BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
List of Experiments:
S.no
Name of the Experiment
1.
Flow through venturimeter
2.
Flow through orifice meter
3.
Flow through annular pipe
4.
Friction loss in straight pipe
5.
Flow through rotameter
6.
Characteristic study in Centrifugal pump
7.
Flow through Fluidized bed column
8.
Flow through packed bed column
9.
Parallel flow heat exchanger
10.
Counter flow heat exchanger
11.
Leaf filter
12.
Simple Distillation
13.
Liquid-Liquid Extraction
14.
Batch Adsorption
Page no.
1
BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
Ex.no:1
Date:
DETERMINATION OF FLOW THROUGH VENTURIMETER
AIM:
To determine the coefficient of discharge of venturimeter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Venturimeter, U-tube manometer, collecting tank, stopwatch, meter scale.
PRINCIPLE:
The experimental setup consists of two pipe of different die in which the venturimeter &orifice
meter are fixed stop values are provided. The venturimeter & orifcemeter to connect with the manometer
to central value in a pipe is provided to vary the discharge of water, A mercury U-tube manometer is
connected across the venturimeter & orifice meter to find the distance. A tube is provided to discharge the
water to the connecting tank. A piezometer tube is provided in the collecting tank to record the level of
water flow into the pump from it is recalculated. An electric motor driver pump is well for pumping water
into pipe.
FORMULA:
Coefficient of discharge is defined as the radio of actual discharge by theoretical discharge.
Qact= AY/t
A=Area of collecting tank,
Y=Rise of water in collecting tank,
T=Time for rise of water in collecting tank
Qtheo= a1,a2√2gH
2
2
√a1 -a2
Where,
A1=Area of inlet pipe in cm2=4.9cm2.
A2=Area of throat in cm2=1.77cm2.
H=Difference in terms of volume of liquid falling.
PROCEDURE:
Firstly the dia of inlet &throat of the venturimeter are noted. The water is switched on, the gate
valve is opened to allow water flow the stop valve connected venturimeter &the manometer are opened.
The availability if any in nanometer is removed slowly by releasing the drain cock of manometer. Note
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
down the level of mercury in h1&h2.Both the limbs of manometer are measured with a scale. The time taken
for 10 cm rise of water in the closing the outlet valve of the collecting tank. The input is repeated by raising
the discharge.
RESULT:
The coefficient of discharge of venturimeter=
From graph,
The coefficient of discharge of venturimeter=
OBSERVATION:
Diameter of venturimeter=
Diameter of throat=
Area of collecting tank=
Specific gravity of mercury=
Specific gravity of water=
A1=
A2=
TABULATION:
MANOMETER READING
H1
H2
H=X(SmSw) Q ACT TIME TAKEN FOR 10cm Q
act
(cm)
(cm3/s) RISE OF WATER (S)
(cm3/s)
x
T1
JH
T2
Cd
T3
Q act
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
Ex.no:2
Date:
FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE METER
AIM:
To caliber ate an orifice meter& to determine the coefficient of an orifice meter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Meter scale, stopwatch, collecting tank, U-tube manometer.
PRINCIPLE:
The experimental setup consists of two pipe of different die in which the venturimeter &orifice
meter are fixed stop values are provided. The venturimeter & orifcemeter to connect with the manometer
to central value in a pipe is provided to vary the discharge of water, A mercury U-tube manometer is
connected across the venturimeter & orifice meter to find the distance. A tube is provided to discharge the
water to the connecting tank. A piezometer tube is provided in the collecting tank to record the level of
water flow into the pump from it is recalculated. An electric motor driver pump is well for pumping water
into pipe.
FORMULA USED: Qtheo=a1 a2√2gH/√a12-a22.
Qact=AY/t.
Where, y=rise =10cm,
T=Time,
a1&a2=Area of halt & throat in m2
H=12.56* manometer reading.
Cd= Qact/Qtheo.
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
PROCEDURE:
Select required orifice meter. Open its locks & close its locks so that only the pressure for water in
use is connected to manometer. Open flow control value & allow certain flow rate. Vent manometer is
required. Collect the time taken for 10cm rise is noted.
GRAPHS:
√H Vs Qact .
RESULT: Thus the coefficient of discharge of orificemeter cd,
(1) Theoretical cd =
(2) Graphically, Qact=
From Graph, √H=
OBSERVATION:
Diameter of the orificemeter (d1 )=2.5cm
Diameter of the inlet(d2)=1.5cm
Area of the collecting tank (A)=1600cm2
Specific gravity of mercury (Sm)=13.6
Specific gravity of water (Sw)=1
TABULATION:
MANOMETER READING
H1
cm
H2
cm
X
H1-H2
H=X(SmSw) Q theo
TIME TAKEN FOR 10cm
(cm)
(cm3/s) RISE OF WATER (S)
T1
s
T2
s
Q act
(cm3/s)
Cd
T3
s
5
√H
cm
BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
CALCULATION:
Ex.no:3
Date:
FLOW THROUGH ANNUIAR PIPE
AIM:
To understand friction precluded in the flow of water in the annular pipe.
