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Community Health Nursing (Our Lady of Fatima University)
Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university
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Mental Health Global Action
Program (mhGAP)
In 2008, WHO launched the mental
health gap action program (mhGAP) in
response to the wide gap between the
resources available and the resources
urgently needed to address the large burden
of mental, neurological, and substance use
disorders globally. Through mhGAP, WHO
aims to provide health planners,
policymakers, and donors with a set of clear
and coherent activities and programs for
scaling up care for mental, neurological and
substance use disorders.
WHO recognizes the need for action to
reduce the burden, and to enhance the
capacity
of Member States to respond to this growing
challenge. mhGAP is WHO’s action plan to
scale up services for mental, neurological
and substance use disorders for countries
especially with low and lower middle
incomes. The priority conditions addressed
by mhGAP are depression, schizophrenia and
other psychotic disorders, suicide, epilepsy,
dementia, disorders due to use of alcohol,
disorders due to use of illicit drugs,
and mental disorders in children. The
mhGAP package consists of interventions for
prevention and management for each of
these priority conditions.
Successful scaling up is the joint
responsibility of governments, health
professionals,
civil society, communities, and families, with
support from the international community.
The essence of mhGAP is building
partnerships for collective action. A
commitment is needed from all partners to
respond to this urgent public health need
and the time to act is now!
THE TREATMENT GAP
Mental, neurological, and substance use
disorders are highly prevalent in all regions
of the world, and they are major contributors
to disease, premature death, and disability
worldwide. They are also frequently
associated with high levels of stigma and
human rights violations, particularly in lowand middle-income countries.
Objectives of mhGAP
The development of the mental health
action program (mhGAP) re昀氀ects WHO’s
commitment to closing this gap by scaling up
care for mental health and substance use
disorders. The key objectives of the action
program are:
to reinforce the commitment of
governments, international organizations,
and other stakeholders to increase the
allocation of 昀椀nancial and human resources
for care of mental health and substance use
disorders.
to achieve much higher coverage with
key interventions in the countries with low
and lower middle incomes that have a large
proportion of the global burden of mental
health and substance use disorders.
Through these objectives, mhGAP
provides evidence-based guidance and tools
to advance toward achieving the targets of
the mental health action plan 2013-2020.
[REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11036]
AN ACT ESTABLISHING A NATIONAL
MENTAL HEALTH POLICY FOR THE
PURPOSE OF ENHANCING THE DELIVERY
OF INTEGRATED MENTAL HEALTH
SERVICES, PROMOTING AND
PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS
UTILIZING PSYCHIATRIC, NEUROLOGIC
AND PSYCHOSOCIAL HEALTH
SERVICES, APPROPRIATING FUNDS
THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES
CHAPTER I
GENRAL PROVISIONS
Section 1. Short Title – This Act shall be
known as the “Mental Health Act”
Section 2. Declaration of Policy – The state
a昀케rms the basic right of all Filipinos to
mental health as well as the fundamental
rights of people who require metal health
services.
The state commits itself to promoting the
well-being of people by ensuring that; mental
health is valued, promoted and projected;
mental health conditions are treated and
prevented; timely, a昀昀ordable high quality,
and culturally-appropriate mental health
case is made available to the public; mental
health service are free from coercion and
accountable to the service users; and
persons a昀昀ected by mental health conditions
are able to exercise the full range of human
rights, and participate fully in society and at
work free from stigmatism and
discrimination.
The State shall comply strictly with its
obligations under the United Nations
Declaration of Human Rights, the Convention
on the rights of Persons with Disabilities, and
all other relevant international and regional
human rights conventions and declarations.
The applicability of Republic act No. 7277, as
amended, otherwise known as the "Magna
Carta for Disabled Persons", to person with
mental health conditions, as de昀椀ned herein,
is expressly recognized.
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Section 3. Objectives – The objectives of
this Act are as follows:
a. Strengthen e昀昀ective leadership and
governance for mental health by,
among others, formulating,
developing, and implementing
national policies, strategies, programs,
and regulations relating to mental
health.
b. Develop and establish a
comprehensive, integrated e昀昀ective
and e昀케cient national mental health
care system responsive to the
psychiatric, neurologic, and
psychosocial needs of the Filipino
people.
c. Protect the rights and freedoms of
persons with psychiatric, neurologic,
and psychosocial needs, Filipino
people.
d. Strengthen information systems,
evidence, and research for mental
health.
e. Integrated mental health care in the
basic health services; and
f. Integrate strategies promoting mental
health in educational institutions, the
workplace, and in communities.
Section 4. De昀椀nitions – As used in this Act,
the following terms are de昀椀ned as follows:
a. Addiction refers to a primary chronic
relapsing disease of brain reward,
motivation, memory, and related
circuitry. Dysfunctions in the circuitry
lead to characteristic biological,
psychological, social, and spiritual
manifestations. It is characterized by
the inability to consistently abstain
impairment and behavioral control,
craving, diminished recognition of
signi昀椀cant problems with one's
behavior and interpersonal
relationships and a dysfunctional
emotional response.
b. Carer refers to the person, who may or
may not be patient's next-of-kin or
relative, who maintains a close
personal, relationship, and manifests
concern for the welfare of the patient.
c. Con昀椀dentiality refers to ensuring that
all relevant information related to
persons with psychiatric, neurologic,
and psychological health needs is kept
safe from access or use by, or
disclosure to, persons or entities who
are not authorizes to access, use, or
possess such information.
d. Deinstitutionalization refers to the
process of transitioning service users,
including persons with mental health
conditions and psychosocial
disabilities, from institutional and
other segregated settings to
community-based settings that enable
social participation, recovery-based
approaches to mental health, and
individualized care in accordance with
the service user's will and preference.
e. Discrimination refers to any
distinction, exclusion or restriction
which has the purpose or e昀昀ect of
nullifying the recognition, enjoyment,
or exercise, on an equal basis with
others, of all human rights and
fundamental freedoms in the political,
economic, social cultural, civil or any
other 昀椀eld. It includes all forms of
discrimination, including denial of
reasonable accommodation. Special
measure solely to protect the rights or
secure the advancement of persons
with decision-making impairment
capacity shall not be deemed to be
discriminatory.
f. Drug Rehabilitation refers to the
processes of medical or
psychotherapeutic treatment of
dependency on psychoactive
substances such as alcohol,
prescription drugs, and other
dangerous drugs pursuant to Republic
Act, 9165, otherwise known as the
"Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act
of 2002". Rehabilitation process may
also be applicable to diagnosed
behavioral addictions such as
gambling, internet, and sexual
addictions. The general intent is to
enable the patient to confront the
psychological, legal, 昀椀nancial, social,
and physical consequences. Treatment
includes medication for co-morbid
psychiatric or other medical disorders,
counseling by experts and sharing of
experience with other addicted
individuals.
g. Impairment or Temporary Loss of
Decision-Making Capacity refers to a
medicallydetermined inability on the part of a
service user or any other person
a昀昀ected by a mental health condition,
to provide informed consent. A service
user has impairment or temporary loss
of decision-making capacity when the
service user as assessed by a mental
health professional is unable to do the
following:
1. Understand information concerning
the nature of a mental health
condition;
2. Understand the consequences of
one's decisions and actions on
one's life or health, or the life or
health of others;
3. Understand information about the
nature of the treatment proposed,
including
methodology, direct e昀昀ects, and
possible side e昀昀ects; and
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h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
4. E昀昀ectively communicate consent
voluntarily given by a service user
to a plan for treatment or
hospitalization, or information
regarding one's own condition.
