BIOL 220 – Human Anatomy
Chapter 9 – Joints
Vocabulary
1.
Articulation - surface that is complimentary to other bone surface
2.
Synarthroses – immovable bone
3.
Amphiarthroses - slightly movable joints
4.
Diarthroses - freely movable joints
5.
Fibrous joint - Two or more bones joined by connective tissue containing many
fibers (sutures)
6.
Cartilaginous joint - Cartilaginous joints are joints in which the bones are attached
by cartilage. These joints allow for only a little movment, such as in the spine or ribs.
7.
Synovial joint - A fully moveable joint in which the synovial (joint) cavity is present
between the two articulating bones
8.
Structural classification - relies on the anatomical organization of the joint
9.
Functional classification - based on range of motion of the joint
10. Suture - interlocking line of union between bones
11. Syndesmoses - A joint in which the bones are united by a ligament or a sheet of
fibrous tissue.
12. Gomphoses - Peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets
13. Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament
14. Synostoses - closed, immovable sutures
15. Ligaments - Connect bone to bone
16. Synarthrosis - immovable joint
17. Diarthrosis - freely movable joint
18. Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable joint
19. Interosseous membrane - flexible membrane connecting radius and ulna & tibia and
fibula
20. Synchondroses - a joint in which the bones are united by hyaline cartilage
21. Symphses - Slightly movable joint
22. Ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a disc of
fibrocartilage connects the bones
23. Epiphyseal plate - Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies
24. Fibrocartilage - cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the
intervertebral disks in the spinal cord.
25. Hyaline cartilage - Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long
bones, ribs, and nose
26. Intervertebral discs - fibrocartilage pads that separate and cushion the vertebrae
27. Pubic symphysis - cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones fuse together
28. Articular cartilage - hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in synovial joints
29. Joint cavity - filled with synovial fluid
30. Articular capsule - sleevelike structure around a synovical joint composed of a
fibrous capsule and synovial membrane
31. Fibrous layer - outer layer consisting of dense irregular connective tissue consisting
of Sharpey's fibers that secure to bone matrix
32. Synovial membrane - The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint
space.
33. Synovial fluid - Secretion of synovial membranes that lubricates joints and nourishes
articular cartilage
34. Weeping lubrication - pressure on joints squeezes synovial fluid into and out of
articular cartilage
35. Reinforcing ligaments - capsular, extracapsular, intracapsular
36. Articular disc - meniscus; a fibrocartilage structure found between the bones of some
synovial joints; provides padding or smooths movements between the bones; strongly
unites the bones together
37. Bursae - flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin
film of synovial fluid
38. Tendon sheath - elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to
friction
39. Gliding movement - one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
40. Angular movement - increase or decrease the angle between two bones
41. Rotational movement - Very specific, whole bone moves as a unit (flip/flop) EX:
ulna/radius (move hand)
42. Flexion - Decreases the angle of a joint
43. Extension - increases the angle of a joint
44. Abduction - Movement away from the midline of the body
45. Adduction - Movement toward the midline of the body
46. Circumduction - the circular movement at the far end of a limb
47. Elevation - raising a body part
48. Depression - Lowering a body part
49. Protraction - moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground
50. Retraction - moving a body part backward and parallel to the ground
51. Supination - Palm up
52. Pronation - palm down
53. Opposition - Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips
54. Inversion - Turning the sole of the foot inward
55. Eversion - moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle
56. Dorsiflexion - bending of the foot or the toes upward
57. Plantar flexion - pointing toes
58. Plane joint - allows only gliding movement.
59. Hinge joint - Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only
one plane
60. Pivot joint - rotating bone turns around an axis; i.e. connection between radius/ulna
and humerus
61. Uniaxial - movement in one plane
62. Condylar joint - a shallow ball-and-socket joint with limited mobility
63. Saddle joint - type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and
rotation
64. Biaxial - movement in 2 planes
65. Multiaxial - movement in or around all 3 planes
66. Ball-and-socket joint - shoulder and hip
67. Muscle tone - the state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture,
coordination, and movement possible
68. Bicondylar joint - allow movement mostly in one axis with limited rotation around a
second axis, two convex condyles articulating with concave or flat surfaces
69. Knee
70. Torn cartilage - common injury to meniscus of knee joint
71. Sprain - An injury in which the ligaments holding bones together are stretched too far
and tear.