To find the loss of heat between two pts. in flow of water fluid using given manometer .
Calculate the mean velocity with the connecting tanks & stop water.
Compute coefficient of friction by applying correct formula.
PRINCIPLE:
The less of heat is measured by manometer. The average velocity is calculated from the
discharge through an annular pipe of known diameter. The length of the annular pipe of known Diameter
.The length of annular pipe is measured.
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
FORMULA:
Actual discharge of A=Volume of water collected/Time
Velocity of the flow =actual discharge/Area of the pipe.
Coefficient of friction= hf 2gd/4lr2.
PROCEDURE:
Connect the incited manometer to the pressure tapping of the pipe for which the coefficient is to be
determined. Open the inlet value to allow from through one pipe of the annular pipe. Open the inlet & outlet
cocks simultaneously to allow the water into two limbs of manometer.
Open the drain cocks at the bottom of the manometer simultaneously. Note the manometer reading in both
the limbs. Collect the water in collecting tank for ruse in 10 cm & the time taken is noted.
Repeat the step 2 &6 at least for 6sets of reading & entire procedure for other also. Enter the readings in
the table, observations & calculations.
GRAPH:
`Draw a graph show in the relationship between V2& the interpretation & reporting. What is the
nature of the relationship between V2&Ht .Write the relationship between Ht&V2 in form of an equation.
Use the equation to find coefficient of friction.
RESULT: Mean velocity of the flow =
Coefficient of friction=
TABULATION:
S.NO
1
1.
Manometer right limb reading
h1 (m)
2.
Manometer lift limb reading
h2 (m)
3.
Friction head
hf=(h1-h2) (sm-sw)
4.
Rise in water level (cm)
2
3
4
5
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
5.
Time for 10cm rise (sec)
6.
Discharge through pipe
7.
Velocity of water in pipe
(m/s)
8.
Co efficient of friction
*10-3
(cm3/s)
Hf
V2
Ex.no:4
Date:
FRICTION LOSS IN STRAIGHT PIPE
AIM: To determine the friction factor ‘F’ of the given pipe & also to find the energy constant.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Pipe provided with inlet & 20utlet pressure tipping, 2. U-tube manometer, 3. Collecting tank,
4. Stopwatch, 5 Meter scale.
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
PRINCIPLE:
The experiment setup consists of 3 pipes of different diameter. Each pipe is provided with the
control value to control the discharge of the water from small tubes provided with drain meter. The u-tube
manometer with marry as equipped is fixed in front of the pipe to measure the pressure difference, A
collecting tank is flowing through the pipe.
A 30m tube is fixed on the collecting tank to find the level of water. A tube with a value
is collecting to the collecting tank to discharge out the water to pump from which it can be recalculated by
means of an electric motor driven pump.
FORMULA:
Loss of heat due to friction,
hf= 4FLV2 /2Gd.
Where, D=Diameter of the pipe,
F=Friction factor,
L=Length of the pipe,
V=Velocity of the liquid flow,
Uf=(h1-h2) (Sm-Sw),
h1=left limb reading of manometer,
h2=Right limb reading of manometer,
Sm=specific gravity of Hg,
Sw=specific gravity of water.
Actual discharge , Qact =Ay/t
Where,
y= Rise of water in the collecting tank =10cm.
T= Time taken for the 10cm rise of water.
V= C √mi,
M= hydraulic mean depth ,
I= hydraulic gradient.
PROCEDURE:
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
The system details of flow through a paper are noted darn pertained to the end point of the pipe,
length of the pipe between the stop values connecting the pipe with the manometer & collecting tank
dimensions. The supplied value is opened & the flow is admitted into the pipe fully. The inlet & outlet
cocks are opened to allow water into the two limbs of manometer. The air bubbles may be present in the
manometer are removed by opening the draining cock. The left & right limb reading are noted. Thus the
time taken for the 10cm rise is the collecting tank is noted using the stopwatch. The steps are repeated for
various discharge & observation are tabulated.
