N AR RAT I\ ' C
O F TI I E
LI FE
FR EDE RI CK D OUGLASS,
1\ '\
A \IE
RI C A J\
S LA \ £,
1
WR ! Tl E '\ B \ ~ Hi i\·I SEL F
1-: PJTF.O
ll\
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A" D \ \ 11 1
r , l\t
s.
I •.
~ 1<
\'\DRL\\''i
r r r Lr
OF
"
The Editor,.,
\\ 11.1.1~\II. .. \"10Rt:.ws ,~ E \la1 natcl Ada1n, Professor
of Engli,h al the U11ivehih ~f :"/ortb CJruhna at
Chapel I lill. I le 1~ the author of 'I lie l.,t,'Tun Career of
Charle~ \\ '. Che,11ull ,1n<l ro Tell a Free Ston : I he
I 1,-i;/ Centun · of J\(10-,\111cnca11
•\utobiograplT). /-601865. I It: ,., the: editor of Classic I 'irt,011of the I lurle111
He11ais$<IIIC'e
and lht: ~orlo11 Critic;i( Edit1011of BC1uker
' I' \Va,hin~tou·, I Ip / rn,n <;[cJn•r,·,an1ong others. He ,.,
an e<l1torof The ;,.:orto11
/\nlho/og1 of"-.-\fricanr\111en,ci11
Literature. f'he 0.l(urd Compan1011 to ·\frican \n1enca11
Literature. and Literature of the ,\Jnericun South: . \
"Nortont\nihc,/ogl'
019,uz d by the Intern
\\'11 t t.\~I S. \lcl ' t .FI Y ,~ Abr.ih,1111
lt1l<h1in Profc"or of
the l--lu1na11ifie'>
E111entus.ii the Un11er'1t\ of (:ecngia.
I le i, the author of ) cJnkceStepfather: General 0 . 0.
Howard and the Frecd1ne11;Grunt: \ /3iogrupln. ror
,,h1ch he wa~ ,1w.ir<le<lthe Pulit,ct Pnze and the
Parln 1an Pn1e; FrederickDoug/ass; Sapclo·.~People: \
Long \\'cJ/k int" Freed11111;
:1nd Pro.\1111ilx
to T)eatl1
Archive
1n2020 w11t,fund111gfrom
KahleAustin Fou,oatton
.... ~--:: · ''"'"' ,,. ,...:, .... i,e,-,-
,,,r..., ...u,.,. -~r•r.1;.~.,....,~::,.......r,-nnn...1..., ·-
,.e: .......,
W W KORTON & CO"IP ANY, l'lf C.
A/st>P11blis/res
TIIF \it)Rro,
A.'1l HOI..OGYOf- AJ Rk: M AMMUC'.\I\ LITF.R,\ Tl RE
,Ja£d b, 11,,u, I .c11.1uC,•.111, J, und ,\dfle Y \ltKtl\ n ii.I
THE J\ORTO, A,THOUXiY
,Jurd
A NC.°'R I '-°' N t' RI TI('
OF AMERK"e\NLrrERATI.'RE
Irv \ '111,,iJ,nm
r,.,r,"
THE :--ORTON A,-.,HOLOGY OF E.-.:GLJSIILrrERA TL'RE
cd,rrtl Jh \( II Alm11•0 tln<J ~·rc-pht"t1
(;1a11Mr,t <I ul
"°
l~reJericl_.l)ougla ss
rt ,11
TIi t NORTO:-. ANTIIOLCJG) 0 1 COi\ I i,MPORI\RY FlCIIO'I
tdt1,dlr, R \ ( ,U,fllt 11,utlmu•
fNto
AL 1311I T I 0
NARR1\'rf\ 1 E OF Tr-TE T_TFE
OF FREl)El~ICK I)Ol 1GJ_ASS,
i\N ,\~18RICAN SLA\ 1 E,
TIIF \i()RlON A, 11101.0G) 0 1 l 111·RA l1.JRI UY WOML',
t:iht•d h_,SunJ,"' Al Gd/N.'rlu,J Su.MuiGulhn
\'(TRI"f 'fEN BY IIIJ\lSEI~F
THL '\flRTO'I M'THOLOOr OF MODERN POETR)
rd1frJ 11,R1,hwd F.llmw"J.111Jlloht.·n O'Cfmr
THI! "!ORTO'< Al\'11 101.0GY 01 POlTRY
n/un/ h)' \fur;( ,rrf 1--nC.:""m .\1u~•Jn ~li1 ,- '11111
}t,n ~lJJit-l•Jrth)
AI'TII0RITATJ\'F. TF.XT
THc '\ORTO, A.'1rttoux.;y OF SHORT 1-1(710'1
t1hlt:.Jl>>R.\ CuuJ/l,uWR, ll.11i/lJ,mftl1
TIil ,\;<JR11)'1 ANTHOLOC.i) Of Tl !FOR I MU CR ! ll CJS~I
c.b1n) h)
THE .,ORm,
~'11ti·<11t 8
U'llc h rr uJ
A 'ITI IOWGr OF \VORl P LITTR \ 11.Rf
,du,./ b)· Su,uh J,,.,",.i(Ir, ,,I
THF. \ OR101\ FAC'SL\llLEOFTifE l'!Rsr Fouoor
/"t'f'lf.llr',f
EJ,1,•J
hy
SHAKESPEARE
\'('i ll,a,n L. ,\n,lrews
IT\ Cl1..ultn11 l ·hn1t11Jn
UNl\'
THE NORTON l '-TROOLcno, TO LITTR ,\TLRE
rJ1kJ h~J,,,,mu 8r,U\ ,\lts-tArf &J11th,J l'dul ll11'1ttr v11JKell J \t_,~,
TH~ NORTON 1,1RODl'C'I 10'\ TOlHE SHORT ,\ 0\'EI
c.dttnl b) Jtr"1Hr Bt>.Jh'
THF. \!ORTO\ RhAO~R
nl,t,d hr /Jnd,1 H Prtrrt,r,n, 1 ,1,,,
( Hrcrrtmt. und Jrl(Jfl E. lll111,n,111
I ~:'IT\
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THI:: NOR ro'I SHAKF.~PlARE. 8ASFD 0'< ll l E OXKlRO Eomo,
cd,trJ I•\ Stcphr,r Gru,,Muu "' ,J
for J 1.:01nrlc-1eli!J ofNl'f1l'111 Cnllnl I-..J1t11m~
. \'J\lf
W\.1-Vr
wv.·nairtoo u1111lcollcgc/tll>!
l,~nce.wd~'tlflY btm
\\ • \\ • \iorton
& Co111p,111,
• """ ) urk • Lomlon
\11
\ll ri_l I rt!lcl"\cJ
1111,I d Ill llii;:,l f !ctl St.tic,,
l 'hc Text of '-:arrati\·e or the l.ife of Frederick
D ouglas~. a n ,\1ncrican Sla\'C, \Yritten by I limself
r \meta
(nlJ,!.t1r1
11.c 11.:,1,,f tiu ho!.:·L
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I 11c\IJj1IC'·\J1l Be,,,~ \l:,rn1i Ktunng t ,mc-•p
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t 1Klf•1',lJpl1c
f R prn,cl1u.nlb\. pt. 11 l\\tl1fl
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I 11,r.s" c 1 C1111~r '-' C;a1.1lu_!,lll~·III 1'11h!K"o1hc,11
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:q, 1',,4~
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rrc<lcncLDuugl.,,. . IR<ph In rhnlll[hall\ Lelle<I,,,..,~,,'·
Vi:bru.,n,-, •"-lb
• l"rc:laceto Uie St>rond Dublm l<ltt.Jonnf tlir. \atn1fn't'
the L,f"c•/Fr.:dtTJc~
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Dou~la."
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of
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Soctel\ publ1<h<,lthe:book 1helf fiom 11\Bo,t"n ofhr~ on the ,prmt: nl
IfH, .1mlit 1>r1>1
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of tl,c, "'•"' p11bl,-..
c,1bon, olfc,cd Lil JII effort lo "LIi public ,u1>porlfor th., " '"''""'"
oJa,e" Oo11!;IJ» 1mde1>lu1>tl
lliJI 1111,,,,., "'" the boo~ \\,I> puhloshccl
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let,nlh Jnd ,..,,cnltc11Jh ccntune.
the c>.plo,r.ahnnof tl,c nch
,e,ource\ m the C:~nhJ,c.111
.mcl \;orll, .11,dSu11th\111e11c~
. "here \fr,
<-a11
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rcn•
lu~ . d1Jllc111:c,1<1, l~•cfl, 1~1rllcnlarllhi Qu.,kcrs, h<i;,lll l<1he lic,lfd
wllh ,ornc torte tr, Great Bntnm .md the l rulc,I Slate,.
C,...-atBnlam uockcl , 1.,cl\ i1111,C:lllhl,e.,11col<J111os
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the li,,t edLtaon of h,s 130,1011Jlllt>lJ,cl\ 11c,"J1.•pcr, the I JMralor,
JcdJrecl. ·1 will be hca1d · Ile c.1lkcl lnr tli~ m1111«L,1k•ml 1111,omll•
1,nn.11cndint: of ,ta,e,,.
It \\,l!i GJrr1~ou. ~1,1111:, ..1 Cic-1,
Jlx1l111u111st
~pe\.'c.
h m ~n, B~<lford,
,.,_l,ereDouglJ1i ,,as h,1n'!, ,d10 g.1,c the run.n,.1\da\·c hL'i1,!£C:JI
c:a.llu1g,
A, ht k ll" JTI the- 1\urralth'. 0011~1.J'-'\\-J-. lll'•p1tedlo ,p,.~.dt
0111 -•' 011e
,,.u
,,ho h.1dlnm,11. rin,tliJ11d."lul
Ll \hl.,. lo he .1 ,IJH' Ih~ ,tot")
J
p<)\fCrt11lk pe:,-..ua.,i\.e
.irgurucuttltal -.t1,cnmu-,t~-11<1
Jle 11.a<l
told his \ton hum kc-tern, .ac-ro~~
the "\orll1 for t01n ~--c--Jr\
"hen 1,., pul ,1 m pri111·,"1J, tlL<''\/urrutt" He \\,11,tcdlo i:•t h" p11hl1<·
mcs,ag< .i( ro<-,,bul fo, Dou~I.J» the boul h.Jd ., P'" .,trII npo,lauce
l>c1011tl11<pnhlic 11-.1i:c It de, Llrecl111111
LIip11111,
lo he J m,11ol mlel·
lc~t 111clk,olc:,i,1ca.l
lorchuJJ till' 1clc•tlo.11
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\\llhonl the cap.1rLI)In \\I 1k tloq11c11lh 11,c 1,tlc p•ge re.idl\arralJ>co/
tl1eIJ/~of Frcc/"1Jd'Doug/c1,<,\n . \111cr1oc111
~,.,,. \\'r,ttc-n b1 Hm,,,.,/f;
tltJt, t11 the.· 11111ck-t'11th
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-; hi, dedJrJl1u11ufl><·t11~;
the clo,1111;
scnlcncc oi hasilr<ti;rcJI publ1t·Jct-hi, 154I 1Jl<·«·hhcforc JII a11t11l.l\c1'· audumtt" on :\:wtud.:el hlJ11d-\,,hc- rc he \Hofe. -1-mm tlwt lmk:'
until 110\\, I ha,~ been en~.,g«I III plcJ<l111,;tl,c ca111<, nl 1111
brethren
"
.\Ions; the '""'· 111<,ton a, ha<,from hi\ 1111'.mc,,
ll1mus;laJu, dulclhood Jnd Ira,lccna~e 1.:-ar,. to, lin,11,·,h" manhoo<l-anJ Im brea~ fur
f1r«lo111It" 1hr t.,lr of .11011ng, 1,1\e">l,fe. '->"..,,the boor, 1eadc"·
ha,c maJc U1ebook 0111,. "< l1J,e learned J greal de.ii about sl.ncn·,
lndc,-d. \\Ith the po"1bk <\CCph1111ol IIJrncl Bc:od1NSlll\10, U11rle
I om·• Cahm. publ 1,h« I m l ~; 2. mu picture ot ,l.-c<1 la.1>
bttn formed
nuHe Ii\ Dvugl.a.._,\
booLlh.-mll\ 1111\ othe1 wurct."
11wrc,,re irorub an lh1• I or c,ampk. the tc,tbooks corrcclh cqu.1lc
sl.t\t'I'\ \uth tht r.1~,m~
ol lhc r:,,re-~t
c,1,h ,ropt coH011But there \\as uo
cotton 111
Duui;IJn< ~1JnlJ11d. \nd. thougla Doui:IJs, ""' \\luppe,.I 011
J r.1111,
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1. ,111dl1u1111
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.1lkr all,<-<<J[>C I J"
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f le \\JS OIIC orJ l,ra,c bul SIIIJlll,aud Ji>lc to
gel free of -.1.1\en,1111ll,on,.
nf lt1,h:llrM)\\de in pl.ice"';mdco11d1lio
11i
from which lhc, could not mlllr , hul from \\h1ch, m,olunl~rih. the'\
co1Lld be-mO\'t'tl The\' :m<I 1l1c11d1iltl 1c11J:ftc-1LlieJ11,,t"1e d.;,.(', 1n
pcrp<tlnh Them,"·" nol ., l1.1pp1cn<lJ1111,.
I lais, Do11i;l.1',l11C'\\, .mt! ,o di,1 hi, rc•dc<> \\ t1h th, '"""'""• he
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telI • of \0111t" ot h,, <.·,fl( rirnt:t-1 ••~ d '\l.J\ ,._. 111I1•~ ~peed th n, \\-C 11.1, i11
l,a, Jccouul.) ofl1JspJtcub anJ ofh" ,1l1empl at escape
"°"
Alll,ou~l1the .'<arr~t"" u{ tire /,,fe .,f F,..J,rick Dnoi:lu""
,011"der,-d ., da,,1c \merKJII 111tuhmg,.1ph)
, rccngn,hon· of the bool.•• J
htc-ra"monument. not just a l1111
lu1u.:.tltlocmu~nt, h,1\ tnlcn more 1J1.d.Jt
.1 ,·cutun ,inc,, the \urrulrl''''
he11l.1}111 Ll,e-l.,le ll,-JUsJncl 1~:;11,.
\\ideh •·debrated dunni; lhc J11h,l.11enm01cmcnt. tlte \arraf!,·e "<111
inln cd1p~ l.1kr in 1hr 11111ckcnth,cnh11') "' [)..,11gla"111
,hli,heJ a<ldihoual autc,b1ogr,aplucs- \h· lkJt1dt1g<'
and .\h f'rrcJQm \Ii,;;) .mil 1,/e
a11dTune, of f'r,Jcrrl'k f>uu~ld" {lli/ll , 1892)-de"gucd to 11p<i.,1,
h"
,1c-ad1h f\ol11ng publtc lnldl,;t Jtmn th.ii nf fn111t1•e
;)J,c ltJ man of lelter>, soci,,I ,ommc11tafor, an<l ••<e leJdct I he l.,t<r .1utoh1og1aphu,,
ne,.:r >0IJ.is ""II 01 made the unpact of Ute ,\<1rrah,·e. b111f,11at le...,t
lift\ l<Jn aftu Dougl.i» \ <le.1th m l b<J,, 11\I a, the l 1{e<1ndTime,. not
lire :,./arrat1n·, tlt.11lalcran ~uJ cuh11r.1ll11,1on,m,mo,t often ulecl when
rcfe-rnn~to Dou1;;I..L\\\,J:~n.t
l adtie\en1c11t••l.1\\rite-,
The I,cii;htened<I\JI nghlJ nu l1tait<:}
of the 19(,q,, .,long ,11111
Ilic 11se
of 8\Jcl. Stucl,c, m the .1c-,1dcniv,
l1tl~d ,c,urrc-ct the .'•wrratn,·,n1d
t.1~,·Jk nou~I.i...
.. lo pn,mi11c1"''~
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,\fnc,;m ,\Jnc11<·a,1 I""'" 11111
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,ind c11hc.-..
,,t:n: re.ad\ tu f)J~ \C'titHI\.tllc:11hnnlo 11t'111gl.w.
,ha rht"tonc1.•m, J \11hn,t, J•,oc,:Jc1
I dnJtHt.. a1u.l.J d1101udt:r Jud trt:Jtor of \elf ,,or•
th, uf n1m1>.1risot1
lu 111.tf<U·\menc-an", Heh ~111.11
~1 ~ Beni,1111111
~ tanklm
,uul Hcun OJ,id I horcan In the l'lilk .1 \\eolth nf 11,tful >1udie,uf
the ,drr<1/11e\ Jrti,lr) helped Do11;l.1"IJLe h" pl.ice .i, a ~•nlf.1 1 fii;urc
not m1l1 aneJrh •\r1ic-,rn\mt11ca11lalerJlure but 111Ur<11ucJ..11111clccnlb
L~11hlf~ :\mer1r~111
hkr.u,· rt:11<1:u!klnc·c.;
.
In tl1e 14\ll, Jml c,irl) ll/'l(t, cliscu,sann ol lhc-,arr,1/ne h.i, c1oil,·d
frum a p1cdomm.1tdyfo1111.11i\tic.1pprec1.1ho11
nf Oongl.1,1\rhetuflc.ll
art to 11,creJ;angh\\ 1deli ranijlng a,se,,auenb oflh< 1dJ1to11,l11p
uf tire
Narra/ni..·10 hi,to1ital lrc11d,.rnd ~•o<.:ult1u, 1I 11urr11},md t: ,p1C\'Ji1,c •
lr.1d1tum!t
111the uud<llcof the-nmc.lt:cuthc-cnhn,, 111th,._~orion Cnttcal Lcl,11011,fou, l1tcran and enhural ,m.Jln<" ·11
r tlac ~<11To1ln·,publa,hed ,me< 1<rl} hJ\C heen -.electnl to 111d1cJte
<ome or th,· '1lC'1> o[
111,c111~.,t1011
and e1.1lu th!ln thal h.l\~ cng:,i:cd l'.loui:;L"' scholars
rct,1111) Rol><'tlll Stepto\ ,.11,ataon, .\11lhc11l1<.1l1011,
aml \ulla11raJI
Control m hedcrrcl Dou~l.1>>\urr<1(1w of l~-1;• lu,:;1
,lr~hb ,ome ol
lhc hc,t \\<11lthal )1,1> bu 11 do,,, 011th,· lomul d111a1111K
uf lh< \11rratr1< 111 lu;l11of I\ h.11" l,10\,11.10011I
lhc clc,clop111c11I
ol the ,la,c 11Jrrr
IIH· '" ii l1kr.11\1:c11re.• , he -.,]ef'IH>ll f10111
\\ ill,.1111
I. ,\11drc,1>,To Id/
11 I,,,. S/1>n-call, atlcut1oi1lo th,· problc111
,h, rd. 1non,h1p of the !\urra
lwt lo tl1e \11u.!11cc111
Jt:1c.~1111Jd,
a popul.11 laterar\ .1nd or.lfo1it .11lrJdlhOlt
ti-wtDou~IJ,, tried lo arlJpl III order to J)'flCJ! lo 111,1111d,llc,l.1»11orlh•
1..·n1
,u1dict1N" l lmhto11 .\ 8Jl..t:1\ L·C'011ut11tc
h:,1di11~of llae ':',.,,",11rdttn"
m
13lucv.ldl'fJ/o_~Lc1ml.\Jr,,-.\1,tt'Tl(·tmI ttcMlurt· udcl~s1~111h{.111I
111"~lab
i11t,1Dnu~IJ'-\\ dcH:l1lpmcnl lrom ~Ll\~ lo lrccm.111 to Jl,ohllolU)f ftc•
IJ11e1 SufH·\'lngOc.mgl.u,rn hc:J\111,m<c: the: l'"J<'°'.
