INTRODUCTION TO
CRIMINOLOGY
MARK ALLEN V. FAUSTO,RCRIM,MCJE
• Doctor of Philosophy major in Criminal Justice
Education (on going) – Emilio Aguinaldo College
• Master in Criminal Justice Education – Wesleyan
University Philippines
• Bachelor of Science in Criminology (Academic
Distinction) – Tarlac State University
• NAPOLCOM Entrance Passer
• Registered Criminologist
• Certified Digital Forensic Photographer
• Certified Fingerprint Examination Specialist
• Certified Firearms and Toolmarks Examination
Specialist
• Certified Questioned Document Examiner
• National Review Lecturer – CLE
• Public Relation Officer – PCAP Region 3
COMMON PROBLEMS
OF EXAMINEES
Reviewees keep on reading
and studying but cannot
remember or recall what
was studied
Reviewees in general are
weak in analysis and
comprehension.
WHAT IS THE
SOLUTION?
Reviewees keep on reading
and studying but cannot
remember or recall what
was studied
Reviewees in general are
weak in analysis and
comprehension.
CRIMINOLOGY
IN THE
PHILIPPINES
CHED – COMMISSION ON HIGHER
EDUCATION
 3 TYPES OF COURSES
 SHORT
COURSE – ACT
 4 YEARS W/O BOARD EXAM – HRM,
POLSCI, BSBA
4
YEARS W. BOARD EXAM CRIMINOLOGY
RA 8551 – PNP REFORM AND
REORGANIZATION ACT
 ELIGIBILITY
 CLE – 75%
 NAPOLCOM ENTRANCE EXAM –
70%
 CSC – 80%
PLARIDEL COLLEGE
 first ever educational institution which
offered the criminology course at Sta.
Cruz, Manila, 1954.
 also known as Philippine College of
Criminology (PCCr)
 F - BFP
 P - PNP
 J – BJMP
 NBI – DOJ
 PRIOR RA 11131 – NBI AGENT – CPA OR ATTY
 UPON APPROVAL RA 11131 – RCRIM – NBI
AGENT – 60,000 – TOR – GWA – 85
 DENR – FOREST RANGER
PHILIPPINE EDUCATORS ASSOCIATION
FOR CRIMINOLOGY EDUCATION (PEACE)
 Organized and founded primarily to
professionalize education in the
context of national development
 NOV 3 TO NOV 9
 PNP RECRUITMENT – RCRIM –
PRIORITY -
PROJECT OF PEACE
 Implementation
of
the
first
Licensure
examination for criminology
 Recognition
of the NAPOLCOM police
examination by the Civil Service Examination as
eligibility for employment in all other government
Civil Service Positions
 Accreditation
of
participants
in
the
Seminar/Workshop on Police Marksmanship for
instructional purposes in all Criminology Schools
PROFESSIONAL
CRIMINOLOGISTS
ASSOCIATION OF THE
PHILIPPINES (PCAP)
LAWS RELATED TO CRIMINOLOGY
 REPUBLICT 6506
 An Act Creating the Board of Examiners for
Criminologists in the Philippines and for Other
Purposes
 REPUBLIC ACT 11131
 An Act regulating the practice of criminology
profession in the Philippines, and appropriating
funds therefor, repealing for the purpose REPUBLIC
ACT NO. 6506
RA 6506
GWA = 75;
50
MANG
INASAL UNLIMITED
RA 11131
GWA – 75;
60
TANG
INASAL – 5
TIMES
REFRESHER COURSE
NATURE OF
CRIMINOLOGY
1. It is an applied science.
(INSTRUMENTATION)
The
application of various sciences in the
study of Criminology.
FORENSIC SCIENCE
 FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY – INDISPENSABLE





OF F.S. – BEST METHOD – PRESERVSATION OF
EVIDENCE – CERTIFIED MANINIYOT
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
FORENSIC CHEMISTRY & TOXICOLOGY
LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES
FORENSIC BALLISTICS
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
QUESTINED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
 TYPES OF DOCUMENT
 PUBLIC DOCUMENT
 PRIVATE
 COMMERCIAL
 OFFICIAL
CLJ
 PUBLIC DOCUMENT –
PUBLIC OFFICE –
NOTARIZED – PUBLIC
OFFICER
 PRIVATE DOCUMENT –
PRIVATE PERSON
CLJ
 RETIRED RTC JUDGE ISSUE
A DOCUMENT?
 PUBLIC? ATTY
 PRIVATE?