Informed Consent refers to consent
voluntarily given by a service user to a
plan for treatment, after a full
disclosure communicated in plain
language by the attending mental
health service provider, of the nature,
consequences, bene昀椀ts, and risks of
the proposed treatment, as well as
available alternatives;
Legal Representatives refers to a
person designated by the service user,
appointed
by a court of competent jurisdiction, or
authorized by this Act or any other
applicable
law, to act on the service user's behalf.
The legal representative may also be a
person
appointed in writing by the service
user to act on his or her behalf
through an advance
directive;
Mental Health refers to a state of wellbeing in which the individual realizes
one's own abilities and potentials,
scopes adequately with the normal
stresses of life, displays resilience in
the face of extreme life events, works
productively and fruitfully, and is able
to make a positive contribution to the
community;
Mental Health Condition refers to a
neurologic or psychiatric condition
characterized by the existence of a
recognizable, clinically signi昀椀cant
disturbance in an individual's
cognition, emotional regulation, or
behavioral that re昀氀ects a genetic or
acquired dysfunction in the
neurological, psychosocial, or
developmental process underlying
mental functioning. The determination
of neurologic and psychiatric
conditions shall be based on
scienti昀椀cally accepted medical
nomenclature and best available
scienti昀椀c and medical evidence;
Mental Health Facility refers to any
establishment, or any unit of an
establishment, which has, as its
primary function, the provision of
mental health services;
Mental Health Professional refers to a
medical doctor, psychologist, nurse
social worker or any other
appropriately trained and quali昀椀ed
person with speci昀椀c skills relevant to
the provision of mental health
services.
Mental Health Service Provide refer to
an entity or individual providing
o.
p.
q.
r.
s.
t.
u.
mental health services as de昀椀nes in
this Act, whether public or private,
including, but not limited to mental
health professionals and workers,
social worker and counselors, informal
community caregivers, mental health
advocates and their organizations,
personal ombudsmen, and persons or
entities o昀昀ering nonmedical
alternative therapies;
Mental Health Service refer to
psychosocial psychiatric or neurologic
activities and programs along the
whole range of the mental health
support services including promotion,
prevention, treatment, and aftercare,
which are provided by mental health
facilities and mental health
professionals;
Mental Health Worker refers to a
trained person, volunteer or advocate
engaged in mental health promotion,
providing support services under the
supervision of a mental health
professional;
Psychiatric or Neurologic Emergency
refers to a condition presenting a
serious and immediate threat to the
health and wellbeing of a service user,
or any other person a昀昀ected by a
mental health facilities and mental
health condition, or any other person
a昀昀ected by a metal condition, or to
the health or well-being of others,
requiring immediate medical
intervention;
Psychosocial Problems refers to a
condition that indicates the existence
of dysfunctions in a person's behavior,
thoughts and feelings brought about
by sudden extreme, prolonged, or
cumulative stressors in the physical or
social environment.
Recovery-Based Approach refers to an
approach to intervention and
treatment centered on the strengths
of a service user and involving the
active participation, as equal partners
in care, of persons with lived
experiences in mental health. This
requires integrating a service user's
understanding of his or her condition
into any plan for treatment and
recovery;
Service User refers to a person with
lived experience of any mental health
condition including persons who
require or are undergoing psychiatric,
neurologic or psychosocial care;
Support refers to the spectrum of
informal and formal arrangements or
services of varying types and
intensities, provided by the State,
private entities, or communities,
aimed at assisting a service user in
the exercise of his or her legal
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capacity or rights, including;
community services; personal
assistants and ombudsman; powers
of attorney and other legal and
personal planning tools; peer support;
support for self -advocacy; nonformal
community caregiver networks;
dialogue systems; alternative , and
manual communication; and the use
of assistive devices and technology;
and
v. Supported Decision Making refers to
the act of assisting a service user who
is not a昀昀ected by an impairment or
loss of decision-making capacity, in
expressing a mental health-related
preference, intention or decision. It
includes all the necessary support,
safeguards, and measures to ensure
protection from undue in昀氀uence,
coercion, or abuse.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
CHAPTER II
RIGHTS OF SERVICE USERS AND OTHER
STAKEHOLDER
l.
Section 5. Rights of Service Users – Service
users shall enjoy, on an equal and
nondiscriminatory basis, all rights
guaranteed by the Constitution as well as
those recognizes under the United Nations
Universal Declaration of Human Rights and
the Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities and all other relevant
international and regional human rights
conventions and declarations, including the
right to:
a. Freedom from social economic, and
political discrimination and
stigmatization, whether committed by
public or private actors;
b. Exercise all them inherit civil, political,
economic, social, religious,
educational, and cultural rights
respecting individual qualities,
abilities, and diversity of background,
without discrimination on the basis of
physical disability, age, gender, sexual
orientation, race, color, language,
religion or nationality, ethnic, or social
origin;
c. Access to evidence-based treatment of
the same standard and quality,
regardless of age, sex, socioeconomic
status, race, ethnicity or sexual
orientation;
d. Access to a昀昀ordable essential health
and social services for the purpose of
achieving the highest attainable
standard of mental health;
e. Access to metal health service at all
levels of the national health care
system;
f. Access to comprehensive and
coordinated treatment integrating
holistic prevention, promotion,
M.
rehabilitation, care and support, aimed
at addressing mental health care
needs through a multidisciplinary,
user-driven treatment and recovery
plan;
Access to psychosocial care and
clinical treatment in the least
restrictive environment and manner;
Humane treatment free from solitary
con昀椀nement, torture, and other forms
of cruel inhumane, harmful or
degrading treatment and invasive
procedures not backed by scienti昀椀c
evidence;
Access to aftercare and rehabilitation,
when possible, in the community for
the purpose of social reintegration and
inclusion;
Access to adequate information
regarding available multidisciplinary
mental health services;
Participate in metal health advocacy,
policy planning, legislation, service
provision, monitoring, research, and
evaluation.
Con昀椀dentiality of all information,
communications, and records, in
whatever form or medium stored,
regarding the service user, any aspect
of the service user’s mental health, or
any treatment or care received by the
service user, which information,
communications, and records shall not
be disclosed to third parties without
the written consent of the service user
concerned or the service user's legal
representative, except in the following
circumstances:
1. Disclose is required by law or
pursuant to an order issued by a
court of competent jurisdiction.
