HISTORY
IMPORTANT 7 MARKS QUESTIONS *TOPICAL*
Three Reformers:
Shah Wali-Ullah / Qutub-ud-Din (1703-1762):
Q.1: Why did Shah WaliUllah wish to revive Islam?
 To remove Religious Ignorance.
 To unite Muslims by keeping aside their sectarian differences (Shias & Sunnis).
 To save the weakening Mughal Empire.
Q.2: Why is Shah WaliUllah considered important?
 For his effort to remove Religious Ignorance. (Translation of Quran & his books on
Islamic topics).
 For his efforts to unite Muslims (the Sunni & Shia issues).
 For his efforts to preserve the political position of the Muslims from further decline.
(Mughal Empire).
Q.3: Why did Shah WaliUllah translate the Quran into Persian language?
 To increase the accessibility of the Quran to a larger number of people, he translated it
into Persian language.
 To enable people to understand its content on its own and reduce their sectarian
differences.
 To change the people’s attitude toward the Holy Book Quran and to make them use
Quran for their daily life rather than reciting it for rewards only.
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Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi (1786-1831):
Q.1: Why was Jihaad Movement Launched? / Why did Syed Ahmed wish to revive Islam?
 Inspiration from his teacher Shah Abdul Aziz (son of Shah WaliUllah) who declared sub-continent as
“Dar ulHarb”, after which migration (Hijrat) or fight (Jihad) was necessary.
 Being a man of action, Syed Ahmed believed that armed struggle would be more efficient to save the
Muslims from the problems than a scholarly struggle. (Personal Belief)
 Muslims lacked the level of solidarity to face suppressive non-Muslim forces such as the Muslims were
not able to oppose the Sikh regime Ranjit Singh. To save Muslims from such tyrannical rulers, Jihaad
Movement was launched.
Q.2: Why did Pathan tribes withdrew support from the Mujahideen Army?
 The fear of losing control of their own area made them withdrew support from the Mujahideen Army
 The system of taxes established in areas of NWF freed from Ranjit Singh by Syed Ahmed to support
the army of 80000 strong offended them and they withdrew their support from the Mujahideen Army.
 The efforts of Sikhs to exploit the army by calling it un-Islamic made Pathan tribesman suspicious of
Mujahideen Army.
Q.3: Why did Jihaad Movement failed?
 Withdrawal of support from the Pathan tribesman.
 Treachery of Yar Muhammad Khan & his brother Sultan Muhammad Khan.
 The army was highly motivated but lacked military experience and expertise.
Q.4: Why was Syed Ahmed most suitable man to lead the Jihaad Movement?
 Being a man of action and personal belief in the effectiveness of an armed struggle made him the
most suitable person to lead the Jihaad movement.
 Syed Ahmed’s military experience in the Army of Amir Shah in 1810-12 made him ideal person to lead
this military movement.
 The success was depending upon the inspiration of Mujahideen and so the inspirational leader was
required. Syed Ahmed was pious & highly inspirational.
Q.5: Why is Jihaad Movement considered as important?
 For uniting the Muslims who worked for the common cause while putting aside their political, social
and religious differences.
 It was the first ever example of a practical armed struggle to free the Muslims from the tyranny rule
of non-Muslim rulers.
 For sowing the seeds and being the fore runner of Pakistan Movement, as Syed Ahmed also wanted
to see separate homeland based on Islamic principles.
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Q.6: Why was Jihaad launched against Sikhs?
 To free Muslim peasants who were being oppressed by Hindu landlords.
 Call to prayer was banned by Ranjit Singh and Muslims cannot practice their faith in Punjab.
 To restore Islamic ideology. Jihaad is obligatory part of Muslim faith.
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Haji Shariat Ullah (1781-1840):
Q.1: Why was Faraizi Movement launched? / Why did Haji Shariatullah wish to revive
Islam?
 To encourage people to remove negligence to Religious obligations and to observe
them while focusing on their main objectives and true manner.
 To remove un-Islamic Hindu influences from the beliefs and practices of The Indian
Muslims.
 To restore the pride of Muslims, by providing them the political awareness of their
rights and by organizing them to face the challenges.
Q.2: Why was Faraizi Movement considered as important?
 It attempted at revival of Muslims through true observance of the Religious
Obligations.
 It worked towards removing un-Islamic influences from the beliefs and practices of The
Islamic Muslims
 It gave political awareness and raised the morale of the demoralized community.
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Mughal Empire:
Decline of Mughal Empire (1526-1857):
Q.1: Why Mughal Empire declined?
 Arrival of the British (East India Company in 1608 at Surat) and its growing influence.
 Internal Rebellions (Marathas in 1737. Rajputs, Sikhs, Satnamis&Jats in 1679-81).
 Foreign Invasions (Afghans led by Ahmed Shah Durrani in 1738. Persians led by Nadir
Shah in 1747).
 Nature of Empire (Indecisive Administration, Heavy Military Costs, Succession
Disputes).
 Consequences of Success (Declining Military Expertise, Pleasure Seeking, Weak
Control).
 Declining Economy.
Q.2: Why did Aurangzeb became unpopular by the time of his death?
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Destroyed many temples.
Ban on Suttee/Suttaa.
ReimposedJizya tax.
Forced non-Muslims to follow Quran &Sunnah.
Q.3: Why did Aurangzeb became unpopular in Muslims?
 Fixing size of beards.
 Ban on the selling of Alcohol.
 Ban on dancing in courts.
Q.4: Why did Nadir Shah attack Mughal Empire / sub-continent in 1747?
 He was attracted by the wealth. To win as much booty as possible.
 To take the prestige of Mughals, as the empire was already weakened.
 Muhammad Shah did not close the Mughal frontiers around Kabul where Nadir Shah’s
Afghani enemies could seek refuge.
Q.5: Why were there internal rebellions against Mughal Empire?
 Aurangzeb’s strict policies. Religious differences.
 Hard to administer vast area with poor communication.
 Declining army expertise.
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East India Company Rule (1608-1784):
Q.1: Why did EIC got involved in the sub-continent?
 EIC chose India as an alternative as they first wanted to trade in East Indies (modern
day Indonesia) but due to presence of another European nation Dutch, they had to
step back.
 India was popular as golden sparrow (the natural resources and the luxurious lifestyle
of the Mughal Emperors).
 British wanted to colonize India.
Q.2: Why did Aurangzeb waged a war against EIC in 1686?
 EIC refused to pay taxes.
 EIC started to issue its own currency.
 EIC had made its own private army.
Q.3: Why were Europeans interested in India?
 Traders reported evidence of immense wealth in the sub-Continent which led to the
EIC establishing a trading base there since they saw a profitable future.
 The English wanted to establish their influence in the sub-Continent and to oust the
Dutch and Portuguese.
 India was popular as golden sparrow (the natural resources and the luxurious lifestyle
of the Mughal Emperors).
Q.4: Why was Battle of Plassey fought in 1757?
 The Battle of Plassey was faught against Nawab of Bengal, SirajulDaulah to take
revenge of ill treatment of EIC officials at the hands of Nawab. (Blackhole tragedy
1756).
 The EIC officials wanted to regain control of their base in Calcutta.
 The take a step towards colonizing India.
Q.5: Why was Battle of Plassey an important British Victory?
 First victory of British on Indian soil.
 It ended with regaining control of Calcutta.
 A step towards colonizing India.
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Q.6: Why was Act of Parliament passed in 1773?
 British government was concerned about role of EIC in India. Robert Clive brought
trouble to India.
 Famine in Bengal.
 Financial crisis in company in 1772.
Q.7: Why was Pitts India Act passed in 1784?
 EIC was governing poorly so it was replaced.
 EIC should only focus on trade.
 A step towards colonizing India.
Q.8: Why did the British annex Sindh in 1843?
 To show their strength as their weakness had been exposed in Afghani rebellion in
1841.
 To prevent it from falling in the hands of Ranjit Singh.
 A step towards colonizing India.
Q.9: Why was the annexation of Sindh a shameful act from British?
 They had signed a treaty of ‘perpetual friendship in 1809’ with the Amirs of Sindh. No
respect for their own words.
 The people of Sindh were unnecessarily attacked by British as the British’s pride was
hurt in Afghanistan.
 They themselves provoked Amirs of Sindh, for which they attacked British residency in
1843.
Q.10: Why did British annex Punjab in 1849?
 Death of Ranjit Singh in 1839 created opportunity.
 Using River Indus as means of transport for goods created idea.
 A step towards colonizing India.
Q.11: Why did the British introduced railways in the sub-continent?
 For transport of their goods.
 It was cheaper means of transport.
 To transport their army men and officials.
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Q.12: Why was British rule hated in India between 1750 to 1850?
 Political (Moving of Mughal family from Red fort to Qutub Sahib. Viceroy and Secretary
were British).
 Religious (Interference such as ban on Suttee, Muharram processions and Christian
missionaries came to spread).