RESULT:
Frictional factor of the pipe,
(a).From graph=
(b).Theoretically=
Value of C
(a).From graph=
(b). Theoretically=
TABULATION:
MANOMETER
READING
H1
(cm)
Time
for
V
10cm
(cm)
rise (s)
Q
act
(cm3/s)
V*102
(m/s)
hf
h
C
H2 (cm)
CALCULATION:
Ex no: 5
FLOW THROUGH ROTOMETER TEST RIG
AIM:
For conducting experiments on rotometers at different flow rate and calibiration of the meter
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Piping system on stand, collecting tank, supply pump set with switch and starter, sump tank and
trolley fitted with all above items.
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
COMPUTATIONS:
1. Area of collecting tank, A=
2. Actual discharge Qa-volume of water collected in “tc” sec/time x 1000 (litres /secs)
3. Rate of discharge as read in rotometer=Qm/lps
4. Error of the meter=Qa-Qm/Qm x 100
PROCEDURE:

Open the inlet valve to allow flow through the rotometer.

Collect the water in the collecting tank for a rise of 10 cm and note the time tc sec

Note the rotometer reading Qm.

Repeat steps 1 to 3 atleast for four sets of readings.

`Enter all readings in table of observation and calculations.
RESULT:
The coefficient of discharge of given rotometer,
1. From calculation=
2. From graph=
3. Percentage error in the rotometer=
TABULATION:
Size of rotometer=36.5 cm
Area of collecting tank=40 x 40 cm2
S,no
Details
Number of observations
1
1.
Time taken for 10cm rise in t sec
2.
Rate of actual discharge (Qa) (lit/sec)
2
3
4
5
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
3.
KVCET / DBT / RM
Rate of discharge through rotometer (Qm)
(lit/sec)
4.
Error in meter Qa/Qm x 100 (%)
Ex no: 6
Centrifugal pump
AIM:
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
To construct a test on a centrifugal pump to obtain the pump characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Centrifugal pump, stop watch, meter scale.
FORMULA:
1. Discharge, Q=Ah/t m3/s.
Where,
A=Area of cross section of collecting tank (m2)
h=rise of water in the collecting tank (m)
t=time taken for 10cm raise of water in collecting tank (s).
2. Total head (H)
H=hs+hd+x
Where,
hs=suction head in (mmgh x 13.6/1000)
hd=deliver head in (kg/cm2 x 10)
x=difference in level between vaccum gauge and pressure gauge
in meter (0.995).
3. Input power of the pump:
Input power = (n/t)*(3600*k)*1000*0.8 watt
Where,
n=number of revolutions in energy meter disc
t=time taken for ‘n’ revolutions of energy meter disc in 10 sec
k=energy meter constant in rev/KWhr.
4. Motor efficiency: 0.8 or 80%
5. output of the pump:
Output power=WQH Watt
Where,
W=specific weight of water=9810 N/m2
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
Q=discharge in m3/s
6. Pump efficiency=output power/input power x 100
7. Specific speed (Ns):
Ns=(N*Q)/H3/4
PROCEDURE:

Prime the pump

Keep the delivery valve closed and start the motor

Open the delivery valve to get the required head

Note the following readings
1. Pressure gauge and vaccum gauge readings
2. Time taken for 10cm rise in water in the collecting tank ‘t’ sec
3. Time taken for 10 revolutions of energy meter disc t sec.
OBSERVATION:
1. speed of the pump(N)=2880 rpm
2. energy meter constant =3200 rev/KWhr
3. Internal dimension of collecting tank=0.45 x 0.45=0.2025
4. Length=0.45m
5. Breadth=0.08m
RESULT:
1. total discharge of pump=
2. total head of pump=
3. input power of pump=
4. output power of pump=
5. efficiency of pump=
S.no Pressure
gauge
Reading (P)
Vaccum
gauge
Reading (V)
Total
head
of
Time
taken
for
10
Discharge Time
taken
Q
for 10
rev of
Output
power
Input
power
Efficiency
%
(Watt)
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
Kg/cm2
mm of hg
Water cm
(H)
rise
of
water
in
tank
KVCET / DBT / RM
m3/s
(x 10-3)
energy
meter
disc
(Watt)
Ex.no:7
Date:
FLUIDISED BED
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
AIM:
To observe & study the behaviors of bed during fluidization.
To determine the pressure drop per unit length as a function of superficial velocity of fluidization
medium
To determine minimum fluidization velocity
To study the effect Re No. on porosity.