2. The service user has expressed
consent to the disclosure;
3. A life-threatening emergency
exists, and such disclosure is
necessary to prevent harm or
injury to the service user or other
persons;
4. The service user is a minor and the
attending mental health
professional reasonably believes
that the service user is a victim of
child abuse; or
5. Disclosure is required in condition
with an administrative, civil, or
criminal case against a mental
health professional ethics, to the
extent necessary to completely
adjudicate, settle, or resolve any
issue or controversy involved
therein;
Give informed consent before
receiving treatment or care, including
the right to withdraw such consent.
Such consent shall be recorded in the
service user's clinical record;
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N. Participate in the development and
formulation of the psychosocial care or
clinical treatment plan to be
implemented.
O. Designate or appoint a person of legal
age to act as his or her legal
representative in accordance with this
Act, except in cases of impairment or
temporary loss of decision-making
capacity;
P. Send or received uncensored private
communication which may include
communication by letter, telephone or
electronic means, and receive visitors
at reasonable times, including the
service user's legal representative and
representatives from the commission
on Human Rights (CHR);
Q. Legal services, through competent
counsel of the service user's choice. In
case the service user cannot a昀昀ord the
service, user cannot a昀昀ord the service
s of a counsel, the Public Attorney's
O昀케ce, or legal; aid institution of the
service user or representative's
choice, shall assist the service user;
R. Access to their clinical records unless,
in the opinion of the attending mental
health professional, revealing such
information would cause harm to the
service user's health or put the safety
of others at risk. When any such
clinical records are withheld, the
service user or his or her legal
representative may contest such
decision with the internal review board
created pursuant to this Act
authorized to investigate and resolve
disputes, or with the CHR;
S. Information, within the twenty-four
(24) hours of admission to a mental
health facility, of the rights
enumerated in this section in a form
and language understood by the
service user; and
T. By oneself or through a legal
representative, to 昀椀le with the
appropriate agency, complaints of
improperties, abuses in mental health
care, violations of rights of persona
with mental health needs, and seek to
initiate appropriate investigation and
action against those who authorized
illegal or unlawful involuntary
treatment or con昀椀nement, and other
violations.
Section 6. Rights of Family Members, Carers
and Legal Representatives – Family
members, carers and duly designated or
appointed legal representative of the service
user shall have the right to:
A. Receive appropriate psychosocial
support from the relevant government
agencies.
B. With the consent of the concerned
service user, participate in the
formulation, development and
implementation of the service user's
individual treatment plan;
C. Apply for release and transfer of the
service user to an appropriate mental
health facility;
D. Participate in metal health advocacy,
policy planning, legislation, service
provision, monitoring, research, and
evaluation.
Section 7. Rights of Mental Health
Professionals. Mental health professional
shall have the right to:
a. A safe and supportive work
environment;
b. Participate in a continuous
professional development program;
c. Participate in the planning,
development, and management of
mental health services;
d. Contribute to the development and
regular review of standards for
evaluating mental health services
provided to service users;
e. Participate in the development of
mental and health policy and service
delivery guidelines;
f. Except in emergency situations,
manage and control all aspects of his
or her practice, including whether or
not to accept or decline a service user
for treatment; and
g. Advocate for the rights of a service
user, in cases where the service user's
wishes are at odds with those of his or
her family or legal representatives
Public Health Laws
Laws A昀昀ecting Public Health and Practice of
CHN
R.A. 7160 – or the Local Government Code
 This involves the devolution of powers,
functions, and responsibilities to the
local government both rural & urban.
The Code aims to transform local
government units into, self-reliant
communities and active partners in
the attainment of national goals thru’
a more responsive and accountable
local government structure instituted
thru’ a system of decentralization.
Hence, each province, city and
municipality has a LOCAL HEALTH
BOARD (LHB) which is mandate to
propose annual budgetary allocations
for the operation and maintenance of
their own health facilities.
Composition of LHB
Provincial Level
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1. Governor – chair
2. Provincial Health O昀케cer – vice
chairman
3. Chairman, Committee on Health of
Sangguniang Panlalawigan
4. DOH representative
5. NGO representative
City and Municipal Level
1. Mayor – chair
2. MHO – vice chair
3. Chairman, Committee on Health of
Sangguniang Bayan
4. DOH representative
5. NGO representative
E昀昀ective Local Health System Depends on:
1. The LGU’s 昀椀nancial capability
2. A dynamic and responsive political
leadership
3. Community empowerment
R.A. 2382 – Philippine Medical Act.
 This act de昀椀nes the practice of
medicine in the country.
R.A. 1082 – Rural Health Act.
 It created the 1st 81 Rural Health
Units.
 Amended by RA 1891; more
physicians, dentists, nurses, midwives,
and sanitary inspectors will live in the
rural areas where they are assigned in
order to raise the health conditions of
barrio people, hence help decrease
the high incidence of preventable
diseases.
R.A. 6425 – Dangerous Drugs Act
 It stipulates that the sale,
administration, delivery, distribution,
and transportation of prohibited drugs
is punishable by law.
R. A. 9165 – the new Dangerous Drug Act of
2002
 This Act repealed Republic Act No.
6425, otherwise known as the
Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, as
amended, and providing funds for its
implementation. Under this Act, the
Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB)
remains as the policymaking and
strategy-formulating body in planning
and formulation of policies and
program on drug prevention and
control.
P.D. No. 651
 Requires that all health workers shall
identify and encourage the
registration of all births within 30 days
following delivery.

Requires the compulsory immunization
of all children below 8yrs of age
against the 6 childhood immunizable
disease.
P.D. No. 825
 Provides penalty for improper disposal
of garbage.
S.A. 8749 – Clean Air Act of 2000
 A comprehensive air quality
management policy and program
which aims to achieve
and maintain healthy air for all
Filipinos.
P.D. No. 856 – Code on Sanitation
 It provides for the control of all factors
in man’s environment that a昀昀ect
health including the quality of water,
food, milk, insects, animal carriers,
transmitters of disease, sanitary and
recreation facilities, noise, pollution
and control of nuisance.
R.A 6758
 Standardizes the salary of government
employees including the nursing
personnel.
R.A. 6675 – Generics Act of 1988
 Which promotes, requires, and ensures
the production of an adequate supply,
distribution, use and acceptance of
drugs and medicines identi昀椀ed by
their generic name.
R.A. 6713 – Code of Conduct and Ethical
Standards of Public O昀케cials and Employees
 It is the policy of the state to promote
high standards of ethics in public
o昀케ce. Public o昀케cials and employees
shall at all times be accountable to the
people and shall discharges their
duties with utmost responsibility,
integrity, competence and loyalty, act
with patriotism and justice, lead
modest lives uphold public interest
over personal interest.