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
 BEST EVIDENCE RULE – ORIGINAL
 EXCEPTIONS:
 WHEN THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENT IS LOST
OR DESTROY WITHOUT BAD FAITH
 WHEN THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENT IS
UNDER THE CUSTODY OF THE OTHER
PARTY
 WHEN THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENT IS
VOLUMINOUS
 WHEN THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENT IS A
PUBLIC DOCUMENT
FORENSIC BALLISTICS
 INTENAL - BEHAVIOR OF AMMUNITION INSIDE
THE BARREL
 EXTERNAL – OUTSIDE
 TERMINAL – BEHAVIOR OF BULLET AFTER
HITTING THE TARGET
COMPONENTS OF POLYGRAPH MACHINE
 PNUMENOGRAPH – RESPIRATION
 GALVANIGRAPH – SKIN RESISTANCE
 CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH – CARDIO VASCULAR
ACTIVITIES
 KYMOGRAPH - TRADITIONAL
P.I.T.
 FINGERPRINT – MOST RELIABLE
 DOGMATIC PRINCIPLE
 PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALITY - UNIQUENESS
 PRINCIPLE OF PERMANENCY - CONSTANT
 PRINCIPLE OF INFALLIBILITY - RELEVANT
 DNA – BLOOD – HAIR – SALIVA –
ODONTOLOGY (TEETH)
 ANTHROPOMETRY – MEASUREMENT OF
BODY STRUCTURE – ALPHONSE BERTILLON
 WEST CASE – WILL WEST AND WILLIAM WEST
A KILLED HIS ILLEGITIMATE CHILD
WHO IS LESS THAN 72 HRS BY
MEANS POISON
A. MURDER
B. HOMICIDE
C. INFANTICIDE
D. PARRICIDE
IT IS TYPE OF EVIDENCE THAT
ADDRESS OF THE SENSES OF
COURT.
REAL EVIDENCE
B. OBJECT EVIDENCE
C. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
D. ALL OF THE ABOVE
A.
It is a social science. Crime is a social
creation and it exists in a society being a
social phenomenon. (SOCIOLOGY)
 PLATE # - REGISTRATIOB
 ABC 123 –
 LAST DIGIT – MONTH – 3 –
MARCH
 2ND LAST DIGIT – WEEK – 2
3. It is dynamic. Criminology progresses as
the civilization progresses. It also changes
as
a
social
condition
changes.
(TECHNOLOGY)
CYBERCRIME
 ONEL DE GUZMAN – I LOVE
YOU VIRUS
4. It is nationalistic. The study
of crimes must be in relation with
the existing criminal law within a
territory or country.
CRIMINOLOGY SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
 CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF THOUGHT – FREE WILL
OF A PERSON – PUNISHMENT
 NEO – CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF THOUGHT –
EXCEPTIONS – MINOR – INSANE
 POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF THOUGHT – INTERNAL
FACTORS (HEREDITY) OR EXTERNAL (SOCIETY
– FRIENDS) - REHABILITATION
OTHER IMPORTANT
CONTRIBUTORS IN
CRIMINOLOGY
ADOLPHE QUETELET
 He
found that AGE, GENDER,
POVERTY, EDUCATION AND
ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION were
important factors related to crime
EMILE DURKHEIM
 UNEVEN
DISTRIBUTION
OF
WEALTH and other differences
among people
EDWIN SUTHERLAND
 He
stated that CRIMINOLOGY IS AT
PRESENT NOT A SCIENCE BUT IT
HAS HOPES OF BECOMING A
SCIENCE
GEORGE WILKER
 He
believed that CRIMINOLOGY
WILL
NEVER
BECOME
A
SCIENCE
ABRAHAMSEN
 He created the Formula of Crime
 CRIME = INTENT + OPPORTUNITY
RESISTANCE
CRIMINOLOGY,
CRIMINAL JUSTICE
AND CRIMINALISTICS
CRIMINOLOGY
Criminology the entire body of
knowledge
regarding
crimes,
criminals and the efforts of society
to prevent and repress them.
DIVISIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY
1. SOCIOLOGY OF LAW – study of the
meaning of crime in terms of law
2. CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY – study of the
causes of crime
3. PENOLOGY – control and supervision of
criminal and treatment
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
It refers to the system used by the
government to maintain social control,
prevents crime, enforce laws and
administer justice
CRIMINALISTICS
 The sum total of the APPLICATION
OF ALL SCIENCES in crime
detection
 HANS
GROSS
–
Father
of
Criminalistics
CRIMINALISTICS
 BALLISTICS
 QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
 FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION
 FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
 LIE DETECTION
CRIMINOLOGISTS
 It is any person who is graduate with the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology, who passes the
examination for criminologist and is registered as
such by the Board of Examiners of the Professional
Regulation Commission
 REGISTERED CRIMINOLOGIST
SOCIOLOGY
OF
LAW
TYPES OF LAW
1. Divine Law – law of the Supreme Being e.g. Ten
Commandments
2. Natural Law – which rooted in core values
shared by many cultures and it protect against harm
to persons (e.g. murder) or property (e.g. robbery)
and form the basis of common law systems
3. Statutory Law – enacted by legislatures e.g. R.A.
9165
CLASSIFICATION OF
CRIME
BLUE COLLAR CRIME
 It is committed by an individual
from a lower social class (e.g.
