MARTIN BUBER
(1878—1965)
1
BIOGRAPHY
2.
Philosophical
Anthropology
a.
Introduction
Buber called himself a
“philosophical anthropologist”
in his 1938 inaugural lectures
as Professor of Social
Philosophy at the Hebrew
University
of
Jerusalem,
entitled “What is Man?”
Buber begins these lectures
by asserting that man only
becomes a problem to
himself and asks “What is
man?” in periods of social
and cosmic homelessness.
Targeting Kant and Hegel, he
argues that while this questioning
begins in solitude, in order for
man to find who he is, he must
overcome solitude and the whole
way of conceiving of knowledge
and reality that is based on
solitude.
Social stratification is the
separation of people into
social categories and
these categories are
ranked as higher or
lower.
The individual’s
position in the
social structure is
called status.
The higher or lower
positions that come
about through social
stratification are called
statuses.
TWO TYPES
STATUSES
ASCRIBED & ACHIEVED
OF
Ascribed
statuses
are
assigned or given by the
society or group on the basis
of some fixed category,
without regard to a person’s
abilities or performance.
YOU HAVE NO CONTROL
OVER
THESE
CHARACTERISTICS AND
NO OPPORTUNITY OR
CHANCE TO CHOOSE
YOUR FAMILY, YOUR SEX,
AND YOUR RACE.
Achieved statuses are
earned by the individual
because of his or her
talent, skills, occupation,
and perseverance.
THESE INCLUDE DEGREE
OR
EDUCATIONAL
ATTAINMENT,
PROMOTION, POSITION,
EARNED WEALTH AND
THE LIKE.
Being the president of the
supreme student government of
your school, you have the
prestige of a president Whether
or not you perform and carry out
well
the
duties
and
responsibilities of SSG president
According to Max Weber’s
Component Theory on Social
Stratification, these three would
determine a person’s standing in
his/her community:
1. Power refers to the
ability to influence other
people. It is getting what
they want despite the
unwillingness of others
to give in to their desires.
2. Prestige refers to the
person’s position in the
society. This refers to
having a certain status that
enables someone to have
resources or opportunities.
3. Wealth refers to
the amount of
resources that a
person has.
As mentioned by Ariola (2012) in
his book, one may be viewed as
belonging to the upper social
strata or lower social strata
depending on the following
dimensions:
1. Sources of Income
2. Occupation
3. Education
4.
Types
of
house
dwellings
5.
Location
of
6. Kinship or family
residence
THERE ARE THREE (3) KNOWN
TYPES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION:
OPEN SYSTEMS, CLOSED SYSTEMS
AND ETHNIC SYSTEMS
( ARIOLA, 2012)
A. OPEN SYSTEM
The class structure is an
open
system.
It
encourages people to
strive
and
achieve
something.
A. OPEN SYSTEM
1. Upper Class – The people
in this class have great
wealth and sources of
income and may have
strong political influence in
the system of government
A. OPEN SYSTEM
2. Middle Class - upper-middle class
which is often made up of highly
educated business and professional
people with high incomes, such as
doctors, lawyers, stockbrokers, and
CEOs or to the lower-middle class often
made up of people with lower
incomes, such as managers, small
business
owners,
teachers,
and
secretaries.
A. OPEN SYSTEM
3. LOWER CLASS –the lower class is
typified by poverty, homelessness,
and unemployment in the upperlower class, people are considered
as the working class or laborers. The
lower class are unemployed, or no
source of income except by
begging or dependent from
private and government relief.
B. CLOSED SYSTEMS
ACCOMMODATES
LITTLE
CHANGE IN SOCIAL POSITION.
THEY DO NOT ALLOW PEOPLE
TO SHIFT LEVELS AND DO NOT
PERMIT SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN LEVELS.
1. Caste System – It is regarded as a
closed stratification system in which
people can do little or nothing to change
their social standing.
It existed for centuries in India and this
includes the Brahmans (priesthood), the
Kahatryias (the warriors), the Vaishyas
(the businessmen and traders), and the
Shadras (the servants).
2. Estate System – It is somewhat a
closed system in which the person’s
social standing is based on
ownership of land, birth, or military
strength.
In the middle ages there are three
(3) major estates in Europe –
nobility, clergy, and the peasants.
C. ETHNIC SYSTEM
based on national origin, language,
and religion. During the Spanish and
American colonial systems in the
Philippines, the colonizers perceived
themselves to be occupying the
upper social class than the Filipinos or
the natives whom they called as
Indios
3 Kinds of Social
Mobility
1. Social Mobility- refers
to the movement upward
(vertical) or downward
(horizontal) among the
social positions in any
given social stratification
2. Geographical Mobility - It may
be a voluntary movement of
people from one geographical
area to another due to changes in
residence, communicating from
home to office, making business
trips, and voluntary migration
from one country to another.
3. Role Mobility - is the
individual’s shifting from role
to role. For example, the father
is the breadearner of the family
but maybe a teacher in school,
the leader at home or a
follower in the school or office.
THEORETICAL
PERSPECTIVE AND
ANALYSIS
OF
SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
Structural - Functionalism
Stratification is necessary to
induce people with special
intelligence, knowledge, and skills
to enter the most important
occupations. For this reason,
stratification is necessary and
inevitable.
Conflict theory
Stratification results from lack
of opportunity and from
discrimination and prejudice
against the poor, women,
and people of color. It is
neither
necessary
nor
inevitable.
Symbolic - Interactionism
Stratification
affects
people’s beliefs, lifestyles,
daily interaction, and
conceptions
of
themselves.