Dchor,1hF
\kD0',1cll ,c.achthe ,\arrulo, · th1011gl, J 1<1111111'1
lru , it, "In Ilic hrst
Pl.u.:c. ~l.1lmg ht-dcucl Onu~IJ,, .me-Itht~ \fro,--\nwn{.tlt i'\Jr1.1li\t!'
Tr.1d1ho11
• l he 1e~ult " nol onh a pr<>(.h1cll\c<lwlo~ul'\\Jth Stcpto,
\mJ1c\H,
nu.IR.1lerh11I.,l,u,1u
w~trutlln: ,uggt.~h 1u1.tl,011t lit"' ~t.·ndcr
11111slat
be mure lho1011~hl,·tnn,r<kr,·d m mlcrpreting tin:-1111por1
or llae
.,.d--,.,11fnr 1111h o\\lt 11111~Jm.l 1u tHlh
Tl1e 1exl of
N,\RJ~ATl\'f: OF 1·1-rELlJ:6 0F
FREDERICK D0L'GL\SS,
Al\ ,\.\lERICAl\ SLA\' E,
\X' RJT''rEN B1' HLl\lSELF
~,k
i\arrati\'e of the Life of Frederic!..Douglas'>,
an .\ 1ncrican Sla\'e. \1/rilten b, I Tirn~clf1
Pre{uce
111 the 1110111h
of A11~1'1,l~fl. I .1llen<lcd,111,111
11-sl.l\eT}conventmn
in '\Jnluckel. al 1d11d11t11,1,Ill} hlipp111c,,to hcco111t·atq11,Ji11tccl
,nth
FRl:.O~RICI\UOl!CLA,,. th<::writer of the follo,1111g
\..inali1·c He 1-.1,a
slr.111ger
lo l\t',irh e, Cf\ 111t111ber
of thal bodv; but. hanng recent!\ 1naclt:
hi, e,capc fru111tl1c ,011lhcr11pri,on-ho11,e of bond,11;c.J11dfedin~ 1111
c1111<»1
1, excilt:d to d,ccila1n the p111
1\:1plc, J11d1ne,1s11
1c, of tlic ,1bolitio111sts. of \\ho111he hild heard a some\\h,11 1·ilg11e
desc11pl1011 11l11
lc
he" ,1,;i ,la,e. -he wus 111d11ced
to i;iYehi, atlend.111cc.on the occa~1011
alluded lo, tho11~'1,11thJI ti111ca rcs1ek11li11Ne" Bedford :
Fo1lu11.itc:.
1110,tfo11l111ale
occ11rn:nce!-iorh111.1lefo, the n1ill1011>
of
hi' rnan,1cled hrethren. 1el pa11t111g
for ,leh1·ernnce fro1n their J\\ful
thrnldo111l-tortnnatc tor the· c.111,cof 11,groc111.111t·1p;il101
1, and of 11111vcr.,.,Ilihertl!-fortu11,llc for tl1c I.ind ofl11sharlh, 1d11chlie has .1lreath
done ,o 1nucl1lo ,J1c Jnd blcs,' fo1tun,1tcfor J large circle of fnend,
and acquaintances. 11110,es1·1npalh1.incl .1fkcho11 he h,1' ,trongl}
\CC11n:db) the· 111.111~
sufferings ht· ha, ,·ncl111c<l,
h, 111,Yirh1ou,1t,11hof
d1.1ratkr. bv Ins c1er-JIJ1d111g
1"nc111brn11c~· those 1d1u,ire 111 ho11d1,
as be111gbound \\1th thcn1!-fortunak for the 11n1lhtuek,.111l'ariou,
parh of our repuhhc-, 11ltn,c 111inch
111:has c11lighlt·11cd
1111111,
,uh1cct o(
,IJ1en. ;111d11ho h,ivc been 111cllcdIn tc.irs Ii>h 1, 1tho,. or roused lo
lirh1011~111cbi;natio11
b, his 1l1rringeloquence ,1i;a111st
the l'l1'1,1H,r,ol
.,r
prn1lu.l 10 \f.-, J •,;H b, lllf '\11t. '.'!,~,.t:n OU1Ct'. 11 tt~i ..11..,lhf' tim.lTC1."
c11 ti(" p11~1cnl
r11n<.l11¥Lt.1U,ud IHµhr,~11(>11
h.1\f l,e1,11 \J~hrl) ,~-•:ul.u11~I
.,i,nd.J tr~ tipr~, ..l'tjiC""Jl
c1ut nd...Hml, 11.t\t .also1,u:u 1111,lc 11< ,~,r IfIII( i~I11JmH I, 1• m,I l•t·rn Jhc, td
\\ l1c11
tl11\'i111<1tm U.4\ hr j p,1hliJ1cd,ll1e ''J"l'Jlllll: JI.It;~ nl tl1t' hod )\l."U; .I r,cJ.x-i· ll\
fn I
((.\.I
UCJ\-dC..a,11.,.,1,
m,I,, ..,.cu~, lt,1111 \\'t·1,d('J l'f 1f11rnt•.((," tu1lm1ul b) t)uu:;LuH
u l1JtJ1t.:<1r\111th1~ ,·ul,1,, .t'.
\\ tlh,1ul Uu\<tlC.1m.-,11, I ~1'11 p.,.,,,., ,.,:he ludnu:. al1oltthmet at tl1t:.f1111~
Ilic ,,m~t,,'4'
"., \lllllru I ic .,.,.." hc.iJ 11( 11,c~<·"' l.~l.111J \11h•~IJ\cn. Soat:h ,lhd li..J f,_..,IIJ<l~d
lhc\ lli('rll...111 \111t-~l.1\'C.I\ 'i.l)\ !l'h, ,md lie ....
.a..
.. 1i1cuf1t11r ,,I l!t\.' f .ibcr,1f11f f k dL·m•.111drJ
•1r11mcJi
.ate ..uu.l cn11111lc-1,:
C'U1.111<'1p,.1lu11
• \\'c11Jdl l1ltll1p, ! I-SIl-ls,i.,-t J )Jl'\C1, "J.3 KJ 1..th lc-S!o
\\'1ll1Am
ltd
"di
,it.
\.ii.<,.,\11, JII (~ 1rn~ml ,u ,111.&1111,b,1..f'\ _.,1\,K.1k
ofto.1 <•ulxh.ilf ,,( ti!(>,.i,1~rl,.H11~u.1 m1.l
J'l1ill1p-1..,uc Ilic
th,th \4CJt" hnll,•.1111"}'t',Att,
"lu) ,LIIOk('
ll<O\I J,-,huguL)l,<,.;ll)ftl~ 111J1,, 1111po1l..u1l
a,,11,I1\(0
k;hlrn.
I •1 ....l.'tt r1t1C'lil i.111111('\U,t'll)l l "'i;I ,1111~1I\O, 11c-t·lm~(•I \'..in•• dct l•land ~ lu•f(' C\u1t:,J , ..,
c.,\'f" l-1"llN i;;H•.Jl1,111,ht .11111,
IJ\·t:r'\''J>t:td1 \\11t·11 r\111~1\'I h..d h111\lirJ. <:...rm.mi r'O\(' 10
I.I,
rra1-;c: 111111
",111111\ homr:duld~ Jh« lhc 1m."'t"titlf;,l'lnugbu • t, hn"d l" Jn -•~t"fllol lhc
r, ~LnJ
,C'V.
\nh <ti.I.Ht
1' Soc-n·l, and liq}l11
hi\ c.1tttt nm m~kH s.p,c
...i\.mg 1\.'TQ-.~
the '<ni.11olllli
Ant.1,ni,1 nppo,1t1011
to ,I l"cn
Hat: tlltlol",(.UlC:,11 ol c:.Urt,.(111
11ml r'lnllip, puhl1 hcd fl1 the \:,a'1t.lt,,w-.
IC.'t\c-df1);. UC,
VIh,tr.mh,-b\rn
1(2,1.lt:" du.I If)(' fo11 ,it'I .L\c'i "n1111;. v.a, l,J be tn1,ti,."tl.mdlo ,n
.., lhnr ()\Hi
U111111
.'l 1!,.11 l)1111cl.1u .... tintnl1111\~lh a ,Lnc ~li<•111 I I qi1:s.ter r011IJ i.llk.tilpt to I<.'Caplwc
\\.l"i O\lHlJ;' )CU( th.m h<.s.h,1ildl•l p•,bl~l1111g.
dtC'buol (_;"'mu1nJllll rtn•ltp') lilt- 00111.;l.tt.
111(!1r.1I
z
1 t\ 1111;!1111l1J\ff1'j l11' !••f\ 1H prmt \I.~, too\, u;al,lt' lo tlic tJl.L'lt hvt to 1.1,t it p1hli:-.hlJ.
P,11111:L,~ C'sto1pcd r1n111 ltui;I, \u!tl1 huml" Hi \l.an]mtl Ill ~1•t1.;111ht•f1·•.-;1'
u1:1-IIC'll,(','IIO
:\~,\ Rc,li,nci.\I.a, 1ch11K·lh, •l1t11! he l)l((Jllit"Utl't; J111ouc tht 'l"A 81..-JicwJ
1hol l1uunl,
"<'ft'
,
-l
'JARR.~TWC OF Tilt
I JI£
Of
FR.EDERWI. OtH 'CL\SS
111e11'
-forh111.ik fo1l11rnseli.J~ 11at once brought hin1 iuto the field ol
pnbhc u,efulnc,,, ··g.l\c the worlcla,,111J11ce
oi
tjllic~ened tlte
,luntbcnng e1H:r,:;1e1
of Ins ,011I..ind con,ermted 111111
lo the grc,11\\orl.
of h1c;1li,1,:;
the r;,d of the vpprc,,or, Jncl lelttng Lile?PPtC-'C<lgo frce 1
I ,hall 1H~,erforget his fir<Ispeech JI the l·un,enhon-the ntrJord1nar\' e1noho11tl c,c1ted 111tll\ 01111m111d-thc po\\'erful 1111prcss1on
11
tre. 1ted 11po11
J t·ro\\ded .iud1tor\, con1pletely taken b1 _,u'.pr_i,e- the
,1ppl.11i-e
"b1ch follo\\cd fion1 the beginning lo Lill't rnl ol h1<fd1c1tous
rentJrk. l llunl I never h.1ted sl.tve1, so 1nlen<el, as at that 11101uent;
cc:rtai11h.111,pe1Leplio11of the c11or111c:1111
outr~ge which 1, 1rtfl.1ctcdby
11,on the godhke 11ah1tcof its victims," as rendered f.1rlllOtt·ckar th,111
e,er There ,too<lone, 111ph,,1ca l propo1l1011
and stature co111111and111g
.111dt•x.itL-i11 111tdleclridth eutlo"cd-111 n.ihtrnl eloqnence a prodIf:\ -111 "'ul 111.1111fc,th"crcalcd hul a little lower th.tu Ute d11gel,' 1,·et J ,I.I\ c.:.,1,. a tug1In e sla,·e.- tre11,bltug for hi, sd fct,. hard h danng
tn believe th,1l on the A111encJt1,01!, J ,i11gl.:\\ h1tc person could be
founcl \\ho \\Pt1ld hefnend hin1 .tl .ill ha7,ud, , for lhe love of Cod mu.I
hun1an1t1,! C.1p.1hleof high .1ttJ111n1e11ts
as au i11Ldlcclu~I Jnd rn~rnl
be111i:;-11eed111g
11otl1ingbut a co111pJ1Jlt\d~slltdll c1111u1111t
of culrivatton to 11t.1ke
h1111
dll on1a111cnlto ,odd1 Jnd a blessing to hi, rac-e-b)
the l,1\\of the lanrl I" the voice of the people, b1 tl1e lenlts uf Lite,ld,c
code. he ,,•a_,
onl} a piece of prolJCrh, a bca,l ol bu1d1:11,
a cl1Jtld JX'I·
,orul. 11c1
ct thdc» 1
A bdn,ecl lnend · fro,n '\ew Bedford pren11ledon \ Ir. D011cu1ss le>
Jcldre» lite co11,e11lio11I le ca111cfor\\artl lo IJ1eplalfon11witl1a liesitanc, and 1:111b,1rrn-sn1<·nl,
n,·cc,..inh tl1tattc11da11hof a scn,iti11:111iud
,n s:1ch a no,el pos1ho11.After .,pol~iz,ng for hi- 1~or:ince •• ,nrl
re111i11di11g
Utt' Jud1u1te lltJt ,l.1,·er) \\:.L, J IJOOr,d1oul for Lliehu111,111
1ntdlet·t and lic<11t,
he prorecd1.:dto nmrak sonK ,,fthe rad, 111Ins O\\ u
h1slor. .1\a slave. aud n, the course ol his speech gaH.·t11tcr,1n<·c
to llld.ll)
noble tl1oughb J 11tl l1Jril1
1ng ceAetlion< \., soon J, he had laken his
,~JI, lillcd 111thhope Jllcl achn11.ilto11,
I ro,c. J11ddcda1ed IJ1alPATRlri.
I IF"-R,.''or re\'(>lnhonJn fame. nt',cr 111.idca spc<·th 111orceloque11t111
the c~n,e of l1bert,, Ll1.111
L11tone we had j11stlistened to fro111the lip,
of that huntl·<l f11g1tl\c:So 1 bdie,cd Jt tb,11Li1ne-s11ch 1s 111ybelief
11011
. I reminded the a11cl1encc
of llic pen! ,d11cl1s11not111rlcd
this 1elfenw11cipJtedionng 111.111dl Lite \orth ..-cvcn in l\lassachu,eli>, on tl1e
,011of thl' P1lgnn1Father,, ,1111uug
Ll,ecle,cendanls of revoluho11ar)sat'~:
and I dppealcd lo them. "hcthc1 th~ ,,ould e,er Jllo,, hi111to be tar
a~'""'·"'
•
; Sho1\.<:-,p{,Hr
ll"mli:>~ <,~
God Ue"idt.-d
pt'Oplt:"',11 little lo'-'tcl 1lu11lh<-.111~ch"I r~h:11"I ;-1ltJ lun : .mtlmnt~ mt-r ull
oli1u 11\1-1~c ,l; 1l111c, F';,111
C"'.ill,
ll1t: lic:hK'ltf. to lookilt t:hmt, "hf"'A,1\ uuJ("•a 11.hC"
lnv,l"•
~
tha11die .11~.._h_
• :Ikhu··~\ ~ - 9 .
, \Vdlwi1C. Colhn. '\ti' Bedford,-ltJ<l111£
J1)(1
11ho1ut .at lh~ lune
h IS
p-:.lrtu1f l~V~l'"UIJ1,f.111,n11,l(lrtl 1ewuub • 1 ~mw. 11ut 1h.it tn1tr<.('ol l,e,r,m.1~ l.t~r. hos
-~ for u~t: :5'\C' IJI<'1,lictl~ ,1r
~1\<:
mr.de.tth"
f>Rtt·ACF. Bl
\\ '11.11'\1J J.()lll
Co\RRISQ",
5
ncd bJck 11110
sla1cf\,-h1" or 110la\\, c-011,1tlt1ho11
or 110con,hhthon.
The re,1)011sew.iI u1;a111111ou,
anc.l1n lh1111der-tonc,-":'l;Q!" "\V11lyou
,u~cor and protect h1111as a b,other-111.111-Jresident of the old B.11
State:·- "YES!" shouted the \\hole 111ass.\\llh ,111encrr· <Ostartling,
thJl the n1thlc,, t1rJnt< ,outh of \t.1,on ,1nd Di,011\ l11u
: ,night Jlrnosl
ha,e lienrd tltt: 1n1glthhursl 0£feelmg, ~nd r<'C0!,'1117Cd
11as the pler.lge
of ,111111v111c1blc
dete111u11ullon,
Oil the part of those ,d10 gave ti, ne,e1
lo hetr.1, h1111that 1,;111dcr\,but tri h1dt' the outca,l, ,ind lin11I}to .1h1dc
the co11seq11enccs.
It \\;15 al 011cedeepl} 1111pres~dupon Ill} n1incl.that, 1f f\1r DolC1 \SS could b.: l)CrsuJded to consecrJte lill ti1ne and t.1le11tslo the promohon nf the ,1nt1-,la,cr1 cnte1p11sc.a powc1ful 1111pelus
would be gi\'en
to ,t. Jnd a 5tun111ngblo" at the •~inc time 1nll1dcd on northcr11prcj11
<Leeaga111sl
a ~olored co1nplex1on. t therefore endea1orecl lo 1n,hl hop.and cou 1age 111!0lus 111111d,
iu order Ll1athe 11ughtdare to e11gage111a
1·ocation <o ~no111alousand rcspo11S1bh:fv1a perso11in l11s'1tua1to11,
dll<l
I 11asseconclccl111thi, t'ffort ll\ warm-hearted fr1t'n<h,cspec:i,11!)h) the
late Ce11erdli~e 11tof lite l\ las~Jcl111<etts
A11ti-Sbven·SocietJ, \Jr Jou:,.,
,\. CoLU'IS.
11hose 1u<lg1neut111tlii, 111>
L,111teeultrel) tou1nc.led with
n1) 0\\11. \t lirst, h,· col ild g1,c 110 c11co11mgcmrnt;,, 1th unrcignecl cliffid('ncc. he expressed his con,·ict1on that he was not adeq11Jte to the
performance of so great a t.isL. the pdtlt u1arked Olli \\J, 1d1oll) .111
u11trodde11out; lit: \\'~\ ,1ntt·1ch app1d1en,1,c tlwt ht• ,ho11lcldn more
lia1n1 than good .\fter 1nuch rleliberahon, hmve,er. he co11se11tedto
,nal-c ,1 tnal, and e,er s111c:etbat peno<l, he ba, d<:lcd as a lettur1ng
agent. under lite Jusp 1tc:s cllhc1 of tht \111ent•.111111the \ 1a,..,1('h11,c-th
,\1111-Sla,u, Soc1ch. 111labors he h,1sbc<'n 111mlah11ncl.int.a11dIns snt·ce" 111co111balt11g
prc111d1ce.in gannug prosel,tes. 111.11,11tatu1g
Utt' pul>11c111111d,
has for snrpas,ecl the 1110,l\J11gu111e
c\pcctal1011, th.it \\('f<'
raiser! ,ti lhe co1n111e11t:c1ncnt
of hi, brilliant career. I le h,1<borne hnnself willt gc11tle11t'\\aJtd 111cekn~,.yet \I ilh h11en1auli11es,of cha1acter.