PRINCIPLE:
When a gas or a liquid is placed at a very low velocity through a bed of solid particles, the particles
do not move & the pressure drop is given by ergin’s equation. If the fluid velocity is slightly increased the
pressure drop on the individual particles starts increasing & eventually the particles start moving & become
suspended in the fluid. The form fluidization & fluidized bed are used to determine the condition of fully
suspended particles. When a fluid passes through a bed of solids there will be a certain pressure drop across
the bed required to maintain the fluid flow depending upon the lead geometry fluid velocity & particles
characteristic, the following phenomenon occur with the gradual increase in velocity. At low velocity there
is a pressure drop across the bed but the particles are stationary & flow of fluid though a ferried lead .As
the fluid velocity is gradually increasing assorts ,A value is reached when the lead starts expanding .This
point is known as fluidized bed.
FORMULA:
Minimum fluidization velocity, VOM=0.05g dp2 (ρs-ρw ) ε 03
(1- ε 0) µ
Reynolds’s number, NRE=DVρ/µ.
Velocity V0 =Q/A (ms-1 )
Velocity flow rate, Q=Vol. of water collected
Time of collection
Porosity =1-L0/L [1-∑0]
Initial porosity £0 = Void volume / total volume
Cross sectional area of column = ∏d2 (m2)
=1.52*10-3 m2
Where, D=diameter of column, m.
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
dp=diameter of particles, m.
ρS =density of particles, kg/m3
ρw=Density of water, kg/m3
µ= Viscosity of water, kg/m3
L0 =Initial lad height.
L=Bed height
PROCEDURE:
Note the initial lead height. Open the value slightly & allow the water to flow through the lead.
Note the lead height remains the same & collects the water for a particular period of time (i.e) 30& note
down the volume /weight of water collected. Gradually increase the flow of water by opening the value &
repeat step3.Onethe lad fluidizes note the lead height & collect the water for a particular period of time.
Repeat step4 & step5 until maximum lead height is obtained.
GRAPHS:
1. Velocity Vs Porosity.
2. Velocity Vs (∆H/L) exp.
3. Velocity Vs Bed height.
RESULT:
The bed was observed & studied during fluidization. The minimum fluidization velocity was
found to be
OBSERRVATION:
1. Diameter of column, D=0.044*10-3m.
2. Diameter of particle, dp=2500µm.
3. Initial lead height =26cm.
4. Initial bed height=26cm
5. Initial porosity ε 0=0.2043
TABULATINON
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
MANOMETER
S.NO READING
H1
H2
∆H m
of
water
*10-2
Volume Time of
Q
of water collection m3/s
collected lead
×10-4
3
m
S
KVCET / DBT / RM
Bed
height
L
M
Porosity V0=Q/A NRE
∑
18
∆H/L
×10-4
BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
Ex no:8
FLOW THROUGH PACKED BED COLUMN
AIM:
To verify relationship between the flow of fluid and pressure drop per unit length of
packing.
THEORY:
Slightly open the inlet valve and unite for steady state and noted for manometer made in
both liquid. collect the outlet water for particular required and weigh the collected water. Repeat
step 1 and 2 for various flow rate. Tabulate the observation and calculation.
FORMULA:
1. NRe =DpV0P/µ
2. ⩟ H2O=h1=h2
3.
1<NRe<1000
⩟p∑3Dpds/Llv0(1-∑)=150(1-∑)/⏀NRe≠1.75
4. for NRe<1
⩟p∑3Dp3⏀s2/LV0N(1-∑)=1.50
The Equation is called as Korney Carmen equation
PROCEDURE:




Slightly open the inlet and united for steady state and note down manometer reading in both
liquid
Collect the outlet water for a particular required and weigh the collected water
Repeat the 1 and 2 for various flow rates
Tabulate the observation and calculate (⩟p/L) and factor
RESULT:
The relationship between the flow of fluid and pressure drop for per unit length of
packing is verified.
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
S.no
H1
(m)
H2
(m)
⩟H
(m)
Volume
Time
of water (s)
collected
Velocity Q=Volume NRe
of water
/time
KVCET / DBT / RM
Fexp
(⩟H/t)exp
1.
2.
3.
4.
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
Ex.no:9
Date:
PARALLEL FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER
AIM: To determine the effectiveness NTO of heat exchanger overall heat transfer
Coefficient of parallel flow heat exchanger
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Electric geyser
Thermometer
Concentric tube
Heat exchanger
Measuring flask
Stop clock
PRINCIPLE:
Heat exchangers are devices in which heat is transferred from fluid to another, the
necessity for doing this arise in multitude of industrial application common exchanger are radiated.