R.A. 7305 - Magna Carta for Public Health
Workers
 This act aims: to promote and improve
the social and economic well-being of
health workers, their living and
working conditions and terms of
employment; to develop their skills
and capabilities in order that they will
be more responsive and better
equipped to deliver health projects
and programs; and to encourage those
with proper quali昀椀cations and
excellent abilities to join and remain in
government service.
P.D. No. 996
R.A. 8423
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
Created the Philippine Institute of
Traditional and Alternative Health
Care.
P.D No. 965
 Requires applicants for marriage
license to receive instructions on
family planning and responsible
parenthood.
P.D. No 79
 De昀椀nes, objectives, duties and
functions of POPCOM.
R.A 4073
 Advocates home treatment for leprosy.
Letter of Instruction No. 949
 Legal basis of PHC dated OCT. 19,1979
 promote developmental of health
programs on the community level.
R.A 3573
 Requires reporting of all cases of
communicable diseases and
administration of prophylaxis.
Ministry Circular No. 2 of 1986
 Includes AIDS noti昀椀able disease.
R.A 7875 – National Health Insurance Act
 an act instituting a National Health
insurance program for all Filipinos and
establishing the Philippine Health
Insurance Corporation for the purpose.
R.A 7432 – senior Citizens Act
 An act to maximize the contribution of
senior citizens to nation building, grant
bene昀椀ts and special privileges and for
other purposes.
R.A 7719 – National Blood Services Act
 Promotes voluntary blood donation to
provide su昀케cient supply o昀昀 safe blood
and to regulate blood banks. This act
aims to inculcate public awareness
that blood donation is a humanitarian
act.
R.A 8172 – Salt Iodization Act (ASIN LAW)
 This act requires the addition of iodine
to all salt intended for animal and
human consumption in order to
eliminate micronutrient malnutrition in
the country.
R.A 7277 – Magna Carta for PWDs
 Provides their rehabilitation, selfdevelopment and self-reliance and
integration into the mainstream of
society.
A.O. No. 2005-0014 – National Policies on
Infant and Young Child Feeding:
1. All newborns be breastfeed within one
hour after birth.
2. Infants be exclusively breastfed for six
months.
3. Infants be given timely, adequate, and
safe complimentary foods.
4. Breastfeeding be continued up to two
years and beyond.
EO 51 – Phil. Code of Marketing of Breast
milk Substitutes
 Regulates the market of infant milk
formula, other milk products, foods
and beverages, as well as feeding
bottles and treats.
R.A – 7600 – Rooming In and Breastfeeding
Act of 1992
 An act providing incentives to all
government and private health
institutions with rooming-in and
breastfeeding practices and for other
purposes. This law is in promotion of
the state policy to encourage the
practice of breast feeding in the
Philippines.
R.A 8976 – Food Forti昀椀cation Law
 Provided the policy on mandatory
forti昀椀cation of staple foods and
voluntary forti昀椀cation of processed
foods or food products.
R.A 8980
 Promulgates a comprehensive policy
in the national system for ECD.
A.O. No 2006-0015
 De昀椀nes the implementing guidelines
on Hepatitis B immunization for
infants.
R.A 7846
 Mandates Compulsory Hepatitis B
Immunization among infants and
children less than 8 years old.
R.A 2029
 Mandates Liver Cancer and Hepatitis B
Awareness Month Act (February)
A.O. No. 2006-0012
 Speci昀椀es the revised implementing
rules and regulation of E.O. 51 or milk
code, relevant international
agreements, penalizing violations
thereof and for other purposes.
TERMINOLOGIES
Blood Bank – a place where supplies of
blood or plasma for transfusion are stored.
Blood Donation – process of collecting,
testing, preparing, and storing blood and
blood components
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Con昀椀rmatory Test – An analytical test
using a device, tool, or equipment with a
di昀昀erent
chemical or physical principle that is more
speci昀椀c which will validate and con昀椀rm the
result of the screening test.
Insurance – a thing providing protection
against a possible eventuality.
Public Health – is the science of protecting
and improving the health of people and their
communities.
Senior Citizen – an elderly person,
especially one who is retired and living on a
pension.
Philippine Culture, Values and
Practices in Relation to Healthcare
of
Individuals and Families
VALUES OF FILIPINO NURSES
Work Ethic
As a group, Filipino nurses are well liked
because they are hardworking. They place
high value on responsibility and seldom
complain. “Many [Filipino nurses] work
nights, holidays and/or overtime. So, during
this time of nursing shortage, one can rely on
a Filipino nurse to volunteer to cover the
shift”. It is not unusual to 昀椀nd Filipino nurses
who work two jobs. The 昀椀nancial rewards, job
security, and personal advancement that
U.S. jobs provide to
Filipino nurses are valued.
Spirituality
Filipino nurses are very religious people.
There is a deep faith in God that is re昀氀ected
in the expression of bahala na “it is up to
God” or “leave it to God.” This tends to be
incorrectly equated with an expression of
fatalism and a passive acceptance of or
resignation to fate. Bahala na may also apply
to acceptance of illness or malady.
Sensitivity
Unmarried Filipino nurses’ recoil at the
question, “Are you pregnant?” when they go
for a
medical checkup. Because the Philippine
society considers sexual relationships not to
occur outside of marriage, it seems odd to
them that they would be questioned,
although they are aware that this is part of a
routine health assessment. Filipinos are
generally sensitive and equally sensitive to
the feelings of others, so they try to 昀椀nd a
way to say
things diplomatically.
Interpersonal Relationships
Filipinos are generally quiet. Very
conservative families do not allow their
younger members to join the conversation of
adults without an invitation. They are
sometimes hesitant to articulate their views,
especially if it is di昀昀erent from the majority,
as it might indicate discordance with the
team or group. Engaging in arguments,
especially with someone who is older or
holds an authority position, is considered
uncivilized. Filipinos also have di昀케culty
turning down requests from supervisors to
whom they feel obligated.
Respect and Reverence
One’s position in society, professional
achievements, and age carry a lot of weight
in the
Philippine society. Physicians, lawyers,
priests, engineers, teachers, and nurses are
among the well-respected professionals in
the Philippines. Hence, their opinion is
generally accepted without question. Filipino
values and traditions provide a framework
for conduct and mode of communication.
Because of a high regard for the elderly and
authority, Filipinos tend not to oppose or
contradict other views for fear of
embarrassing the other party. “Filipinos
generally are
neither assertive nor aggressive and may
often appear guarded or reticent. Nurses
often
misunderstand this need for passivity and do
not appreciate the culturally induced
motivation to maintain harmonious balance
between man and nature”
Modesty
Filipino nurses 昀椀nd it uncomfortable to
accept even a well-deserved compliment. For
example, if someone gives a complement
like, “Your dress is beautiful!” the answer
might be, “Not really. I bought it cheap.” Or if
someone says, “You are so knowledgeable,”
the answer might be, “Not really, I just
happen to know it.” Yet they are proud of
their accomplishments in a sort of quiet way.