72. Dislocation - twisting a joint causes the cartilage between to be damaged
73. Bursitis - inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
74. Tendonitis - inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse
75. Arthritis - inflammation of a joint
76. Osteoarthritis - inflammation of the bones and joints
77. Rheumatoid arthritis - a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some
organs of other body systems are attacked
78. Gout - hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis, characterized by
excessive uric acid in the blood and around the joints
79. Mesenchyme - embryonic connective tissue
Joint Classification
1. Compare and contrast the three functional classifications of joints.
Synarthroses are immovable joints
Amphiarthroses are slightly immovable joints
Diarthroses are freely movable joints
Synarthroses and amphiarthroses are usually in the axial skelton where as Diarthroses
are found on the limbs
2. How are the functional and structural classifications of joins similar and different?
Function is based on the amount of movement allowed whereas structure is what the
stuff that binds the bones is made of and weather there’s a joint cavity.
Structure is related to function
3. Compare and contrast the three structural classifications of joints.
Fibrous- Bones connected with collagenic fibers
Cartilaginous –bones connected by cartilage
Synovial- connected bones are separated by joint cavity, covered with articular cartilage,
and enclosed within an articular capsule lined with synovial membrane
4. Make a chart (three total) for each type of structural classification. Include for each sub
category:
a. Bone connection
b. Joint cavity
c. Amount of movement
d. Functional purpose
e. Distinguishing factors
f. Example
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Synovial Joints
1. What commonalities do ALL synovial joints have? Why are these important?
Synovial joints are the most movable joints in the body.
All are Diarthroses
All have fluid filled joint cavity
Most joints in the body are these
2.
Make a chart that details the structure (types of tissue, where it’s located, etc.) and
function of these basic parts of the synovial joint:
a.
Articular cartilage
b.
Joint cavity
c.
Articular capsule
d.
Synovial fluid
e.
Reinforcing ligaments
f.
Articular disc
g.
Bursae
h.
Tendon sheaths
3. How does weeping lubrication work, and what is its importance to the joint?
Pressure placed on joints squeezes synovial fluid out and into the joints to reduce
friction. It lubricates the free surfaces of the cartilages. The fluid is made of special
glycoproteins secreted by fibroblasts in the synovial membrane.
It nourishes cells in the articular cartilage because it is avascular. It also reduces friction
between moving bones
4. Chart the various shapes of synovial joints. Include:
a. Type of joint
Nonaxial- bones don’t move along particular axis
Uniaxial- movement along specific axis
Biaxia- movement aroung two axes; allows movement along coronal and sagittal
planes
Multiaxial- movement happens on all three axes and three body planes; coronal sagittal,
transverse
b. Description of articular surfaces
Articular surfaces fit in joints complimentary, they rarely provide major stability except
with ball and socket, ankle, and elbow. their shapes determine what movement is
possible.
c. Type of movement (in detail)
Gliding- almost flat surfaces slip across each other; carpals, articular process vertebrae
Angular- decrease angle between two bones
Flexion- occur in sagittal plane DECREASE angle of bones bringing them
closer
together
Extension- reverse of flexion INCREASES angle between joining bones
Hyperextension- bending joint back beyond normal range of motion
Abduction – Moving limbs away *they, bd, look like they would bounce away if you hit
them
Adduction- moves towards midline
Circumduction-moving in a cone like way
Rotation- turning bone around longitudinal axis. Occurs on transverse plane
Medial rotation- rotating towards midline
Lateral rotation- away from midline
Special movements- they just special
Elevation and Depression- lifting superiorly, and lowering; chewing
Protraction and retraction- non-angular movement anterior and anterior
Opposition- touching thumbs with other finger tips
Inversion and Eversion- at intertarsal joints. Turn your sole medially. Turn sole
laterally to evert
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion­- lifting toes up. Pointing toes
d. Example
Plane, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket
5. What structural factors determine the possible movements of a joint? How/why?
the shape of the articulating bones, the flexibility (tension or tautness) of the ligaments
that bind the bones together.)3(the tension of associated muscles and tendons
6. How/Why do muscle tone and ligament orientation affect the stability of the joint?
Capsules and ligaments prevent excessive/undesirable motion, they stretch like taffy so
they don’t bounce back, and they can only stretch 6% beyond normal.