 Social (English was introduced and western culture was spread. British had snobbish
attitude and kept supremacy towards Indians).
 Economical (Low ranks in Army. March in Afghanistan).
Q.13: Why did British easily gain control on the Indian territory between 1750 to 1850?
 The weakness of India. (Disunited community who considered British as possible allies
rather than potential enemies).
 The strength of British. (Modern weapons, technological advancements & superior
means of communication).
 Personal belief to always succeed.
Q.14: Why did the British introduce English language and culture?
 To administer India and English wasn’t known by Indians so they cannot administer
India in 1834 when it was made official language in place of Persian language.
 To provide education in English in 1835, as they thought their language and culture is
superior.
 It was a step to easily colonize India.
Q.15: Why did the Indians dislike the English language and culture?
 Muslims considered it un-Islamic.
 Hindus and others loved their own culture as their culture was closely related to their
Religions.
 British were snobbish and arrogant.
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War of Independence (1857-58):
Q.1: Why was War of Independence fought?
 Political Issues (Doctrine of Lapse 1852. Shifting of Mughal Royal Family to Qutub Sahib
from Red Fort. Viceroy & Secretary of State were British).
 Religious & Social Issues (Religious Interference. Introduction of English language in
Office, and as medium of education. Snobbish attitude of British).
 Economical Issues (Drain of Wealth. Heavy taxation. Lack of employment).
 Military Issues (Low ranks in army. March in Afghanistan. Introduction of new rifles
with new cartridges).
Q.2: Why did War of Independence (1857-58) fail?
 Lack of Unity.
 Local people of Kashmir, Sindh and Punjab did not support sepoys.
 Strength of British in terms of weapons, discipline, and strategies.
Q.3: Why was War of Independence considered as important?
 Proclamation of 1858 clearly indicated that the British had realised their mistake as a
promise was made with regard to many things that actually served Indians.
 Indians realised that armed struggle against the British was pointless. Indians realised
that they should try Political struggle now which is the only way for better position of
Indians after the War of Independence 1858.
 It was indirectly responsible for social revival of Muslims as when the British took
strong measures against Muslims then the Muslim leaders such as Sir Syed Ahmed
Khan began to think of ways to revive the Muslim community on all fronts.
Q.4: Why were the Muslims blamed for War of Independence?
 Muslims had always remained hostile towards the British.
 Muslims were paying for restoration of Mughal Empire.
 Fighting during War of Independence was mostly in Muslim majority areas.
Q.5: Why did the British take the strong measures against the Muslim community after War
of Independence?
 They believed Muslims were the main cause.
 By punishing Muslims they wanted to set an example for all other communities.
 They wanted to punish the Muslims for showing their hostility toward the British.
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Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817-1898):
Q.1: Why did Sir Syed Ahmed Khan wish to improve the relations between Muslims and
British?
 To save the Muslims from punishment/tough measures especially after the War of
Independence.
 To encourage Muslims to acquire the western education.
 To improve the political and economical conditions of Muslims.
Q.2: Why did Sir Syed Ahmed Khan encouraged Muslims to acquire western education?
 British education provided knowledge about Science & Technology. This would help
Muslims to fight backwardness in all other areas of living. And this was also the reason
for the British success.
 Encouraging the Muslims to acquire the western education was a part of reconciliation
process.
 By acquiring the western education, Muslims would be able to seek for employment
and job opportunities that British provided for Indians as the Hindus have already been
forward in terms of this.
Q.3: Why did Sir Syed Ahmed Khan launched Aligarh Movement?
 To improve relations between Muslims and British which have been deteriorated after
War of Independence 1858 and even before due to the misconceptions and other
reasons.
 To encourage Muslims to acquire the Western Education.
 To create political awareness in Muslims.
Q.4: Why was Sir Syed Ahmed Khan blamed to be pro-British?
 Sir Syed’s personal belief that armed struggle against British was pointless, and saving
the life of many British women and children in Bijnaur in 1857 made many Indians
calling him a pro-British.
 His efforts for encouraging the Western education in Muslims made Indians calling him
a pro-British.
 His attempts making the Indian Muslims realize the undeniable power of the British
earned him the title of being pro-British.
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Q.5: Why is Sir Syed Ahmed Khan considered as important?
 For his efforts to improve relations between Muslims and British.
 For his efforts to encourage Muslims to acquire the Western Education.
 For his efforts to increase the political awareness in Muslims.
Q.6: Why did Sir Syed Ahmed Khan present ‘Two Nation Theory’?
 Congress demanded for democracy while Muslims were a minority which means the
Hindus will override or dominate over the Muslims.
 Congress demanded for selecting individual in Indians Civil Service by examination
according to merit. However Sir Syed stated that only if the equal educational services
were provided to everyone.
 Congress demanded to replace Hindi as the Official Language in place of Urdu in 1867.
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Languages (Sindhi, Balochi, Urdu, Punjabi, Pashto)
Q.1: Why was Urdu chosen as national language?
 It had long history. (Widely used in era of Sultans of Delhi, Mughal period and also by
Muslims armies in the Thirteenth century).
 Its High status. (The rich literary background. Amir Khusrau, Emperor Muhammad Shah
& Bahadur Shah Zafar. Famous poets Mir, Sauda, Dard and Ghalib. Ali Garh University.
Allama Iqbal), Maulana Altaf Hussain Hali, Dr. Nazir Ahmed).
 Quaid-e-Azam supported it. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan also had sympathy for Muslims. It
was closely related with Pakistan Movement as Muslim League also supported Urdu.
Q.2: How Successful has the promotion of local languages in Pakistan been since 1947?
Give Reasons for your answer. *[14]*
 Since 1947, the Pakistan government has took strong measures for the development and promotion
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of its regional languages, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto and Balochi, though some others like Brohi, Persian,
Kashmiri and Siraiki are also spoken.
Punjabi, which is widely understood in Punjab, Azad Kashmir and few areas of N.W.F.P, has been
promoted by the Govt. through media. Punjabi films, dramas and theatres have been become very
popular. Newspaper, journals and magazines have also been very significant in promoting Punjabi
culture & literature. New poets and writers like Munir Niazi, Ahmad Rahi, S.Kunjahi, Ashfaq Ahmad,
Bano Qudsia and others have produce master pieces of poetry and writings in Punjabi. The Holy
Quran has also been translated into Punjabi by M.Ali Faiq. Punjabi is taught up to MA level in Punjab
University and Punjab Academy has translated and produced many books in Punjabi. This way round
its promotion is quite significant.
Pashto, language spoken in N.W.F.P, has also been given due important in promotion and
development. Peshawar University was established after 3 year of independence where Pashto is
taught up to MA level. Pashto Academy was set up in 1954 which has prepared a well-renowned
dictionary under Maulana A.Qadir.Pashto dramas and films have also gained importance. Pashto
papers, journals and books have also helped Pashto language to promote. New writers & poets have
also added to this contribution by producing classic poetry and stories Pashto typewriter has also
been prepared. Hence Pashto has greatly been promoted over the year.
Sindhi, spoken in Sindh, have also been nourished and nurtured through promotion and development
since 1947. Sindhi literary board was set up in 1948 which had produced many books with
coordination of poets like F.N Bux and G. Allone. Sindhi library in Karachi has helped Sindhi literature
spread. Many folk writings have also been produced. Bazm-e-Talib-ul-Muola have been set up
which translates books into Sindhi. Sindhiology Dept. in Jamshoro University and development &
promotion of Sindhi literature and culture through modern means. Example: TV, radio, newspapers
e.t.c.
Balochi language which was at its decline before partition was given special attention for its
promotion. Radio Pak Karachi now also broadcast in Balochi. Quetta TV centre have been producing
marvelous dramas to help, develop and translate many books to Balochi and new poets like Atta Shad
and writers have greatly contributed towards its promotion.
Thus, Pakistan has been very successful in promotion of its local languages. These languages have
developed a lot due to Government policies designed for this purpose. On the other hand, poets &
writers have also aided in this promotion and Development. It is also a fact that Pakistani government
mostly focused on the development of Urdu and did not give enough attention to the local languages .
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Pakistan Movement during Early 20th Century.
British Rule in Late 19th century.
Q.1: Why was British rule hated in the late 19th century?
 Lack of opportunities to Indians in government. (Even after Indian Councils Act 1892).
 Economic exploitation. (Viceroy Lord Lytton ended import duties on British cotton
goods which made them sold easily).
 Unfair British policies (Vernacular Act: 1858. Arms Act: 1878).
Indian National Congress (1885):
Q.1: Why was Indian Nation Congress created in 1885?
 British will be able to gain support of moderate Indians and remain aware of Indians’
reactions to their policies.
 To provide Indians platform to avoid another uprising.
 By facilitating the creation of Indian National Congress the British would be able to
improve their image in the eyes of Indians.