Heat exchanger can be classified as transfer type storage type & direct count type
TRANSFER TYPE HEAT EXCHANGER:
It is one which both fluid basses simultaneously in two separate value in
particles must of heat exchangers. The transfer is farther classified according to flow arrangement
PARALEL FLOW: In which fluid flows in the same direction
COUNTER FLOW: In which fluid flow in the opposite direction
CROSS FLOW: In which fluid flow at right angles to each other
FORMULA:
LMTD (∆T)M =(T₁-T₂)-(T₂-t₂)/Lm (T₁-t₁)/(T₂ -t₂)
where, t₁&t₂ are the entry & exit temperatures of add fluid , T₁& T₂ are the entry and exit temperature
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
of the not fluid,
Effectiveness (E) =1-EXP [-N (1+C)]/ (1+c) where,
C→ C (min)/C (max)
NTU→∆U/C(min)
N→ Number of transfer units.
C(min)→ ms* specific heat.
C(max)→ms* specific heat.
A₀→∏DOL,
qu→ mh*Cph* ∆Th
Ai =∏DіL,
A= A₀ +Ai/2
Q=qυ+qc/C
µ= Q/LMTD*∆
qc→mc*Cpc *∆Tc
where,
mh→ mass flow rate in hot fluid (kg/hr)
mc → mass flow rate in cold fluid (kg/hr)
Cph→ specific heat capacity of hot fluid.
Cpc → specific heat capacity of cold fluid.
∆Th → temperature of hot fluid (k).
∆Tc → temperature of cold fluid (k).
Q→ Heat flowing in ‘W’
PROCEDURE:
1.Place the thermometer & note their reading start the flow on hot water side between the range
1.5& 4 lit/min
2. Start the flow through the few exchangers as parallel flow unit. Adjust the flow rate on heat water
side between the range 1.5-4 lit/min& the cold water range is 3-8 lit/min
3. Keeping the flow rate constant until steady state condition is marked. Record the temperature
on hot & cold water .
4. Repeat the experiment with counter flow & identified flow conditions. Correct the temperature
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
by the suitable reading obtained from the initial reading if the thermometer.
RESULT:
LMTD value has been found as=
Effectiveness of the heat exchanger is=
TABULATION:
HOT WATER SIDE
COLD WATER SIDE
FlowRate
kg/hr
FlowRate
kg/hr
In let
Tamp
(k)
Out let
Temp
(K)
In let
Tamp
(k)
Out let
Temp
(K)
qh
qc
kj/hr’c
kj/hr’c
mcph
mcpc
∆T1
∆T2
‘C
‘C
LMTD
‘C
CALCULATIONS:
23
Effec
Tiveness
BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
Ex.no:10
Date:
COUNTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER
AIM: To determine the effectiveness NTU of heat exchanger overall heat transfer coefficient of counter
flow heat exchanger.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Electric geysers.
2. Conceutric tube heat exchanger.
3. Thermometer.
4. Measering flask.
5. Stop clock.
FORMULA:
LMTD (∆T) M = (T1-t1) – (T2-t2)/Ln (T1-t1)/ (T2-t2)
Where, t1 &t2 are entry & exit temperature of cold fluid,T1&T2 are entry & exit temperature of hot fluid.
Effectiveness (E) = 1-exp [-N (1+C)] / (1=C)
C=Cmin /Cmax
, N= AU/Cmin .
Where, NTU→ number of transfer units,
Cmin→ ms* specific heat,
Cmax→ ms* specific heat,
MS→ mass flow rate,
qu → mh*cph *∆Th
qc→ mc+cpc *∆Tc
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
Cph→ specific heat capacity of hot fluid,
Cpc→ specific heat capacity of cold fluid,
∆Th→ Temperature of hot fluid,
∆Tc→ Temperature of cold fluid,
PROCEDURE:
1. Place the thermometer in the position &note the reading. Start flow on hot water side. Adjust the flow
rate on the hot water side & cold water side wide range of 1.5-4 lit/min &3-8lit/min.
2. Keeping the flow rate same until the state is obtained .Switch on the geyser. Record the temperature of
hot &cold water flow rate accurately.
3. Repeat the experiment with the counter flow & identical flow conditions, collect & calculate the
readings.
RESULT:
The LMTD value is found to be=
Effectiveness of the heat exchanger =
TABULATION:
HOT WATER SIDE
COLD WATER SIDE
FlowRate
kg/hr
FlowRate
kg/hr
In let
Tamp
(k)
Out let
Temp
(K)
In let
Tamp
(k)
Out let
Temp
(K)
qh
qc
kj/hr’c
kj/hr’c
mcph
mcpc
∆T1
∆T2
‘C
‘C
LMTD
‘C
25
Effec
Tiveness
BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
CALCULATIONS:
Ex.no:11
Date:
LEAF FILTER
AIM:
To determine the specific cake resistance ‘α’ and filter medium resistance Rm using leaf
filter.
APPARATUS:
Leaf filter, 1.5% by weight of calcium carbonate slurry, stop watch.
