,TOUCHLESS DOOR BELL'
Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
Of the requirements for the
DIPLOMA
In
ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
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By
Mukul PouI (CIT/I 5/ET/0 I 0)
S anj
ay Paul (CIT/ I 5 tET / 014)
Biki Das (CIT/I 5lBTl0l7)
Under the supervision
of
Assistant Prof.Bornali Bora Patowary
Department of Electronics
& Telecommunication Engineering
Website : http ://www.cit.ac.in
Central Institute of Technology, Kokrajhar
(A Centrally Funded Institute under Ministry of HRD, Govt of India)
CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KOKRAJHAR
ireflq ffiffi
zi=erra oltn-grflru
(A Centrally Funded Institute under Ministry of HRD, Govt' of India)
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTROMC S AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Kokrajh ar - 783370, BTAD, Assam, India
CERTIFICATE OF DECLERATION
authenticated work
we hereby declare that the project entitled "Touchless doorbell" is an
Bora Patowary for the partial
carried out by us under the guidance of Asst. Prof. Bornali
engineering this
fulfillment of the award for the Diploma in Electronics & Telecommunication
to the department of
work has not been submitted elsewhere for similar purpose except
of Technology, Kokrajhar'
Electronics & Communication engineering at Central Institute
Date: 22th May,20l8
Place: Kokrajhar
Mukul Paul
cIT/1slET/O10)
Reg. no.81 19 of 2015
SanjaY Paul
(cIT/l stETt0r4)
Reg.no. 8123 of20l5
Biki Das
(cIT/1 stETtorT)
Reg. no. 8126
of20l5
CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KOKRAJHAR
atdq frfiFr-+t "i""rrcrofenfozrgrs
(A Centrally Funded Institute under Ministry HRD, Govt. of India)
DEPARTMENT OF
ELEC TROMC S ANID TELEC OMMUMC ATI ON ENGINEERING
Kokrajhar - 783370, BTAD, Assam, India
CERTIFICATE OF SUBMISSION OF PROJECT REPORT
This is to certiff the following students of 6ft semester diploma course (Electronics &
to
Telecommunication Engineering) have submitted their project report on "Touchless doorbell"
the department in partial fulfillment for the Diploma in Electronics & Telecommunication
Engineering.
Mukul Paul
{IT/l
Sanjay Paul
-CIT/I 5 IET l0l4
Biki Das
5/ET/0 1 0
{ITllstETl0l7
F-flin
/U"{l9t
Dr. Sunandan Bhunia
Head of DePartment
HoD
Electronics & Telecommunirtsiryl.@b€:mg
Ctt' Kokrajnar
CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KOKRAJHAR
*=flq ffiFr+t
zi,zerra ofo-srgrE
(A Centrally Funded Institute under Ministry of HRD, Govt. of India)
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTROMCS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Kokrajhar - 783370, BTAD, Assam, India
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This is to certiff that the work contained in this project entitled "Touchless doorbell" submitted
by the Mukut paul ,sanjay Paul and Biki Das to the Central Institute of Technology, Kokraihar,
been
Assam for the award of Diploma in Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering and has
project
accepted by the external examiner and that the students have successfully defended the
work.
Date: 22th May, 2018
vv
.aornJti Bora Patowary
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics
& Telecommunication
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my great pleasure to acknowledge the assistance and contribution of the individuals
who co-operated us to complete the project work successfully. First and foremost, I wish to
express my deep gratitude and thanks to Dr. Sunandan Bhunia Head of department of ECE and
our project guide Asst. Prof. Bornali Bora Patowary, for their enthusiastic guidance and helping
in successful completion of project work. They provided us their precious time for valuable
suggestions and encouragement throughout the work. lt is for their patience, guidance and
encouragement at all time that this work has shaped up the way it is. A project is teamwork and
reflects the contribution of many people. A number people contributed their time and efforts in
making their project work a success. We would like to thank everyone who contributed their
time and efforts to help in completing the project work.
:l
ABSTRACT
It gives us a great pleasure to introduce "Touch less doorbell" as the final year project in our
diploma course.
The project is based on a object detecting using a lR sensor. A lR sensor is a consists of an lR LED
and photodiode. Together they are called as Photo - Coupler or Opto-Coupler. Touch less door
bell is consist of lR LED ,photo diode, resistors, , potentiometer,general LED with a buzzer, etc.
Such a way that whenever the any object comes close to the lR sensor, the buzzer starts
beeping and the LED glows. This concept of touch less door bell is very useful as a fire engines,
Railroad crossing, School bells and Alarm in industrial plants etc. This system is suitable for
securing door.