Partition of Bengal (1905):
Q.1: Why was Bengal partitioned in 1905?
 Geographical Factors. (Large province which was difficult to administer).
 Economical Issues. (Bengal was highly productive and British wanted to exploit it).
 Political Issues. (British wanted to create a rift amongst Muslims and Hindus).
Q.2: Why were Muslims happy after the partition of Bengal in 1906?
 Muslims gained the majority in eastern part.
 The exploitation of Muslim peasants would come to an end.
 After years of suffering it was the first time when the British made a political decision
which favoured the Muslims.
Q.3: Why was Partition of Bengal criticized?
 Hindus formed majority in full provinces, when Partition took place Muslims also
gained majority which was unacceptable to Hindus.
 Congress said it was done to create disunity amongst the people.
 Hindus won’t be able to exploit Muslim peasants.
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Simla Deputation (1906):
Q.1: Why did Muslim delegation visit the viceroy at Simla on 8 October 1906?
 To prevent reversal of Partition of Bengal.
 To demand separate electorates. (The newly elected Liberal Government increased the
fair in Muslims).
 To protect the rights of Muslim in growing Hindu nationalism. (Forcible conversion of
Muslims by Arya Samaj).
Q.2: Why was Simla deputation was an important turning point in the Muslim struggle in
the Sub-continent?
 Positive response from the British that the reconciliation efforts by Sir Syed Ahmed
Khan and others were successful.
 It granted separate electorates to Muslims & the Hindu-Muslim rivalry now existed in
the constitution.
 It encouraged Muslims to create their own political party (All India Muslim League)
when they finally accept that they are a separate community taking forward the Two
Nation Theory by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.
Formation of All-India Muslim League (1906):
Q.1: Why was creation of All India Muslim league created in 1906?
 Congress failed to represent Muslims.
 Positive response from British in Simla deputation and Partition of Bengal had
encouraged Muslims
 Muslims wanted to be protected from growing Hindu Nationalism. (Partition of Bengal
was opposed by Hindus. Dayanand Sarastvati by Arya Samaj, Hindus tried to forcibly
convert Muslims to Hinduism. Trying to replace Hindi with Urdu).
Q.2: Why was creation of All-Indian Muslim League criticized?
 Congress stated there was no need of another political party as they claimed to
represent every Indian.
 Congress believed British were behind the creation of All-India Muslim League.
 Creation of All-India Muslim League will create disunity.
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Morley-Minto Reforms/Indian Councils Act (1909):
Q.1: Why was Morley-Minto Reforms presented in 1909?
 The British wanted to stay for a long time so they needed to include/involve the Indians
in the Government. (By increasing seats in the 3 councils Imperial seats increased to 60,
Central Legislative seats increased by adding 60 new members & Provincial seats
increase to 50 in larger provinces and 30 in smaller provinces).
 To calm down Hindus after Partition of Bengal (1906).
 To win support of Muslims (By providing them separate electorates).
Q.2: Why was Morley-Minto Reforms criticized?
 The role of Indians in Government was purely advisory. (No real power. Only increased
the say in government. Morley said there was no chance of setting up a parliament in
India from British).
 Congress criticized the grant of separate electorates to Muslims.
 There was no self-government that Indians demanded. (British said they have no desire
to establish democracy in India).
Q.3: Why were Morley-Minto Reforms considered as important?
 It was step towards the self-government. (It increased the seats in councils for Indians).
 Muslims were granted separate electorate which give them a status as a separate
nation.
 They led to the formation of Lucknow pact in 1916 (When Muslims realised that these
increments were not sufficient).
Reversal of Partition of Bengal (1911):
Q.1: Why did the British reverse the Partition of Bengal in 1911?
 Strikes and demonstrations from Hindus who lost the majority and considered the day
of Partition of Bengal as the day of Mourning.
 Swadeshi Movement led to huge economic loss.
 Attempt of murder on Viceroy Morley.
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Reversal of Partition of Bengal and Balkan wars, Muslims View (after 1911):
Q.1: Why did relations between Muslims and Hindus deteriorated after 1911?
 Muslims felt betrayed after reversal of Partition of Bengal.
 Muslims were dissatisfied about the advisory role after Morley-Minto Reforms.
 British supported Ottoman Empire officially but maintained secret contacts with
Greece and Bulgaria. It also then supported Balkan states figihting against Turkey.
World War 1 (1914):
Q.1: Why were the Indians reluctant to support the Britsh in World War 1 in 1914?
 Muslims were reluctant to support due to involvement of Turkey on German side and
reversal of Partition of Bengal and Morley Minto Reforms.
 Nationalists were reluctant to support. (Lala Hardayal, Punjabi Nationalists).
 There were Indian mutinies (Silk Letter Conspiracy, Singapore troop’s mutiny).
Q.2: Why there were mixed views about supporting the British in World War 1 in 1914?
 Moderate minded people wanted to extend their support. As they believed their
support will lead to grant of self-government in India.
 Revolutionary minded Indians saw the necessity of British as an Indian opportunity.
There was sudden rise in rebellious activities in India after the start of World War 1.
 Muslims were reluctant to support due to involvement of Turkey on German side and
Reversal of Partition of Bengal.
Lucknow Pact (1916):
Q.1: Why was Lucknow Pact drawn up in 1916?
 Common goal between Muslims and Hindus of self-government. (Which Muslims set
up after reversal of Partition of Bengal).
 Both communities Muslims and Hindus were equally dissatisfied about Morley-Minto
Reforms. The repressive policies like Defence of India Act 1915.
 Idealist leader of Muslims Muhammad Ali Jinnah wanted to work with other people.
Q.2: Why was Lucknow Pact Considered as important?
 Congress was ready to accept certain degree of partition was necessary by accept the
right of separate electorate for Muslims.
 Collectively British were pressurized and presented Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms.
 It made the Congress support the Muslims in Khilafat Movement.
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Rowlatt Act (Passed 1919):
Q.1: Why was Rowlatt Act presented in 1918?
 To curb the revolutionary activity in India. The Defence of India Act in 1915 was
ineffective to stop the revolutionary activities in the sub-continent after the start up of
World War 1.
 The Rowlatt Act was passed to deal with all those who were likely to oppose the
upcoming reforms.
 It was passed to strengthen the control of British which have been weakened since the
four years after World War 1.
Montagu Chelmsford Reforms (1919):
Q.1: Why were Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms presented in 1919?
 According to the British policy in India, the reforms have to come after every 10 years
and the 10 years have been passed.
 It was introduced to reward the Indians for their participation in World War 1 on the
British side.
 They were presented due to the pressure exerted by the Lucknow Pact 1916.
Q.2: Why were Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms criticized?
 The Indians hardly had any role in Central Government. (No self-rule. Viceroy could still
pass any law. Executive Council was made up of nominated members only).
 The new diarchy system only limited the power of Indians to transferred subject and
viceroy could dismiss the provincial legislative council.
 No democratic elections as only 2% Indians were allowed to vote which means no step
appear to be in direction of self-government.
Q.3: Why were Montagu-Chelmsford reforms considered as important?
 It gave Indians certain degree of self-government.
 British gave concessions of World War 1 for support from Indians.
 Indians were able to pressurize British by Lucknow Pact.
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Khilafat Movement (1919):
Q.1: Why was Turkish Empire important for Indian Muslims?
 Last Muslim Empire in existence.
 Holy Places of Muslims.
 Status of Caliph.
Q.2: Why was the Khilafat Movement launched in 1919?
 To save Turkish Empire from punishment which the British was likely to give. (It
contained many Holy Places, it was last Muslim Empire in existence and the Caliph was
symbolic of Universal Muslim Community).
 It was a Movement which was launched to safeguard the rights of Muslims. (When the
British and Russia decided about Persia and Afghanistan little attention was given to
the views of native Muslim population).
 Muslims actually started it to exhibit their Muslim Brotherhood. (Maulvi Fazl-ul-Haq
said that any collapse of Muslim Empire would have impact on the political influence of
their community in India).
Q.3: Why the Khilafat Movement failed?
 Withdrawal of support from Congress.
 Experiences of Hijrat Movement.
 Abolishment of Caliphate by the Turks.
Q.4: Why was the Khilafat Movement considered important? / Why is Khilafat Movement
considered as fore-runner of Pakistan?
 Muslims gained the experience of political movement.
 Muslims realised that they had to organize themselves to demand their political rights
instead of depending on others.
 It led to Muslims get closer to their own independent state.
Q.5: Why did the Congress/Gandhi support the Khilafat Movement?
 The Congress wanted to show that not they not only represent Hindus but they are
also ready to work for Muslim cause as well.
 The Congress felt bound to support it due to Lucknow Pact.
 The Congress wanted to make use of Muslim agitation by supporting them in Khilafat
Movement and pressurizing British to give India self-rule.
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Q.6: Why did the Congress withdraw the support from the Khilafat Movement in 1922?
