WELCOME TO
OUR ENGLISH
PROJECT ON
MYSTERIES OF
ANCIENT
EGYPT
CIVILISATIONS
Project by:
PRANSHU KUMAR ANAND
HARSHIT
SHUBHAM
JUNAID
ATUL MAHESWARI
SESSION:2023-2024
Project
Index
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Statement Of Purpose
Action Plan
Introduction
Why did ancient civilizations construct
pyramids all over the world?
The pyramids and their celestial connection
Orion correlation theory
How were the pyramids of Egypt built?
What’s inside the mysterious cavities inside
the Pyramid of Khufu?
Why did the Egyptians stop building pyramids?
CONCLUSION
Report: Unraveling the Mysteries of Ancient Egypt
Student Relection and bibliography
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
PRANSHU,HARSHIT,SHUBHAM,JUNAID,ATUL— OF CLASS
XI-A OF DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL HAVE COMPLETED THEIR ENGLISH
PROJECT TITLED—MYSTERIES OF ANCIENT CIVILISATION— UNDER
MY GUIDANCE AND SUPERVISION. THEY HAVE SHOWN UTMOST
SINCERITY IN MAKING THIS PROJECT.
HEREBY, CERTIFY THAT THIS PROJECT IS UP TO MY
EXPECTATION AND AS PER THE
GUIDELINES ISSUED BY CBSE.
Acknowledgement
WE ARE USING THIS OPPORTUNITY
TO EXPRESS OUR GRATITUDE
TOWARDS TEACHER MS PRIYANKA
WHO GAVE US THIS GOLDEN
OPPORTUNITY TO DO SUCH A GOOD
PROJECT ON THE TOPIC
"MYSTERIES OF ANCIENT
CIVILISATION". WE ARE THANKFUL
TO EVERYONE WHO SUPPORTED US
FOR THE COMPLETION OF THIS
PROJECT AND GAVE US THEIR
ASPIRING GUIDANCE, FRIENDLY
ADVICE AND INVALUABLE
FEEDBACK DURING THE PROJECT.
WE ARE SINCERELY GRATEFUL TO
ALL OF OUR FRIENDS, COPARTNERS, FAMILY AND GUIDE
WHO SHARED THEIR TRUTHFUL
AND ILLUMINATING VIEWS ON A
NUMBER OF ISSURES RELATED TO
THE PROJECT BY DEVOTING THEIR
PRECIOUS TIME. THANK YOU
STATEMENT OF
PURPOSE
we have done project on this topic because-
To know about the mystical structures,
technology of ancient civisilization
To find about theories and stories of
deep hidden mysteries like the story of
king tut
To appreciate the culture and beliefs
of ancient people
To develop and fulfill curiosity of
learning about interesting mysteries
and thrillers about ancient history
wonders
ACTION
PLAN
Our action plan was as follows:
First we all chose this topic
“mysteries of ancient civilizations”
Next we started finding acticles and
paper about the following topics on
the internet websites
After a lot of research and
watching a ton of videos we formed
the majority of the content
Next we discussed the topics to be
included in the project in a clean
way.
Lastly we added the other required
pages with suitable images
INTRO DUCTION
The Ancient Egyptian civilization can only be
defined as a twilight zone where the mind and
the soul are trapped in a work of sci-fi or an
enchanting fairytale filled with immortal
puzzles and heavenly wonders. Under the
mythological sands of Egypt lies some of
history's most unsolved mysteries that keep
challenging the concepts of reason & reality
till our current day. Egypt is one of the most
researched ancient cultures as for the last two
centuries it has been the obsession of countless
historians and archaeologists. Their culture
and technology is a gift that keeps on giving
as a lot of mysteries remain unsolved, every
time an archaeological discovery is made in
the magical destination of Egypt like Luxor &
Aswan, an infinite number of unanswered
questions keep popping up. For the last 1000
years, researchers have explored this 4
millennia-year-old civilization across vast
deserts to uncover the secret of their
immortality using Modern science and some
artifacts like the Rosetta stone which were
able to give explanations and answers but
some mysteries remain unsolved.
Why did ancient civilizations construct
pyramids all over the world?
1 . •One of the common aspects which most surprises
people is the construction of pyramids in the
ancient world. These majestic monuments can be
found in all the corners of the world, from terraced
pyramids circular pyramids, and the classics.
Almost all the ancient cultures of the world
constructed incredible pyramids which challenge
our current understanding of some of the most
incredible civilizations on Earth.