PRINCIPLE:
Filtration is the removal of solid particles from slurry by passing through a filter medium
on which solids are deposited. Solids on the filter cloth form a packed bed and the filtrate flow
through the pores is assumed to be under laminar range and hence cozen calman equation is used
for filtrations. Leaf filter is a batch filter used in the same manner as that of plate and frame filter
press. Here the filtration is done using vacuum. The specific cake resistance ‘α’ and filter medium
resistance Rm are calculated using the following relations.
α =2A2(1-mw)∆P
ρ Mc
m2/kg
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
Rm =W VF m-1
A(1-Mw)
W=Weight fraction of solid is slurry,
∆P=Pressure drop for filtration,
Ρ=Density of filtrate kg/m3,
µ=Viscosity of filtrate N/m2,
C=Constant from graph (∆Q/∆V Vs V) sec/m6
VF=Fictitious volume of slurry, m3
FORMULA:
For 100 mm Hg
1. Volume: v=πr2h
2.∆Ѳ= Ѳ2-Ѳ1
3. V average =v1+v2/2
4. ∆v=(6.4132-4.275)× 10-4
5.∆Ѳ/∆v=
6. Concentration of solids/unit volume of slurry:
C= cs/1-(mf/mc-1)15/1000
7. Specific cake resistance:
Α=kp P A2 /cµ
8. Filter medium resistance:
Rm=A.∆P β/µ
Mass of the filter particles/unit volume of filter
C=cs/1-[(mf/mc-1) cs/ρ)]
Specific cake resistance
Α=(kp ρ A2/2cµ) m/kg
Where kp/2 is the slope of the graph,
Filter medium resistance Rm= (β A’ ∆P/µ) m
Where β is the intercept of the graph,
PROCEDURE:
 Prepared 1.5% by weight slurry of calcium carbonate slurry in a container.
 The filter is lowered in to the container and continuously agitated slurry by an agitator.
 Applied 10cm Hg suction to the outlet pipe and filtration is observed.
 The stop watch is started when filtrate is at zero level in receiver.
 The time is noted for every 5cm rise of the filtrate in the receiver.
 Switch off the suction after complete filtration.
 The filter cakes are collected in the watch glass.
 The wet filter cake is weighed and dried it and the dry cake is weighed.
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual

KVCET / DBT / RM
The above steps are carried out at an increase level of suction at 15 inch Hg.
RESULT:
The specific cake resistance =
The filter medium resistance =
TABULATION:
Pressure = 100 mmHg
S.N
o
Height(cm Ѳ(sec
)
)
Volum
e ×10-4
m3
∆Ѳ(sec
)
V(average ∆
∆Ѳ/∆V×10
) ×10-4 m3 V 5
×
104
m3
Pressure = 150 mm Hg
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
s.n
o
Height(cm Ѳ(sec
)
)
Volum
e ×10-4
m3
KVCET / DBT / RM
∆Ѳ(sec
)
V(average ∆
∆Ѳ/∆V×10
) ×10-4 m3 V 4
×
104
m3
Pressure = 200 mm Hg
s.no
Height(cm) Ѳ(sec)
Volume ∆Ѳ(sec) V(average) ∆V
×10-4
×10-4 m3
×
3
m
10-4
m3
∆p × 103 N/m2 α ×1011 m/kg
∆Ѳ/∆V×103
Rm × 1010/m
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
Ex.no:12
Date:
SIMPLE DISTILLATION
Aim
To verify Rayleigh’s equation by conducting a batch distillation.
Theory
Distillation is the method adopted for separation of one of the components of two miscible
components in a liquid mixture. In differential distillation, the vapors generated by the boiling
liquid is withdrawn from contact with the liquid as fast as it is formed. This operation is explained
using Rayleigh’s equation given as
F
Ln  
W 
XF

XW
dx
y * x
where F is the no. of moles of the feed, W is the number of moles of the residue, x f is the mole
fraction of more volatile component in the feed and xw is the mole fraction of more volatile
component in the residue.
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
Apparatus
The setup consists of a distillation flask, to which a condenser is attached. The distillate is
collected in a receiver through on adaptor. The still is heated by an electric hot plate and a
thermometer is used to measure the distillation temperature.
Procedure
1. A series of samples of 10ml of binary mixture A and B is made up and their densities
determined using a specific gravity bottle and an electronic balance.
2. A calibration curve is plotted between the densities and the volume fraction.
3. The distillation flask is charged with the given mixture and is heated at a slow, uniform
rate.
4. The heating is continued till approximately 45-50 % of total feed is collected as distillate.
5. The hot plate is switched off and the flask is allowed to cool.
6. The densities of the distillate and the residue are measured using specific gravity bottle and
an electronic balance.