robbery or theft)
CORPORATE CRIME
 It
is committed by either by a
corporation or by individuals that may
be identified with a corporation or other
business entity (e.g. Tax Evasion)
ORGANIZED CRIME
 run by criminals for purpose of monetary
profit (e.g. Drug Trafficking or Human
Trafficking)
POLITICAL CRIME
 one involving overt acts or omissions,
which prejudice the interests of
the state, its government or the
political system (e.g. corruption)
PUBLIC ORDER CRIME
 A.k.a. VICTIMLESS CRIME
 one in which the victim is the accused; refers
to behavior that is illegal but which is
claimed to not violate or threaten the rights
of anyone (e.g. Prostitution)
STATE CRIME
 activity or failures to act that eventually
break the state’s own criminal law or
public
international
law
(e.g.
rebellion, coup d’etat)
WHITE COLLAR CRIME
 committed by a person of respectability
and high social status in the course of his
occupation
(e.g.
Fraud,
Money
Laundering or Forgery)
CRIME,
CRIMINAL LAW
AND
CRIMINAL
CRIME
 An act committed or omitted in violation of
public law, forbidding or commanding it
KINDS OF CRIME
1. Felony
2. Offense
3. Misdemeanor (Infraction)
When does
crime exist?
PRINCIPLE OF LOGOMACY
 States that, “there is no crime if there is
no law punishing it”
 Nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege
LEGAL CLASSIFICATION OF FELONIOUS CRIME
1. MANNERS OF COMMISSION
2. STAGES OF COMMISSION
3. PLURALITIES OF CRIME
4. GRAVITY OF FELONY
MANNERS OF COMMISSION
By means of Dolo or Deceit
By means of Culpa or Fault
STAGES OF COMMISSION
 Attempted Crime – does not perform all
the acts of execution
 Frustrated Crime – performs all acts of
execution but do not produce the felony
 Consummated Crime – if all elements of
execution and accomplishment of crime are
all present
PLURALITIES CRIME
 Simple Crime – if a single act constitutes
only one offense
 Complex Crime
Compound
Crime – if a single act
constitutes two or more less grave or grave
felony
Complex Crime Proper – if an offense is a
necessary means of committing the other crime
GRAVITY OF FELONY
 Grave Felony – if the law attaches Capital
Punishment (death) or Afflictive Penalty
 Less Grave Felony – if the law attaches
penalty to crime that is Correction in Nature
 Light Felony – if the penalty for the
infraction of law is arresto menor or a fine
not exceeding 200 pesos is imposed
DURATION OF PENALTY
 Reclusion Perpertua
 Reclusion Temporal
 Prision Mayor
 Prision Correccional
 Arresto Mayor
 Arresto Menor
CRIMINOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION
OF CRIME
ACCORDING TO THE RESULT OF CRIME
 Acquisitive Crime – if offenders
acquires
something
as
a
consequence of his criminal act
 Extinctive Crime – if the end result
of a criminal act is destructive
ACCORDING TO TIME
 Seasonal Crime – committed during
a certain period of the year e.g.
violation of tax laws
 Situational Crime – committed
when given a situation
ACCORDING TO LENGTH OF TIME OF
COMMISSION
 Instant Crime – committed only in
the shortest possible time such as
libel
 Episodic Crime – committed by
series of acts in lengthy space of
time like kidnapping
ACCORDING TO THE PLACE OF LOCATION
OF THE COMMISSION
 Static Crime – committed in only
one place
 Continuing Crime – committed in
several places
ACCORDING TO THE USE OF MENTAL
FACULTY
 Rational
Crimes – committed with
intent and offenders is in full of possession
of sanity
 Irrational Crimes – committed by a
person who does not know the nature
and quality of his act
ACCORDING TO SOCIO-ECONOMIC TYPE OF
CRIME
 White Collar Crime – committed by a
person of respectability in the course of
his occupation e.g. a male medical doctor
who prescribed a sleep inducing drug to his
client for him to have sexual intercourse to
the latter while unconscious
 Blue Collar Crime – committed by
ordinary criminals like bag snatching
ACCORDING TO THE STANDARD OF LIVING
OF THE CRIMINAL
 Crime
of the Upper World –
committed by a person of respectability
by means of living such as falsification
 Crime of the Under World – crime
that is ordinary in nature but serves as
means to maintain their living such as
bag snatching
CRIMINAL LAW
 It refers to the that branch or division
of law which defines crimes, treats of
their nature and provides for their
punishment
CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMINAL LAW
 GENERALITY
 TERRITORIAL
 PROSPECTIVITY
GENERALITY
 all persons who live or sojourn in Phil.
