CHAPTER I:
INTRODUCTION TO
THE HUMAN BODY
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ANATOMY
- From the greek word ANA = “up, above or
top” and TOME = cutting
- Study of body structures of organism and their
parts
detailed images of organs and tissues. (Diagnose
a variety of conditions, from torn ligaments to
tumors)
(Computed Tomography) CT Scan – combines a
series of x-ray images in different angles and
creates cross-sectional images (slices) of the
bones, blood vessels and soft tissue.(e.g.
complex bone fractures, internal injuries and
bleeding)
X-ray – a photographic or digital image of the
internal composition. Mainly used to look at the
bones and joints but sometimes used to detect
problems affecting soft tissue, such as internal
organs. (e.g. bone fractures and breaks)
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 AREAS
Human Anatomy – study of the structures in the
human body.
Zootomy (Zoology) – animals
PHYSIOLOGY
- Ancient greek; PHYSIS - nature or origin
and LOGIA – study
- Study of the functions of different body parts
Phytotomy – plants
 WAYS
Gross or Macroscopic – large; can be seen with
the naked eye
Microscopic – uses microscope
Histology – microscopic structure of tissues
Dissection – cutting up; cutting open
Endoscopy - tube will be inserted with a camera
Angiography – x-ray imaging to examine blood
vessels; uses dye injection (soft tissue: black,
bones: white)
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) – medical
imaging technique that uses a magnetic field and
computer-generated radio waves that create
PERSONALITIES AND HISTORY
 Hippocrates (420 BC)
- “Father of Medicine”
- Theory of four humors
- Bile, phlegm, blood, yellow bile
- Any imbalance in their ratios will cause ill
health
 Claudius Galenus (Galen)
- Modified Hippocrates’ theory
- Founder of experimental physiology
- First to use experimentation
 Jean Fernel
- Coined the term “physiology”
- Described spinal canal
- Fernelius - moon crater
 William Harvey
- systemic circulation
 Matthias Schleiden and
Theodor Schwann
- body was made up of tiny cells
- Schleiden: plants; use of cork
- Schwann: animals
3. Evolutionary Physiology - parts of
system, have adapted and change over
multiple generations
4. Defense Physiology - changes to
potential threat
5. Exercise Physiology - physiology of
physical exercise
ANATOMICAL POSITION - subject stand
erect facing forward, upper limbs at the side
with palms facing forward and the lower limbs
are parallel with the feet flat on the floor.
BASIC REFERENCE SYSTEMS
Body Planes - imaginary flat surfaces that pass
through body parts and divide into sections
 Joseph Lister
- coagulation and antiseptics
 Ivan Pavlov
- conditioned physiological responses in dogs
 August Krogh
- blood flow in capilliaries
 Andrew Huxley and Alan Hodgkin
- mechanism by which nerve impulses are
transmitted
 Andrew Huxley and Hugh Haxley
- sliding filaments in skeletal muscle
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DISCIPLINES OF PHYSIOLOGY
1. Cell Physiology - way cells work and
interact
2. Systems Physiology - describes
individual converge to respond as whole
· Frontal (Coronal) Plane - divides body
into front (anterior) and back (posterior)
parts.
· Midsagittal Plane - vertical plane that
passes through the midline; divides the
body into equal left and right parts.
· Parasagittal Plane - divides the body into
unequal left and right sides.
· Transverse Plane (Horizontal Plane) divides the body into upper (superior) and
lower (inferior) portions.
Medial
Closer to midline
Lateral
farther/away from the
midline of the body
· Oblique Plane - passes through the body at
an oblique angle.
Superficial
Closer to the surface
of the body
Supine Position - lying horizontally with
the face and torso facing up
Deep
Structures farther
away from the
surface of the body
Prone Position - as opposed to the prone,
which is face down
Cranial
Towards the head
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Caudal
Towards the tail
Directional Terms - describes the position of
one body part relative to another.
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Body Cavities - spaces that enclose internal
organs
Anterior/Ventral
Front
Posterior/ Dorsal
Back
Superior
Above
Inferior
Below
Proximal
Closer to the point of
origin
Distal
farther/away from
point of origin
A. Dorsal Cavity
Cranial Cavity - contains brain
Vertebral Canal (Spinal Cavity) - formed by
vertebral column and contains spinal cord
B. Ventral Cavity
1. Thoracic Cavity - chest cavity
Pericardial Cavity - surrounds the heart
Pleural Cavity - surrounds the lungs
Mediastinum - central portion of the thoracic
cavity; partition containing the heart, thymus,
trachea and esophagus
2. Abdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominopelvic Regions - divides the
abdominopelvic cavity into nine regions
Quadrants - divides the abdominopelvic cavity
into 4 quadrants
Abdominal Cavity - contains stomach, spleen,
liver, gallbladder, small intestine and most of the
large intestine.
Pelvic Cavity - contains urinary bladder,
portions of large intestine and the reproductive
system.
Viscera - tissue that covers, lines, partitions or
connect structures.
· Serous Membrane - double layer
membrane that lines internal body cavities
and organs such as the heart, lungs and
abdominal cavity.
Parts of a Serous Membrane:
A. Parietal Layer - thin epithelium that lines
the walls of the cavities
B. Visceral Layer - covers and lines the outer
surface of organs
·
·
·
Pleura - surrounds the lungs
Pericardium - serous membrane of the
pericardial cavity
Peritoneum - serous membrane of the
abdominal cavity
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LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION
1. Chemical level - includes atoms and
molecules; how atoms interact to combine into
molecules.
6. Reproduction - formation of new
cells/organism
HOMEOSTASIS - maintains balance
2. Cellular level - molecules combine to form
cells, basic structural and functional units of life.
3. Tissue level - group of cells that work
together to perform specific functions
-Maintenance of the body’s internal environment
Body fluids
Intracellular Fluid /ICF- inside the cell
4. Organ level - composed of two or more tissue
types
Extracellular Fluid /ECF- outside the cell
5. Organ System level - system that consists of
related organs with common functions
-plasma, lymph, CSF, synovial. Aqueous and
vitreous humor
6. Organismal level - any living individual; all
parts of the human body functioning together
constitute the total organism
Interstitial fluid- between the cell
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Characteristics of Life (MRMGDR)
1. Metabolism - ability to use energy to function
· Catabolism - breaking down of complex
chemical substances to simpler
components.
· Anabolism - building up of complex
chemical substances from smaller
components.
2. Responsiveness - ability to sense and respond
to changes in the environment.
3. Movement - motion of the whole body,
organs, and cells.
4. Growth - increase in size
5. Differentiation - developmental changes
from an unspecialized to specialized state.
-body’s internal environment
Feedback Mechanism
Negative feedback- if the body is in normal state
already, it will stop
Positive feedback- mostly seen during delivery
and it reinforce controlled condition