.\, a public speaker he C"\cels 111pJIJ1os.\\ il. co111pJr1,011,
1m1talto11,
,t 1 c.:ngthof 1caso111ng.,111dlluc1ic1 ol languagt. 111cre 1s 111hnn that
of head and heJrl, ,d1ic-his 1ncl1<pcn..al-,le
lo .u1 enlighte11n1e11t
of
1111ioi';
the lie.uh u11clJ \I 11111111g
of the hearu of othen \1u) hi, ,trtllf\th ,·011ti1111e
to bt t'tjuJI to hi, d.l\l ~la, he {onltnll<:to "grow 111~race. and 111
the knO\dedgc ol God.'''' thJt ht 111,1\
be 1ncrc~\1ngl)si:·niceable 111the
cause ol bkcd111gb,11,1.1111~.
\\ h!.'ther Jt liome or abroad!
It i, c-c1t,1i11h ,l ,e11 rcn1,1rkablcfacL that olll' of tile 1110,teflinc11t
.1d,-ocutc,of 1he ,JJ,·e pop11IJtio11,110" hclorc the public, '.~a fug1l1H•
,IJ,c 1n the person ol ~ Rrn£Rtt:~ Dot Gt.,:,.~,.md that Litelree colored
N \RR,n,·r
6
OF ntE
Ltrt 01' I·REDERICK OOL'Gl ISS
7
populalion uf the l 111tcdStale, are a, abh represented b~ one nf thtar
O\\n 11ui11be
1. in the per.on of Ctt.\RI.F~L~NO\ Rf.'IO"IJ.1 11ho,e t'lOquent appeals ha1e e,tc>rtcclIlic hii;hc\l .sppl.1:1,cof n111lt,t11cl,·,
oil b~lh
11de,of the \tlJnhc. I c·I Ilic cahnnn,alor, ol the colored rJce despise
lhe111sl:hesfor thci, bJsen.:~ and ,11,berahh of sp,nt. 111dhc·1K<'forth
cea~c to tJlk of the n,1b.u.1I111fenonh of those ,dio rcq111rc110111111~
l,ul
11111c
.1n<lopport11ruh to all,1n1lo Ilie·h ,ghe,I poinl of l1111l1,u1
e,cel lence.
II ,na,. perhJp,. ll<!wn I} que11ro11ed,
"hclher .1111 olher porhon of
the populJtton of the c,uth could h,11eendured the pri1,,lions. suffering, ,1nd l1orror, of ,l.1,en. "ilhoul ha, ini; bcco111c:1111,rc dcgr.idcd i11
the <t',11.·of h111na111h
tha11the· 1la1c:sof \frscau descc,11 Noth111i.has
been left undone to ~tipple their ,ntellect,. darken their minds, dcb~,c
thetr 111oraln,1l11r<".
obht<"ratcall ITa<:es
ot their r,•latio11,l11p
lo 111.1111-,nJ;
,ind, d ho\\ \\!llldc·rfnlly the, l,,1"· ,11,ta11wdthe 111ii;l1tv
lo<1dof ,1 1110,
1
f11ghtfulhondai:c. undcs which the, ha,e been g1oa111ni:
for centune,!
Tb illu,tr,1te the cttt·rt ol ,l.1,en nn lhc 1d1itc n1an,- to ,ho\\ tliat he
ha, 11<>
p<•11er1
of c1nl11rnnl·c.111111d1a ,·011diho11,
,11pcriorlo tlimc· of
h1; black b1other,-D\,1EJ. O'Cor-.~rt.1.'the disltnguished ad,oc·ak of
u1u,en.1l e111,11K1p,1hon,
.and the nught,e,t chan1pio11of pro,lr,,te but
uol co11q11crc,l
lrc:l.111d,
rdJk, till· (0ll0111111;
anecdote in a 'l><'('d1delll'ered b, l,1111111
lhe Conc1l1.1llonI !all. l)ubhn. before the 1.,,,·al \/atio11al
Repeal \,,oc1.1ho11,:\l,nch ~I. lS'I~ ·\Jo matter." ,.i1d !\1r. o·co,
-..ri 1.. ··11nd<·r
,d,at ,pcC'inu, lc·nn ii 11111
di,gui,e 1hdf, ,l,1,c11 i&,ti ll
hideou, It ha~ u nuturul. un 111cntubletcndc11r:rto hn1lt1ii=e e,·en nohle
fan,ltv of mt111 \11 \111C'nc-.111
s.11101.
11ho\\J~ cJ>t a\\a\ 011 llat ,lsnrc of
\Jnt.1. 11her,· he 11.1,kcpl 111
,la, en for thn.•t•ye,1r~.wa,, at the c,p1rJlJon
of tl1Jt penocl, fo1111d
to be 1n1bruledand ,tultiliccl-he had lo,t ,111 rc,1,011111g
[)Cl\\
er; .111d
hanng forgotten h" nati, c l,111g11ui;,·.
c-onld0111}
utter
">lltc: ~1,,1gci;ahh,·n,li hch1t·cn ,\r.ihic and Engls,h, \\hid1 nobocl)
could 11ndc1,tdnd.J11dII hsch "' c11ltc l11r11,e
lf ro1111d
diH1cull\ HI pro1101111c111r:.
So 11111d1
(or the h11n1a
,11111u;
1111l11c11cc
of 111r DO\lf ,11c
,,srrn 110, 1· \d11ulli11g
tl11slo h.11·eheen an c,lraordinJn case of mental dde1101ahon.11pro,es al le,l\t lhal Ilse" hate ,l.i,c c,111
;utl..a, lo\\ an
tl1e;c.,lc ot hurn.1nitl .1, the blatl.:one
\1r 1)01c.r ,,sh,;, \Cl') properly chosen t(1"rite has o,,n l\arrall\c.
in h1, m,11,hie .. ind nccorclin~lo the lies! of' hi, .,b,1,1), rnther than to
ctnplo, ;0111eone cl,e. II as.therefore, e11lir<'ll'hi, 111111produttio11,Jnd,
t·o11>1tkrang
l10\\Ion~ ,111d
d.1rkwa, the cdreer he had to run a, J ,la,e, ho11fe" lta,e hec11hi, opporl11r11hes
to irnpro1ehis nund \lllCC hi: b,ol..e
hi, iron fetter'i.-1t 1>. Ill Ill} 111<k;r11ent.
laiglah creditable In hi, h,•Jd
I Bl.1<.
Lk a,ln ul the J11[j;.(_;a:,
t1', mu·H1nrnf I6 Fl-I\"'\ 1, hdr:11 freem $'11!m.\Li ~'
1r,1\(
k-d• 1drh, ofl!WB w 11bDrnJ~l.iu~pc.~111i;(u1
I
u1eit l,c
I I1e 110ohtu.1111)t, .111\(.'
?. Ind, r.1tc-,:nunIi -~s-t ~- ,. tit11cr Joe (~11.olir em,u1c1p,1llt•I ,m,J lru,11
1r.dcpt·1.dc'1<'C
,
c-JJltdtliC'• LJl~rutm•
,ind h.:.1rt.He wlm can peruse it II ithout J tearful e1e. .a hea,1ng h1ca,t.
,111
afllictcd spu ,t,-111lhoul being filled11ilha11unullcrable abhorrence
of ,IJ1'el')and all ii>&bettor,,a11dJ111mated\\1th a dt'lc11n111atio11
to ,eek
th,· 1111rncdiatc
01erlhro" of that e,ecrable S\sle111.-w1thoulbe111bl111i;
for lhe Gte of 1hi•co1u1lf\iu lhc hand, of J raghteou.1C:o<l, "ho 1ten:1
011the side of lhe oppressed, ,incl ,,hose a1111i; riot ,1,o,tened tl,.11it
cannot ,a,c,- umst lia\'e .i llintv heart, and be <1nalificdto act Ilic p.art
oi a trafliclcr "i11,l.i,,·s a11<l
the ;ouh of uten "' I a111confident Ihat at as
es,entialh lruc 111all 11>,tak111cnl,;tl1al11oll1111g
ha, bee11,et do\\ 11Ill
uwlice. nothing e,ngger,1tcd.11oth111g
dm"n fro1nlh" 11
nag111atio11:
tlaal
ii co111es
,Liotl ofll1e reahl\. rather tlun o,erstales a ,,ngle facl 111rcg,ud
lo St.~,r:.R) AS IT JS.The expene,11.:e
uf fR£DERICK DOl'Gt.-\SS, JS :1 ~1.1,c,
was not a pcculaa, ont.>.his lot 11;1> not C>p<'t1dll\ J. ha1d one, lu, case
111a)be reg,1rded ,~ .i 1en tmr ~c1111en of the treatn1enl of ,la1c; in
t\lardand. in II hich Stale ii i, co1Keded th"t lhc} .ire helter fed and
le» ~rut'lh treated tls.111111
c;eori;i.•.. \lJbJnlJ. or Lou1,1a11a.
:\Ian, ha,e
suffcred ;;,co111pardbh,nore, 11hale ,~tv le" 011the pla11lllht•n,ha1<.:
,uffercd le$S,th.in hill1<elfYel how deplor:ible \\,t< hi, ,1t11.1tionl
\\h,1t
tcrnble <.ha,1tse111enh
were 111A1ttecl
11po11
111,pcr,on 1 11h.1t,hll 11101e
,hocliui; n11tr.1i;e,\\er<.·pc:rpl:lrdleclupo111111
1111nd!
111tl1all lih nobll"
power1 and subl1nll J~p,ratson,. ho\\ like J brute"·" he treJkd, e1en
bv l11oseproless111t.;
to lo.1,erhe ,ante 1111nd
1111l1e1nthat \\J> us Cla11,t
1
),..,11,to \\ h,11ti re.1df1111
iJbt IItie, \\ J, lie <.onli1111J
lh ,uhjectcd I I111"<lc,lIt11teof f1ientllvcoun,el a11daid, c,en ,n ha, grcal<.·,1
c,trcmities! hm1
heJv\ \\ds tl,e nuclruchtof\\oc 11hid1shro11clccl
in hl.1cl11e"'Ilse IJ,l rJy
of hope, ,ind lilied ll;e future II ill, tenor au<lglo,nn111l,at lo11g111g,
afkr
lrc<.·clo111
took fl<"""'"on of hi, bn·,1,t, and ho\\ h,, nn•cn ougrncnt~d,
a, he grt·\\ ct'llcct11eaud 1ntcll1g<·1tl.-lh11s
de111011,IT11l111g
111propo11io11
that ., happ1 ,1,,ve i, ,111c,tiud 111.111!
ho\\ he lhoui;l,t. r~a.10111:-d,
fdt.
under the 1.,,11nf th<.·dn, er,\\ 1th the cl1a1n,upon l11,l11nb,III hJt pcnl,
he c•nco1n1tc-rc·tl
in lu, endca1nrs lo CS<"JPC' frnn, his horrible cloo111!
Jnd
ho11, 1i; 11
.tl ha1e hce11ha, clcl11er.111te
a11tlpreser1alio11in tlae 11nt.lsl
of.;
11Jlto11
of p1tales,,ene1111c,I
1 his '\,1rr.1h1e co111.,it1'111,Hl\,1fkcung 111c1dcnh,m.1n1 pJss:1i:csof
g1c,ltdnq11c11ccai1ll po11er;but I thin!. 111,:n10,t thrilling une of tltc111
Jl l 1, Ilic cle,cnplton D011<.;J
.\..'>-~
ll"e' nf 111,f.:tl111i;,.d, ill ,t~xl ,olalo'lllillng ,c,pcd111g111,l:tll .111<l
tlie d1.111cc,~f h~~ Ofll' d.1ybc-1111:
,1 frte111a11,
011the b.,nls of the ( :he1Jpc,1kcfl.11 \ll'\\ 111i; the reccd1ug,e"ch
a, 1l,t, nc"111ththen 1d11te11111~,
before tit.: bret!£e, a11dJJXht1ophi1ing th~·111
,11an1111Jled
b1 the Iii 1111;
,p ,nl uf frccdorn ~\ l~ocan .re,~cltl1Jt
pa,,;1ge,and be n1>c:1111b
le In alapalho, ,llld ,11bl11n1~(,ou1p1<,""I 11110
,1 asa ,, l,ole \l,·\ilndn.111hbra11• ol tlsc>111;ht,
feduu,:. and ,cnh1111:nl
•
l\.~RRAII\~
Of 1Hb LJFt
Iii
i'R~llflUCt..
DOllCJ.A~
all th.it can. JII lh,1t need bi: uriwcl, i11 the for111uf expo,tul,1tion.
entrc.1h. rcl,nkc .ii;a111,tthat c11111c
of cri1ne5,-mak111gn1an the prorr
crl\ of his fel1011-1na11!
0, hO\\ accursed 1sthat s,·stcrn. "l11ch e11trn11li,
lhe godlike mind of 111.1n.
deface\ the di, inc i111Ji;e,reduce, 1ho,e 1d10
hv creation were cro\\ 11t'cl"1th i;lor1 and honor to a le, d \\ ith four
fooled hca~h. dnd c~.111,lhc dc,1lcr 111hu111JnHe,h abo,t .ill th.1l 1<
called Cod' \\111 ,hould 1h e,1,tence he prolonged one lic,ur' I, ii 110I
e11I.01111n 11.J11clibat c·ont11m.1lly'\Vhal cloe, ih pre,eu(e 111,pl)bul
lhe absence uf all ltar of ( :od, .111reg.1r<Ifo1 111a11.
on the part of lhe
peopk of the l 1nited ',tJte,, Hea,en <peed 11>eternal o,crthrowi
So profouudh 1~11oranl
of the naliirc of sl.11cn ,ire 111a111
· pcrso11,.l1111t
the, ,nc ,1uhhon1h i11c·rcd1J
lou, wlttnc,c1 lhcv read or lislc11lo Jn\
recital or the c111eltic,"h1ch ,ue daih 1ntl1cted'on 1b \ic:b1n,. ' l l1ev clo
not den, tl1,1tthe sl:i,e, are held dS propcrt1: bul IIHJIkrnblc l,1rl st·i:111,
lo t·o111cvlo tl1c1r111111J,
110idc_,1of i11j11,li<-e,
cxpo<11rclo <l11lr.1i;c,
01
sa1,1ge b..1rb,111l\.
Tell ilu.-rn rJf c111elsco11rg1ng,.c.f 11111til.1t1011,
,ind
brnnchng,. of scene, ol pollullon ,111CI
blood. ol the ha111sh1ne11t
of all
lii;hl ,,11dk110\\li:di;c,.11,dll1c1 .,ffeet lo bt· grcJ lh i11dict11,111I
JI ,11d1
e11onno11,e\;lgger.1flo11,,
,11d1wholc!>.1lc
1msstalcn1c111,,
'11<h Jho1111nablc:libels 011the charJt-tcr ol lhe so11tl1en1planters' \< 1tall these direful
outrui;c, \\Crt· n<•I11,c:11.11111.,I
r<'s11lts
of ,lavc•ryl\, ii ii were less cruel to
reduced hu111,u1
be11tglo the co11cl1tio11
of d thing, 111.111
lo gi,c l111n:i
,,,ere A.1gcllat1011.
or In ckpn1<' hu11of neces;an food and doth,ni:l \s
if 1d1ip,. tl1,1i11,.th111uh-scrcw,.p,1cldk·,.hloo<lltounds. overseers. dn,
er,, pJlrol,, ,,ere 110I.,II 111d1s-pe11,ahlt:
tu keep lh<.:~la,c, clo\\11,.111cl
to
g1,e protechun lo then rnthlc"' oppresso~! r\s 1f.11 hen 1hc 111Jrnage
111,lllul1011
1, aboh,hctl. n>111:11hi11.1s;c.
,1d11lterv,111d111ce~t.mu,1 110I
ncc-<.»sJnl~
abound:" he11JII lhc ru:;lihnl'lt11n1a.111h
,~reannilnlated. Jni
harner re111:ii11s
to protect thc ncl1n1 r,on1 the fut\· of the ,poiler: \1hen
ah,ulute po,,e,h av111111cd
o,cr lik .ind hhcrt\. 1t will nol b<.\\Jcldccl
,11th dc~lr11c:ti,cS\\,irl Sl-eplic, ur thi, character .1bo11nd111 ,oc1c:h. In
sonic lc,1 111st.1nco,ih('1r 111creduhty.1risc. fro111a \\ant of rt llcction.
but. gencralh. 11111<l1cak,
:i hatred nt the light. ,I dc~ne to ,liielcl ,I.wen
fron1the ,is,.1ulb of 1h foe,, a t·o11tc111pt
of the colored ,a,c:. ,d1ethe·r
bond or free Such ,,ill In lo dts:rcdil the ,hocl.in(\ talc, of sl,neholdtng
c1L1dt;,dnch jfC recorded HI tin, lrulhful NJ11al11c:hut thev ,lill lahor
in ,i1111
. \Ir D•l 1GL\Ss hJ, fr,111khd1<do1edthe pfa,e of hi~ birth. th<:
na1ncs of tho~c \\ho clanned 01111cr,l11p
in 111,hoclv ,1nd soul. and the
11an1es:ilso ol those 1d10 con1m1Uedthe ,rune, ,d1ich he· h,11.1llei;ed
as;ain,t the111111,,tdlen1cnh therefore, ma, ea~1h be rh,pro1·cd. ,r ll,e,
drCuntrue
In the c-our<cof his :-..11
rati,e. her rd.de, two 1n1l.1ncc,of n111rde1ou,
c111dl).-111une uf 11l11cha planter dehbcrateli ,hot ,1 ,la1c belu11ging
lo d ne1ghbo11ngpl.1ntalio11
, 1\110lwd uruntentionaU, gotten \\11111
11 hi,,
PR! I ACt
IW \\ IL.LIAM LLO\
u
C ,\Rkl"-'N
()
lo,dl} <lo111.un
111c1ucstof li1h;,111<l
111tl1e oilier ~n 01cr,,eer ble" 0111
tho·bra111s
of J sla1e \\ ho had fled to a slrea1n of ,,aler 10('sc·.1pc
J blood,
,courg1ng. 11.lr. D01 •GL\.SS ~t.1te, th.ii 11111e1lherof the,~ i11~L111tt·s
,, a,
,lll\ th1ngJoue bi 1:ai uflt'gJ! arre,t_or 111dic1.1I
111\t'Sltg~IJOII
T111.:
Ballimore -\mcnc,111,ol \huc:11 I .. I S-t,. relate, ~ ,11111l.u
t·.oseof atroc1t,,,
perpetrated ,, 1th s1n11lar1111pu111h-a>
follows:- "S/11mt1ngu Slt1~e_
\\ <' lc,arn, upon the .iuthoril) of a letter fron1Chari<:>coulll}. \I.in !dud
recc1,cd by a genlle111a11
nf ih,, cit,, th.it ,1 roung_ 111,111.
na1ned \I.ii·
t.lic,,s. a nephe11of Ce11eral\ l.1tlI,e,, ,, '" 1d \\ lto,e Cathe 1. iI j, bd 1,·, cd
holds .in office JI \Va,h111gL011.
killed one of the, ,l.11c, upon In, fJlh~r·~
f.in11hi ,hooting 111111
111e letter ,tales lhJI voung ~latthews had been
left 111d1,irgc of tlw farru; th,11lie g;l\r ,111orckr to lhc ,rnanl. wl11ch
W.h th,obe, cd. 1d1eu he pruccedl'd In Ilic htH1'c, r,/,/11111~d
<1 r.:11n, and
ret11n1111g,
~hot tht' ,en·u111
, I le 1n11necLateh.the letter co11hm1es.tlcd to
Iii, f.11lwr'sr~-<iiclt-11ce.