territory
TERRITORIAL
 committed in the Phil Territory with
exceptions under art. 2 of RPC
PROSPECTIVITY
 law
should be forward and not
backwards with exception of in favor of
the criminal but not habitual
THEORIES OF THE PENAL CODE
 CLASSICAL THEORY
 POSITIVIST THEORY
CRIMINAL
 LEGAL SENSE
 CRIMINOLOGY SENSE
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINAL
 BASIS OF ETIOLOGY
 BASIS OF BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM
 BASIS OF ACTIVITIES
 BASED ON MENTAL ATTITUDES
BASIS OF ETIOLOGY
 Acute Criminal – crime of passion
 Chronic Criminal - person who had
intra-psychic conflict between social and
anti-social
of
his
personality
e.g.
kleptomania
BASIS OF BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM
 Ordinary Criminal – lowest form of criminal
career
 Organize
Criminal – high degree of
organization to enable him to commit crime
without being detected and can be operated in
large scale businesses
 Professional Criminal – highly skilled person
who is able to obtain amount of money without
being detected because of organization and contact
with other professional criminals
BASIS OF ACTIVITIES
 Professional Criminal – earns their living
through criminal activities
 Accidental Criminal – commit criminal acts as
a result of unanticipated circumstance
 Habitual Criminal - person who continuously
commit criminal acts
 Situational Criminal – person who is not
actually criminal but constantly trouble in legal
authorities
BASED ON MENTAL ATTITUDES
 Active
Aggressive Measure –
commit
crimes
by
aggressive
behavior
 Passive Inadequate Measure –
commit crimes because he induced
him by others
CRIMINAL
ETIOLOGY
CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY
 It scientific analysis of causes of crime
that should considered the man and his
criminal behavior in relation to
criminal law or penal law
APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF CRIMINAL
BEHAVIOR
 BIOLOGICAL APPROACH
 PSYCHIATRIC APPROACH
 PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
 SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH
 GEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH
CRIMINOLOGICAL STUDIES RELATIVE
TO CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
 CRIMINAL DEMOGRAPHY
 CRIMINAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
 CRIMINAL ECOLOGY
 CRIMINAL PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
 CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
 CRIMINAL PSYCHIATRY
 VICTIMOLOGY
CRIMINAL DEMOGRAPHY
 study
of the relationship between
criminality and population
CRIMINAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
 study
of the relationship between
environment and criminality
CRIMINAL ECOLOGY
 study of the relation to the distribution
of wealth in the community
CRIMINAL PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
 criminality
in relation of physical
constitution of men
CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
 Study of human behavior in relation to
criminality
VICTIMOLOGY
 The study of the role of the victim in the
commission of crime
CORRECTION
 The branch of the administration
of Criminal Justice charged with
the responsibility for the custody,
supervision and rehabilitation of
convicted offenders.
CORRECTION
- The fourth pillar of the PCJS
- Considered
as the
pillar of the PCJS
weakest
FORMS OF CORRECTIONS
1. INSTITUTIONALIZED CORRECTION
- The rehabilitation of offenders in jail or
prison.
2. COMMUNITY BASED CORRECTION
- Refers to correctional activities that may take
place within the community.
BLINDFOLD –
symbolized impartiality
BALANCE –
symbolized truth and
fairness
SWORD – symbolized power
of reason
LADY
JUSTICE –
symbolized
divine
rightness of
law
PUNISHMENT
It is the redress that the state
takes against an offending member
of society that usually involve pain
and suffering.
ANCIENT FORMS
OF PUNISHMENT
DEATH PENALTY
It is a government-sanctioned
practice whereby a person is killed
by the state as a punishment for a
crime.
METHODS
OF
EXECUTION
HANGING
It is the suspension of a
person a noose or ligature around
the neck
HANGING
FIRING SQUAD
It is a method of capital
punishment in which a person
is shot to death by one or
more firearms.
FIRING SQUAD
LETHAL INJECTION
It is the practice of injecting one
or more drugs into a person
(typically
a
barbiturate,
paralytic,
and potassium solution) for the
express
purpose
of
causing
immediate death.
BEHEADING
Also
known
as
Decapitation
It is the complete separation
of the head from the body.
BEHEADING
STONING
It is a method of capital
punishment
where
a
group
throws stones at a person until the
subject dies from blunt trauma.
STONING
ELECTROCUTION
It performed using an electric
chair,
is
a
method
of
execution
originating
in
the United States in which the
condemned person is strapped to a
specially
built
wooden
chair
and electrocuted through electrodes
fastened on the head and leg.
ELECTROCUTION