Biodiversity
and
Biodiversity Extinction
3 types of Biodiversity
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•Genetic Diversity
•- refers to the variety of genes within a species. Each
species is made up of individuals that have their own
particular genetic composition. Within a species there
may also be discrete populations with distinctive genes.
Species Diversity
- Is a measure of the diversity within
and ecological community that
incorporates both species richness and
the evenness of species’ abundances.
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Ecosystem
Diversity
-
refers to the variety if ecosystems in a
given place. Within any broader landscape
there is a mosaic of interconnected
ecosystems. To conserve biodiversity,
conservation at the landscape level is critical.
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Value of Biodiversity
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• The World Wide Fund for Nature's Living Planet Report 2022, documents
a 69% average loss in the abundance of mammal, bird, reptile, fish and
amphibian species since 1970. The populations of vertebrates living in
freshwater ecosystems have declined even more, by 83% on average over
the same period.
Biodiversity loss as of 2022
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Consequences of
Biodiversity Loss
-
The particular species making up an
ecosystem determine its productivity, affect
nutrient cycles and soil contents, and
influence environmental conditions such as
water, cycles, weather patterns, climate
and other non-biotic aspects.
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As stated by Tilman, “The Earth will retain
its most striking feature, its biodiversity,
only if humans have the prescience to do
so. This will occur, it seems, only if we
realize the extent to which we use
biodiversity”
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Biodiversity
Loss
4 Major causes of biodiversity loss
1. Land-use change
2. Pollution
3. Over exploitation of natural resources
4. Climate change
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PAIRED ACTIVITY
CREATE A CONCEPT MAP/IDEA
1. Identify FACTORS (general-specific) that affect
biodiversity loss
2. Explain 3 factors. ( 3 sentences each only)
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Land-use change
-is a process by which human activities transform
the natural landscape, referring to how land
has been used, usually emphasizing the
functional role of the land for economic
activities.
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Over exploitation of natural
resources
• - Occurs when harvesting exceeds
reproduction of wild plant and animal
species.
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Extinction is an irreversible process wherein a
“biological population forever ceases to exist” (IUCN, 2020).
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the first global
environmental organization that collates and monitors the population of species
around the world including a Red List of threatened species. It is a established,
comprehensive inventory of conservation status of the world’s flora and fauna
using quantitative criteria in evaluating the extinction risk of the various species.
As of now, IUCN Red List is acknowledged as the most authoritative guide in
terms of the species population status (Ibid).
Table 1. Terms related and/or interchanged to extinction and their
respective descriptions in the context of IUCN (2020)
IUCN Terms
Biological extinction
Local extinction
Critically Endangered
Endangered
Threatened
Vulnerable
Endemic
Exotic
Description
The complete disappearance of a species
from the Earth.
When there is no doubt that the last
individual of a particular species has died
from a defined region or area
there is an extremely high risk of
extinction in the wild in the immediate
future
there is very high risk of extinction in the
wild in the immediate future
Any species which is likely to become
endangered within the foreseeable
future throughout all or a significant
portion of its range
Faces a high risk of extinction in the wild
in the immediate future; classified as
threatenedin the near future if causal
factors persist
Population of a species that is native to
the region, and which area of
distribution is restricted to a small place
An introduced species not native or
endemic to the area in question
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threatened
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endemic species
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endemic plants
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Endemic species
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endemism
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endemism
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endemism
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• ASSIGNMENT
• 1. CREATE A COMPREHENSIVE FAMILY TREE OF
YOUR FAMILY
• 2. IDENTIFY 10 PHYSICAL FEATURES/PHENOTYPES
THAT YOU’VE INHERITED FROM YOUR PARENTS.
DESCRIBE EACH.
• 3. ENUMERATE 5 FAMILY VALUES YOU’VE ADMIRED
MOST ON YOUR FAMILY. EXPLAIN EACH. (3-4
SENTENCES).
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endemism
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There are also impacts of biodiversity loss on humans which is summarized in table 3
cited from the World Health Organization (2020).
Categories
Basic human sustenance
Human health
Infectious diseases
Agriculture
Spiritual and cultural
Business
Impacts
Reliance of people on biodiversity to support their day-today activities as well as for their survival
Source of raw materials for the formulation of
pharmaceutical productsDependence on ecosystem goods
and outputs such as food, shelter, potable water, fuel,
etc.Reliance on natural products of ecosystem for cultural
purposes
Ecosystem disturbance disrupts food chain, thus altering
the interactions between organisms along with their
physical and chemical environmentsSensitivity of patterns
of infectious diseases to ecological disturbance
Affects micronutrient availability in the dietLand
conversion, in the form of mass clearance, of a forest into
an agricultural space leads to biodiversity and habitat loss
Indigenous peoples have sacred lands like forests which has
limited human access because of beliefDue to human
intervention, biodiversity-rich sacred areas are degraded
or exploited resulting to the displacement of some
indigenous groups
industrial materials derive directly from biological sources
such as timber, food, paper, etc.collection leads to
extinction of varieties of species, or sometimes an entire
ecosystem
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THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING
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