,du:'re ht still rcn1ain, u11111olesl<'d
· Lti ii nen,•r
he for~ollc11,tl,.1111n,IJ,d1oldcr 01 n1t·1,ccr can he co11,1ctedol a11\
01,trai;e perpclratccl on the per,011of .1<l,1vc.howe, er d,abolical 11111a,
be, on th€ tesbn1on\' of colored\\ 1tnesl.es.whetlu:r bond or free B, the
,bit, code, the, are ad11ule:t·dIn he·" 1nco111pclcullo k,hly ,1ga111st
.1
\\llltl' nia11.• 1s tho114hthe, ,,ere indeed .i p.111of the brute c1c'1ho11
Hence. th.:re 1s no legal protection 111fact. ,,hate,er ll,erc 111a,be 111
form. for the sl.1ve popnlJhon: Jncl an, an1ou11tof cn1clt1 n1a1 lw
111A1(
ted on thc111\\ 1th u11p1111ily
. Is 11pos,ihlc for the 1111111.111
111i11d
to
,01K('i,c of d 11wrchoniblc ,tJ lc of ,oc1et)?
TI11: effecl of ,1 religion, prof<.>,,ion
on the c-011ductof ,oulhc·n1 111,"ters j, v111dl1 de,c·nbc·cli11the lollnw1111;
,,1rr.1h,e. m,d ,110,-11lo hc an1
thing b11I,.1l11lat\·111ilw 11.tltllcof Lht ~.1st. 1111111,t
be u1 the lughesl
degree pen11c1011s
'rl1e lesbn1on, of ~Ir Dout,L\l,,, on 1111,1"'1111,
1s
,usta111rdbv J cloud of w1tT1<:"t'',d10,c ,cr.1nl\ 1, 1111i1npcad1.1blc
. ".-\
,IJ1eholder\ prok"ion of ( :11n,lta111h
1, a p.1lpalile 11nposl11re
. I le i, a
felon of the highest ~rndc He 1., .1 111an-stealerIt is or11(>1111port,1nct·
,,hat \Oil put 111the oll1cr sc,1le.
Rc.1derl,1re you ,, ith tl1t· n1.11
1-sk,1k1, i11') 111pall11
and purpo,e. or
Oil 1111.>
,ide of their do1111-lrodclen
\ 1clin1s?If 111
1h the fonner, then ar,·
1ou tltt: foe·of (;od and 111J11
If \I 1th th(' lalkr II h.1t.ire ,011 prep.ired
tt, do Jnd tl.1re ,n their beh,1IP lk Clllhful, ht· 1·ii;il.111l.
he 1111li11ng
1n
\our effort< lo breal. e,cn H1I-<:,
and lc:,tlhc opp1esseclgo free, Cn1nc
whal n1J1·-cu,i ,1h.11it 111a1-111~cnhc
on the b,1l111cr
,dud, 1ou unfurl
In ihe br~ez<:.d~ yo11rrcl1i;iou, ,111<1
pol,hcal 11101!0-··r--.o
C0\1PRO\lbL.
w1111 SL\\'t· R, • No l 1,10:s \\'II II S1 ~, r.1101ot Rs!
\\ \I LLCJYI)C \RIUSC)t\
Ill
N\RRATI \ I:
or TIIE l.1rt
(ll
11
FRt Ilk RIC~ Dotll.L.\.',,,
Leifer fr0111
\\ 'cndcll P/1ill1p~.£sq
Bo,10,, -\fin/ 22. 18-1'.
\ h Oe,ir friend:
You rt·111e111hcr
tltt· old f.1hkof· [he :\fan Jn<l the Lion:· 1d1ere the
11011
co1npla111edthat he ,ltould not be ,o rn1,reprc,e11ted '\1 lte11 the
11011,
"rote h"ton "
1,tnt i:lad the 1i111e
l1..1,conic 1d1u1 ll1t·"l11>11,
1111lc111,ton·· \\'e h,ne
hecn left loni: cn<>ni;ltto i:atlicr the dtJ TJl'ler of ,b,e~ !Tonith.- 11110luntan cndcnce of the 111a,tc1>011c m1i;l1t. 111cleed,rest suthc1e11th
,.,ti, r,~dII Ith II ll.lt, iI i~t'\ 1<lc11
I. 11111,
I he 111gctt(' r.11.11IC TC">II
It, of ,11, II
.1rd.1hon. 111thoul,cckini: l,1r1hc-rlo find ,dwther thc1 h,11efollo11cid111
e,en· 111>1.JJlcc
liu.kcd. tho,e "ho ,L.trcat the h.111
-peck of cont ,1"<!Ck.
~11dl01e lo c-011111the Lishe, on the ,l.1,e\ h,td,, .ir" <cl<lrnnthe ..,tnff'
0111of II l11d1relontJCP.,111d.1boliho11i,ts.tr<' lo ht· 111.1<le.
I rc1nc1l1bcr
thJt , 1n
nian, "ere "ailing fo, tl1t·1c,11lt,of the \\'e5t Jnd1,1expen
111ent.'befor,· tltc.-1tould c·o111einto 011r r,1111..,ll10,e ..re,11lt,.. h,ne
cmnc Ion/;!ai;o: b11t,,1l.1,1 fr-11 of th.it 1111111hcr
ha,e conic 111thlhc111.as
,·0111crt,. \ 111au11111,I
b<·di,po,ecl to 1udgl· of ctn.iuc1pJL1011
b, other
1t;1h th,111
1d1ether 11hu, inc re,1,ed the prudllc<:of s11g,1r,-,11
1d tu l1alc
,IJ1cn for ollicr rca,011, tl1J11 hc,au,c 11 ,tant:, tnt>n and II lup,
\\<1111c
11.- ll<!lo1clie i- read, to la, lite fi"l ,to11cof l11,a11li-,la1cn·life
1 11.1, gl.,d I<>le.,rn, in vour ,t,>11.ho11 earl, the 1110,
t ncg lcctccl of
Cod\ childr.-111>Jk.:11
In :1 ,en,,· of their ni;hts. and of thl· i11j11,t
1c<'don,·
Ihc111r,,pericucc 1s., lcc II lcac he,: and l<>ngbefore n111 I1.1d111,1Sterccl
1-0ur \BC. nr lnc\\ 11herc the "\1h1te ,,111,··
of Ll1cChesJpcake IICTl'
bound 1011 hc!;,11
1 I 'l"1·,lo g,1111.:c
the 11rekhcclne" ot the sl,11e,not b)
111,hunger and 11a11I.11011,,111,la,he, J11d lnil, but lw the cruel and
hl1ghh11gdc:.ith11hicltg,1tl1cr,01e1 hi1 ,011I
In u>11ncd1011
"ith this, thcr.· i, Olll' c1rcu1n,t,u1cc:\\ h1ch 111Jl.csvour
rccollccho11, pee 11l1.ul~,alua.bk, ,111drcndt•r, , !HIT l':11l\ insight the:
,norc r<.'111.1rlablc
)ou conic fro111
li1JI part of the co1111t~"her,· II<' Jfl'
111ld,la,cn ,tppe,11,"it li 1lsl.,irc,t feature,. u l u, hea r. then." ht1Iit i.it , I, he,I b l.i k -g,11e 011 1ts br,i;ht ,idc. tf It h,1, one, .,nd th~11i nwi;111alio11111.11
tJ,l ht,r power, lo .1dJ ddrk l111l',to the pidurr. ,1, ,he: lrareli.
,m1lh\\,1td to th,,t (ior th<·c·olored l11d11
I \ allc1 of the Shadow of Death ,'
1d1ere the \hs'lss1pp1 si1cep, along.
,\ga111."'-' ha,<· k1101111
~011loni;. ,uul c.111ptll the 1110,tenllre confi-
ts,-..
;
TI1C'811ll!d1 PJ1la t1lf111 il,oln,lil'\1
,l.i,cn·1hrooi;l111\1ltlic- c111p11('11 lb);,
.ifld
Jt\
111the JJh:
lb\(J1 Bmo1mt \\nt Jud,.;m111i::JrHl.i•11l1o
"'CfC' 11adcr~1111u;
.i 11u10, tr.uu1lw11 ~ . m ,IJ\CC\ ft
f11:c-J..1m \\ 11,tepJ.1c,tc:u \\Ut .illolh.'-<l., Joi.ti cil tv.mh nullk1H pi1111RhIll cu, 1}'111..;Jt1r,11
tl'f
1l1<.·11
l:)1.1,
oi"'p1opl:'t'f\, .111,IJ hncf"!'rre11htc-,l1ri1 l'K'II01.I \\,I) ,k,1c1 c.,lto p1e"lcnrJII 1ru11K:tll~
.itc v.d.hJ1.-'ill
ol Lalw,rl fu.1...,errQ11), l,~..-L-. lt'tt111..pl.mt,i11(!1,, r:J~l:11\btJ
f,n ,1!1J~o•
.iml t~L.1J111..t,m.111
l.uulholt\c·r1
11,..m.."t'l\u 1he L•11~,;,.11tr-11II11KH ..!1t,1IJ(t" c.1ux-Jb Jt1lf\!pl
('<\),
1~1hr~n1.
-ul lo "lo, 11UII) ViI,It (' rl.ml<"ll 111tht-IS-!O,,-~\bttlh\\tg"Jt puxlttC'ho•I JI 1,I t-1'(iH
pm:cl fdl, le.a.Jmg
uw1, '.'lutrp,c,jlc tn hehC",e
thoH
ilu: c,11e11mc11'•h 1J l"·'-11
.t £.uh.1eo
6 r~,iln, z; 1
COl!llhtll',h rt"(HCIHZt'
b,
1und("C'llih-t"('11lt11,
re ••Ith.
dence in 1·011rtruth, cando1, and ,111t:entl t,en one 1d10 ha& heard
you speak,hJi fell, and. I a,n confident. Cl~'} on.; 11ho read, ,our book
11ul fet:I. pe rsi1,1dedtha1 1011gi1t" the111 a fair ,pecnnen of the "hole
Lrulh \lo oue-stcled portra1l,-n() 1d1oles.1leco111pl.11nt,.-but <Incl 1usti ce done. 11hcnc1er incli1id11al kindline,s li,1, 1tr:utrnli1ed, for a
1110111cnt,
the deadI} systen1111lh11Inth ,t \\a, ,trangch .1l11cdYo11hJ1c
been with us, loo. ~on1t ,·car,;, and CUil fa1rh· co1npare the 1\11light of
11~ht,, 1d1icl1,onr r.1c<"cnjo1· ,11the \ nrth. 111ththat ..110011
of night""
under 1'111chthc1 l.ihor ,outh ,,f \l.ho11 a11J 01xn11\ l1r1c 1'·11111
11hether, .itte1 all.. the h.ilf-free colored 111.
111of 11.la,sachu,elb i, 110,~c
off th.111tl,c p.1n1pcrcd sla,e of the nee ,11.1n1ps•
l 11 1c.1d11
1g )Ollf lire, 110 OIIC Cdll ,arth,11I\C h.1,c 1111f.11rli
pklc·cl 0111
sonic rare speci111ensof cruelty.\\.., l11011that the bitter drop,. uh,ch
e1e11,·ou ha,c drained fron1 the cup. are no 1nc1dent.1
I aggra1,1tion,.110
incli,idu.1! ilb, but such ,1~11111,l
rrnngle ah1.11,a11drwrc.ss,trih 111the Int
of c1en· ,la, c 'f he, all' the e,se11lidl i11i;1ed1cnt,.1101 the occa>1onal
re,ulls. of the sy,tc111
\ftcr all. I shall read 1011rhool. 11ith trc111hhn~for 1011 So111c1t·a£\
.igo II hc:11
,on were bci;11111111g
to tell me 10111n:.1!nmnc:a11dbirthplace.
1011111.11
r~11u
:111hc
r I , topped you .• 111<l
preferred lo remain 1gllor,1nl of
nil \\'itl1 the c,ception of a 1agi1e description. so I continued, till theother d.11
·, \\ lten 1011rc,1cl111cvour rnc111oirs.I hardl) k11c11
. al thi: lnnc.
11 hether lo tl1,111k
you nr 11
0 1 fur the s1i;htof the111.1d1c11I ,enctted that
it \\as ,ti ll clangerou,, 111\IJssach11,elts. for honest nwn to lell their
nante,! ·n1e1 sa1 the lather. 1111--6. signed th<"l)ccL11.1
t1on ol l11dcpeudenc,· 11i11tth,· h.,ltcr about tl1c1r 11c:cl..,You. too, publ"h vour declaration nf freeclo111"1th d,111gercmnpas<111gI ou around. l11.11!the
bro.id lands "ludt the Con,t 1h1hon of the ll111tcdSt,11t•,01c:-r,l~,ulo11,.
there 1, no , 111
olc ,po t,-ho\\L" lt·r 11,lrlO\\ur dcsnl,1tc-1d1c1c J l11g11l1c
sla,e can pla11th1111,df..111{] I ;lln <.1fc:·The 1d1ole u_rn1011
of Nor11,en 1 La" lrn, no , lueld lor vou I ,1111 free to ,a, th.,t 111,our place I
,liould lhro11 the l\1S. ntto the fire
You. perl1Jp,. n1d\ tell vonr , ton Ill ,dfch, cndc~r<·d,I\ )Oil are lo so
n1a 111
· 11..1n11 ltc,lfh b, rare g,ft,, JHcl a ,til l rar,r de1oho11of thcn1 lo the
,en i~e of olhc1,. flnt it 11111
he 011in~ 011h ID1u11rLihor,.. 111<I
tl1,·fc:.ulc"
cffo ,b of thn~e who. Lra1nphni;Ilic 1,1\\, anti Co11>lit11tion
of the counln
dcr their ieel, ,ire dctcrn1111cclthat they 1111\"'hide the 011tcast.'",111d
1111
th.ti their lie.11th,,hall he. ,p1tc of the l,111
.•111.JS} h1111
fnr Ilic npp1e"c<l.
stand in nur ,tredi.. ,incl be.tr
1f rontc.:lune or other. the lnnnhle, t 111,11
safctl ,1".tlllSI lite cr11c-l1tc,
of II h,ch lie h,1sbee11lhe1 1,!1111.
11 ihiess 111
)et" 1, ,,telto thin k. tlut these 1cr1 throhhing hc·ar1s11h1rh \\Cko111c
,.i~
...
7 hpiul 11t.olih(Htrd ,h.douc: IJ!r 111
mg:d1.1t<"n•tlu:•111",1"-i.1\
wu
l,i'l!hlof •I•"""
"~' J,rlc11t'JL\I1hr 1110nal
12
i',ARR.~TJ\I'. OF TIIE
Ll~f- clt
FR£DERl<:K 1)011GLASS
10111~tory,aud for111your be,t safegu.1n.li111cll111g
1t. are all bc.1h11g
co11tr~r)to the ,tatnte i11,ud1 ,,l\e 11,ad.:dllU prolided" Co 011, lrl\
dear fnend. till 1ou. aud tho><·,d,o, like ,ou. han~ been !kl1cd,,o a, h1
fire, from tl1edJ1k pt1w11-ho111e,
,hall ,tcrcotype tl1e,e free. 111<'-l:\"I
pub~
11110statutes; ,ind .\e\, Enghi11d,cnt1111gloo,e f1om ., bloo<l-,IJincd
ll11io11.
,hall glon 111bc1111;
tlie ho111eof refuge for the oppres,ed:-till
\I l' no longer 111crch
•·/1idclhe out.a,t," or 1n;1l..e
,1111entof i.laud111g
idh
b, wlrik ht· 1shunted 111onr nud,t. hut, co11,ei:wl111g
,111~11
the soil of
lite Pilgr,n1, JS .111a,du111for the::<>ppre"ed, procl.1in1our ,.-elcome lo
lhe ,l,11(',,1 lo1ulh, that the tone, ,hJII reach c1en hut in the Carolinas.
.11111
111Jkcthe broken-hearted hond1n.111
le.Ip up al Lhe Lhou!:hlof old
\la,-.ichu,etts.
•
CoJ speed the J.1,1
l ill then .• 111dc,·er,
\our, truly.
\\ 'r \DEi.i. PHIL.UPS
FH1 ut.RJ~ 1o. Doi-c1 ,~,
Chapter I
I"·" lt<1r11
i11T11d,:1hoe
, 1,c,n H1ll,horuui;l1.a111labout 11,che 1111le,
lro111f."1011,111l.1lho1c·onn~. t-la~brid I hJ,e 11oacc11r,1le
l..nowk-dl(t·
of 1n, Jge. ne,cr h,1\lni; ,ccn ,1111
.111ihc11tic·
rc('nrclco11t.1111111e
11 H, r.11
tl,e-l.iri;cr p.1rtof the::,Lnt ... l..1101,
,I\ little uf 1hei1ai;e, •" 1101\e,l..11011
of
theirs, .u,.! 1l is the: w1~l,of 1110,t111a,ter,w1ll1111
111,l..11011
ledi;e to keep
their slJ1e, tlins 1gnor,111t
. I do not re1nt•111bcr
to h.11·cc,cr ind ,1 sl.1,e
,d10 c·ould tell of hi\ hirthw}, '11,e} ,dclo111corne 11e.ue1lo 1t thJ11
pL111l1111,)•fi111",
hane,t-11111<'.
cher~-tone, ,pr111g-l11ne,
or fall-lune ,\
11.rntof i11fon11a1,on
c-oncern1ngIll) 0111111,1,a ,ource ot unhapp111e"
to 111cc,e-11,lt11111i;
d11ltll1ood.'11,c 11liitt:thiltlrc11n111lrlt<:11
tltdr 1ges
I could not Lei!1d1yI ought lo be clt:pri,ed ui the ~Jn1epr11ilc~e I \hi\
1,01Jllo"cd to male_ JII\ 1nqu1nes of 111,ma,ter tonte111111gtl. He
dccn,cd ,1II,11d1111qu1nc,,,11the 11artof .1 11.1,
c 1n1proper.111d11nperti11c11t,
a11dt:\tdencc of ,I 110,tle"spirit '11,c ne,11cslestir11.1lcI c.111g1,e
,nal.es rne _110"bcl:\1ce~ l:\,·enty-se,c11 and twe11ty·<'lljhI yc.,rs <,f,tgl'. I
conic to tins. frun1l1eJn11grn} 111,hlersa,. so1ne t1111e
duri11gIS3~. J \\a,
about sc.•1cnlt:en
~"ar, old.
\h 111otl1er
II as named [ larnct Bailcv. She \\;b
tltc.,cl.111ghtcr
of l~a:it
and Bebe, B,11lc).both colored, and q111leclarl, \iv 111ollrcr11a, of a
darker c·o111ple,1u11
than either 111v
gra11d111olhl·r
or g~andtJthcr.
\h f.tthcr was J \\lute 111,111.