Observations
1. Volume of feed (Vf)
=
2. Volume of methanol (A) in feed (VA)
=
3. Volume of water (B) in feed (VB)
=
4. Volume of residue (Vr)
=
5. Volume of distillate collected (Vd)
=
TABULATION
Composition of mixture
S. No Volume % of Volume % of
A
B
Weight of empty
specific gravity
bottle, W0 (g)
Weight of bottle +
liquid mixture, W1
(g)
Density
(g/cm3)
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
1
0
100
2
20
80
3
40
60
4
60
40
5
80
20
6
100
0
7
VAD
VBD
8
VAW
VBW
KVCET / DBT / RM
Graphs:
Graph -1: Plot density versus volumetric composition of A
Graph – II: Plot 1/(y*-x) versus x diagram for the components A in equilibrium with B
Model Calculation
Moles of methanol in feed (mAf)
=
VA  A
MA
=
=
Moles of water in residue (mBf)
=
VB  B
MB
=
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
=
Total Moles of feed (F)
= mAf + mBf
=
=
Mole fraction of methanol in feed (xf)
=mAf/F
=
Density of distillate
=
Density of residue
=
Volume fraction of methanol in residue (vAr)=
Volume fraction of water in residue (vBr)
(from graph)
= 1- vAr
=
Moles of methanol in residue (mA)
=
v Ar Vr  A
MA
=
=
Moles of water in residue (mB)
=
v Br Vr  B
MB
=
=
Total moles of residue (W)
= mA+ mB
=
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
=
Mole fraction of methanol in residue (xw)
= mA / W
=
=
RHS of Rayleigh’s equation (Area under the curve)
Area = (No. of squares of 1mm2 area) (Scale on x-axis) (Scale on y-axis) (0.01)
=
=
LHS of Rayleigh’s equation
ln(F/W) =
=
% error
% error = (RHS–LHS)/LHS
=
=
Result
Rayleigh’s equation is verified and the percentage error is found to be
34
BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
Ex. No: 13
Date
:
LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
Aim
To determine the extraction efficiency of water to separate acetic acid from its solution in
benzene in single stage and double stage extraction.
Apparatus
1. Separating funnel
2. Beakers
3. Burette
4. Pipette
5. Std. sodium hydroxide solution of 0.1N
Discussion
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
Extraction is an operation in which two miscible liquids are separated by the use of a third
liquid that preferentially dissolves one of them. When separation of miscible liquids is difficult by
distillation, extraction method is considered. Close boiling mixtures or substances that cannot
withstand the temperature of distillation, even under a vacuum may often be separated from
impurities by extraction, which uses chemical differences instead of vapour pressure differences.
Extraction is widely used for the purification of petroleum products, penicillin recovery and in
nuclear effluent treatment.
Extraction equipments may be operated as batch or continuous units. Similarly they can be
operated in single stage and multi stage modes. Extraction involves mixing a known quantity of
feed with the known quantity of solvent in an agitated vessel, after which the layers are separated
as extract and raffinate. Extraction efficiency depends on the intimacy of contact of the phases and
on the number of stages of contact, permissible by economy.
Procedure
Single Stage extraction
1. 50 ml of benzene and 25 ml of glacial acetic acid are mixed well and taken as feed in a
stopper bottle
2. 30 ml of water is added to the bottle and the contents are mixed thoroughly by shaking the
bottle
3. After 15 minutes , the contents of the bottle are transferred to a separating funnel
4. The extract layer is carefully removed from the separating funnel and transferred to a
beaker and its volume is measured
5. A known volume of the extract sample is titrated against 0.1 N NaOH solution and the
volume of NaOH consumed is determined
Two Stage Extractions
1. 50 ml of benzene and 25 ml of glacial acetic acid are mixed well and taken as feed in a
stopper bottle
2. 15 ml of water is added to the bottle and the contents are mixed thoroughly by shaking the
bottle
3. After 15 minutes the contents of the bottle are transferred to a separating funnel
4. The extract layer is carefully removed from the separating funnel and transferred to a
beaker and its volume is measured
5. A known volume of the extract sample is titrated against 0.1 N Std. NaOH solution and
the volume of NaOH consumed is determined
6. The raffinate from the first stage is transferred to another stopper bottle to which 15 ml of
water is added and the bottle is thoroughly shaken to mix the contents well
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
7. After 15 minutes, the contents of the bottle are transferred to a separating funnel.
8. The extract layer (from the second stage) is carefully removed from the separating funnel
and transferred to a beaker and its volume is measured
9. A known volume of the extract sample is titrated against 0.1 N Std. NaOH solutions and
the volume of NaOH consumed is determined.