 In August 1921, At Tirur Moplahs in South India started uprising against Hindu Landlords
and British.
 Hindus were only interested in self-rule.
 Gandhi realised that India was not ready for mass campaign. (Chauri-Chaura incident in
Februrary 1921).
Q.7: Why did the relations between the Muslims and the Hindus deteriorate at the end of
Khilafat Movement / after 1920?
 The Congress withdrew support from Khilafat Movement which Muslims saw as betrayal
and deliberate damage to the Movement.
 Hindu nationalists’ parties had become more active during this time. Arya Samaj and
Hindu Mahasabha.
 As the time passed Hindus did not remain in support of Muslim demands laid down in
Lucknow Pact in 1916.
Page 19 of 50
Pakistan Movement (1927-1939):
Delhi Proposals (1927):
Q.1: Why were Delhi Proposals presented in 1927?
 Muslims were losing trust upon other communities especially after the Khilafat
Movement so they decided to take control of their affairs in their own hands.
 Congress withdrew the support from Muslim demands such as the right to have 1/3
seats in Central Government and autonomy at provincial level. Therefore they decided
to put forward their demands as the Congress failed to represent them.
 Hindu Nationalist Parties such as Arya Samaj and Hindu Mahasabha were collectively
posing threat to Muslim culture and religion. To secure themselves they decided to
present Delhi Proposals in 1927.
Simon Commission (1927):
Q.1: Why did Simon Commission came to India in 1927?
 In Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919) it was stated to evaluate the effectiveness of
the reforms a committee would be set up hence the Simon Commission was sent.
 To have an understanding of the political conditions of sub-continent they sent Simon
Commission.
 The labour party was likely to win elections which were more intended to make greater
concessions to Indian Nationalism. Hence, the Conservative party sent it 2 years earlier
to retain the strong grip of British on India.
Q.2: Why was Simon Commission opposed by Indians?
 There was no Indian included in the Commission.
 The Commission would not make suggestions favourable for Indians rather than they
will provide recommendations in favour of British.
 By rejecting Simon Commission, Indians could tell British that they were not ready to
accept any British policy until demand for self-government was taken seriously.
Page 20 of 50
All Parties Conference (1928):
Q.1: Why was All Parties conference organized?
 As a reaction to the Simon Commission.
 To discuss the future constitution of India that was acceptable to everyone.
 To bring about certain degree of unity within India (common goal for all Indians).
Nehru Report *Presented in All Parties Conference* (1928):
Q.1: Why was Nehru Report Presented in 1928?
 The Nehru report was presented as a set of recommendations on part of the Indians
for the future constitution.
 Nehru Report was presented as reply to the taunts from British such as calling Indians
politically immature citizens.
 Nehru Report was presented with a few of setting up a common goal for all Indians.
Q.2: Why was Nehru Report criticized by Muslims/All-India Muslim League?
 Nehru Report stated that India should have strong central government which would
give the power to Hindu majority while Muslims were demanding for provincial
autonomy.
 Nehru Report stated that Hindi should be made official language.
 Nehru Report stated that no separate electorate would be granted to any minority.
Q.3: Why was Nehru Report considered as important?
 It led to disagreement between Muslims and Hindus and when Jinnah presented
proposals which were later rejected by Congress. The Jinnah called this event as
parting of the ways.
 It made Muslims realise that Hindus are a great threat to their cultural values by stating
that Hindi should be made the official language.
 It led to a greater demand from Muslims’ leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The 14 Points
were presented as basis of any further agreement about constitution.
Page 21 of 50
Jinnah’s 14 Points (1929):
Q.1: Why were Jinnah’s 14 points presented in 1929?
 Nehru Report was expecting Muslims to make too many sacrifices. Jinnah presented his
recommendations separately through the 14 Points to avoid these sacrifices.
 The 14 points were presented to achieve the target of Muslim community a definite
goal to work towards.
 To save the Muslims from the political exploitation by Hindus.
Q.2: Why were Jinnah’s 14 points considered as important?
 He was able to give a reply to Nehru Report (reason as the first).
 He was able to provide a goal to the Muslims to work towards.
 He was able to form basis of future negotiations with the Congress.
Salt March (1930):
Q.1: Why was Salt March carried out in 1930?
 To criticize and condemn the Salt Laws.
 To spread the idea of working towards the full independence.
 The Salt March was organized as a mass movement condemn the British policies in
general to weaken their rule.
Allama Iqbal and Allahabad Address (1930):
Q.1: Why was Allama Iqbal considered as important?
 For his contribution towards the revival of Muslim community through his poetry.
 For his contribution to the political struggle of the Muslims.
 For the Allahabad address in which he stated the struggle towards achieving a separate
country for Muslims.
Q.2: Why was Allahabad Address considered as important?
 Address by Allama Iqbal contained first ever reference to the creation of separate
Muslim state.
 In guiding the Muslim struggle towards the achievement of a separate country.
 It provided inspiration to other Muslim leaders.
Page 22 of 50
Simon Commission Report (1930):
Q.1: Why was Simon Commission Report criticized in 1930?
 The Indians were insulted that no native subjects were represented on a Commission
meant to increase Indian participation in government. .
 It did not provided self-government to India.
 The harsh British response to the demonstrations further cemented India's rejection of
the Commission.
Round Table Conferences (1930-32):
Q.1: Why were the Round Table Conferences held?
 Round Table Conferences were held to resolve the deadlock in the constitutional
discussion due to Nehru Report and Jinnah’s 14 points.
 To discuss the report submitted by Simon Commission.
 To allow Indians an opportunity to decide the framework of the future constitution of
India.
Q.2: Why did the Congress boycott the First Round Table Conference in 1930?
 The British did not make a promise when the Congress sought an assurance that the
real objective of first round table conference was to discuss the possibility of dominion
status to India.
 The British also decline to give a promise to guarantee that any decision made at the
end of the Conference would be implemented.
 Congress wanted to create a impression of strength on the British.
Q.3: Why was Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed in 1931?
 British wanted to bring Non Co-Operation Movement to an end.
 Irwin wanted Gandhi to attend the Round Table Conferences.
 British also wanted to drop Gandhi’s demand for full independence.
Q.4: Why did the 2nd Round Table Conference failed?
 Gandhi took a hard-line and disregarded the issues of minorities in India.
 Gandhi stubbornly claimed that the Congress was representative part for all the Indians
regardless their Religion.
 The new coalition government was less keen to make any concessions.
Page 23 of 50
Q.5: Why did the 3rd Round Table Conference failed?
 Lord Irwin was replaced by Lord Willington as the Viceroy who was much less prepared
to make concessions relatively.
 The Congress boycotted the talks.
 Muslims were not represented by strong leadership.
Communal Award (1932):
Q.1: Why was Communal Award presented in 1932?
 British were concerned about the growth of growing communalism in India which often
led to Communal Violence which the British wanted to avoid.
 To solve the communal issues by themselves.
 To improve their image in the eyes of Indians.
Q.2: Why was Communal Award criticized?
 Congress criticized the grant of separate electorate.
 Gandhi also objected that declaration of untouchables as a minority.
 Muslims accepted the Communal Award of 1932 but did not liked that they were given
less seats in Bengal and Punjab proportional to their population.
Chaudhry Rahmat Ali (1933):
Q.1: Why was Chaudhry Rahmat Ali considered as important?
 He was the 1st person to suggest the partition of India based on Two Nation Theory.
 He coined the name of Pakistan for the Muslim homeland.
 He gave a new direction and a new goal. Although, his ideas were not initially accepted
but they became basis of Pakistan Resolution (1940).
Page 24 of 50
Government of India Act (1935):
Q.1: Why was Government of India Act presented in 1935?
 As per British policy, the reforms were to be introduced in 1929 (After 10 years of
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms). This act was introduced to make necessary changes in
the structure of Government.
 The Indians had been demanding self-government. It was necessary for British to give
Indians certain degree of self-government.
 The Muslim Community also had organized itself in the field of Politics after ideas of
Jinnah (14 points), Allama Iqbal (Allahabad Address), and Chaudhry Rahmat Ali (Now or
Never/ Scheme of Pakistan). To grant fewdeamnds of Muslims it was passed.
Q.2: Why was Government of India Act (1935) criticized?
 The Indians had very little role in the Government.
 Provincial Governors had special powers to restrict the Provincial Ministers and
Administration.
 There were still restrictions on voting rights. Only 25% could vote.
Q.3: Why was Government of India Act (1935) considered as important?
 It was the first time that British introduced parliamentary form of government which
gave Indians large degree of self-government.
 It led to Pakistan Resolution in 1940.
 It became first constitution with some amendments after the partition of sub-continent
into India and Pakistan.
Provincial Elections (1937):
Q.1: Why did the Muslim League perform poorly in the elections of 1937?
 The Muslim leaders were less experienced and campaigning was less effective.
 Muslim League was poorly organized party having internal splits cause of different
views.