As a result, many have culture-based barriers
to marketing themselves
Language
Respect is integrated in the Filipino
language. Reference to the elderly is the use
of the third person. Hence, when spoken to
assertively in a direct way, Filipinos feel
o昀昀ended. There is no gender di昀昀erentiation
in the Filipino language. Although they are
fully aware of the male and female genders,
their native language is what hinders them
from precisely using he or she in spoken
English. Frequently, this leads to confusion.
Close Family Ties
Filipino nurses have strong family ties. While
in the United States, their close friends
become their family members. As a result,
they perpetuate the cultural burden (as a
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downside) thus making it more di昀케cult and
taking them longer to assimilate into the
mainstream culture of their adopted country.
They tend to eat the same food and mingle
with individuals of the same ethnic
backgrounds.
HEALTH BELIEFS, BEHAVIORS, AND
PRACTICES
Preventive Health
Because most of their time is devoted to
work, going for preventive health checkups
takes
a backseat. Yet, one may hear a Filipino
extolling the importance of preventive health
to her patients or clients. Filipino nurses have
a tendency to self-diagnose, self-medicate,
and seek alternative therapies. In rural areas
in the Philippines, people go for Hilot for
relief of pain and aches instead of seeking
medical attention. In an alternative context,
Hilot may refer to a practitioner or the
practice of chiropractic manipulation and
massage for the diagnosis and treatment of
musculoligamentous and musculoskeletal
ailments.
Home Remedies
Three concepts underlie Filipino American
health beliefs and practices: 昀氀ushing,
heating,
and protection. Each identi昀椀es a basic
process used to promote good health.
Flushing keeps the body free from debris,
heating maintains a balanced internal
temperature, and protection guards the body
from outside in昀氀uences. Although Western
and scienti昀椀c concepts are similar, Filipino
theories are founded on di昀昀erent premises.
Flushing is based on the notion that the body
is a container that collects impurities,
heating means that hot and cold qualities
must be balanced in the body, and
protection involves safeguarding the
body’s boundaries from supernatural as well
as natural forces.
Pain Tolerance
Generally speaking, Filipino nurses have a
high tolerance to pain. For example, one of
the author’s sisters has severe arthritis, yet
she continues to do housework regardless of
her pain. Filipino nurses normally use home
remedies such as liniments and topical
ointments and manage pain before seeking
medical care or while under medical
treatment. Health care providers need to
probe more into the cause and degree of
pain from Filipino patients to elicit more
information. The elderly group, in particular,
is unlikely to complain about their pain
because they do not want to have extra
burdens being imposed on caregivers.
Privacy
Filipinos are mostly reserved and private
people. As patients, they may not readily
reveal their personal and health information.
Women in particular are sensitive to touching
another individual as well as being touched.
“Young female service providers should
practice discretion with regard to touching
older Filipino male patients such as lying
one’s hand on the patient’s hand or shoulder
to reassure comfort in moments of distress.”
HEALTH BELIEFS AND PRACTICES ARE
ORIENTED TOWARDS PROTECTION OF
THE BODY
Flushing
The buddy is thought to be a vessel or
container that collects and eliminates
impurities through physiological process
such as sweating, vomiting, expelling gas, or
having an appropriate volume of menstrual
bleeding.
Heating
Adopt the concept of balance between “hot”
and “cold” to prevent occurrence of illness
and disorders.
Protection
Safeguards the body's boundary from
outside in昀氀uences such as supernatural and
natural forces.
Coping styles
Coping styles common among elderly Filipino
Americans in times of illness or crisis include:
- Patience and Endurance (Tiyaga): the
ability to tolerate uncertain situations
- Flexibility (Lakas ng Loob): being
respectful and honest with oneself
- Humor (Tatawanan ang problema): the
capacity to laugh at oneself in times of
adversity
- Fatalistic Resignation (Bahala Na): the
view that illness and su昀昀ering are the
unavoidable and predestined will of
God, in which the patient, family
members and even the physician
should not interfere
- Conceding to the wishes of the
collective (Pakikisama) to maintain
group harmony
Responses to Mental Health
Indigenous traits common among elderly
Filipino Americans when faced with illness
related to mental conditions:
Devastating Shame (Hiya)
- Sensitivity to criticism (Amor Propio)
- Common Perceptions of Filipinos about
Mental Illness
- Unwillingness to accept having mental
illness, which leads to the avoidance
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-
-
-
-
-
of needed mental health services due
to fear of being ridiculed
Involvement of other coping resources
such as reliance on family and friends
or indigenous healers, and
dependence on religion which can
diminish the need for mental health
services
Prioritizing of 昀椀nancial and
environmental needs which preclude
the need for mental health services
Limited awareness of mental health
services resulting in limiting access
Di昀케culty in utilizing mental health
services during usual hours because of
the unavailability of working adult
family members
Mental illness connotes a weak spirit,
and may be attributed to divine
retribution as a
consequence of personal and
ancestral transgression
Lack of culturally oriented mental
health services
Health Beliefs and Behaviors:
Indigenous Health Beliefs
Concept of Balance (Timbang)
This concept is central to Filipino self-care
practices and is applied to all social
relationships and encounters. According to
this principle, health is thought to be a result
of balance, while illness due to humoral
pathology and stress is usually the result of
some imbalance. Rapid shifts from “hot” to
“cold” cause illness and disorder. Illustrated
below are a range of humoral balances that
in昀氀uence Filipino health perceptions:
- Rapid shifts from “hot” to “cold” lead
to illness
- “Warm” environment is essential for
maintaining optimal health
- Cold drinks or cooling foods should be
avoided in the morning
- An overheated body is vulnerable to
disease; a heated body can get
“shocked”
- When cooled quickly, it can cause
illness
- A layer of fat maintains warmth,
protecting the body’s vital energy
- Imbalance from worry and overwork
create stress and illness
- Emotional restraint is a key element in
restoring balance
- A sense of balance imparts increased
body awareness
- Health Beliefs and Behaviors: Theories
of Illness
Physical and mental health and illness are
viewed holistically as an equilibrium model.
In contrast, other explanatory models may
include mystical, personalistic and
naturalistic causes of illness or disease
(Anderson, 1983; Tan, 1987; Tompar-Tiu &
Sustento-Seneriches, 1995)
Mystical Causes
Mystical causes are often attributed to
experiences or behaviors such as ancestral
retribution for un昀椀nished tasks or
obligations. Some believe that the soul goes
out from the body and wonders, a
phenomenon known as Bangungot, or that
having nightmares after a heavy meal may
result in death.
Personalistic Causes
Personalistic causes are associated with
social punishment or retribution from
supernatural forces such as evil spirit, witch,
(Manga ga mud) or sorcerer (mangkukulam).