___=-.r-- _
INTRODUCTION
Infrared technology addresses a wide variety of wireless applications. The main areas are
sensing and remote controls. In the electromagnetic spectrum, the infrared portion is divided
into three regions: near infrared region, mid infrared region and far infrared region.
The wavelengths of the regions and their applications are shown below.
o
Near infrared region - 700 nm to 1400 nm - lR sensors, fiber optic
o
Mid infrared region-
a
Far infrared region - 3000 nm
L4OO
nm to 3000 nm- Heat sensing
to I' mm - Thermal imaging
The frequency range of infrared is higher than microwave and lesser than visible light for
optical sensing and optical communications, photo optics technologies are used in the near
infrared region as the light is less complex than RF when implemented as a source of signal
Optical wireless communication is done with lR data transmission for short range applications.
An infrared sensor emits and for detects infrared radiation to sense is surroundings.
The working of any lnfrared sensor is governed by three laws: Planck's Radiation law,
Stephen - Boltzmann law and Wien's Displacement law, Planck's law states that every object
emits radiation at a temperature not equal to 00K".
Stephen Bottzmann law states that "at all wave lengths, the total energy emitted by a
black body is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature. According to
Wien's Displacement law, "the radiation curve of a black body for different temperatures will
reach its peak at a wavelength inversely proportional to the temperature"
The basic concept of an lnfrared Sensor which is used as Obstacle detector is to transmit
an infrared signal, this infrared signal bounces from the surface of an object and the signal is
received at the infrared receiver.
But there are five basic elements used in a typical infrared detection system an infrared
source, a transmission medium, optical component, infrared detectors or receivers and signal
processing lnfrared lasers and lnfrared LED's of specific wavelength can be used as infrared
sources. The main types of media used for infrared transmission are vacuum, atmosphere and
optical fibers. Optical components are used to focus the infrared radiation or to limit the
spectral response. Optical lenses made of Quartz, Germanium and Silicon are used to focus the
infrared radiation. Infrared receives can be photodiodes, phototransistors etc. some important
specifications of infrared receivers are photosensitivity, directivity and noise equivalent power
Signal processing is done by amplifiers as the output of infrared detector is very small.
,
FOLLOWING THE NEEDED COMPONENTS ARE:
1. Resistors (220 ohm, 10k ohm, 100 ohm)
2. Potentiometer/variable resistor 10k ohm
3. lR transmitter
4. lR receiver
5. Normal LED (any color)
5. Connecting wires
7. Battery/DC source (4 to 9 volt)
8. Buzzer
PCB Connection:
A zero printed circuit board, or PCB, is used for Electronics and Communication support
and"electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal
traces etched from copper sheets laminated to a non-conductive substrate.
The PCB is printed circuit board having circuit made with cooper layer on the plate there
are various steps to design a PCB for that the basic thing required is circuit. So, the circuits
required for the system
Resistor:
A resister is a passive two terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance is a circuit element. The current through a resister is in direct proportion to the
voltage across the resister's terminals. Thus, the ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's
terminals to the intensity of current through the circuit is called resistance.
V=lR
Where is the current through the conductor in units of amperes , V is the potential
difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the
conductor in units of ohms. More specifically, Ohms law states that the current I flowing
through the conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference (v) across its ends
provided the physical conditions like temperature, strain etc.
Resistor
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits ' Practical
resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of
a high-resistivity alloy, such as nicked-chrome)
can
Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and
also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.
10
rR rED(TRANSMTTTER):
An lR LED, also known as lR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits
infrared rays in the range of 100 nm wavelength. Such LEDs are usually made of gallium
arsenide or aluminum gallium arsenide. They, along with lR receivers are commonly used
as
sensors.
IR tED
The appearance is same as a common LED. Since the human eye cannot see the infrared
it is not possible for a person to identify whether the lR LED is working or not unlike
a common LED. To overcome this problem, the camera on a cell phone can be used. The
rad"iations,
camera can show us the lR rays being emanated from the lR LED in a circuit.
Pin Configuration:
The lR LED or Infrared LED has polarity i.e. it has a positive and negative pin. The pin
which is long is the positive pin (anode) and the pin which is short is the negative pin (cathode)
as shown in the above lR LED pin out.
Features:
.
.
.
.
.
High Reliability
Excessive radiant intensity
Forward voltage is low
Having lead spacing of 2.54mm
Maximum wavelength is 940nm
L7
.USES:
lR LED is used in various daily used electronic appliances. As in the remote of the
television, infrared cameras, transmission systems. We can make various projects, sensor using
the lR LED like obstacle detector, visitor-counter and line-followers.