 Most of the leaders were wealthy landlords and princes. Muslim League had image of
Political Elite Class Muslims.
Q.2: Why were Elections of 1937 important for Muslim League?
 Muslim League gained experience.
 It became better organized party as the leaders of the party realised disunity is not
beneficial.
 Muslim leaders also realised they have image problem.
Page 25 of 50
Congress Rule (1937-39):
Q.1: Why was Wardha Scheme hated?
 Teaching in Hindi.
 No Religious Education.
 Practice of bowing down in front the portrait of Gandhi
Q.2: Why was Bande Matram hated?
 It was based on Hindu Nationalism.
 The complete song contained goddesses called Durgah, and Lakshmi which were not
acceptable for Muslims to believe or praise.
 The song based on novel talked about Hindustan (land meant for Hindus).
Q.3: Why was Congress Rule (1937-39) hated?
 Band-e-Matram.
 Wardah Scheme.
 Congress Tyranny.
World War 2 (1939):
Q.1: Why did the Congress ministers resigned from the Government?
 The British did not give them the promise of full independence.
 Congress wanted to exploit the situation by not co-operating with the British.
 Congress also wanted to create a impression of its strength on British.
Q.2: Why did the Muslims celebrated Day of Deliverance on 22 December 1939?
 They were happy to be free from having to sing ‘Band-e-Matram’.
 To celebrate freedom from Wardah Scheme.
 To celebrate the end of tyrannical rule of Congress.
Page 26 of 50
Solutions to the Problems faced by Continent (1940-47)
Pakistan Resolution (1940):
Q.1: Why did Muslims demand a separate homeland?
 The 2 years of the Congress rule has convinced Muslims that their rights would not be
protected even after British departure.
 Muslims considered themselves as a separate nation because of their Religion. They
believed that they needed a separate homeland because of being a separate nation.
 Muslims had the desire of living in the country of their own as the first-class citizens.
Q.2: Why was Pakistan Resolution Passed in 1940?
 Congress rule was tyrannical for Muslims.
 Allama Iqbal and Chaudhry Rahmat Ali gave idea of separate homeland in early 1930s,
Jinnah agreed to it now after the rule of Congress (1937-39).
 Muslims knew that independence have to be achieved before the British left India.
Q.3: Why was Pakistan Resolution considered as important?
 It brought about the unity amongst the Muslims.
 It formed the basis of Muslim struggle by providing them a new goal to work towards.
 It led to the formation of Pakistan.
Cripps Mission (1942):
Q.1: Why did the Cripps Mission come to India in 1942? / Why were the Cripps’ proposals
made?
 To win support for British War.
 To work out a plan, to retain British control on India.
 To handle the political crisis in India this had become series with the resignation of
Congress ministers and the resolution passed by the Muslim for the separate
homeland.
Q.2: Why did the Indians reject the Cripps’ proposals?




Congress was not ready to trust the British promises. They wanted immediate control of India and
were not ready to wait until wait was over.
Congress knew that the British were desperate rejecting these proposals would mean greater
concessions.
Congress did not like the idea of giving freedom to the provinces to opt out of the future Indian
Union.
Muslim League rejected the plan because there was no reference to the creation of Pakistan.
Page 27 of 50
Quit India Resolution (1942):
Q.1: Why did the Congress launch the Quit India Resolution in 1942?
 India was a colony of Britain; and Japan was fighting against the Britain. There was a
fear of Japanese invasion.
 Muslims were determinant to acquire Pakistan by partitioning of the sub-continent.
The Congress completely opposed the idea of any partition. The Congress thought the
British would give it due to the pressure by Muslims. To prevent the partition, they
launched Quit India Resolution and to force British out of India.
 The congress wanted to weaken the British rule to exploit this situation.
Q.2: Why Muslim League did not support the Quit India Resolution?
 Muslims first wanted partition before the British departure. They knew the Congress
would not let this happen if the British left India.
 The British were already in trouble of World War 2. The Quit India Resolution was
meant to increase trouble. Jinnah called it act of blackmailing.
 The Muslims did not have good experience of working with the Congress in the past
especially in the Non-Co operation Movement during the Khilafat Movement.
Page 28 of 50
Gandhi-Jinnah Talks (1944):
Q.1: Why did the Gandhi Jinnah talks held in 1944?
 Gandhi wanted to win support of Muslims to drive the British out of India because the
Muslims had not supported the Quit India Resolution in 1942.
 Gandhi wanted to persuade Jinnah to drop his demand for partitioning India.
 British departure from India was obvious. They wanted to discuss the future of India
after the British departure.
Q.2: Why were Gandhi-Jinnah talks held failed?
 Jinnah was irritated by Gandhi’s statement to be representing and speaking for every
Indian. Jinnah pointed out that he was spokesman of the Congress and the Hindus.
 Gandhi refused to recognise Muslims as a separate nation. He said that Muslims were
simply converts from Hinduism.
 Gandhi demanded that Muslim league should immediately co-operate with the
Congress to force the British out of India. Only when independence was achieved,
should the Muslim league sit down to discuss the partition.
Q.3: Why were Gandhi Jinnah talks considered as important?
 These talks brought Muslims League on equal footing with Congress.
 During the talk Gandhi had agreed and accepted the need for certain degree of
partition. It indicated that Gandhi was indirectly accepting that the Muslims were a
separate nation.
 After the failure of thee talks Jinnah was convinced that there was no hope of reacting
to any compromise with the Congress. This made Jinnah confirmed to do partition.
Page 29 of 50
Simla Conference (1945):
Q.1: Why did the British decided to withdraw from India?
 To focus on Britain’s own affairs to help it fight the crisis it got into after the World War
2. This had left Britain at the verge of bankruptcy.
 All their attempts to retain control of India had been unsuccessful (August Offer/ Cripps
Mission).
 The India had come round to the idea of independence. It was clear that the Indians
would soon force the British out of India.
 The British felt alarmed by the likely conflict between the Congress and the Muslim
League over the issue of partition of India.
Q.2: Why was Simla Conference held?
 To discuss how the British rule/power would be transferred to Indians.
 The Conference was also organised to provide an opportunity to different leaders in
India to reach an agreement on how India should be governed after the British
departure.
 Jinnah was determined to seek Pakistan. Hindus and British were not in favour of
partition of India. Simla Conference was an attempt to convince Jinnah that partition
was not the only solution to the problems of Muslims.
Q.3: Why did the Simla Conference fail?
 Disagreement on the nomination of Muslims in Executive Council.
 Jinnah also pointed out Executive Council would remain Hindu or non-Muslim
dominated because other communities are bound to support the Hindus / Congress in
the Executive Council.
 The Conference also failed because no reference was made into creation of Pakistan.
Elections (1945):
Q.1: Why did Muslim League perform well in 1946 elections?
 The Muslim has had experience of living under the Congress rule so they decided to
support Muslim League.
 A majority of Muslim Community was in favour of the creation of Pakistan and Muslim
League had contested the elections on the manifesto of a separate Muslim homeland
called Pakistan.
 Muslim League had overcome its weaknesses such as poor image, poor campaigning &
poor strategies.
Page 30 of 50
Cabinet Mission Plan (1946):
Q.1: Why was Cabinet Mission Plan presented in 1946?
 To tell the British were now leaving India and to discuss future plans. As there was no
agreement in Simla Conference (1945).
 To reconcile the different issues of the Congress and the League to keep the subcontinent together as federation.
 To work out an agreement as how the transfer of power could take place.
Q.2: Why did the Cabinet Mission plan fail?
 Muslims rejected it due to the power of foreign policy, communication and defence
would lie in the hands of central government.
 Nehru stated in press conference that they will not be bound to the plan after the
British left.
 It was not able to close the gap between Muslims &Hindus (i.e Partition vs United).
Direct Action Day (1946):
Q.1: Why was Direct Action Day celebrated?
 To show solidarity to British.
 To indicate they could suffer the hands of overwhelming Hindu majority.
 To show Muslims strength.
3rd June Plan (1947):
Q.1: Why was 3rd June Plan presented in 1947?
 To prevent riots and civil war.
 Direct Action Day, demonstration in Calcutta massacre in which 4000 people died.
 Hindi-Muslims were not ready for co-existence.
Boundary Award / Redcliffe Award (1947):
Q.1: Why was Redcliffe Award criticized?
 Calcutta was awarded to India.
 Gurdaspur was awarded to India.
 Ferozpur was awarded to India.
Page 31 of 50
ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INDEPENDENT NATION (1947-48)
Early Problems:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Geographical
Political
Economical
Social
Accession of Princely States
Division of Financial and Military Assets.
Canal Water Dispute
Refugees and the Accommodation
Economic Problems:
Q.1: Why did the Pakistan start with an impoverished economy?
 Too much dependence on agriculture and being composed of mostly rural areas.