I k \\'.I\ Jdn1it1ctlto be ,uc·h b, ,1111c-«n
heard speJI..of 111ypa1cntJge.
npi111m1
11·asalso ,d11speredtlt.1!111,
1n.1ster"·" r111t.,thcr, but of the correctness of tl11,op1111onI kno\\
11olh111g,
lite 111ea11,
nf l..nu\\111g\\,1~111thheldiron, 111c\\~ niother ,111
d
·n,c
NARR~TI\ f_ OF I Hl
J.1~._ 0~
~·REDE.RICK Dot •(;1 ),.ss
)l
I ,,ere \epardlc:clwhen I \\as hut Jn infant-before I kne\\ her a, 111,
1nother It IS d c:0111111011
c·11,ton1.111the part of \lanlaud front wh1d 1 I
rau Jwa,, lo part childrcu rro1n their 111other,al a ,c~ eail~ Jge freq11cnlh. before the child h,t~ reJcheJ it,, twelfth rnonth, 1h rr1olhcr ;,
IJkl·11fron1 it, ,1nd hared out on soo1e fa1111
J co11,1der.1hle
di1tance off.
a11dth<.'cl11ldis placed 1111cler
the care of a11old wo111,111,
too old for field
l,1bor Foe ,dial tlti, ,cparJhon 11clone, I dn not Lno11,u11lc,,1t l,e 10
hander the de, clop111e11t
oi tl1e d11ld's affection toward 111n1olhcr. ,1nd
to bl1111t
,111ddeslro1 Ilic 11atuialJ.ffetl.Jonof the 111otl1er
for the ch1lcl
I hi, 11lhe inc, 1tahlc:rC'111lt
I never sa\\ ,n, 111othcr.to lno\\ her as such. n1orc than four o, file
hn1e, in 111vlite; J.nd each of tl1e,e hn1es wa, ven short in d11rahon and
di night She:11,1,hJred b, a ~1r Stewart. ,d,o 1;,ed .1bou1l11dve ;111les
from 1111·ho1ne She n,adC'he! 1oun1c,, to see me 111the 111ghl.
tra1cll111g
lhe whole d11tanccon fool, Jtter thc perfonnance of her dar'1 work. She
was J field hJnd, and a 1d1ipp111i;
is tl1epen.illy of 110!be1111;
111the field
dl su1111sc,
unk,s a <la,c l1a, ,pcual penn1ss1011
fro111his 01 he, 111a,tc1
lo lhc contrnrv-:1 (>CT1111>11011
"h1t h they 1ddon1 get, and one that g1~es
to ham that g1,es rl lite proud nan,e of being u kind mJster J do not
recoiled of e,er see1ni;111,111olherb1 the light of da1. She 11a,\\llh 111c
i11Ll1e11ight.She would he Jo11n \\tlh 111c,and gc:trnc to 1lccp. h,11long
before I 11,11..cd
~he wa, gone \en little coi1111111nicat1on
e,er tool place
bt·h1ce1111s.Deatl1 soo11ended what little 11e could h,1vc 1d11k she
li,ed, and "ill1 ii her li.1rd,li1µ,aud ,uffc11ng.Sirs d1crl 11hc11I \\'a<
.1boul , ..,eu )t:ar, old. 011 one of 111v1nastcr'sf.,rms, near Lee's !\lill l
\\as uol allo11edto be present dunn~ her 1ll11ess.
JI lier de.1th.01 burial.
She ,n1s gone long hdore I l..11t'11
J111tl1111g
about 1t Nc1e1 h,iving
cn101ed. lo Jny c:011,iderJbl~extent, l1cr,oolh111gprcse11ce.her tender
and 1\.ilchfnl cart:, l 1ccc11edthe hding< of her cleallt \\1tl1111uc:hl11c
sa1nee111ohon.s
I ,hould hJ1e probahl) felt al the deaLl1of d ,l,angcr
C'..rlledthus ,uddcnh .111
d). ,he left 111c"1thout lht' slighte,t 1nt1T11Jtion ol 1d10111,folher 11:1,.Th<· 11h1sperthat m, m,1ster11,11111\' father,
nl.l) 111111,11
110!be true; .incl. !Tueor f.ahe. it 1sof but lilllc co1iseq11cnc·e
tu 11wpurpose wh1l,1the fac·Ire111Ji11,.
111all ib !;la1i11i;
o<lio,i-nes,.th.1I
,l.1,cl1oldershJ,c urd,1i11ed.,111db, llll, e<labli,hc-d,thal the cl11klrenof
sla,e 11·0111e11
,li,111111
.,II cas~~follow the condition of their u1t>llic1$,
and
thl\ is done loo obnou,h to ad1n111i,1Lr
lo tl1eir01111111,t,,and ,nake a
gr.1hlicaho11of their 11,eked de,irt', profitable :is "di .1<pleasurable; for
b} th 1, cu 1111i
ng arra11!:c111c:11t.
the <I.iicholder. in cases not a fc11,,11,la111\to hi, ,lal'c, lite doubl.., relation of 1na,ler and f.itht·1.
I kno11 of ,11ch cases: and 11 l'o II orlh, of 1t111arkthat such s!J\'es
1111an.1bly
suffer i;rcater h,1Td,h1p,,,u1dhill'l' morr to conttnd w1tl1.U1a11
other< 'I hq art•, 111tht f11,lpl.rec. u constant offe11u:lo their n11,lrc,,.
<:he rs e,cr d1Spo,ctllo fa11df.iull \\itl, the111.the, can ~cldon1clo nn,
tl11111;
to please l,cr; ,ht: "nel'er heller p1"'1st:dlhan II hen ,he sees the,;,
I•
\/ARR~lf\l
01· 111r
l.irE
or
FREPl·Rllk Dot•(;L<\SS
1111<lcr
the l,1;1,,e,pc:lialli \\ hen sire ,u,pclls her h11sbJ11d
of sho1\111~
to
hi, nt11l.1110
children fa,ur, "liich he withhold, fro111111,blJcl.. sla,cs.
The m.i,ter r. fre411cnllyl'01t1pclledto sell 1hr, dJ-, of his ,IJ•.c\, 0111of
deference lo Ilic fecli11i;sof 111,,,lute 11,fe.and, cruel a, the deed ma1
slril.l· an) 011eto be. for a 111Jnlo ,cll lu~ 01111
children lo ln111rnnAesl;1nt111gers.
ii 1> often the dictJll' oi h111nanit\ for hi111lo do so, for, 11nles,
he does thi, , l,c· 11111st
1101011h wlup tl,e,n hi1n,df. but 111u,t,land b,
au<I,ct' one 1d1iteson tie up 111,broll1er.of but few shades darker co111plt--.io11than h11n\elf,a11dpl1 the gon l,hh to h,,11,1ledb,ack,.11,dif lie
li,p one \\Ord ol disappn11JI.1l "sd do1111to ha, purenl.il pJrhaltt~. and
1111h111,1Lc,
.1 bad 11,atler11or,e, both for lnn1self.111d
the ,la,, 1d1on1he
11011
Id protect Jnd de fend
[·.,en vear bnni:, 111th1l111uh1t11d~
of th" d,1>sof ,l.11·c, It'"" donhtll'" 111co11<cq11t11cc
ol ., k1101dedgeof tlu, f.1c·I,that one:g1eat ,t~le1H1.111
of Ilic ~u111hp1cd1ctcclthe do1111fall
of ,la,el\ b~ llw 111t'v1tJbleld11,of
pop11l,1tro11
\\l1dhcr this prophc·t1 1sc1cr lulhllcll or not, 111s11cn:1tl1t'·
I,·" plau, th.,t ;11<en1liftc1cttl•lool.111g
d.is, ol peopl~ .,re ~prin;iug up ,11
lht· ,011th.a11dJre 11011
held 111, IJ1er), f10111
tho,t: 011gi11all~
b1ough1 lo
lhi, c:ou11lr1110111
\fn c,1,and 1f their 1nc1ea,t 111IIclo no other good, at
will do ,111.11
the force:of the .1rg1111w111.
th.II c:od cursc·d I la111.~.ind
therefore .\111e11ca11
,l.1ve1)"nght If Ilic h11.:.1Idc,cc11d,111t,
nf H,1111
me
alone lo be ,tnphnJlh c11sla1cd,111, t·ertaur that ~laver1at the south
11111~1
~0011 ht:co111c1111,cripl11r:1I
, lor 1hou<,111d,arc u, l1cre<linto the
world, .innuall). 1d10, 111.<:
111~,df,n,,c thctt c\l,tc1wc lo 1d1it,·f.1llrt·rs,
and those-fotht·rs1110,tf1equenth the,r 01111
111asler,.
I l1.11·e
had 1110nu1kr,. \h li-r,1111.1,tt'r',
n.1111e
11.1,\ntlto111 I do nut
ri:111c111hcr
hrs lir,t 11,1111c
He 11J,gc11t·1.1lly
~.,lkd ('.dpta111\11thony-a
ti lie 1, hach, I pres111nc,he ,1t·qu1rcdh) sa1l111,g
a era fl on the Chcs,1pt·ale
BJ}. lie 11asnot eousiderc.,d., rid1 <l,1\d1oldcr. I le 01-1,11ed
l110or 1111cc
fd1111,.
J11ddboul tl11rl),l.11.:, H" f,11111,
ancl ,la1t~ 11c:reunder the care
nf an o,cr,ccr The 01c,1ccr\ 11a1newas l'lu1n111cr
. \I, . Plu11111
1er 11~
1s ;i
nu,cr.ible dru11urcl. a profo1~cs,1carcr. ant.la sa1Jge 111011,tc:r.
I le:alw.1)·,
lll'.111
,H111ed
111tl1
J c:o\\sl..111.111'1
.1 ]11:Jq cudgel I h.1vel1101111
111111
lo
cut Jnd <la~hlhe womC>11',
head, ,o horrihlv. tlr;it ncn n1.1sterwould be
enraged JI lus crueltv. a11d11oulJ threakn to 1d11ph1111
iflrc::clidnot 111111d
hun,elf \IJ,ter. ho111:,er.'"" 11ota hunune '1a,ehol<lcr It required
c,traorchnaT) b.1rbanl1or, the part of .111
01cr,ct•r lo a fret t hun I le was a
truel 1na11.h,irdened h1 ., lo11glife of ,la1ehold111g
. I le 11ould at tJL11e,
see111lo L!l.ci;rcat ple.1,nrc in 11-h1pp1ni;
~ sla,e I lia,c often hccn awakc11ed_
at the da\\J1ot cld1hy the 1110,tht'art-rcnd,ng ,hnel-s of .111
own aunt
of m,n~. 11hon1he usrd to tie up tu ,I 1oi,t,.,ncl\\ hip 11po11
her naked hJcl.
1111,hc11J, l1lt:r,1lhc.01crcd11ithblood . l\u 11orcls
, no k,11,. no pravers.
\ 11te >fk:(10U• .i.1~1w1ut.1,c.krrcd ton h.u.c,Ior .,1, ,nlc'q'"L.itiw 1 uf Ct:.,1('\t\ ~ !t'-2-.
\o.il1 l"Uhd I h 1011H.uu.andCn11dc11111,
l.m1 to bnud.
,,:\:lc1 L1• ti,.,tl1c,
'1 \ "hip 11~dc:
rifr;J\I, co"'il-i<lc
111\,luth
lro111hi, gorr I iclint, ,ee111edlo 1110\ehis 11011
heart from tis blood,· pur•
pose:. l he louder she screa111ed,the harder he 11h1ppe<l
: a11d1d1er<·the
blood rJn fa,test. there hc:11 luppcd lougest I le would II h,p her to 111
.il.~
lier \Cl<:,1111,
Jud \\hip her lo n1,1l.chc1 hush. and nol 11nhlo,crcoane b,
fatigue. 11ould he cease to swing the blood-<lotted to11,l.111.
I re1ncrnbcr
the first lin1el c1 er 11it.J1e.,,,.ecl
this horrible e:1.hib1honI""' ,1111te
a duld,
but I well rcmen1bcr it I 11c,er ,!,JI! forget it II hibt I rcnw111bera111
tlung. It 11a.slhe first nf 3 Jong se11e,of \11d1on trage<, of 11hid1 I \\J~
doon1cclto he J witness Jncl ,1participant. It ,11ut·I. 111e11,111,111
ful fo1c-c
II wa, the l>loo<l-,l.Ju1ed
gJte. the entrance to the hell of ,la1er1. through
11h,ch I was about lo ()JS>. It IIJS a 1110,llernhle spt'ct.1d<· I II i~h I could
commit lo paper tl1e fcding, 111th11luch I Lel,i;Jdat.
flu, occurrence tool place \Cn soon after r "ent to l11e" 1th 111, old
111a.s1c1.
aud u11<lerthe fol10111111;
c1rc1uns1anc,"i.Aunt I lt'skr 11ent out
one n1ght.-1d1ere or ior I\ hat I do 110Il.111111.-.111d
happcncd to Ii,·
absent II hen 111~n1aslc1desired lier presence. l lc had ordered her not
to i;o out e,c111~s. and wari1ed her th,11she 111u,tuc,er let hun c.itcl1
l1e1 in c0111pa111
111th., yo1111g
111an,11ho 11." P·') llll: ,tltC'nl1<111
to lier.
l1elo11g1ng
to Colonel Lloid . 1 lte voung 111an'snmne \\dS '\eel Roberts.
gcncrJlly called Lloi<l's"fed. \\1n master was so CJ.J'efulof her. nia1 be
,.,feli left to conjec-ture. She"·" a 1,0111.111
of 11obk·fo11n.artd of i:r,1ccful propo1l1on,. ha1·1111,1
\'en fe,, equal,, ,111dfo11ersuperiors, ,n person.ii
,1ppearante, a111011g
the: colors-clor II lute 11on1enof our nc1ghborl1oo<l
\uni I lc,tcr had not onh dt\olx:1cd his orders 111going nut. but h,td
been found in con1pa11~with 1.lo,d', \eel. 1d1id1 circ11n1sta11cc.I
f<1u11<l.
fron1 1d1at he said 11hile 1d11pp111g
her, 11,aslite dncf offence.
I lad he been a ,n~n of pure:1nor,1lsl11n1~df.he might h,11cbeen thought
interested in protecting the in11occnccof 1111
,1u11t,but tl,ci,e ,d,o l.ne\\
lii,n will 1101<llStJC•ct
lrirn of an\ sutl1 \1rl11~.l:lefor.: lie to 111n1enced
1d1ipp1ngAunt He,ter. he tool..lre1 into the l..1tchen,and ,tnppcd lier
fron1 neck lo \\atsl. lca1111gher ncd,, shouldc~. and b,1ck. entirdv
11al.eclI le then told her lo c1<1ssher !rands,call111{(
lu:r ,If the sa111ctune
a cl-d
b-li
".ftcr cro~,rng he, hand,. he tied lhen1 \\tlh a ,trong
ropc, a11dled her lo a ,tool under ,1 l,rrf:e hook an the 1oi,l. pul in for
lhc purpose He 111adeht'r get u1x111
the ,tool .. 11,dt1cclher 11.111d,
lo tl1e
hool . She 11011,tood foi1 for his 111fe1n.ilpnrpo,e Jler a1111>
were
,11ctched up al their rull lcnglh. so th.it site stood upon the ends of her
toe,. Ile then ~id lo her. "\;011, 1011d-d
b-h, I'll lc,,rn )Oil how
to disohc:11111o,ders•·· artcl after roll111gup lu, slet·,cs, he co1111ne11ced
lo lay011the hc,111cowsl111,a11d,0011the wann. red blood 1a11udhc.1rtre11ding,hncl, frnrn lter, ,ind hornd o.1thsfro1n him) can1c d11pp111g
to
Ilic noor I was ,o lernlied .111dhorror-slric-kenal tire ,i11h1,tl1,1tI hid
11,y,clf111J clo,el, and dared 1101,cuturc out trll long aftc1 the blooclr
lrans.1chon was 01er l c:.-xpcc
tcd 1111ouldbe Ill} turu next It 1\,1,.11111e11
lo nte. I hJd nc,cr seen a111th,ng like rt before. I had ,1111,11,
li,cd 111th
16
NARRAn,·E
OF 1111'. LIFE Of
FREDf.lUr~
Douct.>\S.~
nw grJ11d111otl1t'1
011the 011t,ki1tsot the plJ11ta11011,
where she "a' put
to rruse tl1e children of the vounger women I had tJ1ercforeheen, until
110\\.out of the wa~ of U1cbloodv scenes that often occ;11rredon the
plantation.
Cht1f,terII
l\l) 111Jster',fan11hconsisted of r.,o ,011s. ,\11clrc1,1,
Jt1d Richard. one
chughk 1. Lucrctrn. and her husb,1nd, (:apla111Tno111as/\uld The\' ll\ecl
in one house, 11po11
U,e hon1c plantation of Colonel Ed";1rd 1 loHI .\h
111'1ster
\las Colo11cl Lloyd', clerk and superintc11dc11t.I le wa~ what
1111gbt
be l-dllcd the 01·erseerof tile o,er,eer,. I spcnl l\\O )ears of child1,ood 011 th1, pla11tdlio11
1111111olcl 111.ister\fan11h IL "·!Jih(·H· th.ti I
witnessed the ulood1 tran,achon recor<led111the first ch.tplc1, ,111cl
a, I
1cce1,ccl1111lirst impress1011sof slJ,cl) on tlus pla11tat1on.1 \\ ,II give
sont<edc-scriptionof il, a11dof ,la, i·r> .1, 1l tltcre e,1~tcd 11,e plantalton
is ,1hout t11ehe 1111I~north of I .aston, 111Talbot coitnl), .11ul,s ;it11.1l<.:<I
011Liteboidcr ofl\ltles River.The p1111cipal
products r.1ts('dupon it y.cre
tobacco, com, .111dwheal ·rhesc II crf' raised 111great abund,1ncc; so
that. with the p1oducl\ of lhi, and the other fa1111S
belonging to hint, he
"a, able to lccp 1n altnost coWrtantc1nplo\111e111
a largt• ,loop, 111c,11•
r\ 111g
then1 lo 1nJrkel Jl Baltin,ore 111i,sloop 11.LI11.<111cd
SJll) Lloyd,
111honor of 011eof the coloner, <laughters 1\ly ,na,ter's son 1n-la11.CaplaLn \uld, wa< 111a,terof the H!Ssel.she II c1sotherwise 111a1111ed
b, the
colonel's 01vn sbve,. Theil 11111nc<
11ere Pdcr, 1-.i.ic, Rici,, an<l ),1ke.