Photo diode:
A photo-diode is a reverse-biased silicon or gennanium pn junction in which
reverse
current increases when the junction is exposed to light. The reverse curent in a photo-diode is
directly proportional to the intensity of light falling on its pn junction. This means that greater
the intensity of light falling on the pn-junction of photo-diode, the greater will be the reverse
current.
i.
Photodiode
Characteristics of Photo-diode:
There are two important characteristics of photodiode
(i)
(ii)
Reverse current-lllumination curve
Reverse voltage-Reverse current curve.
Applications of Photo-diodes
1.
2.
A photo diode is use in an alarm system
A photo diode may be used to count items on a convey or belt.
L2
Light-Emitting Diode (LED):
by using
Light-emitting diodes are not made from silicon or germanium but are made
elements, it
elements like gallium, phosphorus and arsenic. By varying the quantities of these
red, green, yellow
is possible to produce light of different wavelengths with colors that include
it will produce a red
and blue. For example, when a LED is manufactured using gallium arsenide,
light. lf the LED is made with gallium phosphide, it will produce a green light.
t,
tED
Advantages of LED
solid-state light source. LEDs have replaced
advantages:
incandescent lamps in many applications because they have the following
The light-emitting diode (LED) is
a
(i) Low voltage
(ii) Longer life (more than 20 years)
(fii) Fast on-off switching
Applications of LEDs:
order of mill watts'
The LED is a low-power device. The power rating of a LED is of the
Probably the two most
This means that it is useful as an indicator but not good for illumination.
common applications for visible LEDs are (a) as a Power indicator
(b) seven-segment disPlaY
13
PRESET OR
VARIABIE RESISTOR:
A preset is a three legged electronic component which can be made to offer varying
resistance in a circuit. The resistance is varied by adjusting the rotary control over it. The
adjustment can be done by using a small screw driver or a similar tool. The resistance does not
very linearly but rather varies in exponential or logarithmic marines .Such variable resistors are
commonly used for adjusting sensitivity along with a sensor.
PRESET
The variable resistance is obtained across the single terminal at front and one of the two
other terminals. The two legs at back offer fixed resistance which is divided by the front leg. So
whenever only the hack terminals are used, a preset acts as a fixed resistor. Presets are
specified by the fined value resistance.
L4
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Buzzer:
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1
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical,
or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and
confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.
Battery/ supply(DC)
:
nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is a common size of battery that was
introduced for the early transistor radios. lt has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges
and a polarized snap connector at the top. This type is commonly used in walkieThe
talkies, clocks and smoke detectors and various types of circuits.
The nine-volt battery format is commonly available in primary carbon-zinc and alkaline
chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulfide, and in rechargeable form in nickel-cadmium, nickelmetal hydride and lithium-ion. Mercury-oxide batteries of this format, once common, have not
been manufactured in many years due to their mercury content.
Most nine-volt alkaline batteries are constructed of six individual 1.5 V LR61 cells enclosed in a
wrapper. Carbon-zinc types are made with six flat cells in a stack, enclosed in a moistureresistant wrapper to prevent drying. Primary lithium types are made with three cells in
series. The smaller circular (male) terminal is positive, and the larger hexagonal or octagonal
(female) terminal is the negative contact.
15
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14
w
9 volt battery
1M358 IC:
The 1M358 lc is a great, low power and easy to use
dual channef op-amp f c. lt is designed
and introduced by national semiconductor. lt consists
of two internally frequency
compensated, high gain, and independent op-amps.
This lc is designed for specially to operate
from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages.
The LM35g lc is available in a chip
sized package and applications of this op amp include
conventional op-amp circuits, DC gain
bfocks and transducer amplifiers. 1M358 lc is a good,
standard operational amplifier and it is
suitable for our needs. lt can handle 3-32v DC supply
& source up to 20mA per channel.
1M358 tC
16
I
Pin Configuration of 1M358 lC:
The pin diagram of 1M358 lC comprises of 8 pins, where
.
.
.
.
.
Pin-1
Pin-2
Pin-3
Pin-4
Pin-8
and pin-T are o/p of the comparator
and pin-6 are inverting i/p supply
and pin-5 are non-inverting i/p supply
is GND terminal
is VCC+
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1M358
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Features of 1M358 lC
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:
'll
The features of the LM358 lC are:
.
o
o
.
o
.