The forces cast these spells on people if they
are jealous or feel disliked. Which doctors
(herbularyo) or priests are asked to
counteract and cast out these evil forces
through the use of prayers, incantations,
medicinal herbs and plants. For protection
the healer may recommend using holy oils,
or wearing religious objects, amulets, or
talismans (anting anting).
Naturalistic Causes
Naturalistic process includes a host of factors
ranging from natural forces (Thunder,
lightning, draft, etc.) to excessive stress,
food and drug incompatibility, infection, or
familial susceptibility.
TERMINOLOGIES
Behaviors - the way in which one acts or
conducts oneself, especially toward others.
Beliefs - an acceptance that a statement is
true or that something exists
Culture - the arts and other manifestations
of human intellectual achievement regarded
collectively
Practices - the actual application or use of
an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to
theories relating to it.
Values - the regard that something is held to
deserve; the importance, worth, or
usefulness
of something.
New Technologies Related to Public
Health Electronic Information
Introduction
The Department of Health (DOH) is
mandated to be the overall technical
authority on health that provides national
policy direction and develop national plans,
technical standards guidance on health. It is
also a regulator of all health services and
products, and provider o昀昀 special order
tertiary health care services end of technical
assistance to other health providers
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especially to local government units. The
implementation of Kalusugan Pangkalahatan
or Universal Healthcare is directed towards
ensuring the achievement of the health
system goals o昀昀 better health outcomes,
sustained health 昀椀nancing and responsive
health system.
The World Health Organization de昀椀nes
eHealth as the use of information and
communication technologies for health. it
supports the delivery of health services and
management of health systems to become
more e昀케cient and e昀昀ective. eHealth Is
described also as a means to ensure that
“the right health information is provided to
the right person at the right place and time
in a secure, electronic form to optimize the
quality and e昀케ciency of health care delivery,
research, education and knowledge. The
application of information and
communication technologies in health has
rapidly increased for the past years and
gained signi昀椀cance not only in the
Department of Health but in the entire health
sector. The DOH has continuously addressed
the challenges and demands to further
improve healthcare service deliveries and
outcomes. Many countries have recognized
the importance of adopting information and
communication technology and health, also
called as eHealth, to optimize processes and
improve data collection, processing, and
analysis. The adoption of ICT has provided
concrete foundation for health investments
and innovations. Countries have formulated
their own eHealth agenda to establish
direction and plan the necessary steps to
achieve their intended vision, mission, and
goals.
The National Objectives for Health, 20052010 and the 2011-2016 Prioritized the use
of ICT in various reforms areas, critical health
programs, and speci昀椀c areas in Health
Administration. In 2005 and 2013, the
Philippines was signatory to the 58th and
66th World Health Assembly Resolution.
The 58th World Health assembly advocated
the following:
 Draw up a long-term strategic plan for
developing and implementing eHealth
services in the various areas of health
sectors including Health
Administration which includes an
appropriate legal framework and
infrastructure and encourage public
and private partnership.
 develop the infrastructure for ICTs for
health as deemed appropriate to
promote equitable, a昀昀ordable and
universal access.
 build on closer collaboration with
private and nonpro昀椀t sectors in ICTs.




rich communities, including vulnerable
groups, with eHealth services
appropriate to their needs.
Mobilize multi sectoral collaboration
for determining evidence-based
eHealth standards and norms and
share the knowledge of cost-e昀昀ective
models, thus ensuring quality, safety
and ethical standards and respect for
the principles of con昀椀dentiality of
information, privacy, equity and
equality.
Establish national centers and the
networks of excellence for eHealth
best practice, policy coordination, and
Technical Support for health care
delivery, service improvement,
information to citizens, capacity
building, and surveillance.
establish and implement national
electronic public health information
systems and to improve, by means of
information, the capacity for
surveillance of, and rapid response to,
disease and public health
emergencies.
eHealth in the Philippines
developing software for 昀椀eld health services
and information system, and has
continuously developed or built other
application or information systems. The use
of ICTs in the DoH has remarkably supported
and improved some of the functions of the
department. ICTs have been used in the
areas of innovative technological charges,
networking and infrastructure, o昀케ce
automation, development and
implementation of computer based systems.
from the limited resources in terms of ICT
personnel and funds, the DH management
has augmented the budget on ICT to fully
accomplish and support the ICT strategic
goals and direction.
Existing information systems and data
sources are being integrated or harmonized
to eventually address other challenges like
establishment o昀昀 the DH data warehouse,
quality database and establishment of a
more responsive information system and
access to and sharing of knowledge
products. For remote and underserved areas
and vulnerable populations, the DH has
implemented telemedicine in selected pilot
areas through the national telehealth center,
national Institute for Health, university of the
Philippines, Manila. The DoH has also
developed and implemented mobile
technology solutions in reporting cases
through the health Emergency Management
Sta昀昀’s - surveillance in post extreme
emergencies and disasters (SPEED) with
support from WHO. there are several mobile
technology applications developed and for
implementation, e.g. text TB for reporting
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inventory of tuberculosis drugs, maternal
and neonatal death reporting, and routine
health data reporting.
eHealth Vision
By 2020 eHealth will enable widespread
access to healthcare services, health
information, and securely share and
exchange patients’ information in support to
a safer, quality health care, more equitable
and responsive health system for all the
Filipinos people by transforming the way
information is used to plan, manage, deliver,
and monitor health services.
The strategic vision describes the Philippines
Health System that has been enabled by
eHealth. It shows how eHealth will be used to
address health system’s priority goals and
challenges to deliver health outcomes. The
Aquino Health Agenda on achieving Universal
Health Care or Kalusugan Pangkahalatan for
all Filipinos is a continuing commitment to
health sector reform and achieving the
Millennium Development Goals. The National
Objectives for Health 2011-2016 has set the
health program goals, strategies,
performance indicators and targets towards
achieving KP. The overall goal is to achieve
health system goals of 昀椀nancial risk
protection, better health outcomes, and
responsive health system for the Filipino
people.
eHealth has proven to provide improvements
in health care delivery and is at the core of
responsive health system. eHealth will
improve the quality and safety of the health
system through empowerment of health
consumers to better manage their health
records; availability of information like single
view of the patients’ information at the point
of care, decision support tools and
knowledge-based information thereby
reducing medical errors, improved treatment
and monitoring; and availability of
information for e昀케cient and e昀昀ective
surveillance and monitoring of diseases and
management of health
information about the availability, location,
expertise and services of health care
providers. This will provide health consumers
with ready information for reference purpose
and health care providers for referral
process. Electronic consultations in rural,
remote and disadvantaged areas can be
made accessible or available.
eHealth will provide a more responsive
health system because information can be
securely shared and exchanged without
repeating e昀昀ort and time in providing the
same information to di昀昀erent health care
providers; use of eHealth solutions to speed
up processes like ordering system and
results reporting; reduced time and cost of
health consumers undergoing unnecessary
or duplicated diagnostic tests; improved
diagnosis and treatment activities; reduced
travel time using telehealth services; and
e昀케cient and e昀昀ective disease monitoring
and response.