J11ese\\Cte c,lccm<'d 1cn h1ghl1 by the olhe_rsla1<.:!>,
and looled upon
a, the pn11legedones of the pla11tJl1011;
for ,t w.1,no s111nl
l affair. 111the
e~e, oflhe sld1e,, lo be ,1llo•1t'dlo ,cc R,1ltin1ore
Colonel Lloid lcpt fro111lhrl'c to fo11r h1111dreu,la,es on Iii~ l,0111e
pla11tat1on,and owned a !Jrge 11u111ber
111oreon the nc1ghbonng farms
belonging lo hun The names of the fanns nearest to the hmne plant.1lto11"c I c \ \'vc To\\11 and \Je1\ l)c\1gn '·\\\ e 'I own., "a, under the
01crscer.hip of a man 11an1edNodh \\'illis . i\e" Dc~1g11
"as un<le, the
o,er.;eer.;bip of a \,Ir 1bwnse11<lThe 01·cr,cci; of these. and all the rest
of Ilic fanns, rn1n1bcringo,cr twcnl,. rccc1vecl.Jdl'tceand direction from
the managers of the ho111eplantJtion ·1his was the gre-.atbu~1nessplace
It "as the seal of go,er111nentfor U1e\\hole t"ent)- £Jun, .. \lJ dispute,
auiong the o,erscer-$were settled hc1e II a sla,e \\a; con\lctcd of an~
l11ghn1i,dcn1eanor,became unmanagcahlc, or evinc-cda dctcrn1inah0n
to n1n dWav,he 11.asbrought 1mmediateh here. severely wlupped, p11t
on board tl1e sloop. earned lo Baltunore. and ,old to ,\usti11\\oolfolk.
or ,01nc other sb,·c-tr.ulcr,:i< a >'a1111ng
lo the sla, cs I e111a1ning.
Here, too._the slave\ ot all tbc: olhc1 fan11, rccc11cd thetr 1no11Utl>
allo11ance of food. a11J their ~e.irly clothing l'he m<'n and \\Olllen
sldves rece11ecl,a~ their 111ontl1ly
Jllo\\ance of food, e,ght pounds of
<'-ARR.\11\ I (lf THE LIFE. 0~
rR~ llf:I\ICK 00IICIA'>~
]-
pork, or its c911ivalc111
i11fish. a11uone b11shelof co111111edl.l ltc,r H·Jrh
clothing consisted of 1110coarse h11c11
,l11rts,one pair of linen trousers,
like the 1l11rts.one JJcket, one 1>a1r
of l.Jou,ers for 11inter. 111.,deof coarse
neE;To<-loth, Ollt' pJi r of stockings, nnd one pa11of \laic,. tl,t- 11 l1olcof
\\ h1ch <'Onld1101hav<e~o,t 111orethan seven dollal'. The .,llo" ancc of
the slave ch,ldrsn 11.i,g11e11to their 111other,.or the old ,101nen ha, ing
Ute CJre of them. The: ch1klre11Ulldble lo \\orl,. 111the lidd lwd neither
shoes. stockings, Jackets. nor trousers, g11cu to tlte,n; the11clolh 11,ncon"skd of l\\o eoarse liue11,lnrts pt:r 1ear. \Vhcn the~e failed the 1n~ the,
went nal,.cd 1111
111the 11e,IJl1011a11ce--da1
Childre11 fron, sCl( : r1 lo 1
years old, ol hoth se,cs. al111ostnakecl. 1n1glitbe seen at ;1IIse~,011,of
tlie ,ear.
The1e 11ere 110becb i:1,en the 1l.11e,.u11li:,1t111cc:onl'.\(bl,1nket bt'
con11dececl,uch. and none hut the 111e11
:incl 11ome11had tht·,c I hi,,
ho11e1cr, 1s not considered a vei: great pn1J l1011.'I he} find le\5 d,ffi.
cull) fro1n the_11,,1111
of ht'cls.lh,111fro111the 11ant of tirne to ,leep; for
whe11the,r d.11, \lork 111the field 1, done. Lhe1110,tof the111h:11i11i;their
wa,li111g.1nend111g:and cooking to do . .ind ha,111gfe1101 11oneof the
ord111af}fac1l1l.J~for doing e-1U1er
of these. 1er. nt,1111
of their ~leeping
hours :,n, cons11111ed1n prep,1ri11,::
for the lidd the c-0111111,::
d.,v. ,u1d
11he111h11
"llo11e. old Jnd )Ot111g.
111:1le
J11dfe111,1le.111,Hr1eJ
,111d,i11gle.
drop down side l_')side. on one co1n111on
bed. the cold. dJmp Aoor.each c-o,·en11ghnnsclf or herscll ,11ththeir 111iscrablcblnnkch: .111dhere
the, , lccp 1111
tl,c1 a,t: ,111111111,necl
to the licld h1 ti,c Jr1vcrs lion, o\t
tl,c ,01111dof thi,: all n111s
l n,e. Jncl he off lo th; field. 1nere musl btno hJlting; e,en one n1u,t he ill h,s or her post. .1nd110cbd1des the,n
who l1e,1r not thi, 11mrni11g
,11111111011,
tu the field, fo1 if they are 1101
J\htll·ncd b1 lhc ,c11,c vf heLJ1111g,
the: are h: the sen,e of fecl11u;-no
age Hor sc~ finds a111fuvor. \Ir Severe. the overseer. u,ed lo ,tand b,
the doo, of the qttJrlcr .. ,n 11edII iih ., I.,rge It il·kon ,11c-k.11
1d I1ea11
co11;k111,reach lo \\h1p Jll) one 1'110wa, ,o 11nfo1
l11natc,1, nol lo he,ir.
or, frmn .nw other ca11,e,\\JS p1e1ented fro111being read, to st,1rttor the
field at the ~ound of the hor11
11:lrSevere ll'as nghtly 11a111cd
· he""' a cr11cl11rn11
. I hJve ,cen hi1n
1d111> a 110111an.
c,111s111i.;
lhl blood to nlll IJJlf an ho111al the tune; a11d
th1>.loo in lhe nndsl of her c-rnng cluluren, pleading for their 111olher\
rcle.1se. I le see111edlo t,,kl' pk,1,url· 111111J111lcsti11i;
Ii" l1c11di,ltb.1rh.Jt1h Added to lus cr-uelt\. he wa, ,1 p1ot111es11e,1rcr.It \\J, enough to
cl11IIUu: blood ,1ncl, 1·1ffe11
the hair of .111
ordinary man to heJr hun I.ill.
~cJrcc a sentence esc-:ipcdh,m but thJl \\ct, con1n1e11cc-d
or co11cl11ded
b) ,on1L hornd o.ith.. fhe field 11a, the pl.Kc to 1,ih1L-s,111,t111ell\and
profonih. I Its proe11t·c rn~cle ii hotla the lield of blood .ind o( bla,.
ph c111,.I ro111the ns1ng tiII Ihe i;o1ni; do1\n of U1esun. he ",1, cnrsi 111;.
r,11111g,
culling. Jud ,l.1<h111i;
J111ongthe ,l,l\e, ol the iidd. 111the 1110,t
f11i;litf11I
1na1111er
I lis career 11,h,hurl I le chcd I e1ysoo11after I 11ent to
1e;
lb
'1,RRAT 1\ 1 Of
rHF
I JfF.
o,
FRF1>flut K Dot:Gl..\'-'
Colonel l lo\<l\: and lie diecl,1,hc 111
ed. uttcnn!;. with hi, d~1nggroanl.
hittc:-rc11r,e,.111dhorrid c,,11h,
. ll1s dcalh 11.1,rei;arc.kdby lhe slaves as
lhc rc-sullof a n1cruf11Ipro1idencc.
l\lr. Se,ere's plJce ll'Js filh:clbv ;1\Ir Hopkins. 1lc "JS _a1er) chflcrl'lll rn.111He 11.1,le,, ,-r11cl.lc.,,.profa11e
.• 111dm,1deles, 11m,e.ll1an \ Ir
:ie1·er<'1lis course 11~,char.1ctenze<lb: no C\lrJoccliual) dcmon<trJhons oi cruel!). He 11h1pp.:d.but ,c.>c1necl
to l.ike no pleasure in 1t lie
11J, c:,1lledb, lh~ ,l,11e,a i;oo<l,,1crsee1,
1 he ho111cp!J11IJl1011
of Colonel Llo}d wor(' the appearance of a
counlf) 1111.igt:-\II 1he 1necha111cal
oper.111011,
for ,111the larn1s ,,.ere
pc1forn1ed hert' l"he 1hoe111;1li11g
H11d111e11d1ng.
~1e bl.1cls1n1lh111g.
c,1r1\1righllni;. niopcr111i;.11""' 111g.and grd1n-gr111d111g.
11ere Jll perfom1c<lI" Ilic ,l.11t~011lhe home pl.111latio11
The ,, hole place 11ort ,1
bu,i11cs,-ltke;i,pccl 1l'n 1111hkc
tit,· 11eighho1111!1
fan115TI1c 1tu1nherof
houses, too, c:011,pirccl
to i:11c11<1chanl.u:;e
01er the n<'1glthori11g
forn1s.
11wa, c:alka<l
bv Ilic sld\·es the Creal llo11seFunn l•cllipr1v1lei:es11ere
i.:,tc,·n1cdhigl;cr. h\ !he ,l.1\'es nf lht· 011t-f.1r11",
lhJn th.it of being
sekctccl to do crr.111d.1
.11the Creal I Iou,1::Fann lt was a,socwtcd 1n
1hc11111111cls
11ilhi;re,1h1c;s
. .\ representah,e could not be prouder of lus
decht111to .1,cat 111the .\111crie1111
Cnngrc". Jh.111
a ,l.1~e011oue of lhe
011t-f.1n1"
1\011l<l
be. of lits dcdiun lo do err.ind; at the Gre,1l I louse
l':1111. I hey regarded 11Js endence of gre<1lconfidence reposed 111them
b, 1he11o,er,ee!"'; Jnd 11\\,h 011lhi, .1cco1111t,
,ls well ,is .1c-011sla11I
cle'>1re
lo be 0111of lhe lidd fron, 1111de1
the d111c1\b,1,. llul they csleen1t:d1t
.1 higlt Jlfl' ilege. one ,,orth caref11I
111111g
for. I le 11a, called the sn1artest
Jnd n10,1lr115hfcllo11, 11il10h.,d this honor conferred 11po11
hi111the
1110,1
lr,·,111c11
II;, ' I1,e ro111pc:t
,111"for ti11,otlic:e,ouc;hl J<o rlil1gcnlh lo
plca,e 1he1101er,eers, J, the of/ice-seeker, 111the polihcal pa1ties st!ek
to plca~e Jnd dccc11cthe pc.-opleTI1e><1111~
trJ1b of d1ar.1cternught be
,cen 111c;olunel I.lo,d's ,la,.,,,"~ ;11c seen in lhe ,l.11csof the polihca l
parl1c,.
Th.: sla,e, selcc:tcdlo ~o to the Cre.il I lou;e ~ann, for the 111011th
l}
allow.111((.'
for lhenhehc, .11,dthc11fellow-,la,es, were pt•cuharlv enthu<ia,trc \\'lule 011theu w,11.thcv 11011ld111,1!..,·
the d,·nsc old wood,, for
1111les
around. r<.'\crl,erJle·wit!,· theu 1111d
~ong,. reH:aln1gal ont·c.· Ilic
hi~l1t:>Ijo, .111dthe decpcsl sadness. ' lbe, would con1po;e and sing as
the1 11enl along. con,11lt1111;
nc·ilhcr h111c11or11111crite though! lh,11
came up, can1c out 11"
nol in lhc 11orcl,111lhc ,01111.l;-and as frequc11lhin the one as ,n lite other. They would son1eti111cs
sine;the 111ost
palhetic ,e11li111e11t
in lhe 111ostrapturous tone. and the n1ost rapturous
sentiment 111the 111ostpathelic lone. Into JIJ of lhc11son~s lhc) \\OUld
manage lo wea, c so1neth1ngoi the (.';real House F,1r111.
EspecialI\ 1\011ld
tltt'\ do th,,. ,d,e-11lc~vi11gho111e.They ll'Ollldthen sing tuo,t exulting!}
lhc fol1011111g
11ortls:-
"ARR~Tl\"[
or
TllE
Llf t: 01· rREDERICJ; DoLra.~,
19
"I Jnl going J\1.iylo the Grf.'at House Fanni
() , veal O yea' 0 1"
'I hi, the} 11011ld
sing. a, a chorus, tc:i11ord,11h,ch to 11,.111~
\\Ould see1n
uruneaning 1argo11,uul 1d11clt, ne,erthclcss, 1,ere full of n1cJ111ng
lo
the111sehe, I ha1e so111elinu~,
tl,01111,lil
that Ilic: 111erchearing of lho,e
,o, 1gswo11lddo more to 1111prt!,s
so111e111111d,
"ill, th,· l1orriblecharacter
of ,la,cry. tl1d11
the reading of\\ hole 10111111<:s
of pl11lo,oph1011the "'h,
jcct C'oulcl<lo
I did 11ol,11he11a ,JJ,,..,
un<lcrsland the deep n1cJ11i11g
of tho~e n1de
and Jpparentlv 1ncohere11lsongs. I 11as n1vselr\\1111111
the t,rdc.-;~" lliJI
I 11e1tl1er
,aw nor hc:,1r<l
,1> those 111ll1out
n11i;ht,ee and hear. n1e1 told
a !Jle of woe which 11.1,1hc11altogclhcr hf.'vond111\· feeble co1nprehen•
sion; the, 11e1elone, lo11d.lo11~.,Jnd deep, the; brc,1thcdthe prarcr .111cl
co111pl.1111l
ol so11l,boiling o,·er with lhe b11terestang111s
l1. E,c,} 1011c
11:15,1 1,·,111110111
.1g.1111,1
,l,11·cr.,and a pr,11·erto Cod for delJ1er.1ncc
fro1nch,1111,.
·1lie lie.ir111g
of tho,c II ilu note~.,h,a,~ depre,sc<l111~
,p111t.
and filled 111ewith ineffable sadne,s. I liaH~frc411c11II}
found 111i,clri11
tcJr« while heanng then, ll1e 111ererecurrence lo tho$e <ong1.e,cn
110w, affi,rls nle; a11d,d,H<.'
J a111 wrih11glhe,c li11e,.• 111e,pre«1011of
feeli11ghus alre,Hh fo1111d
ih 11a1'cln"11Ill) check. 'li1lh/J,c.-\0111,'>
111,wc
1111·
first glin1menni; concept1nn of the dehun1an1z1ngch.11acterof ,la, e~. I can nc\'er gel nd of that conception 'fho,e song, ,till lollo" nle,
In <lcepc11111)hJlrl·d of ,l.~1ci;, .111dq11icl..c11
Ill} ,,,111p.1tl11e,
for 1111
bn:llircn 111bonds. If JIii one 111,l,c,lo Ix: nnprc.,s<:d111thlht: ,oul
k,lliug effect, of ,l.11cn. l~t h1111
go lo Colonel Llo,d's p!Jnt.11Jon
.. 111d.
on .1ll011,111ce-<l,1).
pl,1ce ltnn,df 111the deep pi11cll()()(h , .111cl
ll1crc lel
hun. 111
SJlcnce.anJl,z,• Ilic ,01111ds
lhJt 1l1Jl1P""' lhroui;li llw d,amlx:rof bis '0111,-Jnd ,f he ,s not lhll< 11npr~s,ed.it IIill only be bec.1u,e
"there is no Ae,h 111h1, ob<lur,1lcl1t•,1rt"1
I ha\C often been 11lkrh Jslni11,l1ccl,
since l ,ainc lo the 11orth
, lo
find pcr\On, "110 could ,pc.ik of the ,111gi11g,
d11101_1i;
,la1e,. ns e'.·idence
of 1hc1rronlentment Jud happ1ne,, It 1s 11np<h'1blcto co11ce11cof .1
greater nnstdke. Sla\cS ,ing 1110>1
11hc11the, .,re 1110,I11nl1Jpp) Thf.'
\()ll~>
of the sl.t,c rcp1e,r11llhc '?rro," of l,i~
a11dhe " relic:\ed
b~ thc111,uni, d, .111ach111gheJrt 1srclicH:d h, 1t,,tear>. \I lea,t. ,udi 1\
ni, e,-pcri~nce I hJ,c often su11gto dro11nIll\' ,orrow.. hnt ;ddo111.lo
c,prc<;~111>happi11e». Cri 111~
tor 10)'. anti singu1g fo: I''}. \\<'rt· .1'1!..r:
11nco1n1nonto 111e while in lhe j.i," of ,l.1vei, Jht! "11g111g
of J rnan
ca,t a\\ JY upon a dc~ol,1tc1>ldndnught lx: ,b appropr}alel) considcrc.·d
d\ e11de11
u? of rontcnhnent .111dh,1pp1ne\,.,1, the ~1ng1ngot .i ,Ian·: 1l1c
song, of the one and of the other are prompted b, the s.1111e
c111olio11
he.irt.
~U
'-,ARR>\TIVE Of 'I 11} f.lH
OF tREDERll:K
09l 1C:I.ASS
c:hapter111
Colonel Llo,d kept a lJrge JJlcl rincll n1lll\, 1lecl gardt:11,1d1,ch
,1fforded .,1111osic-on,t.1111
cmplo,·n,c-nt for four 111c11,
bcs,des the chief
gardener. [\Ir \l'D11rn1ond.) J l,15 garcle11\\.ls prob:ibh the greatest
,1 ttmclion oi the place Dnring Ll1esu111n1c1
month,. people c.intc fro1n
fJr and nca1-f10111 Baltunorc. Ea<ton. ,ind \n11Jpol1s-to ,ec it. lt
dbo1111detl
111fn11I<of 1ln1o<teven d~cription, fro111lhe li,,rdy .1ppleof
the north to the del1cJle orange of the ,oulh 1111>g,1rd"n 11a, not the
least source of lroublt 011the pla11tallo11lh c,cellcn1 fnnl \\as q11i1ea
te11,ptdLio11
to th._.hungr, ~11arr11_of ho,<. a, well as the older sl.1Ye~.
helonging to the colonel. fe11of "hmn had the \lrtue or Ll1c1icc lo
resist ,t Scart·eh ., d.i,· passed. du1n1gthe su111n1cr.
but that ,on1c sl.11e
had to l.ik~ tltt· la,h for ,teahng fn11t The colonel had to rL~orllo all
kinds oi slratai;en1slo keep his slJ,·es out of tlie ~Jrden 11,e la~l ?nd
111ost
,ucce,,sful 011e\las that of tarring 111,
fentt: all around. afl~t "l11ch.
ir ,, ,la,,·""' c-,111g
ht 111th,111>lar upon hi\ pcr<on, ii 11;1<dec1ncd sufficient proof tlial he had either heen into tl1e i;arden. or had tried to g~t
in In either t,1>e,he """ se,crcl1 "I upped b1 tlte cl11erg.udcuer. 1111s
pl,111
11orked 11cll; tl1c sl.11e, bec.nne ,1< l<:.irful<>fl,11.,, of the la,h
'I hey see1ned lo realize lhe in1po~<1hih11
of to11chingl<1r111tho11I
he1ng
defiled.
rhc c-oloncl ,also kepi J ,plc11d1d1iding c4uipdge I ii, st.il,le and
carn,1ge-l1ousepre,enkd the appc-ar:inccof ,on1c of our l.irgc Cl!\ l11c11
c,tablish,nenl> Hi, horses 11erc of tlte fi11eslforni and nohlcst blood.
I Ji, c.1rriagc-lto11sc
eont.11nedthree 1plend1dCOJthes. tJiree or four gigs.
besides dearborn, ,ind baroucl,esz of the 1110,tfashio11abkSl}h:.
