Activity 01/09/2024
Nursing care for renal disorders
1. Explain the pathophysiology behind the below conditions
a. Risk of blood clot formation as a complication of nephrotic syndrome

Low protein levels in the blood can lead to complications of blood clot formation.
b. Develop high levels of cholesterols as a complication of nephrotic syndrome

The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating cholesterol levels in the body. When the
kidneys are damaged, they are less effective at removing cholesterol from the blood,
leading to high levels of cholesterol in the blood.
2. Make short notes on the below investigations and treatment methods
Lithotripsy:

Lithotripsy is a procedure that uses shock waves to break up stones in the kidney and
parts of the ureter (the tube that carries urine from your kidneys to your bladder).
Nephrolithotomy:

A procedure used to remove kidney stones from the body when they can't pass on their
own.
Urography:

Urography is an examination used to evaluate the kidneys, ureters and bladder.
Cystoscopy:

A cystoscopy is a procedure to look inside the bladder using a thin camera called a
cystoscope. A cystoscope is inserted into the urethra (the tube that carries urine out of the
body) and passed into the bladder to allow a doctor or nurse to see inside.
Voiding urography

A voiding urography (voiding cystourethrogram) is an exam that takes images of the
urinary system. The patient's bladder is filled with a liquid called contrast material. Then,
images of the bladder and kidneys are taken as the bladder fills and also while the patient
urinates
Activity 01/09/2024
3. Explain about nephrotoxicity. Give some examples

Nephrotoxicity is the harmful effects of nephrotoxins on the kidneys, causing damage
and impaired function. These substances, including pharmaceutical drugs, environmental
toxins, and endogenous compounds, can disrupt the kidney's vital functions and lead to
kidney dysfunction or failure.
Below are some examples of nephrotoxicity:
NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs):
o Ibuprofen
o Naproxen
o Diclofenac
Antibiotics:
o Aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin, amikacin)
o Certain cephalosporins
Contrast Agents:
o Iodinated contrast media (used in CT scans, and angiography)
Chemotherapy Drugs:
o Cisplatin
o Methotrexate
Heavy Metals:
o Lead
o Mercury
o Cadmium
Solvents and Chemicals:
o Toluene
o Chloroform
Non-prescription Pain Relievers:
o Acetaminophen (in high doses)
HIV Medications:
o Tenofovir
o Indinavir
Activity 01/09/2024
4. Make a Nursing care plan for a renal calculi patient.
Assessment (Signs and
Symptoms)
Nursing Diagnoses
Severe flank or abdominal pain. Acute Pain related to painful
urination as evidenced by
Planning
Goal: Manage and alleviate
pain.

verbal expression.
Administer
analgesic as
needed
Blood in urine.
Impaired Urinary Elimination Goal: Improve urinary
related to ureteral obstruction as elimination.

evidenced by imaging studies.
Increased fluid
intake to
promote urinary
flow.
Painful urination
Deficient Knowledge regarding Goal: Educate the patient

dietary measures to prevent
calculi recurrence.
Discuss
the
importance
of
maintaining
adequate
fluid
intake.
Nausea and vomiting
Risk for complications related to Promote
urinary tract infection.
good
hygiene
practices, especially regarding
perineal care.
Frequent urge to urinate
Risk for Deficient Fluid Volume Goal: Maintain optimal fluid
related to vomiting.
balance.

Monitor
input
and output to
assess
fluid
balance.
Fever and chills
Risk for Infection related to Goal: Prevent infection through
Fever and chills
proper hygiene and monitoring.

Monitor
vital
signs for signs
of infection.
Activity 01/09/2024