to sympathise with sb tə ˈsɪmpəθaɪz
wɪð ˈsʌmbədi | für jdn. Verständnis
zeigen
to come across sth | auf etw. (zufällig)
stoßen
worth | wert
curiosity | Neugier
Did You Know…?
Charlie Puth is observed by 15 million people on Instagram, although
he’s not the most active singer there,
having only 150 posts and starting
his account in November 2017.
observed əbˈzɜːvd / əbˈzɜːrvd
| beobachtet
account | Konto
5
33
Leisure
when I was a child as the verb ‘have’ is
a state verb, not an active verb.
Also, be careful not to confuse these
two structures:
Used to + infinitive: I used to work in
a hospital.
To be + used to + ing verb form: I’m
used to working in a hospital.
In the first sentence, as we already
know, this is a thing of the past. The
second sentence expresses the present,
working in a hospital is something you
are familiar with and it has become
your habit.
26. I just hope you’re lying next to
somebody
Let’s analyse the word ‘lying’. The
basic form of this verb is ‘to lie’ and
it has two meanings. The one from the
song means being in a horizontal position, for example I always lie in my bed
if I want to rest. The past simple form
of the verb in this meaning is ‘lay’
and the past participle form is ‘lain’.
The verb also has a second meaning,
which is not to tell the truth and both
the past simple and the past participle
form is the same ‘lied’.
There might be one more confusing
verb in this group and it’s ‘to lay’. It is
used with an object and means to put
somebody or something in a horizontal
position. For example, I have to lay my
baby on the bed. The past simple and
past participle form is ‘laid’.
57. I overdosed
‘Overdose’ is usually used when we
talk about taking drugs, when a person
overdoses, he or she takes too much,
which can result in death.
She overdosed on cocaine.
‘Overdose’ is also used more generally, when you simply have too much
of something.
I overdosed on sweets yesterday.
Can we understand that Charlie Puth
sings about overdosing on his (ex)
girlfriend?
58. Should’ve known your love
was a game
The full form of the structure is ‘should
have known’ and it belongs to modal
verbs in the past:
I should’ve known your love was
a game: I didn’t know, but if I had
known, this would save me pain now.
You should’ve apologised to her one
week ago: you didn’t, but it would
Day by Day
Cyber Monday
Throwback Thursday
Saturday Night Special
In the US, this is the Monday following Thanksgiving, when sales and bargains surge in online stores. The term
was coined in 2005 by a marketing team
at Shop.org. The idea was to attract consumers to online retailers, just as Black
Friday brought clients to the bricks-andmortar shops, and to generate a similar
shopping frenzy.
This is a popular posting trend that
can be observed on various social media
and blogs. Every week on Thursdays,
people post pictures from their past and
tag them TBT – it’s an opportunity to look
back on one’s memories and share them
with others. A similar hashtag game is
Flashback Friday, this one however takes
place on Fridays.
This is a name for an inexpensive,
small-calibre handgun that can be easily
purchased and conveniently concealed in
one’s pocket. The name probably refers to
the increased criminal behaviour observable during Saturday nights. There is a
song by Lynyrd Skynyrd Saturday Night
Special that touches upon the issue of
using guns and gun control.
Thanksgiving | Erntedankfest
bargain ˈbɑːɡən | Schnäppchen
retailer | Einzelhändler
brick-and-mortar | konventionelles, nicht
virtuelles Geschäft
Shrove Tuesday
Leisure
In the Christian Church, this is the
day before the beginning of Lent. The
day is celebrated as a holiday in a lot of
countries and is also known as Mardi
Gras (French for Fat Tuesday) and
Pancake Day – it is a custom in many
English speaking countries (UK, Ireland,
Australia, Canada) to have a feast of
pancakes on that day.
Shrove Tuesday | Faschingsdienstag
Lent | Fastenzeit
Woman Crush
Wednesday
This is a popular hashtag that occurs
with posts (created on Wednesdays) about
women that people find attractive – either
a celebrity or a significant other. The phenomenon started on Twitter, but spread
to other social media such as Facebook
or Instagram. It’s often used as an
acronym – WCW.
crush | Schwarm
either… or… | entweder... oder...
to spread | (sich) ausbreiten,
verbreiten
34
ü
Throwback Thursday | Rückblick
Donnerstag
flashback | Rückblick
Girl Friday
This is a term denoting a resourceful
female assistant who is assigned a wide
variety of tasks. The phrase may be considered offensive and may sound sexist
nowadays. It was modelled on the male
version of the phrase – man Friday –
which can refer to a male assistant or servant. Both expressions play on the name
Man Friday – the faithful and devoted
companion of Robinson Crusoe.
resourceful | einfallsreich
offensive | beleidigend
servant | Diener
faithful | treu
handgun | Handfeuerwaffe
conveniently | bequem
concealed | verborgen
Not in a Month
of Sundays
We use this phrase when we want to
emphasise that something is very unlikely
to happen, or that it will never happen; it
can also mean a very long period of time,
e.g. It is going to take a month of Sundays
to renovate this old house. He won’t finish writing his book, not in a month of
Sundays.
to emphasise sth tə ˈemfəsaɪzˈsʌmθɪŋ | etw.
betonen, unterstreichen
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