Students’ requirements
1. EXERCISE BOOK 1.
-Normal lesson notes.
-Class works.
- Home works.
- Key word glossary.
2. EXERCISE BOOK 2.
- Timed essay and case studies.
3. PAST PAPER FILES.
- With paper 1, 2 and 4.
4. TEXT BOOK
THE NEW WIDER WORLD BY DAVID WAUGH
5. JOINING EDMODO (( Code: 45fvwv )
CIE Geography Topics
1: Population dynamics
2: Settlement
3: Earthquakes and volcanoes
4: Rivers and coasts
5: Weather and climate
6: Development
7: Food production and industry
8: Tourism
9: Energy and water
10: Environmental risks of economic development
Learning objectives
By the end of the lesson students should be able
to;
i) Define the term settlement and settlement
patterns.
ii) Define the term rural and urban and draw
two spider diagrams to show the characteristics
and uses of each type of area.
Learning objectives
iii)
Define and draw a sketch diagrams of
Linear , Nucleated and Dispersed
settlement patterns.
iv) Explain the factors that might influence the
settlement pattern in an area and classify
them into nucleated, dispersed and linear.
Settlements and service provision
Important terminologies
Settlement;
Is a place where people live. A settlement can
range from one an isolated building to a capital
city.
Cont.
Settlement pattern: are settlements clusters in various
shape and size
Urban; Refers to towns and cities
Urban settlement; Settlements that are found in towns
and cities and they have high population density.
Rural; Refers to country side (outside towns and cities).
Rural settlement: Settlements that are found in the
countryside (outside towns and cities) Rural areas
maybe farmland, forest, etc.
Question
From the photographs given below identify
which one shows the urban and rural areas and
give out the characteristics and uses of each
area.
Characteristics of Rural and Urban
areas
Rural are smaller/urban are more built up
Rural more spread out/urban more clustered
Rural areas has less services/urban has more
services
Rural has lower population density/urban has
higher population density
Uses of urban and rural areas
Urban
Rural
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Commercial
Industrial
Residential
Transportation
Institutions
Open space/Recreational
Agriculture
Residential
Fishing
Lumbering
Mining
Patterns of settlement
There are three settlement patterns;
1. Nucleated settlement
2. Dispersed settlement
3. Linear settlement
1. Nucleated settlement
Nucleated settlement
Refers to the grouping of many houses around
the centre called nucleus
They develop at road intersections, confluence
Of rivers etc.
2. Dispersed settlement
Dispersed settlements
Dispersed settlement
When individual buildings are separated by
several hundred meetings. They are individual
isolated buildings and do not form a single
settlement
OR
Scattering of houses over a large area.
They develop in a mountainous areas and will
normally be the farmhouse of a large farm
Cont.
Buildings are far apart/spread out;
And separated by countryside/farmland etc.;
Population density is low;
There is likely to be few services;
No clear centre to a settlement;
3. Linear settlement
Linear settlements
Linear settlement
This is a settlement that has grown in a line. The
line doesn't have to be straight, but will
normally follow a road, a river, the coast or the
valley floor
Factors that influence settlement
pattern in an area
1. Nuclear settlement
Good transport links (road, rail, river)
Good fertile land nearby to grow food.
Flat land, that is easy to build on
Stable weather that is good for growing.
Nearby natural resources e.g. fuel
Cont.
Good job prospects
Good schools and hospitals
Good and reliable supply of electricity, gas and
water.
Varied entertainment
2. Dispersed settlement
 Mountainous areas that are hard to build on
and hard to build good transport links.
Severe weather conditions e.g. extremely hot
or cold or wet.
Mainly farm land
 Floodplain or coastal area that is vulnerable
to flooding
Cont.
Only limited natural resources
No job prospects
No nearby schools and hospitals
No electricity supply
No entertainment
Assignments
June 2015 paper 11 Q2 (i – ii)
Nov. 2011Paper 13 Q 2 (i - iv)
Question no. 2 ( a and b) Pg. 54The new wider
world.
Learning objectives
By the end of the lesson students should be able
to;
i) Define the term site.
ii) Explain the factors that would influence
the site of early settlements.
iii) Define the term function.
iv) Explain the functions of settlement and link
to an explanations of how the settlement
would grow over time.
Site, growth and function of
settlements
SITE
Is the actual location/Land/ place on which
settlement is built
Cont.
Factors that have to be considered when
trying to locate a new settlement
These can be grouped into four broad headings:
climatic, economic, physical and traditional. The
diagram below should give you an idea of how
each one plays a part in the location of a
settlement
Site factors
Aspect and shelter
Aspect and shelter are two of the most important
factors that were used when deciding where to
locate a settlement. Aspect relates to the direction
in which the land faces. In the Northern
Hemisphere the best slopes to locate on are those
that face south, as they will receive the most
sunshine, and therefore be best for agriculture. This
can be seen clearly in many of the valleys of the
Alps, where settlements have located on the southfacing slopes
Aspect
Shelter
Shelter is also very important, particularly from the
cold northerly winds and prevailing south westerly
winds in the UK. A good example of settlements
being sheltered by their natural surroundings are
the many spring-line settlements found along the
base of the chalk escarpments of the North and
South Downs. These settlements would also have
benefited from the good water source and fertile
farmland nearby
Water supply
A supply of water was probably the single most
important factor in deciding where a settlement
might be located. Not only do rivers provide a
source of clean drinking water, they also provided a
food source through fishing, and a transport route.