 No industrial structure was in place and agriculture was not producing surplus to create
wealth or industrialisation.
 Financial assets were not fairly divided but money from reserve bank came in with a
great inconvenience.
Accession of Princely States:
Q.1: Why did Kashmir Issue was a problem for Pakistan?
 It pushed Pakistan into a war against India when Indian Army came to Kashmir on the
request of Maharaja Hari Singh.
 It created a high level of Political conflict between India and Pakistan, as it removed any
hope of diplomatic relationship with India.
 It led to other problems such as Canal Water Dispute, delay in payment of Pakistan’s
share into the reserve bank.
Q.2: Why did Kashmir Issue arise?
 The British had not offered a definite solution concerning Princely states in their
partition plan.
 It economical importance cause of boundaries with Tibet, China, Afghanistan & Russia.
 Maharaja’s decision to delay and persecute the Muslims resulted into rise of the
Kashmir Issue.
Page 32 of 50
Military Problem:
Q.1: Why did Pakistan start with a weak military?
 Shortage of Officers. (2500/4000).
 No ordinance factory.
 Division of military equipment was not fairly done.
Canal Water Dispute:
Q.1: Why did Canal Water Dispute arise?
 Head works of canal were in Ferozpur which was awarded to India. These headworks
had control of water that was being provided to irrigated lands of Western Punjab in
Pakistan. The control of head works created a Canal Water Dispute.
 Canal Water Dispute arose because of Kashmir Issue and war in 1948 between India
and Pakistan.
 The heavy reliance of Pakistan on Canal Water for agriculture was a weakness that
India tried to exploit for destabilizing Pakistan.
Q.2: Why was Canal Water Dispute a problem for Pakistan?
 Pakistan had a heavy reliance on Canal Water for agriculture.
 Pakistan was bound to have hostile relation with a neighbouring country.
 It had put the main sector of Pakistan under threat for which sufficient amount for
industrialization and other purposes cannot be attained.
Refugee and the Accommodation:
Q.1: Why did Refugee problem arise? / Why did Muslims migrate to Pakistan in 1947?
 Pakistan was made in the name of Islam. The people’s Religious motivation was
responsible for a large scale migration of Muslims to Pakistan.
 For safety from communal violence as many families were looted and attacked.
 People in Ferozpur, Gurdaspur, Calcutta & Kashmir thought that they are going to be a
part of Pakistan. However when the Redcliffe Award (1947) was announced, they
became a part of India, and chose to migrate to Pakistan.
Q.2: Why was Refugees Issue a problem for Pakistan?
 Lack of effective government machinery.
 Lack of finance.
 It led to spread of violence when the Muslim Refugees taught the horrible stories of
communal violence by Hindu and Sikh and created a sense of retaliation.
Page 33 of 50
Stablity of Pakistan after the death of Jinnah. (1947-70):
Khawaja Nazimuddin + Liaquat Ali Khan (1948-51)
Q.1: Why was constitution making process slow in Pakistan?
 The disagreements, the wishes and the demands of people from East & West Pakistan
slowed down the process of constitution.
 Lack of efficient government machinery, politicians and statesmen.
 Lack of basic frame work on which to build the constitution.
Q.2: Why was Objective Resolution presented in 1949?
 To speed up the process of making up the constitution by providing the basic frame
work to build up the constitution on.
 To satisfy the Ulemas in this regard because many of its recommendations were based
on the laws of Islam.
 To give a sense of security to non-Muslim minorities living in Pakistan.
Q.3: Why was first draft constitution criticized / rejected?
 East Pakistanis rejected the idea of equal representation in National Assembly and
Urdu as an Official Language.
 Provincial Politicians objected to the power being given to the federal government as
they expected a high degree of provincial autonomy.
 Ulamas rejected it saying that it was not sufficiently Islamic.
Q.4: Why was Liaquat-Nehru pact signed in August 1947?
 It was first attempt to improve the relation between the two countries when this
minority pact was signed.
 According to this pact the two countries promised to otake a responsibility of the
safety of minority group within its border to make the minority groups feel safe.
 To establish and introduce the visa System.
Q.5: Why did Rawalpindi Conspiracy took place in 1951?
 Army staff filled by British officers who were on higher ranks. This created resentment.
 Army was not satisfied with the ceasefire by UNO in 1948 while first war over Kashmir.
 To oppose the Religious scholars who wanted to run the country on Islamic lines and to
support the communism on run the country on secular lines.
Page 34 of 50
Ghulam Muhammad (1951-55) + Khawaja Nazimuddin (51-53)
Q.6: Why was Khawaja Nazimuddin dismissed on 17 April 1953?
 The droughts in Pakistan from 1951 to 1953, rioting in Pakistan due to food crisis and
scarcity of food. Ghulam Muhammad used this excuse to dismiss Khawaja Nazimuddin.
 For not being able to come up with a proposal and forming up a constitution which had
no criticism.
 Malik Ghulam Muhammad wanted a less influential leader as he was challenged by
Khawaja Nazimuddin for vote of confidence which Malik Ghulam Muhammad did not
agreed to as he knew he was less influential.
Iskander Mirza (1955-58) + Mohammad Ali Bogra (1953-55)
Q.7: Why was One Unit Policy introduced in 1955?
 To increase efficiency and enable more rapid development.
 To end the provincialism.
 To prevent East Pakistan from gaining majority in the Assembly.
Prime Ministers After Mohammad Ali Bogra:
Chaudhry Muhammad Ali (1955-56),
Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy (1956-57),
I.I Chundrigarh (1957 Oct-Dec)
Feroz Khan Noon (1957-58)
Ayub Khan (1958)
Ayub Khan (1958-69):
Q.1: Why was Martial Law declared in 1958?
 To bring political stability after the constant changes in Prime Ministers from 1955-58.
 To introduce reforms to support and develop the agriculture and industrial sectors.
 To reduce the level of dissatisfaction and division between East and West Pakistan and
to keep the country together.
Q.2: Why did Ayub Khan introduce Basic Democracies System In 1959?
 To fulfil the promise of providing constitution reforms that will be democracy with
discipline.
 To help himself to be elected as President of Pakistan.
 To gain parallel political body to support for his rule or to create a system of patronage
for Ayub Khan.
Page 35 of 50
Q.3: Why did Ayub Khan shift the capital from Karachi to Islamabad?
 To relieve pressure from the Administration of Karachi.
 To create a feeling of neutrality as Pakistan was feeling the evil of provincialism.
 The Karachi had risk of attack from sea. Capital was shifted to Islamabad from a
security point of view.
Q.4: Why did Ayub Khan celebrate ‘Decade of Development’ in 1968?
 To celebrate the achievement in Agricultural sector.
 To celebrate the Industrial growth.
 To celebrate the social improvement. (Education, Refugees, Health, and Social welfare).
Q.5: Why were Ayub Khan’s reforms criticised?
 Increase in Agricultural Productivity was due to mechanization which was only afforded
by rich landlords and had not benefited / changed much for poor farmers.
 60% of Industrial Assets and 80% Banking and Insurance was owned by only 22 families
mostly from West Pakistan.
 Family Planning Programme was declared unlawful by many Religious Leaders.
Q.6: Why did Pakistan go to war with India in 1965?
 The easy defeat of Indians by Chinese Army motivated Pakistan Army to reclaim
Kashmir.
 Idea of rebellions (Gorrilas were infiltrated in Kashmir) in Kashmir did not work as per
plans.
 The ease with which the India agreed to settle the border of Rann of Kutch made
Pakistan Army think that the Indian Army is scared and backed off.
Q.7: Why did Ayub Khan became unpopular towards the end of his rule or Why was Ayub
Khan forced to resign?
 Vote rigging and intimidation made the opposition parties active who fromed
Democratic Action Committee considering Ayub Khan a threat to democracy.
 The rich and the powerful had only been benefitted from the Ayub Khan’s economical
reforms. The inability of Ayub’s reforms to benefit all citizens made him unpopular
towards the end of his rule.
 Level of dissatisfaction increased in the East Pakistan and demanded for autonomy.
The campaign for autonomy also contributed to the Ayub’s downfall.
Page 36 of 50
Formation of Independent State of Bangladesh (1971):
Q.1: Why did Sheikh Mujib ur Rehman present his Six Points?
 To stop social and cultural supremacies of West Pakistan.
 To put an end to the economical exploitation of East Pakistan by West Pakistan.
 To seek fair share in the political matters related to Civil Service, Government, Military
and economical policies.
Q.2: Why was Bangladesh created? / Why East Pakistan seek for independence?
 Cultural and Social disparity and Geographical factors.
 Economical disparity.
 Political disparity..
 Involvement of India.
Q.3: Why were the elections’ results of 1970 a problem for Yahya Khan?
 Awami League was able to gain majority in National Assembly (won 160/162 seats in
East Pakistan, PPP won 81/138 seats in West Pakistan) which meant that the future
Prime Minister and entire cabinet will come from East Pakistan and the six points of
Mujib ur Rehman would be implemented now.