Muscle tone is a constant low level contractile force that muscles produce even when
theyre not moving. They keep tension on muscle tendons that cross over joints external
to joint capsule.
7. Given the following joints, make a chart including the specified details:
Joints:
a. Sternoclavicular
A) Saddle Joint, Anterior sternoclavicular ligament, Posterior sterno clavicular ligament,
interclavicular ligament, costoclavicular ligament.
B) Performs complex movements retraction, protaction, elevation depression
C) Mobility of upper extremity in 3 planes
b. Tempormandibular
A)Modified hinge joint, complex shape; anteriorly temporal bone has mandibular fossa,
anteriorly has articular tubercle. The joint is enclosed by an articular capsule; the lateral
part is thicccned into a lateral ligament. Inside the capsule is an articular disc dividing
the synovial cavity into superior and inferior.
B) Two surfaces allow a special movement; the concave inferior surface receives the
condylar process when you open your mouth. The superior surface of the disc glides
forward with the condylar process when the mouf is open, bracing the condylar process
against the dense bone of the articular tubercle so it doesn’t go through the thin roof of
the mandibular fossa when you bite hard stuff
C)Lateral excursion; Side to side motion when chewing
c. Glenohumeral
A)Ball and socket joint; formed by head of humerous and shallow glenoid cavity of
scapula. Scapula is slightly deepend by rim of fibrocartilage called glenoid labrum which
doesn’t contribute much to stability. The articular capsule is loose and thin which allows
for greater movement and less stability, it extends from margin of glenoid cavity to the
anatomical neck of the humerus. The only strong thickening of the capsule is the
superior coracohumeral ligament which support the weight of the upper limb. Muscle
tendons cross the shoulder joint and are responsible for the majority of its stability; The
long head of the bicep brachii muscle is one of them. The rotator cuff makes up four
other muscles; subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor.
B) Free range of movement, All of the movements
C) Allow for maximum movement to stability ratio
d. Elbow
A&C)Hinge joint, Articular capsules attach to humerus and ulna and to the annular
ligament of the radius(the ring around the radius), laterally and medially the capsule
thickens into strong ligaments that prevent lateral and medial movements; Radial
collateral ligament- a triangular band on the lateral side, Ulnar collateral ligament – on the
medial side. Tendons of arm muscles cross the elbow and provide stability
B) Extension and Flexion
e. Radiocarpal
Wrist joint; between radius and scaphoid and lunate. Condylar joint. Stabilized by 4
ligaments extending from forearm to carpals; anteriorly: palmer radiocarpal ligament,
Posteriorly: Dorsal radiocarpal ligament, Laterally: Radial collateral ligament of the wrist
joint, Medially: Ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist joint
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction.
Ligaments reinforce joint
f. Intercarpal
Proximal and distal rows of carpals
Gliding; adjacent carpals slide against each other
g. Hip
Ball and socket joint; spherical head of femur, deep cup of acetabulum that is enhanced
by a rim of fibrocartilage called acetabular labrum, the labrum is smaller than diameter of
the head of the femur therefore the femur has no pull out game, keeping it in place and
making dislocations rare. The joint capsule runs from the head to the neck of the femur.
There are 3 external ligamentous thickenings of the capsule that reinforce it; Iliofemoral
ligament: strong V shaped anterior ligament, Pubofemoral ligament: a triangular
thickening of the capsules inferior region, and Ischiofemoral ligament: spiraling,
posteriorly located ligament. They are arranged so they screw the head into the
acetabulum. The Ligament of the head of the femur has an unknown function, its loose
and has an artery that supplies the head of the femur. Muscle tendons cross the hip joint,
and fleshy parts of the muscles that surround it also help out a bit with stability.
B)all planes with respect to joint
h. Knee
Structure-function
A/C)
Hinge joint.