2. •The inhabitants of ancient Egypt, ancient China ,
the Pre-Incas, Incas, Aztecs, Mayas and many other
ancient cultures raised pyramids which still exist
today.
3 . •No one has been able to understand what the true
purpose of the pyramids was. Destined to be used
as tombs? As monuments to honor the gods? Or is
it possible that, as many believe today, the
pyramids were constructed in order to make use of
the natural energy of the planet and the universe?
4 . •The mystery around the pyramids gets deeper
when you realize that some of them, like the
pyramids of the Giza plateau are aligned
astronomically. The truth is that, although we have
dealt a great deal with understanding the
fundamental principles of the pyramids which
ancient cultures constructed, we still have no idea
how they were capable of raising these majestic
buildings and what their true purpose was?
The pyramids and their celestial connection
1. •There is a certain celestial connection existent among the Giza
Pyramids. Does it reveal an interaction with “beings come from
heaven”? The same pattern can also be found in the pyramids of
Xian. Without doubt, it is more than a simple coincidence.
2.
•The fact that the cultures and civilizations of the world would
construct monuments is something fascinating and the fact that
nearly all of them share architectural similarities is simply
amazing, but we cannot forget the celestial connection that the
majority of them also share.
3. •If we focus on the pyramids of the Giza plateau, the pyramids of
Teotihuacan and even the Chinese pyramids, we will discover
that all of them seem to be aligned particularly to the
constellations. In this case we are speaking of the constellation of
Orion, which apparently was of highest importance not only for
the ancient Egyptians, but also for the ancient Aztecs and their
predecessors, ancient China, and other civilizations of the world.
How they were able to position these monuments with such
precision in order to imitate the cosmos is something that no one
has been able to comprehend, and it remains as one of the great
enigmas of history.
Orion correlation theory
1.
•The Orion correlation theory is a fringe theory in Egyptology
attempting to explain the arrangement of the Giza pyramid
complex.
2. •It posits that there is a correlation between the location of the
three largest pyramids of the Giza pyramid complex and Orion's
Belt of the constellation Orion, and that this correlation was
intended as such by the original builders of the Giza pyramid
complex. The stars of Orion were associated with Osiris, the god
of rebirth and afterlife by the ancient Egyptians. Depending on
the version of the idea, additional pyramids can be included to
complete the picture of the Orion constellation, and the Nile river
can be included to match with the Milky Way.
3.
•The idea was first published in 1989 in Discussions in
Egyptology, volume 13. It was the subject of the book The Orion
Mystery, in 1994, as well as a BBC documentary, The Great
Pyramid: Gateway to the Stars (February 1994), and appears in
some New Age books.
How were the pyramids of Egypt built?
•The Pyramid of Khufu (sometimes called Cheops), the largest Egyptian
pyramid, is made of 2.3 million stone blocks, each weighing anywhere
from 2.5 to 16 tons. Some of the blocks, particularly the ones used in
the inner chambers, came as far as Aswan, 500 miles from Giza where
the pyramid stands. But how did ancient Egyptians build such massive
pyramids without using simple machines such as the wheel, which,
while used by Egyptians for pottery making, was not used for carts or
chariots until 1500 BCE, likely because wheels weren’t much use in the
thick sand that covered the country? It’s an age-old mystery and one
that continues to be an enigma for ancient monumental complexes
across the world. While there are numerous theories, there is a lack of
hard, archaeological evidence to fully support any one of them.
•One theory about how the blocks were moved involves sleds and wet
sand. A painting in the tomb of Djehutihotep shows men dragging a
colossal statue on a sled. In front of them, a person pours water onto
the sand. While initially thought to be a ceremonial gesture, physicist
Daniel Bonn recently discovered that the right amount of water, about
two to five percent of the volume of sand, increased the stiffness of the
sand and reduced the friction between the object being dragged and
the ground, making the object much easier to move. The same
technique may have been used to drag stone blocks to pyramid
construction sites.
•Once the blocks were at the pyramid’s construction site, however,
how were they lifted into place without the use of mechanical
advantage? A ramp found in a quarry dating to the construction of the
Pyramid of Khufu indicates that ancient Egyptians were able to pull
stone blocks out of the quarry on a steep upward slope. It’s possible
that similar ramps were used to haul stones up the pyramid’s sides to
be placed. However, the exact system is unknown. The ramps could
have been on the outside of the pyramid, spiraling up like a mountain
road, or straight and long, or built within the pyramid. How a 16-ton
block could have been moved up a ramp is also unknown, with theories
ranging from sleds to wooden rollers to wooden posts tied to each side
of a block, changing the shape from square to polygon and allowing
them to be rolled like a keg of beer.
