main causes that threaten our society w/ various forms of natural calamities and dispersal or viral
diseases
humans are the main driver
human intervention- caused sustainable management and use of our environment to become
unbalanced
2 ways on how people affect our environment
- Pattern of consumption
- way of disposing their waste materials
humans are dependent on climate
ecology - the science of interaction among organisms and their physical environment
*Biotc factors - fungi
- plants
- protists
- animals
- archaea
- bacteria
*Abiotic Factors - air
- salinity
- soil
- temperature
- light
- water
- minerals
- pH
- humidity
3 classification
1. Biome - also called major life zone
- largest geographic biotic unit
- major community of plants and animals with similar life forms and environmental conditions
- depende sa temperature and precipitation
2. Habitat - type of natural environment
- species specific
- where a particular species thrives in an environment
- food, shelter, protection, and mates for reproduction
3. Ecosystem - biological community of living organisms in conjunction with the non-living components,
interacting in the system
- the system that governs the relationship between the living organism to living organisms
and living organisms to their physical environment
*it changes over time and affected by the natural laws, volcanic eruptions, floods, fires, and by human
activities
Extinction - cause an entire species to permanently disappear
several causes: asteroids climate change loss of habitat invasive species lack of food pollution lack of
genetic diversity human predation disease better-adapted competition
2 classifications of ecosystem
*terrestrial ecosystem – exclusively land-based ecosystems (forests, grasslands, tundra, desert,
savannah)
*aquatic ecosystems - freshwater ecosystems (streams, rivers)
- marine ecosystem - high salt content and greater biodiversity
autotrophs - produce their own food from energy
heterotrophs - eat other plants or animals
producer - able to produce their own food
primary consumers- herbivores
secondary " - depende on primary consumers
tertiary " - depend on secondary
quaternary " - top of the food chain - have no natural predators
saprophytic - recycle nutrients to be used by plants
- thrive on the dead and decaying organic matter
species - group of similar individuals
- capable of exchanging genes thru interbreeding
taxonomy
- nomenclature of naming, describing and classifying organisms
- domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
*binomial nomenclature - carl linnaeus
category of species
keystone species - helps define an entire ecosystem
- has large impact on the ecosystem
flagship species - charismatic
- acts as an ambassador, icon, symbol for a defined habitat
umbrella species - selected for making conservation-related decisions
Biodiversity - variety within and among living organisms
*can be measured in terms of genetic diversity, species richness, endemic species, ecosystem
diversity
importance of biodiversity
- genetic diversity
- protect freshwater resources
- speed recovery from natural disasters
- maintaining balance of the ecosystem
- sustainability and growth
- provision of food security
- adaptation to different habitats
- provision of biological resources
- promote soils formation and protection
- maintain food chain in the nature
conservation management system (CMS)
- procedure for maintaining a species or habitat
(IUCN) Red List of threatened species -world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation
status of biological species
- uses to evaluate the extinction risk
- aim is to convey the urgency of conservation issues
Red List Categories
extinct
extinct in the wild
critically endangered
endangered
vulnerable
near threatened
least concerned
data deficient
convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora
- regulates the international trade of wildlife and wildlife products
- with 183 party governments
different level of protection from trade
Appendix I - includes species that are in danger of extinction because international trade
Appendix II - includes species that aren't facing imminent extinction but need monitoring to ensure that
trade doesn't become threat
Appendix III - includes species that are protected in at least one country, when that country asks others
for help regulating the trade
Facts about the Philippines
- one of the 18 mega biological diverse countries
- 2/3 of the earth's biodiversity
- 5% of the world's flora
- species endemism is very high
- one of the world's biodiversity hotspots
- one of the top conservation areas
One Health
- holistic approach to designing and implementing programs, policies, legislation and research in w/c
multiple sectors communicate and work together to achieve better public health outcomes
- areas of work include food safety, control of zoonotic diseases, combatting antibiotic resistance
Information in influenza viruses - election of viruses for human vaccines
drug-resistant microbes novel human pathogens
one health approach draws awareness on the links between biodiversity, which signals a health
ecosystem, and human and animal health