Most of the world's largest cities are located on
rivers, especially the point at which they reach the
sea, as this was often the first point that explorers
landed
Dry point sites:
Water is vital to a settlement and is the most
common factor behind their location. A dry
point site is one that is slightly raised from the
surrounding area, meaning that it is less likely to
flood. Ely in Cambridge shire ( eastern England)
is a good example of this.
Dry point sites
Wet point sites:
This refers to any site that has access to water,
usually through being beside a river. Towns would
either grow up along the river or clustered near the
point at which the river enters the sea. Examples of
wet point sites include the towns and villages of the
Welsh valleys, which tend to extend along the flat
valley floor, rather than up the steep valley sides.
Spring line settlements in the North and South
Downs are also good examples of wet point sites
Wet point sites
Defence:
In medieval times defence was one of the most important
factors influencing the site of a settlement. The relief
(shape) of the land often proved to be the best form of
defence. Edinburgh castle sits on the top of a glacial crag,
in an almost perfect position to defend itself, with very
little chance for the attackers. In Italy, there are many
walled hill-top villages, whilst the Maoris in New Zealand
built their settlements (called Pa's) on the top of steep
hills to prevent being attacked
Defence
Cont.
The other common natural feature used for
defence is water, and in particular rivers. Both
Shrewsbury and Durham are very good
examples of where a meander of the river has
formed an area of land bounded by water on
three sides. This provided both cities with
excellent defences, as they only had a thin neck
of land to defend
Resources:
The idea of resources covers a huge number of different
things. For early settlers the most important resources
were fuel, building materials and food. Settlements grew
in areas where wood was plentiful, stone easily accessible
and good soil allowed agriculture to be developed.
Since those early days of settlement many different
resources have become the focal points for the growth of
urban areas. Some of these are listed below:
.
Resources
Mining:
The coal mines of South Wales, Tin mines of
Cornwall and large mining projects as seen at
Carajas in Northern Brazil, have all encouraged
the rapid growth of settlements aimed at
housing the workers and providing them with all
that they require
Resources
Food: The farming area of East Anglia is one
example of how small settlements will locate in
areas conducive to good agriculture.
Oil: Settlements in Alaska and the Middle East
have grown rapidly on the back of the oil
industry
Resources
Precious metals:
Settlements in South Africa have grown after
the discovery of large deposits of precious
metals such as gold. The most famous
settlement to grow due to finding gold is San
Francisco, after the gold rush to California in
1849
Route centres:
Route centres are often called Nodal Points.
Anywhere where two routes meet has great
potential for settlement. Often these are formed by
the meeting of two valleys, but settlement
nowadays will grow where two main roads meet. In
the UK, York is a good example of a route centre.
Birmingham also enjoys a very good location,
where many routes join up, and this is one of the
reasons for its growth to become one of the largest
cities in the UK
Route centres
Bridging points:
Just as water is very important for drinking, fishing,
irrigation and navigation, so the ability to cross the
rivers is also very important.
Many towns and cities have built up at points where it
was easiest to cross a large river. Exeter is one such
example, crossing the river Exe.
Bridging points
However one of the best examples is Paris in
France. The original town was based on the tiny
Ile dela Cite, which is an island in the middle of
the River Seine. This island meant they could
build two small bridges across the river rather
than one large one.
Bridging points:
The new settlement also benefited from all the
other advantages associated with being beside a
river, as well as becoming a route centre due it
being one of the only places to cross the river.
Nowadays the island has been engulfed by the huge
city that Paris has become, however it does still
have many bridges going to it and is the point
where the huge Notre Dame Cathedral is built
Bridging points:
The confluence of two rivers
Just as two valleys, or roads, make a nodal point
for settlement growth, so do two rivers joining.
One such example is found in Khartoum in
Sudan, where the Blue and the White Nile meet
The confluence of two rivers
Situation
The situation of a settlement is the description of the
settlement in relation to the other settlements and
physical features around it. The situation of a settlement
is the most important in determining whether it grows to
become a large city or stays as a small town or village.
In the UK, Birmingham is an example of a city with an
excellent situation. It is located central to the country,
with excellent links by road to the North and South to
London
Cont.
As cities begin to fulfill different functions their
importance can increase or decrease. Their
situation plays an important part in deciding
which of these will occur.
Questions
Question no . 1( a and b) pg. 54 The New wider
world
Functions of settlement
Function:
The job, purpose or use of a settlement. Large
settlements will have more than one
function(multi-functional)and these functions
may change over time.
Cont.
Functions may include:
Shopping (Retail)
Business (Commercial)
Farming (Agricultural)
Housing (Residential)
Educational
Healthcare
Cultural/religious
Cont.