 Awami League won the election on programme limiting the power of central
government over provinces. The call for the provinces would greatly reduce the funds
available to the central government in West Pakistan.
 Traditional dominance of West Pakistan over East Pakistan will end.
Q.4: Why did 1971 war took place between Pakistan and India?
 The Indian’s military strength gave them confidence and declared support for East
Pakistan on 31 March which led to war then.
 The war was started to defeat Pakistan easily in the mid of civil war in East Pakistan.
 The conflicts in 1960s between Pakistan and China respectively increased the tention.
The treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Commerce with USSR made Indians more
confident to have war against Pakistan.
Q.5: Why did Pakistan lose the war of 1971?
 Civil war from East Pakistan.
 No support from allies or United Nations.
 Indian army was stronger in terms of manpower and ammunition. (India had larger
economy and manpower to develop army that Pakistan cannot match).
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Pakistan in the 20 years following the ‘Decade of Progress’
(1971-88):
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1971-77)
Q.1: Why was Simla Agreement signed in 2nd July 1972?
 To bring back the prisoners arrested by India in East Pakistan during the 1971 Indo-Pak
War.
 To reduce his dependence on army by making further fights with India less likely.
 To improve the International Reputation of his Government by showing the willingness
to negotiate to maintain peace.
Q.2: Why did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto introduce nationalisation scheme?
 His socialist ideology that Pakistan should be a Planned Economy and having all factors
of production in control of state to maintain equality in country.
 To reduce the monopoly of 22 families who owned 60% of Industrial Wealth and 80%
of Banking and insurance in the time of Ayub Khan.
 To increase the production of food etc. The world was also going through recessions
and most probably the private firms would have been closed down due to lack of
profits.
Q.3: Why did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto received opposition towards the end of his rule?
 The secular approach of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and socialist ideology earned him the
opposition to his rule from the Religious Scholars.
 The unfair means used to win the election such as vote rigging made Bhutto a target of
severe opposition.
 The Nationalisation of industries & schools was not appreciated by ruling elite and this
was thought to reward his supporters.
Q.4: Why did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto declared martial law in 1977?
 Force called Federal Security Force (FSF) was used by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto to maintain
law and order but this was later accused of using it for breaking down opposition and
led to mistrust which was not favourable for Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. This made him
declared martial law in 1977.
 Un-Islamic rule made him unpopular and target of criticism from Religious Scholars.
This made him declare martial law.
 He was also targeted for vote rigging and opposition from parties such as PNA.
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Zia-ul-Haq (1977-88):
Q.1: Why was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto executed in 1979?
 Bhutto was executed to remove threat to Zia’s power by accusing him for a murder of a
political opponent Muhammad Ahmed Khan Kasuri.
 Zia wanted to create a expression of his strong leadership.
 To win support of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s opponent.
Q.2: Why did Zia introduce Islamization?
 To delay the elections.
 To provide a counter ideology for Bhutto’s belief.
 To win the support of Religious elements within Pakistan’s political parties.
Q.3: Why was Afghan Miracle (1979) a problem for Pakistan?
 Drug abuse & trafficking was increased on a large scale in Pakistan by the refugees who
brought drugs into Pakistan.
 It increased the availability of weapons by the smugglers who brought the weapons
provided by USA to Afghanistan in Pakistan. This also led to increase communalism and
deterioration of law & order.
 It caused addition to an already over populated country which ultimately increase the
pressure on infrastructure and employment.
Q.4: Why was Zia’s rule (1977-88) highly criticized?
 Undemocratic reforms as a series of amendments which made the President & the
Military powerful & unchallengeable.
 The Islamic reforms were extremist and were quite harmful for women & minorities.
 His involvement in Soviet-Afghan War (1979) brought benefits but with costs such as
increase in availability of drugs, overpopulation & the illegal inflow of weapons.
Q.5: Why did Zia delayed holding elections?
 Pakistan People’s Party has gained popularity once again after the removal of Bhutto
which was not favourable for Zia and he feared that PPP might win elections for which
he delayed the elections.
 He believed that corruption was on rising during the Bhutto rule (1971-77) and holding
elections during the raised corruption was not fair so he delayed elections until he
could wipe out the corruption.
 He also believed that the Bhutto had made injustices which needed to be controlled
before the next elections are held.
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Q.6: Why did Zia removed Bhutto in 1977?
 Zia believed that Bhutto Government was responsible for vote rigging.
 Zia wanted to end the Un-Islamic practices and injustice which were committed by
Bhutto.
 He wanted to end the corruption which he believed was only possible after Bhutto was
removed.
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Pakistan’s Governments in the late / final 20th Century:
Benazir Bhutto (1988-90) *First Tenure*
Q.1: Why was Benazir Bhutto unable to rule efficiently during her first tenure in 1988-90?
 Constant opposition from Nawaz Sharif that prevented from making effective policies
& implementing them.
 Serious outbreak of Communal Violence in Sindh. Firing by militants who were riding
on motorbikes in Hyderabad on 30th September 1988. Pucca Qila massacre in which 31
women and children died. The poor law & order situation in Sindh led to downfall of
Benazir Bhutto’s rule.
 The problems rising in the Zia’s period of rule such as increasing drug trafficking,
smuggled weapons & increasing population in already overpopulated country made it
difficult for Benazir Bhutto to rule efficiently in short time.
Q.2: Why was Benazir Bhutto dismissed in 1990 by Ghulam Ishaq Khan?
 Lack of development due to opposition from Nawaz Sharif made Ghulam Ishaq Khan
dismiss Benazir Bhutto.
 The high level of corruption such as charges on Asif Ali Zardari for receiving rack offs on
Government deals.
 Violence in Sindh (Firing on 30th Septmenber 1988 in Hyderabad. Pucca Qila Massacre).
Q.3: Why were Urdu-speaking residents of Sindh dissatisfied?
 Study of Sindhi compulsory by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto made Urdu-speaking citizens resent
this policy.
 Reserving number of seats in the posts of administration for Sindhi speaking people.
Urdu speaking people claimed that it was injustice with educated Muhajirs.
 Quota fixing for rural & urban population in the number of seats for admission in
universities.
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Nawaz Sharif (1990-93) *First Tenure*
Q.1: Why did Nawaz Sharif present his industrial policy?
 To solve the problem of unemployment and increase the popularity of its government.
 To privatize the industry and boost the economy as he believed that partnership
between Government and Private sector would be beneficial.
 The natural resources being provided by Agriculture would be best utilized in Industries
to make processed & manufactured goods. This will increase profit margin and
modernise the country’s economy.
Q.2: Why was Motorway Project started?
 To facilitate Industrial growth.
 A trade route could be provided to the Central Asian Republic States with the
permission of Afghanistan.
 To reduce burden on existing roads and to win the support of people & increase the
number of voters for next election for Pakistan Muslim League.
Benazir Bhutto (1993-1996) *Second Tenure*
Q.1: Why did relationship between Benazir Bhutto & Mir Murtaza Bhutto remain strained?
 The control of Pakistan People’s Party came in the hands of Benazir Bhutto instead of
the son of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Mir Murtaza Bhutto. The minimized role of Mir Murtaza
in PPP strained relationship between Benazir Bhutto.
 Murtaza went into exile and founded Al Zulfiqar Organization. Mir Murtaza believed
Benazir wasn’t running PPP on the principle laid by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. This further
made relationship strained.
 Asif Ali Zardari’s (husband of Benazir Bhutto) role in PPP was not acceptable to Mir
Murtaza Bhutto who opposed him and accused that we was a corrupt politician.
Q.2: Why was Government of Benazir Bhutto dismissed in 1996 – Second Tenure?
 The economy of Pakistan was down falling. GDP reduced to 4% from 6% in 1980s and
Industrial growth reduced to 2.3% from 8% in 1980s.
 The corruption had grown to a large extent during her 2nd Tenure as well. Asif Ali
Zardari was once again accused of corruption.
 The law & order in Sindh still remained fragile & she also received opposition when her
involvement in killing of Mir Murtaza was discovered by judicial review.
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Nawaz Sharif (1997-99) *Second Tenure*:
Q.1: Why did Army become displeased with Nawaz Sharif?
 Nawaz Sharif forced the Army Chief of Staff, Jehangir Karamat to resign. This high
handed way was not liked by Pakistan Army.
 In 1999, Nawaz Sharif withdrew all Pakistan forces from Indian occupied Kashmir under
the pressure of US President. This was made him unpopular amongst the Pakistan
Army.
 He feared a military coup & decided to change army chief. He also tried to resist the
landing of Plane in which General Musharaf was returning from Srilanka. This Plane
Conspiracy made him dismissed and unpopular amongst Army.
Q.2: Why did President Farooq Ahmed Leghari resign on 2nd December 1997?