What’s inside the mysterious cavities inside
the Pyramid of Khufu?
•In 2017, Scan Pyramids made a massive discovery inside the Pyramid
of Khufu. With the aid of muon-tomography, a non-invasive scanning
technique that uses cosmic rays to produce 3D images of spaces and
can penetrate much more deeply than X Rays, researchers discovered
two previously unknown voids inside the pyramid, the first new spaces
found inside the pyramid since the 19th century.
•A small void was detected on the pyramid’s north face,
approximately 15 feet long. Horizontal and sloping upwards, this could
be a passageway. More significantly, a 100-foot-long void was found
above the Grand Gallery, itself a magnificent passageway that
provides access to the burial chambers towards the center of the
pyramid.
Not much is known about this larger chamber. It could be either
horizontal or at a slope and may actually be made up of several
smaller rooms. While it is unlikely to be a burial chamber, it could be a
second Grand Gallery, or, more intriguingly, hold some of the secrets to
the engineering and construction behind the pyramid. The Bent
Pyramid, built by Snefru, Khufu’s father, has a similar chamber above
the main burial chamber. The space is believed to help reduce the
weight of masonry pressing down from above.
•Scan Pyramids has plans to scan more pyramids, including the
Pyramid of Khafre, Egypt’s second largest. What other secrets could
muon-tomography reveal about ancient Egypt’s monuments? Time will
tell.
Why did the Egyptians stop building
pyramids?
•The last royal pyramid was built around 1500 BCE. Afterward, while
wealthy individuals were occasionally buried in or near pyramids,
pharaohs were buried in the Valley of Kings, near Thebes (modern-day
Luxor), the new capital of ancient Egypt. What exactly caused the
rulers of Egypt to abandon the practice of pyramid burials is unknown,
though many theories exist.
•One theory is that religious changes around 1500 BCE began
emphasizing building tombs underground, in the bedrock, rather than
interring bodies in pyramids. Thebes, unlike the previous Egyptian
capital, Memphis, had far less open space and what little there was
rocky and rugged, hardly the ideal landscape to build massive
monuments.
•Tomb robbing was also an issue, and there was far less chance that
burials would be looted if they weren’t placed in such conspicuous
settings as horizon-dominating pyramids. The Valley of the Kings is a
cliffy, complex landscape that was easy to hide royal burials and rockcut tombs in. Tuthmosis, the first pharaoh to be buried in the Valley of
Kings, hired a man named Ineni to inspect the excavation of his tomb.
In his autobiography, Tuthmosis wrote, “I inspected the excavation of
the cliff tomb of his Majesty alone, no one seeing, no one hearing.”
Entrances were kept secret and necropolis guards patrolled the area
for looters.
A more recent theory about why pyramid construction stopped
comes from Peter James, an engineer tasked with examining the
outer casing of the Bent Pyramid, built in 2600 BCE. While better
preserved than other pyramids, which all have lost their outer
casings of limestone and marble, the Bent Pyramid’s casing has
also been breaking apart. Peter James discovered that the
extreme temperature fluctuations of the Egyptian desert were
causing the limestone to expand and contract, moving the stone
blocks to the edges of the pyramid and forcing them to detach or
break, taking the outer casing with them. Oddly enough, the Bent
Pyramid’s unusual construction made it the best preserved
pyramid; the gaps between the stone blocks have allowed them to
shift with thermal expansion without breaking the casing. On the
other hand, the more perfectly aligned and placed blocks of the
Pyramids of Giza had no gaps between them. Any shifting of the
blocks caused them to push against each other, causing the casing
to disintegrate rapidly. This disintegration likely happened while
pyramid building was still occurring. After spending so much time,
money, and energy creating perfect monuments, this visible and
rapid destruction of their perfection could have been one reason
pharaohs abandoned them as burial monuments.
CONCLUSION
The Mysteries of Ancient Egypt continue to captivate and perplex
us. These enigmatic puzzles remind us that, despite our advances
in technology and research, there is still much to learn about the
ancient world. As we continue to uncover new evidence and
reevaluate old theories, the secrets of this remarkable civilization
may one day be revealed.