1111,cstabl1shn1cnt\las under the care of IIYoslaves-old Barnt'\ and
,011ni;Ban1e1-fotltcr .ind ,on Tn atte11dto thi, establish1ne11t\\JStheir
~ole ,;orl. Bui 11wJs b) 1101nean, an cas1 eu,plonncnl; for i11nothing
was Colonel I Jovel n1ore parlicub r than 111the m,111agc111c11t
of hi,
l10J'\C,.'11,c ,hr;hlcsl inattenho11 lo these 1\as unpardonable, and \1a1
1is1tcdupon those. under whose c-arcthe~ 11creplau:<l,111ththe se,<'rcst
pun1,hn1cnt: no e,cu<e could ,hielrl then,, the eoloncl oulv suspected
an\' 11J11tof atlc111to11
lo his horse5-a sttpposition which he fre4uenll~
111dulged,Jnd 011e"hich, of cotuse, 1nJ<letJ1eoffice of old and vo1111g
8Jn1CI',1 I erv lr\'111£:
one. ·n1C\ never k1\('\I I\ hc11thc1 were safe fro,n
p1111i,lin1cnll l1c1~,ere frequently 11h1ppcd11hcn ka, l de,er11nr;. ,ind
escaped 1d11ppingII hen mo,t desen<in~it. E,en · thtng depc11dedupon
the look, oi the horses, and the slate of Colonel Llo}d's own 1n1ncl"hen
111,hor<es 11ere brought lo hin1 for us<: If a hor>e did 1101 r1101efast
enough. or hold his head lugh enough. ,t \\35 owing lo ,0111efault of hi,
keepers. It was painful to <laud 11e.1r
the stable-door and hear the v,1ri-
,r
;\ARit~TII f \ll
HiE
LIFE Of
f'R! PE RICK l)ol '(:L.\SS
21
ous con1plai11tsa1;,1instthe kecpe1>wht!T1
ii horse was takcu out for u~c
"'I his hor,e lias 1101had proper alk11l1011.He has not beeu suflinenlh
rubbed and curned. or he has not been properh fed: hi, food 11·,1s
too
1\el or loo <ln he r;ot ,t too soon or loo late: he "a' too hot or too c·old:
ht h;id too much ha1. and 1101e11011gh
of grain, or he had too n111ch
grain, aud not enough of hJ): instead of old B:inll')\ ,1ttendu1glo the
ho~r. he llllcl,er> iinpropcrl> left 11to his ,on.' lo all these C"o111pla1nts.
110111attcrho\\ 1111111,t,
the slave niust Jlls"er ne\'er a word. Colonel
Llovd
cn11t1ad1c
tio11frc1111
a sla,e \\then he ~pol.e,
• could not hiool. a111
•
a sl.J\e must stand, listen. and trernhle: a11ds11d1w,is liter.ilh the c.ue,
I ha1c seen c:olonel Uo\'d nwke old Barne,, .i n1an l>etwccn lift, and
Sl\l'I 1car. of age. 111
1cu1er Ith bald head. kned do11n upon lite cold.
<lan1pground, &nd recc11eupon lu; naked a11dloil-11on1shoulders more
tl1J11thirl\ IJshcsJI tbe tune. Colonel 1.lo,d had three sons-1.rlu,ircl,
\1urra1 ' J11d l),Jniel -.11 1d three ~ons-111-law.
l\lr \\'1ndcr. !llr. 1\icl1olson. a,;cl \1 r Lo1V11clt:,.
All of these lived .11the Gr~11l lo11seFarn,. and
c1110,edLl1eluxur1 of whippn1g the ,cr\':1111.s11lic11lhe1, plea,ed, fr0111
old HJrnc, do1111lo \Villian1 \Vilkes. the coach-d111cr I have ,cen
\\'1nder n1nkc 011e of lite hou,e-,en,1111,st.md off fro111hnn a suitable
distance to he touched 111ththe end of hi, whip. and .11c1cn ,troke
mi,e greal ndges upon his back.
To desl-ribc the \\ealtlt of Colonel Llovd wollld be ol1nost equal to
dc,cribi1111
the rid,c, of Joh I le kq1l lro111le11lo fiftcer.•ho11sc-,er1,1n_1,
He 11ih,a id lo 01111a tholl~lltl ,l.11c,, and I Lh111k
tin, e,hru,lle c1111k
w1th1nthe truth Colo11el Llol'd owned so 111an1that he did not kno11
thm1111hen he '>.!II 1hc1n, nor did .111 tl1e ,la,e, oi the 011t-f.1n11~
kno\\
hr111II 1, rcpo1lccloflt1111,that. 1d11lc11d111galo11r;llic
ro.,tl Ol)C d,1), hC'
n1et a colo,ed n1an. and addressed hnn 111the usual ,n.inne, ol speJk1ng
to colored people on the public h1ih11.iis of the south· "\Veil, hoy,
11hon1do yon belong lo?" -r,,Golo11elIJ01d." rrplied iht' sl.11c · \Vdl.
clocs the colonel treat \OU 1\ell1" "No. sir." \\llS tlie re.uh repl,1·'·\Vhat.
doe, he: 11orl.1ou too l;ard7 " "Yes,sir" "\Veil. don't lie g11e1ou enoug h
Loeat?" "Ye,. ;ir. he g11e<.111ctno11gh.~ucl1,1, it i, •
'J'hc rolnne l, ,ifter a,c·crldtJ11t1g
\\here the sl,11chclon11cd,rode 011:
the 111,1n
al,o went 011.1bo11ll11shusine". 1101drcan1111gthJt he had
been conver.,111gw1Ll1
111,111JslerI le thought, said, arid _h{'ard nothing
n 1orc of tLc 111c1ttcr,
until l\,·o or three weeks alter11arch. lne poor 111a11
11J.11hc 11 111fonnedh, h1<01cr,t-e1thJI, for ha,wi; found f.iull 111th111,
aslcr, he 1\as 1101~ t~ be ,old to a (~eorgta trader He 11as1n1111ed,.1teh
111
c-ha,ned and handcufted, and 11111,.
w1lhoul ., 1nn1nc:nt's,1.im111i:.
he wJ.,
sn.llched J\\J\, a11dforc1cr ,11ndered, froru his fomih ,11,clfnc-n~,, b} .i
lund 111ore11111clc11ltng
Lha11death. llus 1s the penalh of tdl111gthe
trulli. ut telln,q iltt' s1n1pletruth, rH a11s1>cr
to a series of plain 4uc_,l1011s.
It 1s pdrll) 111con,cq11e11ceof ,11chr~cts. that ,lave~. 1d1en inquired of
a, to their cond1t1011
J11clUlt ' char.icier of their masters. almost wuver-
.
,,
'\.\JlR,\11\'I'.
Of TIJE LI11:. OF
f Rl.l>tRll.~
D,111Gt,~,
,all, sa\ the1 are contented. a11dthat then m,1<ler,are ki11cl1 he ,la1ehnlder~ hJve been know11to send in ,pw< a1nnni; thC'tr \b1cs. to
ascerla111llu!ir 11c11,and fcd,ng, 111regard to their coulLLion.'['he freq11cnr1of th,s ha< had the effect to estJblrsh ,1111ong
the <Ll\e, the
m~'<tm.that a ,till toni;ue 1n,1ke, J wi,e liead. The, snppre<s!he truth
rather than take ll,e co11,e4uen,c~of telling rt and rn ,o doiui; pro,c
Lhc111sehcs
a part of the h11n1-1n
fmnilr If the} hJve an} tluDg lo sai of
tlicrr master<. 11,, generall\' ,n their 111.hler,w,or. esp,.:cially1d1en
~ea king to Jn untried 111anI ha,e bee11frt(JUC11th
.1sked.11hen.1sla, e.
,f I h,1(1J kind n1a,ter. and do not rcn1c1nbcrc1er to ha,e given a 11ega•
h1, .in,,1cr; nor cl,d I, 111p11rru1ngth,s course. consider r111,clfa,
uttering what \\;is ahsoluleh blse; ior J .il11ay,111easuredthe l1ndnc~•of
1111nrnsttcr bl' Lhl' standard of ~,ndne<s <ct np .i111ongsl.11cholders
around 1i- \lorcover. ,l.1,es ,ire like other people. Jnd imb1he prejudices quite con1111on
lo others J'he1 thinl. their 01111
better Lh<Ln
that of
others. l\,l.iny,under the iuflutncc of this prc1udicc. th111ktheir 01111
m,1,tcrsarc better than the m,1,tersof olh('r sl3\es; .ind 1111,.
too. 111
son1e
cases. wlien the \Cl) reverse is true Indeed, il is not 11nco1nn1onfor
i.l~1ese,en lo £.illout and quJrrel J111011g
Llie1nsel1es
Jboul ll1e rclJtive
goodncs, of their masters.cad1 conlrnd1ng for the ,upcrror goodnc,s uf
his own 01er that of the others. At the \Cl} <ame tin1e, lhe1 mut11ally
r,ccrak their rnaslcrs l\hen 11eweclseparJtel}. It was so 011our plantahon . \Vhc-11
(:olond I.lord's sl;11cs111elIlic sl.t1cs of Jacob Jepso11,ll1e)
seldon, parted 111llio11t
a c111arrel
~hout thcrr masters; Colonel Lloid';
sla1ts (·onte11cl
111gthat he 11JSthe richest. Jnd \Ir. Jep5on's sla1es that
he 1ras the sm,1rteq, and 1110,tof J 111,111
Colonel Llu1d's sl.1veswould
'
bo<1slh1sJb1lrtylo btr} and sell Jacoh Jepson \[r Jcp~on',
,la,c, ,1oulcl
boJst hr, ab1l111lo 1d11pColouel Llovcl. l he,e quarrels 11ouldalmost
:1h,·a\'~end in a light bct\\een the parlie,. and those tlwt II hipped were
1uppo>edlo ha,-e gained the point ~I is,uc. TI1c·>,ec111t:dlo lltinl lhJt
tlK greatness ofll1eir 111aslers
was transferahle to thc1nsehes. It \\3S co11<idcrcd,i, bcrng had enough lo be J 1b1e; hut to be .:1 poor n1a11\,lave
11<11
deemed J d1,grnceindeed!
Chupter /\,
l\lr. I lopkins ren1J1nedbut a short lime 111the office of over,eer. \Vh1
his career was ,o short, I do 11otkno\1, bul s11pposehe lacked tl1e11ccc1•
SJr') se,errl\ to 1u1t(:oloncl Lloid. r.Jr. Hopkuh w;issucceeded bv i\,1r
.\ustin Core. a n1an pos,essini,;,Jn an e11uue111
dei;ree, all lllose traits of
chara<;ter 1nd1>pen,;1bl.,
lo II hat is called a lir,t-rJte overseer 'ilr Core
had sen·ed Colonel I lovd. in Ille capacity of 01erseer. upon 011cof the
out-fomu. and had shr,11,nh1111sdf
"orlli\ of the high station of 01cr,ccr
upon tl11:hon1c or Creal I loust Fanu
l\1r Gore 11J\proud, .unb1tro11s,
and persevering.He 11asartful. cruel.
'\ \RRAl II l
01· nrf
I.JJ •.
01
fRt OlRICK Dot!Gl~S
!3
and obclurnte. I le \\a, 111~1
the 11rn11
for ,uC'h a place, au<lrt was 111s
t thl
pkrcc for such a n1J11.It .iffordc<l,tope for the h11lc,ercise of all his
po11-cr,,,111dhe ,eemed to be perfectl; .il hmne 111rt Ht>11,t1one of
tl,u,c ,du) l·ould torture the slightest look. \\Ord. or l\e,tnre. on the part
of the sla1c, into i111pnde11c-c.
a11clwonld lTe~til atcor<lingl,. f'here m11~t
be no .in5\\erini; back lo 111111,
no e,-planahon wn, ,1ll011-cd
a 1la1t', ;hm\ing hi1n,elt to ha1·e been w1011gfullv
accused .. vlr Gore .1c-tcdfulh up
to the 111a,1n1
Imeldown b, ,l,11eholdt"r1,-"ll 1; belier thal a dozen
sla,c, ,uffer under the b,h than that the 01cr,ccr ,boultl be convicted.
111the pre,e11eeof the sl.Jves,of hov1ngheen at fault." No matter ho11
111noc
e11la ~ld1e uuglit be-ii a1<Liledhun 11oth1ng. \\hen ,1ecuscd bi
l\1r (;ore of JII) 11u,dcn1rJ11or.
To be Jccused 1\a, to be co111iclecl.
and
to he convicted \\ll< to he p11n1shccl.
the one al11-a1s
foll0111ng
the other
11ill1inunutable cerla1ntv ·10 escape pun1shn1enl\\ll.S to escape accus,1Lio11;
and fe11; lal'e>had the fortune to do either. under the overseersh1p
ot '.Ir. Gmc. He 11a, tLLSI
proud enough lo dc,nand lht 1110,ldcu,,slllll,
ho,na~e of the <l,t\C.Jnd qu,te senile enough to crouch. hun,clf. ,1tthe
feel of the n1aster Ile wa, ,11nb1tio11s
enough lo he co11lenleclII ith nothin~ short of Lhe hii;hest r,1111.
of o,erseers, and perse1cnng cuough lo
rl'ad1 ll11.!l1c1ghltJf h1, a111b11lm1
lk 1135cn1cl cno11ghto ,nflrcl the
":,crc-.l p11nilhmcnl. ;1rtfi,Ieno11ghto descend to the 1011
e~l tricken.
and obdurate enough to he insensible lo llie ,oice of ,1repro1111g
co11scie11ce.Ile \\J,. uf all tl1c01erscu,. Ilic 1110,tclrcadcdb1 the 1l,1~c<I fl,
presenc:e 11aspa111flll.hi, C)'C tlm,hcd confnsion; ~nd seldom 11ashi,
,hdrp. ,hull 1·01cc he,ud. 11,tho11tprod11c1n~ horror ,111dlre111bhng1n
lhcrr ranls.
'\Ir. Gore was a gra,c 111a11,
and, though ,1}Ollng111;1n,
he incl11lged
iu 110 1ol-e1.><11cl
110 funn1 word,. seldom snnlecl. I hs words 11
en.' 111
pe1fccl keeping 1\llh hh looks, J11dhis loob 11ere u1 pcrfccl ~rcp111g
\11thliis 11ords.C),·ersc:er>
111II,0111Ll
1111l'>
111<lulg,
in a 11ill}11ord.e1e11
wrlh the ,bl'es, 1101,o 111th\Ir Gore I le spoke h11t to co111111Jnd,
and
t·o111111,111clcd
l,111to bl' obeyed. he de,Jlt spJri11gl)\\itlr hL, 1101ds.and
hounllfulh 111thhrs \I hrp. 1,e1erl1>111g
ll1efornu.:111here the l,11ter11011lcl
a11s11er
J\ \\ell. \Vhen ht' 11l11ppcd.
IR scc1ncdto do 10 fron1J sense of
duh, ,111dfcar,·d 110u111,~qu,·nccs11c did nothing re1uclJ utl), no 111d
t•
tcr ho11 dr,a{,\rec:able;
Jlwa1, at l11spost. ue1er 111c
o11,1,tc11lI ft, nc1er
prt111111r.:cl
bul lo Fulfil I le W-1.\, u1 a 11urd.J lltJtl ol lhc rno<I111Ae\1hle
fi1111ncss
and slo11c-l1ic,·ool11e-.,.
I II\ savage barhantv \\JS equalled onlv h1 the co11,u111111,1tc
coolness
with 11liid1lie to11111111tecl
the gros,e,l .u1cl1110,l,.11agc<lcl<lsupon the
,b,c, under h" charge ,\'Ir (;u,., 011ccu11cll'rtoo~
lo "hip one of Colonel Llo\d's ;bves, b, Ilic na,ne of Demb1 lie had g1\en De111h,but
re,~
slope), \\l1e11to gel rrd of the scoure:ini;,he ran and pluugcd hirn,df 111
to ,1 crce~ Jud stood !her,· ,11lhc,tlcpll1of hi, ,lioul<lcrs.refusing
to co111,·
0111 \Ir Co11,told h11nth.rt Ire \\ould i:;11e
h1111
three cJlls. and
'\ARRSll\t,
en 1Ht
l.11 I Of FREDERIC"- DotlC:I..ASS
that. ii he did not cmne out .it the third call. Ii<!"ould shoot h1n1 The
first call wa~ given l)e1nby 111Jdc110re,ponse. but stood h1<grou11d
Tire veco11da11dthird calls \Here gi,en 111ththe wn1e result \Jr Core
then. 1,,thou! consultation or deliberation with anv one, 1101c1c11i;1v111g
Dcmh\ ,111addihon;i] c,111, nused h is nniskcl to l11sface, t.1kingdeadl)
aml al ·his ,landing 1icl1m. and in a11nL>
l,tnl poor De1nb) was no more
H1, 1nanglcd bod, sank out of sight. and blood and hranis n1arked tl,t·
11,1ter"here he h;id stQnd,
.,, .\ thrill of horror AJshcd through e,el) ,ou l upon the plJntatio11,
c,cephng :-.Lr.
Core. He alone seen,ed cool and collected I le was a<ked
b1 Colonel l.l01d .incl 1111
old 111:i<ter.
11lw he resorted to lh1~e~lr.,orclinan e,peclient. 11i, repIr waS:(J< "ell as I can re1ne111
ber, l tl1al l)en ,h)
had becon1e unn1anageablc. I le \\,ls setting a d.ingerous ex:in1pleto the
other ,I 11·c,.-one "hich. 1f,uttered to p,1s.11<1thout<ome
such dcn1011~tralto11on his par1. 110111d
finalh lead lo the total ,11b1crsionof all n1le
Jnd order upon the plant~holl. I le argu<'cllhJt 1fone sl.ivc refused lo
be corrected, .111d
csc,1pecl"1th h" life, the othe1 ,l,1,e, would ,0011 cop,
the t:\d111plc:th(' re111
lt of "ltich \\011ld he. tl,e freedom of lhc slJ1c.,,
and the ensl,11cn1e11t
of the 11hilcs.~Ir. Core's defence 11assatisfarton.
I le wa1 conli1111ecl
111h1.,,t.1tion .i, o,er,cer upo11tl1e ho ,ne pbnt.it ion .
Hh f,1111c
,is an 01er,t'e1 went ahroad I lis horrid cn1ne was 1101 e,eu
subn11tted to 111d1cl(ll
111vesllgatton.
It was co111n1ittcd
1n the prc,e11ccof
1la1e\.•11ltlthe, ol cou~e could neither nl',Litute,, snit, nor testi~· Jgainst
h1111:
a11dtltu, the guilt} perpetrator of one uf tl1t.'bloodiest Jnd rnost
foul nnirder1 goes un11h1ppedof 111shcc.and 11n('et1s11rcd
l,, tJ1cco1111111111ity
iu ,d1i<·l1 he lives \h Cort" lived in St. \lich,11:-1'1.Talbot
count,. t\lJl)IJ11cl."hen I left there and ir he as ,till Jl ive, he vcrv
probahh· l11esthere now: and if ,o. 1,e is 11011.
