Theories of Intelligence
Theory/Model
1. Vernon’s
Hierarchical Model
2. Guilford’s
Multifactor/
Multidimensional
Model
Core Tenets
Levels of intelligence
measuring from
general to specific.
Tests many factors of
intelligence for how
one conceptualizes,
applies, and
operationalizes
knowledge.
3. Piaget’s Cognitive Intelligence is
Development Theory influenced by one’s
developmental stage
and remains adaptive
throughout the
lifespan.
4. Gardner’s Theory
Intelligence can be
of Multiple
distinguished by 9
Intelligence
different categories
and is not limited to
reading, spatial, or
mathematical
concepts.
5. Sternberg’s
Intelligence is
Triarchic Theory of
measured based on
Successful
an one’s ability to
Intelligence
integrate their
strengths and
navigate their
environment.
6. Cattell-HornIntelligence is
Carrol Integrated
categorized into 6
Model
factors, based on
cultural influence,
innate factors, and
integrates other
theories of
intelligence.
Strengths
Widely tested and
implemented,
measures verbal,
mathematical, and
spatial reasoning.
Weaknesses
Assesses the whole
over the parts;
intelligence is largely
based on reading
and math skills.
Broad view of
intelligence with
nuanced components
and application.
Not easily tested or
implemented; overly
complicated for
general testing
purposes.
Includes contextual
and environmental
factors for
determining
intelligence.
Doesn’t explicitly list
how cultural factors
may impact one’s
developmental
progress.
Includes factors that
Hard to measure
are absent in other
and not easily
theories, like musical
tested.
or kinesthetic abilities.
Contextual
understanding of
abilities; incorporates
self-awareness as a
key component in
realizing intelligence.
May be less helpful
as a test in certain
situations, such as
determining
accommodations in
a school.
Culturally responsive,
considers heritability
as a factor, integrates
multiple models.
Unclear how easily
testable or usable
this theory is.