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The large voltage gain is 100 dB
Wide bandwidth is lMHz
Range of wide power supplies includes single and dual power supplies
Range of Single power supply is from 3V to 32V
Range of dual power supplies is from + or -1.5V to + or -16V
The supply current drain is very low, i.e., 500 pA
rl
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Applications of 1M358 lC :
o
o
1M358 lC is used in Dark Sensor Circuit
1M358 lC is used in Shock Alarm Circuit
L7
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Working Principle of lR sensor:
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The principle of an lR sensor working as an Object Detection Sensor can be explained
using the following figure below.
An lR sensor consists of an lR LED and lR Photodiode..Together they are called as Photo
- Coupler or Opto-Coupler.
I
Surface
I
lR Transmitter
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I
1
1
lR Receiver
Rays reflected
from surface
Fig-lR sensor
When the lR transmitter emits radiation, it reaches the object and some of the radiation
reflects back to the lR receiver. Based on the intensity of the reception by the lR receiver, the
output of the sensor is defined.
Although infrared detectors can be designed to perform different functions, all infrared
detectors are made of pyro electric materials, whether natural or artificial, the pyro electric
material produces an electrical voltage whenever it is heated or cooled.
Most infrared detectors are coated with either parabolic mirrors or Fresnel lenses to
retrieve the infrared waves from an entire room or area, As the infrared waves reach the sensor
from different areas, they cause the sensor to generate a voltage in different waves, that can be
used to trigger an alarm or activate some other type of system.
18
lnfrared sensor uses:
they can be used in any
lnfrared detectors are used in a wide variety of applications,
used in the conjunction with an
situation that requires thermal energy detection, they are most
infrared emitter to transfer the infrared light'
doors, track the objects, or
lnfrared detectors are used as motion detectors to open the
is irradiated from the people' the
activate specific systems based on the thermal energy which
animals and moving objects.
range finding and heat
lnfrared detectors are used in night-vision applications, laser
change the channels and the
seeking missiles, Television remotes emit infrared light to
remote.
television itself has a built-in infrared sensor to receive the
Block diagram of touch less door bell
Comparator
DC source 4-
9
volt
_i
Obstacle Sensing Circuit or lR Sensor Circuit:
A typical lR sensing circuit is shown below.
Circuit diagram of touchless doorbell
It consists of an lR LED, a photodiode, a potentiometer, an lC Operational amplifier and
an LED. tR LED emits infrared light. The Photodiode detects the infrared light. An lC Op-Amp is
used as a voltage comparator. The potentiometer is used to calibrate the output of the sensor
according to the requirement.
When the light emitted by the lR LED is incident on the photodiode after hitting an
object, the resistance of the photodiode falls down from a huge value. One of the input of the
op-amp is at threshold value set by the potentiometer. The other input to the op amp is from
the photodiode's series resistor. When the incident radiation is more on the photodiode, the
voltage drop across the series resistor will be high. In the lC, both the threshold voltage and the
voltage across the series resistor are compared. lf the voltage across the resistor series to
photodiode is greater than that of the threshold voltage, the output of the lC Op-Amp is high.
As the output of the lC is connected to an LED, it lightens up. The threshold voltage can be
adjusted by adjusting the potentiometer depending on the environmental conditions.
The positioning of the lR LED and the lR Receiver is an important factor. When the lR LED
is held directly in front of the lR receiver, this setup is called Direct Incidence. ln this case,
almost the entire radiation from the lR LED will fall on the lR receiver. Hence there is a line of
sight communication between the infrared transmitter and the receiver. lf an object falls in this
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line, it obstructs the radiation from reaching the receiver other by reflecting the radiation or
absorbing the radiation.
Advantages oftouch less Door Bell:
I
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1. The house
z.lt
is
owner can open the door very quickly
very helpful for short people
t. tave time for
I
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4.
searching doorbell switch
Save electricity
5, Save manpower
Disadvantages of touch less doorbell:
1.
lt
is very expensive.
2. lf the any components is damage then it is does not work.
Applications of touch less Door bell System:
Some general applications of the touch less doorbell system are
1. Fire engines,
2. in telephone,
3. Railroad crossing,
4. School bells and
5. Alarm in industrial olants etc.
2L
CONCLUSION:
There are five basic elements used in a typical infrared detection systems an infrared
source, transmission medium, optical components infrared detectors or receivers and signal
processing. Infrared lasers and Infrared LED's of specific wavelength can be used as infrared
sources. The three main types of media used for infrared transmission are vacuum, atmosphere
and optical. Fibers, Optical components are used to focus the infrared radiation or to limit the
spectral response. Optical lenses made of Quartz, Germanium and Silicon are focus the infrared
radiation. Infrared receivers can be photodiodes, phototransistors are some important
specifications of infrared receivers are photosensitivity, directivity and noise equivalent, power
Signal processing is done by amplifiers as the output of infrared detector is very small.
22
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