Key Strategic Guiding Principles
Key strategic guiding principles in the
development of Philippines eHealth Strategic
Framework and Plan are as follows:
1. eHealth must serve the needs of the client
or person.
2. Collaboration and partnerships with key
health care stakeholders are critical in
realizing the country’s eHealth vision.
3. Users’ must be involved at all phases of
development and implementation to gain
commitment for implementation.
4. A strategic approach in terms of phases
enables more focus, and judiciously and
e昀케ciently make use of resources to achieve
the eHealth vision.
5. eHealth activities must be aligned or
harmonized, without controlling health care
providers to implement local eHealth
solutions.
6. The presence of entities that have already
started eHealth must be recognized so as not
to constraint their continuing advancement
and gain their support.
7. Human resource can be made available by
building capability to implement the eHealth
agenda in the country and promote
transparency and public accountability.
8. Implementation of eHealth must comply to
relevant laws and regulations.
9. Investments must be made on areas that
deliver the greatest bene昀椀ts to health
consumers, health care providers, and
healthcare managers; and ensure no
duplication in terms of time, e昀昀ort and
resources.
eHealth Components
eHealth will also support a more equitable
health system through presence of
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The components are the building blocks to
achieve the stated vision. There were initial
identi昀椀ed components to realize the
outcomes of eHealth in the Philippines, i.e.
enabling structures and resources, missioncritical health application systems, Philippine
Health Information System, Knowledge
Management for Health, and
telemedicine/mHealth services. The
groupings are more information or
application systems based and were
reviewed together with the National eHealth
Strategy Toolkit. Updated components are
governance, strategy and investment,
eHealth solutions (services and applications),
standards and interoperability, infrastructure,
legislation/policy and compliance, and
human resource.
1.
2.
Components
Governance
Legislation,
Policy and
Compliance
Description
Directs and
coordinates eHealth
activities at all
levels like hospitals
and health care
providers. Critical
areas of governance
are management of
the eHealth agenda,
stakeholders’
engagement,
strategic
architecture, clinical
safety, management
and operation,
monitoring and
evaluation, and
policy
oversight.
Formulation of the
required legislations,
policies and
compliance to
support the
attainment of the
eHealth vision.
Examples of these
are the national
legislations, policies,
and
regulations on how
health information
are stored, accessed
and shared across
geographical and
health sector
boundaries;
implementation of
unique health
identi昀椀er;
implementation of
national health data
standards; and
software
certi昀椀cation or
accreditation
3.
Standards
and
Interoperabil
ity
4.
Strategy and
Investment
5.
Infrastructur
e
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Promotes and
enables exchange of
health information
across geographical
and health sector
boundaries through
use of common
standards on data
structure,
terminologies, and
messaging. One
strategy to ensure
compliance to
health data
standards for
interoperability is
the implementation
of software
certi昀椀cation or
accreditation where
eHealth solutions
must comply in
order to be certi昀椀ed
as able to
exchange health
information.
Develops, operates,
and sustains the
national eHealth
vision. These
components support
the development of
a strategy and plans
to serve as guide in
the implementation
of the eHealth
agenda.
Investment refers to
the funding or
amount needed for
executing the
strategies and
plans.
Establishes and
supports health
information
exchange,
i.e. the sharing of
health information
across geographical
and health sector
boundaries, and
implementation of
innovative ways to
deliver health
services and
information.
Infrastructure
includes physical
technology and
software
platforms,
services and
applications to
support health
information
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6.
Human
Resources
7.
eHealth
Solutions
exchange. Examples
of these are highspeed data
connectivity and
computing
infrastructure, like
computers and
mobile devices for
the
collection, recording
and exchange of
electronic
information, among
others.
Workforce or
manpower to
develop, operate or
implement the
national eHealth
environment such as
the health workers
who will be using
eHealth in their line
of works, health care
providers,
information and
communication
technology workers,
and others.
Required services
and applications to
enable widespread
access to health
care services, health
information, health
reports, health care
activities, and
securely share
and exchange
patient’s information
in support to health
system goals. These
address
the
needs of the various
stakeholders like
individuals, health
care providers,
managers, o昀케cials,
and others.
Examples of eHealth
solutions are
electronic
health/medical/pers
onal records,
electronic referrals,
medications
management,
distance learning
and electronic
resources,
telemedicine, mobile
health, adverse
event monitoring,
disease surveillance,
among
others.
HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
SYSTEM/DEVELOPER KEY INFORMATION
BizBox
A set of web-based
for various health
care institutions
such as hospitals
and rural health
units.
Community Health
One of the
Information Tracking pioneering EMR
System (CHITS)
developed in 2004
by the University of
the Philippines Manila.
The relevant
customized forms
based on DOH and
Philhealth programs
in CHITS were
organized into
modules for easier
work昀氀ow
integration.
eHealth TABLET for
Key product
Informed Decision
features of eHatid:
Making of LGU’s
EMR software
(eHatid)
application for
mobile android
devices, dashboard,
and a Mayor-Doctor
Communication as a
channel for decision
making and sharing
of health-related
information.
Event-based
An online health
Surveillance and
event surveillance
Response System
reporting system. It
(ESR)
involves reporting
all health events
(existing or rare)
that raise concern,
fear, alarm in the
community which
may have known,
suspected or
possible impact on
human health.
As an integrated
Integrated Clinic
system, it is linked
Information System
to other DOH home
(iClinicSys)
grown systems such
as the Maternal and
Neonatal Death
Reporting,
Tuberculosis
Information System,
Injury Reporting and
Chronic NonCommunicable
Disease Reporting.
Integrated Hospital
It has modules for
Operations and
the following areas
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Management
Information System
(iHomis)
Integrated
Tuberculosis
Information System
(IT IS)
Mag-Ina (Maternal
and Neonatal
Telereferral System
(MInTS)
National Rabies
Information System
Philhealth eClaims
System
Philippine Integrated
Disease Surveillance
and Response
(PIDSR) System
Secured Health
Information Network
Exchange (SHINE)
SegWorks
Integrated Health
Management
System (SegIHMS)
in the hospital:
admitting,
outpatient,
emergency room,
billing and cashier,
nursing, pharmacy,
dietary, laboratory
and
radiology.
It has a case
management
module that
captures patient’s
demographic pro昀椀le,
TB examination
record and
treatment
information.
A web-based
maternal and
neonatal telereferral
system. It enables
lying-in clinics to
electronically send
referrals requests
when pregnant
mothers and
newborns need to
be transferred to a
higher care facility.
It allows animal bite
treatment center to
capture bite patient
records and
generate
reports
for
submission to
program managers
at all levels of the
health system.
A web-based facility
developed by
Philhealth for claim
reimbursement
transactions
Indicator reporting
based system of
priority diseases or
syndromes and
conditions such as
Acute Viral
Hepatitis, Dengue,
Cholera, Malaria,
Measles and Acute
Encephalitis among
others.