 He felt disgusted about revoking the 8th Amendment which had given the President the
power to dismiss Prime Minister and Government.
 He also was appalled by government when he was asked to dismiss Chief Justice of
Pakistan Sajjad Ali Shah.
 He was from Pakistan People’s Party and Prime Minister; Nawaz Sharif was from
Muslim League. This was also the reason why the relation strained between them and
Farooq Ahmed Leghari and finally he resigned.
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Pakistan’s Role in International Affairs since 1947:
Q.1: Why did Pakistan chose USA as an ally immediately after partition?
 The United States was the most powerful country in the world, with the world most
advanced economy.
 Pakistan believed in Private / Market economy (like the USA) and had traditional ties
with the West.
 Islamic ideology was anti-communist. The Soviet Union was a country which was
considered anti-Religion. It had communist philosophers such as Karl Marx who
described the Religion as ‘opium of masses’.
Q.2: Why has Pakistan supported the Palestinian cause?
 Bond of Islamic Brotherhood. The torching of Al-Aqsa Mosque in 1969 by Jews added
fuel to the fire.
 Support of right of self-determination of suppressed nations.
 Pakistan is opposed to the creation of Jewish State of Israel.
Q.3: Why was Pakistan unsuccessful in the 1965 and 1971 wars against India?
 In 1965, Pakistan had never expected a full scale war with India over Kashmir. India was
stronger. USA and Britain have placed a trade embargo with Pakistan.
 In 1971, India had larger economy. India had signed treaty with Soviet Union which
made him gain support from them while Pakistan had no support from its allies.
 India was able to take advantage of Civil War in East Pakistan (1971).
Q.4: Why did Pakistan join the United Nations in 1947?
 To make its identity accepted by the world.
 To resolve the issues of accession of princely states (Kashmir, Junagadh & Hyderabad).
Canal Water Dispute also made Pakistan join UNO as India stopped the flow of water
from its head-works in Punjab and later treaty was signed named as Indus Water
Treaty with the help of UNO in 1960.
 To play its role as a peaceful nation.
Q.5: Why did Pakistan leave SEATO in 1972?
 It had not been a reason of support for war against India as it stated that only support
against communist nation would be given.
 Proper aid and military force was not established which made the SEATO less effective.
 SEATO did not support in Indo-Pak Wars (1965 & 1971) and East Pakistan civil war.
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Pakistan’s Relations with other Countries:
1. With India
Successes: Agreement over Bengal and Assam Border (1948-49).
 Minority Pact (1950).
 Indus Water Treaty (1959).
 Simla Agreement (1972).
 General Zia went India and met Rajiv Gandhi to calm the situations and threat from
India which may have led to war (1987).
 Good Relations with democratic setup (1988-89).
 Lahore Declaration (1999).
Failures: Kashmir Issue (1948-49) led to war. India stops water supply of Pakistan from head
works in Punjab.
 Delayed in payment to reserve bank of Pakistan.
 Indo-Pak War over Kashmir (1965).
 Another Indo-Pak war (1971). East Pakistan gains independence.
 Threat of War in 1987 from India.
 Kargil Conflict (1999).
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2. With United States of America
Successes:
 Set up of Embassy in USA after the visit of Liaquat Ali Khan (1950).
 Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement (1954)
 SEATO (1954)
 CENTO (1955)
 Afghan Miracle made USA provide huge military and financial aid to Pakistan (1979).
 Benazir Bhutto’s visit to America made President Clinton agree to sell 28 Fighter jets
which have been restricted previously (1994).
Failures:
 America supported India in a war against China (1962).
 Ayub Khan’s visit to China and Soviet Union displeased the USA (1962 & 1965).
 No support in war against India. Trade embargo imposed. (1965).
 No support during civil war in East Pakistan and few measures took to help in war
against India. (1971).
 No good relations with Zia ul Haq as USA was not in favour of military regime
(1977).
 USA Embassy burned down in Islamabad (1979).
 Afghan Miracle ended and Pakistan lost its important military and financial aid
(1988).
 Sale of 28 F-16 fighter jets to Pakistan restricted (1985).
 Pakistani made weapons used against USA (1979-90).
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3. With the Soviet Union
Successes:
 Good relations with Soviet Union during 1960s and 1970s as the relations
deteriorated with USA.
 Gesture of goodwill. Soviet Union began exploring for oil in Pakistan (1961).
 Provided Pakistan £11 million and shifted from its previous open support for India
over Kashmir (1963).
 Ayub Khan’s visit to Soviet Union made further agreements on trade and oil
exploration.
 Peace conference to settle good relations with India at Tashkent hosted by Soviet
Union (1966).
 Soviet Union agreed to provide arms after closure of USA Airbase at Peshawar
(1968).
 Bhutto’s visit to Soviet Union made them agree to build a steel mill in Pakistan
(1972).
Failures:
 Liaquat Ali Khan rejected invitation from Soviet Union and they supported India
over Kashmir clearly now. (1950).
 Involvement of Pakistan in SEATO and CENTO deteriorated relations (1954 & 1955).
 The Soviet Union also began to press Pakistan over Afghan claims in ‘Pakhtoonistan’
(1955).
 U2 incident deteriorated relations (1960).
 China-US agreement distressed relations (1971).
 Soviet Union signed treaty of peace, friendship and commerce with India (1971).
 Afghan Miracle (1979).
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4. With China
Successes:
 Good relations with China in 1960s as a result of border dispute between India and
China.
 Trade agreements. China granted Pakistan $60 million interest free loan. China
became largest purchaser of Pakistan cotton (1963).
 China made a statement supporting Pakistan’s policy in Kashmir. Pakistan supported
entry of China in the United Nations. (1964).
 China provided military aid during Indo-Pak war (1965).
 After the Indo-Pak war 1971. China agreed that many of the loans provided to
Pakistan should become grants. They also agreed to supply military aircraft and
tanks.
 Karakoram Highway made relations and ties in trade even better.
 Pakistan and China signed Nuclear Cooperation Treaty (1986).
Failures:
 China was not able to support Pakistan during the war time against India in 1971.
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5. With Britain and the Commonwealth
Successes:
 Britain provided workforce in army officers and civil services (1947).
 Pakistan chose remain member of commonwealth.
 Colombo Plan was set up to provide aid for Pakistan (1950).
 Both were members of CENTO and SEATO (1954 & 1955).
 UK tried to settle relations between India and Pakistan and bringing war to an end
(1965).
 During Afghan Crisis, Britain supported Pakistan financially and politically. (1979).
 Pakistan returned to Commonwealth and relations became better (1989).
Failures:
 Pakistan not always had political support over Kashmir issue from Commonwealth
as it hoped for.
 Britain remained neutral through Bangladesh crisis and recognised Bangladesh as
separate state for which Pakistan left Commonwealth (1971).
 British invasion of Suez Canal.
 Cancellation of membership of Commonwealth during military regimes such as Zia
ul Haq.
6. With Bangladesh
Successes:
 Organization of Islamic Countries in Lahore In which Sheikh Mujib was invited and
Pakistan recognised Bangladesh as a state for the first time (1974).
 Bhutto’s visit to Bangladesh. Both countries agreed to friendly relations (1974).
 Trade goods moving between two countries reached value of $40 million. (1986).
 Pakistan was first country to contribute aid to Bangladesh when it was hit severely
in 1985 and 1988.
Failures:
 Pakistan considered Bangladesh as a rebel nation.
 People wanted to switch where they wanted to live and found them on wrong sides.
 Dispute over allocation of resources.
 Bhutto rejected to provide half of assets that West Pakistan owned in 1971 and also
rejected to take back non Bengalis to Pakistan (1971).
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7. With Afghanistan
Successes:
 Jinnah removed old British Military post on Durand Line.
 Neutral stance by Afghanistan during 1965 Indo Pak war.
 Pakistan Helped Afghanistan in Afghan Miracle (1979).
 In 1976, Pakistan helped Afghanistan by funding to deal with consequences of
earthquake.
Failures:
 Afghanistan was only country to vote against Pakistan to join United Nations (1947).
 Pakhtoonistan Issue.
 Afghanistan refused to join RCD.
 Afghanistan rejected offer to the access of sea by dropping its demand of
Pakhtoonistan.
 Attack on Pakistan Embassy in Kabul (1955).
 Talibanization promoted which led to militancy.
8. With Iran
Successes:
 Both countries joined the Baghdad Pact / CENTO (1955).
 Regional Cooperation for Development [RCD] (1964).
 Iran sent aid for Pakistan during 1965 Indo-Pak war.
Failures:
 Relations deteriorated in 1979 when Shah was overthrown.
 The new Islamic government was suspicious of Pakistan because it had been
supporter of Shah.
 The new Iranian government was fiercely anti-American and Pakistan was receiving
large amounts of aid from America.
9. With Muslim Countries.
Pakistan had favourable and good relations with Gulf States and Turkey.
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