Administration (local or national government)
Fishing
Tourism
Entertainment
Sporting
mining town
Port
Functions of settlement
Cont.
Functions of settlement can change over time
Settlements will grow if their functions are
being successful and in demand. Alternatively if
a settlements functions fall out of demand or if
the resource their function relies on runs out,
then the settlement may see economic and
population decline
Cont.
With the birth of package holidays to the
Mediterranean many British holiday resorts saw
a rapid decline in the demand for their tourist
functions (hotels, piers, etc.). Also many mining
settlements in the UK saw a rapid decline when
coal run out or overseas coal became cheaper
Cont.
However, other settlements like Dubai in the
UAE saw rapid growth as it promoted itself as an
all year holiday destination. Some settlements
try and change their functions if one function
declines. For example as Liverpool in the UK has
seen a decline in its industry and port it has
tried to promote its cultural, sporting, leisure
and shopping function
Questions
Question no. 2 ( b , c and d) Pg. 54 The New
wider world.
Learning objectives
By the end of the lesson students should be able
to;
i) Define the term hierarchy and draw a
diagram to show a simple settlement
hierarchy.
ii) Explain the three principles of a hierarchy –
population size, number of services and
number of settlements. Describe
changes as you move up the hierarchy.
Cont.
iii) Define the following terms;
 Sphere of influence.
 Range and
 Threshold population.
Settlement hierarchy and services
The term hierarchy means the arrangement of
Settlement within a given area(e.g. country) in
an order of importance.
The hierarchy of a settlement normally depends
on three principles;
1. The size of population
2. Number of services
3. Number of settlements
A hierarchy of settlement
Cont.
Cont.
Obviously these three variables are very much
interconnected. For services to be offered there
has to be a minimum threshold population.
When services are then offered more people
are attracted. As more people are attracted
more services are offered and the sphere of
influence increases.
Cont.
As you move down the settlement hierarchy the
number of settlements increase. For example you
only get one capital city (near the top of the
hierarchy) in each country, but you get thousands of
isolated buildings (farms - near the bottom of the
hierarchy) in every country
So, the diagram shows us that there are huge
numbers of isolated farmhouses and hamlets. There
are less villages and small towns and so on.
Sphere of influence
The sphere of influence or a market area of a settlement describes
the area that is served by a settlement, for a particular function.
The area of the sphere of influence depends on the size and services
of a town and its surrounding settlements, the transport facilities
available and the level of competition from rival settlements.
For instance a supermarket may attract people from a 20-mile radius,
whilst a leisure activity, such as going to the theatre may attract them
from far further away.
The larger a settlement is the greater its sphere of influence is likely to
be, as it has a wider range of services and functions to attract people
to go there
Cont.
Larger settlements and conurbations have a
much larger sphere of influence than smaller
ones. This means they attract people from a
wider area because of the facilities they offer.
Cities such as London have a global sphere of
influence, whereas a small hamlet or village may
only have a sphere of influence of a couple of
kilometre.
Sphere of influence
Cont.
There are two major ideas to consider when
looking at the sphere of influence of a shop of
service. These are called the;
a. range and
b. threshold population of a good
Range
The range of a good or service describes the
maximum distance that someone would be
willing to travel to obtain that good or service. A
newspaper shop has a small range because
people will not travel far to use them. A cinema
has a much wider range as people are prepared
to travel much further to go to it
Threshold population
The threshold population of a good or service is
the minimum number of people needed to
allow that shop or service to be successful.
For example, estimates suggest that 350 people
Are needed to make a village shop successful,
e.t.c.
Cont.
Services such as department stores selling high
order goods have a higher threshold than those
selling low order goods such as newsagents. This
means they need a higher number of people to
support them and make them profitable,
therefore they will only be found in larger
settlements. It also means that there are fewer
big department stores than small newsagents
Questions
Questions no. 3 (a and b) Pg.54
no. 4 ( a, b, d, c and e) Pg. 55
Cont.
Different services from each settlement
Cont.
Examples of settlement on washing line
Cont.
Scatter graph
Shopping hierarchy
Cont.
Cont.
 High Order Goods (Comparison): Goods that
people buy less frequently. They tend to be more
expensive and people will normally compare
quality and price before purchasing e.g. a car
 High order settlements.
Settlement usually towns and cities which provide
good and service that are bought less frequently
and that are expensive so people are willing to
travel long way to buy or use them.
Cont.
 Low Order Goods (Convenience): Goods that
people buy everyday. They don't usually cost
much money and people would not
normally travel far to buy them e.g. bread and milk
 Low order settlement.
Settlement usually villages and hamlet that provide
good and services that are bought frequently and
are cheap so people are only willing to travel a
short distance to buy or use them
Cont.
Specialist ?
QUESTIONS
JUNE 2011 PAPER 13 QN 2
JUNE 2015 PAPER 22 QN 2
JUNE 2013 PAPER 22 QN 2
NOVEMBER 2015 PAPER 13 QN 2