It also has referral
features and an SMS
reminder facility for
scheduled visits/
appointments
A suite hospital and
community
electronic health
information system
Wireless Access for
Health EMR (WAH
EMT)
The current WAH
group expanded the
CHITS with new
modules such as the
Synchronized
Patients Alerts via
SMS,
Mobile Midwife and
the statistics
aggregator.
TERMINOLOGIES
Digital Health – also known as the
Information and Communication technology
(ICT) in health system, is the 昀椀eld of theory
and practice associated with any aspect of
adopting digital technologies to improve
health from its conceptualization to
application or operation.
eHealth – the cost-e昀昀ective and secure use
of information and communications
technologies in support of health and healthrelated 昀椀eld, including health care services,
health surveillance, health literature, and
health education, knowledge and research.
Electronic Medical Records (EMR) –
automated systems based on document
imaging or systems which have been
developed within a medical practice or
community health center.
Nursing Core Values as a
Community Health Nurse
CORE VALUES
Mission
The National League for Nursing promotes
excellence in nursing education to build a
strong and diverse nursing workforce to
advance the health of our nation and the
global community.
CARING – promoting health, healing, and
hope in response to the human condition
INTEGRITY – respecting the dignity and
moral wholeness of every person without
conditions or limitation;
DIVERSITY – a昀케rming the uniqueness of
and di昀昀erences among persons, ideas,
values,
and ethnicities.
EXCELLENCE – co-creating and
implementing transformative strategies with
daring
ingenuity.
CARING
A culture of caring, as a fundamental part of
the nursing profession, characterizes our
concern end consideration for the whole
person, our commitment to the common
good, and our outreach to those who are
vulnerable. All organizational activities are
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managed in a participative and personcentered way, demonstrating an ability to
understand the needs of others and their
commitment to act always in the best
interests of all stakeholders.
INTEGRITY
A culture of integrity is evident when
organizational principles of open
communication, ethical decision making, and
humility are encouraged, expected, and
demonstrated consistently. Not only is doing
the right thing simply how we do business,
but our action reveal our commitment to
truth telling and to how we always see
ourselves from the perspective of others in a
larger community.
DIVERSITY
Hey culture of inclusive excellence
encompasses many identities, in昀氀uenced by
the intersections of race, ethnicity, gender,
sexual orientation, socioeconomic status,
age, physical abilities, religious and political
beliefs, or other ideologies. It also addresses
behaviors across academic and health
enterprises. Di昀昀erences a昀昀ect innovation so
we must work to understand both ourselves
and one another period and by
acknowledging the legitimacy of us all, we
move beyond tolerance to celebrating the
richness of fat di昀昀erences bring forth.
EXCELLENCE
A culture of excellence re昀氀ects a
commitment to continuous growth,
improvement, and understanding. It is a
culture where transformation is embraced,
and the status quo and mediocrity are not
tolerated.
What Is a Nurse Entrepreneur?
A nurse entrepreneur has a professional
background in nursing. Many nurses have
clinical experience, so they understand the
delivery of patient care period they apply
their nursing knowledge and educational
preparation to start a business in the
healthcare 昀椀eld.
What Can Nurse Entrepreneurs Do?
Nurse entrepreneurs have a multitude of
options for creating a business within the
healthcare industry.
Ventures may include:
 Developing computerized systems,
medical devices or health products.
 Providing home health nursing
services or telehealth nursing.
 Serving as a legal consultant.
 Working as a medical representative.
 Selling medical equipment.
 Serving as a wound care nurse.
What Are the Steps to Starting a
Business?
The creation of a business begins with
pinpointing a problem and coming up with a
solution that is needed. Here are seven steps
you should take prior to launching your
business.
 Research your idea to see if it is
feasible.
 Study from market to consider the
demand or any competition.
 Identify your customers.
 Check local licensing regulations.
 From a 昀椀nancial and marketing plan.
choose a business structure for task
purposes. Examples include Sole Partnership,
a Partnership, Corporation or a Limited
Liability Company (LLC).
Price your service or product.
Where Do They Work?
Nurse entrepreneurs can work in all kinds of
settings. They may provide care in private
residence or conduct business from a Home
O昀케ce or rental location. Additionally, they
can be contractors who visit patients in
hospitals or clinics. Government agencies,
nonpro昀椀t groups or community centers also
may employ the services of nurse
entrepreneurs.
What Skills Do You Need?
Successful nurse entrepreneurs are capable
of performing many functions depending on
the type of business. Nurses may work alone
or employ sta昀昀. They may have to schedule
appointments, travel, conduct presentations
and handle 昀椀nances. Thus, they may
function as a chief executive o昀케cer (CEO),
administrative assistant, salesperson, and
accountant.
Successful nurse entrepreneurs exhibit:
 Ambition
 Autonomy and independence
 Decisiveness
 Excellent communication skills
 Problem-solving
 Self-motivation
5 ESSENTIAL SKILLS FOR DELIVERING
COMPASSIONATE CARE IN NURSING:
1. Emotional intelligence – strive for
high emotional intelligence to handle
interpersonal relationships with
coworkers and patients. Awareness
and mastery of your emotions and
others’ emotions will help you provide
compassionate care.
2. Resilience – maintain personal
resilience through participation in
re昀氀ective activities to explore personal
values and others’ perspectives. an
article published by the American
Journal of Critical Care shows that
participating in these types of selfexploration activities can improve a
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nurse's resilience which is “associated
with increased hope and reduced
stress.” with increased resilience and
reduced stress, nurses are ready to
provide quality and compassionate
patient care.
3. Critical thinking – demonstrate the
ability to think critically and solve
problems quickly to achieve highyielding results in patient satisfaction
and care. Nurses who can 昀椀nd
solutions deliver compassionate care
e昀昀ectively to patients and families.
4. Cultural awareness – maintain
cultural awareness as it relates to
patient centered care. Culture can
in昀氀uence a patient's view of
treatment, overall health, and death.
Knowing the patient well enough to
determine their cultural view can
augment the nurse-patient
relationship in a positive way.
5. Con昀椀dence – a nurse with the ability
to communicate any instances of
abatement in quality of patient care is
critical to fostering the culture of the
caring environment within the
healthcare organization. Nurses must
be able to discuss issues and indicate
a clear vision of how compassionate
organizations should function with
both peers and leaders.
TERMINOLOGIES
Core Values – of an organization are those
values we hold which form the foundation on
which we perform work and conduct
ourselves
Culture – the arts and other manifestations
of human intellectual achievement regarded
collectively.
Ethical – relating to moral principles or the
branch of knowledge dealing with these.
Excellence – the quality of being
outstanding or extremely good.
Principles - a fundamental truth or
proposition that serves as the foundation for
a system
of belief or behavior or for a chain of
reasoning.
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