Report: Unraveling the Mysteries
of Ancient Egypt
Introduction: The allure of ancient Egypt lies in its twilight zone,
where immortal puzzles and heavenly wonders captivate the mind
and soul. Over the last two centuries, this civilization has been an
obsession for countless historians and archaeologists, providing a
continuous stream of unsolved mysteries. The focus of this report
is to delve into the heart of these mysteries, particularly those
surrounding pyramid construction, celestial connections, and the
intriguing reasons behind the abandonment of this monumental
burial practice.
Pyramid Construction: Ancient civilizations worldwide, including
Egypt, China, and the Americas, constructed pyramids that challenge
our understanding of their technological capabilities. The purpose of
these structures remains elusive, leading to speculations about
tombs, religious monuments, or energy harnessing devices. The
alignment of pyramids with celestial bodies, particularly Orion's Belt,
adds a layer of complexity to the mystery. The Orion correlation
theory suggests a deliberate connection between the layout of the
Giza pyramid complex and the stars in Orion's Belt, emphasizing the
celestial significance embedded in these architectural wonders.
Celestial Connections: The celestial connection among the Giza
Pyramids, Teotihuacan, and Chinese pyramids raises questions about
an interaction with beings from heaven. The alignment with the
constellation of Orion spans across different cultures, emphasizing
its importance for ancient Egyptians, Aztecs, and other civilizations.
The precision with which these monuments mirror the cosmos remains
a profound enigma, challenging our understanding of ancient
knowledge and technology.
Pyramid of Khufu's Mysteries: Recent technological advancements,
such as muon-tomography, have revealed previously unknown
voids within the Pyramid of Khufu. These discoveries, made by Scan
Pyramids in 2017, include a small passageway on the pyramid's
north face and a significant 100-foot-long void above the Grand
Gallery. While the purpose of these cavities is not fully understood,
they fuel speculation about additional chambers or insights into the
pyramid's engineering and construction. The continuous
exploration of these mysteries through cutting-edge technology
keeps the narrative of ancient Egypt alive.
Reasons for Pyramid Abandonment: The report explores various
theories regarding why the Egyptians ceased building pyramids
around 1500 BCE. Shifts in religious practices favoring underground
tombs, the practicality of the Valley of Kings, and the challenge of
tomb robbery are considered potential factors. Additionally, the
environmental impact, particularly the extreme temperature
fluctuations causing the disintegration of limestone casing, is
proposed as a reason for the abandonment of the pyramid-building
tradition.
Conclusion: The mysteries of ancient Egypt persist, challenging our
understanding of history, technology, and the cosmos. From the
celestial alignments of pyramids to the technological marvels
hidden within, each discovery opens new avenues of inquiry. As we
unravel the enigma of ancient Egypt, the journey continues, fueled
by the fascination and curiosity that this twilight zone of history
evokes.
In our personal viewpoint on ancient Egyptian pyramids embraces the
complexity and richness of their narrative. These structures stand as
a testament to human ingenuity, spiritual significance, and an
enduring enigma that continues to captivate generations. As we
unravel the layers of history, my appreciation for the twilight zone of
ancient Egypt grows, fueled by the perpetual allure of the pyramids
and the mysteries they hold.
Student
Reflection
Undertaking the pyramid mysteries project broadened our
understanding of ancient civilizations and their architectural
marvels. We learned about diverse theories on the purpose of
pyramids and the interconnectedness of global civilizations in
adopting similar structures.
Learnings:
1. Appreciation for ancient engineering.
2. Exploration of various pyramid theories.
3. Understanding the interconnectedness of civilizations.
4. Hone research and presentation skills.
Strengths:
1. Curiosity and eagerness to learn.
2. Adaptability in navigating diverse sources.
3. Attention to detail in deciphering hieroglyphs and nuances.
Weaknesses:
1. Time management balancing school commitments.
2. Overreliance on specific sources.
3. Difficulty in balancing depth and brevity in presentation.
In summary, the project was a rewarding exploration of pyramid
mysteries, highlighting strengths like curiosity and adaptability, but
also areas for improvement in time management and source
diversity. This experience enhances our commitment to
understanding historical phenomena deeply.
Biblio graphy
https://matadornetwork.com/read
/pyramid-mysteries/
https://chat.openai.com/
https://www.egypttoursportal.com
https://www.youtube.com
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion
_correlation_theory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion
_correlation_theory
https://www.history.com/