Compound and condylar structure
Synovial cavity of knee has several incomplete sub divisions and extnsions and a ton of
bursae
Subcuaneous prepatellar bursa- often injured when knee hit anteriorly
Lateral and medial meniscus- attach externally to condyles, share distribution of
compressive load and synovial fluid. Help stabilize joint by guiding condyles during
extension and flexion, and rotation. Prevents side to side rocking of femur on tibia
patellar ligament- continuation of the tendon of the main muscles on anterior leg; quad
the thing doctors tap on
Medial and lateral patellar retinaculaFibular and tibial collateral ligament- located on lateral/medial side of joint capsule
prevent hyperextension. Keep leg from moving laterally and knee medially
Oblique popliteal ligament- part of semimembranosus muscle that fuses with the joint
capsule to stabilize joint
Arcuate popliteal ligament- arcs superiorly from head of fibula of fibula over popliteus
muscle to back part of joint capsule
Anterior cruciate ligament- restraining strap. attaches to the anterior part of the tibia in
the intercondylar area and attaches to femur on medial portion of the lateral condyle,
prevents anterior sliding of tibia
Posterior cruciate ligament- restraining strap. Posterior intercondylar area of tibia, lateral
portion of medial condyle. Prevents forward sliding of femur or backwards displacement
of tibia.
Quadriceps femoris and semimembranosus muscles- the tendons of these muscles are
most important stabilizers, greater muscle tone and strength here reduces chance of
knee injury
Movement- medial/lateral rotation, extension/flexion
i. Ankle
Hinge joint between unitied inferior ends of tibia and fibula, and talus of the foot
Medial (deltoid) ligament- runs from medial malleolus of tibia down to long line of
insertion of navicular and talus bones.
Lateral ligament- 3 bands run from fibulas laterl malleolus to foot bones
Anterior and posterior talfibular ligaments- prevent anterior and posterior slippage of the
talus on the foot
Calcaneofibular ligament- calcaneous to fibula
Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments- stabilize the socket so that forces can be
transmitted to the foot
Details:
a. Structure (include relevant muscles/tendons/ligaments)
b. Movement(s)
c. Function
Types of Movement
1. Describe in detail the various types of angular movements.
Gliding- bones glide across each other
Extension- increasing angle of bone
Flexion- decreasing angle of bone
Hyperextension- extension beyond max normal angle
Abduction- away from midline
Adduction- towards midline
Circumduction- moving arms in making a cone shape
Rotation- turning bone along longitudinal axis
Medial rotation- turning towards midline
Lateral rotation- turning away from midline
2. Pair the special movements (eg “up and down”) and describe the function, movement, and
importance of each. Also give an example of specific joints that perform these special
movements.
Elevation/depression- up down- mandible –chewing
Protraction/retraction - In/out – mandible- chewing
Pronation/supination- radius over ulna- radius and ulna- to shake your dog’s paw
Opposition- thumb touching other fingers- palm saddle joint between metacarpals and
trapezium- holding your dog’s paw and tools
Inversion/eversion- rolling your ankle medially and laterally- foot intertarsal joints
Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion- Pointing toes up and down- feet tarsals- being sneaky,
sprinting, dancing
Joint Disorders
1. Detail some common joint injuries, the typical causes, and treatments.
Torn cartilage- cartilage fragments(loose bodies) cause joint to lock/bind treatment:
surgical removal of damaged cartilage, arthroscopic surgery using cameras they repair
tendons and remove torn cartilage speeding healing
Sprain- ligaments are stretched or torn. They heal slowly when theyre completely torn
they need surgery.
Treatment: tendons are made of fibers so sewing it is like sewing two hairbrushes
together. When they are severly damaged they are replaced with grafts or substitute
ligaments
Dislocation-bones forced out of alignment. Dislocations must be reduced like fractures.
cause stretching to joint capsule and tendons making it likely to dislocate again. Injured
ligaments return to OG length after years
Subluxion- partion/incomplete dislocation bones will reduce themselves
2.
Compare and contrast the three main inflammatory diseases of the joints.
The Life of Joints
1.
2.
Illustrate the fetal development of the joints.
Depict how the joints change with age.