Observations
Single Stage Extraction
Volume of acetic acid in the feed (Vf)
=
Volume of benzene in the feed
=
Volume of the extract (Ve)
=
Volume of raffinate (Vr)
=
TABULATION - I
S.
No
Volume of extract
Normality
taken for titration (V2)
NaOH (N1) N
ml
of Volume of NaOH
Indicator
consumed (V1) ml
Model Calculations
Normality of extract (Ne)
= (V1 N1)/V2
=
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
=
Amount of acetic acid in the extract layer (W)
= (60VeNe) / 1000
=
=
Single stage extraction efficiency (η)
= (100 W) / (Vfρa)
=
=
Two stage extraction
First stage
Volume of extract (Ve1)
=
Volume of raffinate (Vr1)
=
TABULATION - II
S. No
Volume of extract
Normality
of Volume of NaOH
taken for titration
Indicator
NaOH (N1) N
consumed (V11) ml
(V21) ml
38
BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
Normality of extract (Ne1)
KVCET / DBT / RM
= (V11 N1)/V21
=
=
Amount of acetic acid in the extract layer (W1)
= (60Ve1Ne1)/1000
=
=
Second stage
Volume of extract (Ve2)
=
Volume of raffinate (Vr2)
=
TABULATION - III
S. No
Volume of extract
Volume of NaOH
Normality
of
taken for titration
consumed (V12) Indicator
NaOH (N1) N
(V22) ml
ml
39
BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
Normality of extract (Ne2)
KVCET / DBT / RM
= (V12 N1) / V22
=
=
Amount of acetic acid in the extract layer (W2)
= (60Ve2Ne2) / 1000
=
=
Single stage extraction efficiency (η)
= 100 (W1+W2)/(Vfρa)
=
Result
The extraction of acetic acid from benzene using water is conducted in single stage and in
two stages and the separation efficiencies are reported as follows
Efficiency in Single stage extraction
=
Efficiency in Two stage extraction
=
Ex.no:14
Date:
BATCH ADSORPTION
40
BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
Aim
To separate the product by means of adsorption on the given adsorbent material in a simple
adsorption column system and derive the Freundlish adsorption isotherm.
Principle
Adsorption is a reversible phenomenon occurring at the surface of a solid. The forces of
adsorption are mainly physical and are not strong. Hence desorption of the adsorbate is feasible in
physisorption in contrast chemisorptions leads to irreversible adsorption is feasible in
physisorption in contrast chemisorptions leads to irreversible adsorption and practically have no
application in bioseperations.
The advantages of adsorption process in bio separations are several. It may be used for primary
isolation as well as for concentration of desired products. Since adsorption is highly selective the
desired product may be adsorbed directly from fermentation broths with out the use of any
preliminary or filtration or centrifugation step. Adsorption does not denature sensitive
biomolecules and hence preferred for isolation of proteins.
However adsorption process is capacity of any adsorbent is generally small and in addition the
design of adsorption process is complicated by non-linear equilibrium and some times strong
adsorbent- adsorbate interactions.
Batch adsorption is used to adsorb solutes from the liquid phase when the quantities treated are
relatively in small amounts.
The freundlish adsorption isotherm is given by the equation C= (K.S)n, where
C= amount of solute adsorbed / amount of adsorbent used.
S=concentration of the feed solution k and n are freundlish constants.
By studying Congo red- charcoal system, these values can be desired so as freundlich isotherm.
Materials Required
 Congo red
 Charcoal
 Conical flask
 Shaker
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BT8411 Chemical Engineering For Biotechnologists Lab
Manual
KVCET / DBT / RM
 Spectrophotometer.
Procedure
Drawing out the standard curve for Congo red concentration.
Stock Solution
Weigh 500mg of Congo red and mix it with 100ml of distilled water to obtain a concentration of
500ppm.
Working Standard solution
Take 5 test tubes and fill it with 2,4,6,8 and 10 ml of stock solution respectively. Make the tube
up to 10ml. the concentration are
Spectroscopy
Distilled water is used as a starch as a blank and the adsorption co efficient of all the solution
present in the 10 test tubes is read out at 620nm using a spectrophotometer meter.
Congo red-charcoal system
Prepare 50ml solutions of each concentration
Weigh 0.1g of charcoal and take it in a conical flask.
Add the prepared solution of congored in these conical flasks and close the flasks
Keep the flasks process, filter the solution by using filter paper
Read the OD values the filtrate at 620nm in the spectrophotometer.
Result
The freundlish isotherm derived from the system Congo-red charcoal is______
42