,JS he was tl1cu, a, highh
e,k,·111etl,incl:1, 111tirhre,pected .i, lhu1u;l1his gnill) ,0111
lrnd 1101beeu
,t,1i11cd111thh1, brothc1\ blno<l
I speak ..1cl11sedh
when I sav tl11,.-th~t bll111ga ,luve, or an,· colored
person. i111nlhot c·ou11h,l\,larl'la11d.is not lre~tc:da~ a c11111e,
either by
the: Cllltrb 01 the co11111
11111ih\11 Tl10tnJs Lanm,1n, of SL l\lid1ad's.
killed two sla,·es.one of "ho111he killed \\JUI a h..tkhet. b, knocl.111g111,
hr,1111,
out I le 11,t'<.I
to l:,oastof the e01n1nis11011
of tlie a11fuland blood}
deed I ha,c h.:ard hi111do so l,1ughi11gly,saying. an ,011!;othe r things,
that he was the only hcncfoctor of his couutn 1n the c01npJ11~.a11dtltat
11he11others would do a, much ,'IS he had doue, wt"should be 1elre1ed
nf"th.: d-d
111,;i;cr,
•
The ",fe of \Ir. C,lc, I licl, l1q11gbut a short dist~11cefron, 1d1erc I
us~d to live, 111urdered111)"ifr', cousin, J ,01111g,glfl bct11een fiftc,·11
.11,d,l\lecn ,car,, ol ai;e. n1a11glinghrr person 111the rnost horrible 111a11ner, breal.1ngher 110,eand bre-.isthonc\\l~I a ,tack ,o tl,at tht· poor girl
e~-piredin a fe\\ hours aftcr11arclShe was imn1ed1.iteh buried. hut had
not been in her un lnlle.lygra,e but a fe1\ hours before.sh~ ,,a1 taken up
:--;\RMA11,£
o•
1111,
L11t or FR•1nR1ci,;DotGL~,,
.,-.,
dnd "~-11n1ntdb) the coroner. "ho dcc-ideclth.ti ,he hJd co111eto her
death h1 ,c,l·rc heating 'J"he offence for 11hich thi, girl \\JS lbus nmr clcred
th1s:-Shc h:1d been ~cl that night lo 111111d
.\ lrs. ll1cJ's bab~.
J11dduring the ,ughl ,he fc.-11
a,let,p, ,1nd the bab) c rie<I.She. ha\lng
lo,t her rest for sci er,tl nights prel'io11s,<lidnot he,11tl1e u, tllff l'hcl'
were both in the roon1111th :-.trs I l1lks. 1'.lrs.I licks. lind111gthe g1il ,lo"
to 11101<·.
j111npeclfro111her bed. 1c11cd.111oJk shck of wood h~ the
fireplace- dtul 111th11hrokc the girl\ no,c Jncl brea,Lbone.• incl thn<
rnded her life. I ll'ill not saythat 1h11 n1ost horrid n1u1<lc1proJuced 110
\f.'llsahon i11tl1c co111111u11i~
IL<lidproclnce senS.ttion, hut not l·nough
lo hring the n11udl'1ess lo pu111sl1111e11t.
Tl1ere was a 11arrant issued for
lier arrest. bnt 11\\,)\ nc,cr scr,c<l 111u, ,he escaped llOL onl> p11ni..J1111e11l,
bnt even the pain of being ,1rr.iig11cd
before a t'<1llltfo, lier lion tel
cr1111e
\\ h1ht I dill <lclail111g
blood\ deed, 11l11d1look pl.1Leduring 111}
,ta}
on Colon~l Llo}d\ pl,u1laht111. I 11111
b11en) 1w11alt!anollter. 11l11cl1
occurred about the sJme hn1c ,1sthe nnHdcr or Dcn1b1 b, ~lr Core .
Colonel lJonl"s ,Ia1e, 11ere 111the l1Jb1tof spending a p,1r1nf their
111ghbJud Suudu,, iu fishi11gfor 01,tt."rs.Jnd 111tlus WJ) 111adeup iltt."
deticienc\ orthen scant\ allo"ance .. \11old 111a11
belonging to Colond
Lloid. 11 h1le thus engaged, h.ippe11cdto get be1011dthe l1m1~ot Col<r
n,:l I .lonl's.. ,nd on the pre111i,esor \ lr. Be.11Bo11dh.At this tre,pJ\s.
i\lr Bo11dhlook offence. a11d\\1th 111,11111,let
l..tn1edo,111lo the ,lwre ,
anti hk11 ab deadh routent,, 111!0the poor old 111.111
\Ir llondh c,1111c
01cr lo ,ec (:olqnel I .lord the ne,I d.11,whdher lo
p,11 h1111
fo1 i11,proper!), 01 lo 1u,l1f1 111111,elf
111,dial he l,ad do11e,l
k11(111
· 1101-\I ,11111.11c.th,, 1'11olcficnclhh ltan,Jchon "as soon hu~hcd
11p 1 lie,e 11a, 1e1: little ,,11d,,bout ,t al ,11] ,11
1d nothu,g done. It 11,1> J
co1nn1on s.ipng. even ,1r11011g
l,ttlc ,1 hitc ho~"• lh.1l 11"·" 1101111
a lt.,Jr.
ceu l to kill ,1 "11igger,",111d., hJlf-<ce11t
lo h111,u11e.
"ii'
c:hupter \I
.\s to 111,011 n trcah11e11l
1d11lt."
I hied 011(;olo11d Lloyd's plantation
1t '"" ,,·n 1i111ilarlo thdt of the other sla,·e chil<lren l 11,1snol old
enough lo "orl, 111the field. ,111l
l there being little cl,c th.111field \\o rl.
to dCl,I had ,1 grc.:atcle,,I ol lel\11ret1111cl11e 1110,tI had lo do 11a, ti1
dri, t up tl1c c-011,,11c1<·11i11g,
keep tltt: fo1d~lllll of the g..trdcn.keep the
front 1Jrd c-lc,111
.• 111<1
ri111of crr,111<ls
for 1111
old n1.1~ter',d,tll~hter. '\lrs
LuC'rl'hd \ uk l l'he 1nost of rny lctsurc ti111t·I ~[)<'Ill111hdp111~\la.,ter
[)Jnicl l.lo}cl i11lindu1g hi, hird,, ,1ftc1lie 11,1<I
,hot tlw,11.\ I~ conncct1onwith \1J,ter DJ111d11;1~
or ,nutc ad1J11t.ir;c In 111e.I le becJn1e ,1111te
.1ttached to 11te. .i11<lw.1~ ,1 ,ort of protector of 111eI le ,,oulcl not ,11101~
the older bo), lo i1npo<eupon 111e
, a11d11011
ld CUl'idch1, rJkcs 1<1
th 111e
I wa, ,e ldo 1n ,~hipped b1 ml' nit! 111J,tcr,Jncl '1iffcrcd little fron1 an,
N.~R.\TI\'£
OF THf
l JFF
0~ FR I Dr.RICK Dot•CL,ISS
th,ng else lha11 l1u11gc1.incl cold. I ,11ffcr<'cl
r11ud1fro111hunger, but
111ud1111orefro1ncold 111
hoHesl s11m1neT
ancl col<lc$lw111te1,
I 11.iskepi
a.huosl 11aked-110 ,hoes, no stockings, 1101ackel, 110trousers, noll11ng
nn h11ta coarse 1011hllen ,hirt, read1111g011h lo 1n1 J..nees I had no
bed. J 11m,lha, e pc11,hcd"1th cold, bul Iha!, th(' coldest rughls, I u.ed
to ,teal a b.ig1d11d1lldS 11st<llo1cmr. 111g
c-orllto the null. l would cra,d
11110
th" b.1g.and !here sleep on the c-old.d.i1up, cl,11 noor 1\llh m1
he.1dtll Jnd feet out. .\h· feel ha,e bee11,o cr.1cked1\1lhthe frost th,11
11,epen,, itli 1d11d1I a111"nl1111,;
11111,ht
be kud 111the g;ishe,
\\c 1,.-rc not 1t·gul.11
ii allo11a11c-cdC)ur food "as coarse con1 111e.1I
boiled 1h1s 11a, cJlled musb. It was put 111loa la.rge \\ooden Ira\ 01
lrouc;l1. au<l ,ct do1111upon 11,egrouucl ' fl,c d11l<lrcn11,1c then calkd.
hl..e,o n1a11,pig,. aud hke ,o 111d11,
[Jig, the, \\Ot1ldcorn, ,tnn dC\011r
the n1ush: some ,nth o,·ster-shells.others I\ ith pieces of ,h,nE;le, sonic
w1ll111ake<l
li.111d,.antl none" 1th spoon,. I le tl1Jl .tit f.1>kst1;01111~1.
he that \I as slro11gc,l,cc111edthe bc,t placl'; and fc\\ lcrt tht houi;h
s,1l11f1cd
l \\JS prob.tbl~ beh1·ee11
se1e11and eight rears old \\hen l leit <.:olonel
Lloid, pl.111l.11to11
I kft 1t111thJO) I ,hall ne,er iorgel tl1t! ec,t.,,, 111llt
,duch I rc<'c11cdthe intclligcncl' thill 1111 old nia,t<.>rI \111ho111J
had
detenrnued to lei n1e c;o to Ball1111ore,
to 11,e 1nth \Ir I I ugh Auld.
b,oth"r lo 111yold 111c1,ter',
,011-111-l.11,,
Caplai11'll10111.1,
'\nld I recei,ed
this 111fonn,1hon
about three da,, before 1111
departure n1c, were three
of tl,e h.1pp1e,I da1, I e1er en1ored I ,pent the 1110\
l p,trl of dll these
tJ11ced.i1s i11tl,t cr<'tl-.11a,l1111~
off tl1e plantation -curt, and prt>pdn11g
m1sclt for 1111
dcp,irturc
11,e pnde of .1ppearance wh1rh th1111ould111tl1c.ile
11a, 11011111
own
I ,pt'tll the lune 111\\d>lti111;.1101,o much bccm1sc I wished to, h111
hcca111c:\Ir, Lurrcli8 had told 1,1et 11111,1
get Jll the dead skin off 1111
feel and knees before l c-onlrlgo lo B.illin,ore: for the people of ltilttrno1e11t1e,t:r\ de<lnh ,md 11ouldla11gh,11n1e 1fl looked dtrh. Bcs1dcs.
she ll'as going to gi,c inc a pair of ITo:1,ers.,, h,ch I should ~ot pul on
unle,s I got all the dirt off n1c Till: tltuugl,1of O\\11i11i;
11p,11rof trousers
11a,i;rcal !11dcc:dt
ll \\JS a lino,t a ,uffilient 111011,e.
not onh to 111,1kc
111c
take off \\hat would be called i" p,g-dro,ers the 111ange, hut the ski11
11.>el(J wenl al ii 111good ean,esl. ll'orkini: for the first ltn1e \\tlh the
hope cl rc11arcl
711c tic~ that ord11ia11l1
hind ('htldren 10 then ho111c~11erc ,111~nspended m n1yca5e l found nose, ere lriHlin tn} depJrl11re. \Iv hmne
\\ii~ ehannless; 1l \\a; not ho111etu n1e; 011 parhni,; Iron, 11,I cou ld not
feel that I wa, lea, 111ganv lh,ng II luch I could have ~njoyed bv st.11111g
1\11rnothcr11~sdead, Ill\' gr.1nd111othcr
lived far off. so that I seld01ns;i11
her I h,1dtwo sisters an<lune hrolher, thal 11\Td111the sarne hon~e \I 1th
n1c. but l11eearl, sep,1r.1t1on
of us fro1n au, 1nothcr Jud \\ell n1gl1blotted
the fac:tof our 1da1ton,hip frorn our 1nen1onc~ I looked for ho1ne else-
l\~RRATI\T. 01
1'111· J.1H
llf
J'Rtll~.KUh Dot•~l.ASS
;-
-
"l1erc. a1,d \\JS t·oufidc:111
of li11cling11011c
11hid1 I should reh,h less
tllan the one ,du,h I ",1,lea\1111;.If, h1111c,c1.l lou11du, 111vnew honie
h.1nlship, hunger. 11;hipp111g,
and nakednes,, J hatl lhc co11\oiJli011
lh,1l
I ,ho11ld nol lt.11·eesc;,1ped.1nyone of then1 b1 sta1111gHJ, 111g,
alreach
hJn 111orcti.au a taste oJ lhc111i1111,c
hou,< of 1111
oltl uu,ter, and h,1,1ng
endl1red thc111there. I •<:T} lldh11.
-1ll} i11fcrredlll} alnlth to e11<l11rc
lhe111
else\\ here. nnd e,pec1all, at 8,1lun101e.fo, I had so1neth1111;
of the feeling .1houl 8.1llin1ore th.11is e,pres,ed 111the pro, erh. thJt "heing h.1ng,ed
in I .ngl.n,cl "pref em hie to d11111!
,1 11,li11r,
1I clcillh 111Irel.incl" I lucl the
1lro11gc,Itk">rreto see B.1l1tn1oreCousin lrnn, ll10111!h
nul Auc11lin
,peed1, hJd in,pire<l n,e 111thth.11desire h, h1, eloquent de~criphon of
the pl.i<·e. I could 11e1crpoint out an~ 1h11,g.,t the Cr.:.11t lou,c. no
n1atlcr ho\\ beautiful or J)(}\\Crfnl,hut th.ii hc h,1clseen so111clh111i:
al
ll.1lttn1orefar e,ceecl1ng. both 111 beaut\ Jn<l ,trcngth, the objc,t \I luch
I pointed out to bin,. E,en the Cleal Hou,c 1bcll, "1tl1 all rh p1cl11re,,
11a1 f,1r1nfc1101
to ,nan, buildings 1n B,1lt11norcSo ,tronl! 11;;1,
lll\ dcsirt',
UtJI I thought a gr;1hfie,1hollof 11would fnlly con1pen,Jl1cior 1d1ate1c1
lo,s of eo111forhI shou ld su~ldtn bv the e;,._dw11gc
I It:~w1tho11I
,1regrt.'t,
and wilh the lughesl liopes of future happ111es,
\\e ,aiku out of l\11IC>
R11c·rtor B,1llln1oreon a Sa1t1rci1v
1110111111g.
I
re111<:n1bc1
onlv lh(· dav of the week. for al that t1111e
I I,ad110 l..110,decli;e
of the da\s of ihe month. nor lhe n1onlhs of the ,car On sctltnl! sail I
\\.111,ecl
aft, Jnd ~Jlt' lo Colond Lloid\ plantation "hat I hoped \\011ld
be the la,l lool...I llll:11pl,1ct·dm~,elf tll lhe bo"' ofUie ,looµ. and there
,pe11t the rciua,ndcr of the clJ1 ,n looking ahea<l. 111tcrcsl1ni;
n11,dt 111
\\hd l \Ids 111the distance r.1tlit1lluu in thing, nc,H h1 or hduncl.
111the afternoon of tltal <l.11.11crc,1checl\nnJpol1' , fhe <Jp1talof the
St ,te. \\ 'e slopped but J fo" mmnents. ,o th.it I had no time to I!" ou
,h,11e It II a, 11ie r.rst large lo\\ n U1al I had <:1l r ,cn1,, ,111cl1lto11i;h11
\\Onld look sn1all con1partd \\ilh ,mn, nl our 1>.e\\Fn1;la11<l
factor.
, 111,igcs.I thought it J \\Olldl·rf11I
plac-cfor 11's1ze-1norc 1111pos1ni;
nc11
than the (:real Hou,e f'arn11
Vic a,nved al Balllmore earh on Su11<l,11
1non11ni:;,
l.,nrltn~.it S1111th's
\\ h,Hf,nol tar fron1 Bo1de1\ \\."ll.lrf \\c hatl ou board the sloop ,1l,ui;e
Aocl.of ,htcp· ilnd .,fler aiding in clri,inc;tlten, lo the sl,1ul(htc1
ho11,cot
\h ( 't 1rhs on I .011dc11
Slater's l hll , I II as L011ductc:d
h, Ric-h 011eoft he
h.11,d< hdong111gon bo.1.rdof the sloop, to rn1 ne\\ ho111e111.\llic1aua
Street, near \1r C.1rdner\ ,l11p-1ard.on Fells l'oiul.
\Ir and l'llr~ ,\uld 11ere both .ti hon1e, jJl<lnrel 111c
at the door \\1th
thci1 lillk ,0111 lio111J,.to IJke <:ate of 1d10111
r h.1d he('n gncu \ncl
bc·r, I ,.11111hdt I had nt·1cr ,eeu before; 1111,1,,1 11l11tefact· bea111111g
,~1th the 1110,Iltncllv cn1ol1on,; 1111as th(" l,1ce of 1111Ill'\\ 1111,tn:,,,
Sophiu .'\ulcl I ll'i,h J t:011lcl<lesrribe th(' r,1pture !hat CT.1shed
through
"'} soul J\ I bcht·ld 11 It \la, ,1IIC\\ ,111d,trJ11gc~•ghllo, 111e
, bnghten1ng
np 1111p,11h11J1 '"th the hi:ht of l1Jpp111c~sl.1lllc 1 hon1a, 11.1, told,
'·\RRA'rl\'E
or
TH£ LtfE
Of tRLOl•Rt<.~
no11c;1~,,
there wa\ lus ~ redtk. -and I l'J> told to take care of littk· ' I ltc,111.Js,
Jud
thu, I e11tccedupou the du tie, of 1n1ne11ho111c11,th tire 1110,1 cl teer111r;
pro,p<:ctahead.
I look upon 111,clcp.irh1rc from Colo11clLlo)d's plantatron a, olll' of
the most intereLing e,enl> of 1111life. It 1s possible. aud e,c ,r q111te
probable. that but fo, the llt<'re c11c-u1nsl~1ter
of bcinr; rc1110,cclf10111
that pl.u1taho11lo Bahirnorc I ~ltnuld hJ,·c to-d.1},1w,tc.idof being here
~e.1tcclh1111,01111
tJble, 1n the enjo~111entof freedom ,rnclthe happ111ess
of ho111c.,,nLiug tln, Narrnti,c been c:0111incd
111the gJll1ng ch.1i1hof
,la,cn Gm11gto l11·ent flalt1111orc
ti ,d the fo11ncL1ho11,
,ind opcucd the
gak"J), to ;111 1n~\t1b,eq11entprospcritJ,. I lt.1,e c,cr regarded 11as the
fir~t pla111n1a11ife,lallonof tltal l.111dpronde11ce "hich ha, e,cr since
1ttcndc<l1nc;-,and 111,irl..cd
1111life \\Jth so 111.111v
t:ivor\ I rcg.1rclcdthe
sclccho11ol n1v,clf as he111g,ornc1d1,1tremarkable. !here were J 111111
1•
ber of ,Ja,e cl11ldrentl1dl 1111ghl
hJ,e been ,cul fro1u tilt: plJutal1011to
B.1lt11norc1 here v.crc tho;e 1oungcr, tho,c older. and those of the
s.nne ;1gc I ,1.1scho,cn frorn iln1ongthc1n all. a11d_.,,sthe firn. 1.1'1 and
onh tho1ce
I n1,1
i be dcc111ccl
super,l1l1ous. and C\'Cll cgotrshcal. 111rcgJrd1ngthis
e,enl .1, a spcci,111nlC'rpo,i1tonol ch,inc;-Prn, 1'knce in 111,f,1,or flul [
,l1ould be false to the earlie,t ,enhme11tsof m1 ,0111,1fI s11pprC'>scd
tlic
op1111011
I p,cfer lo be true to 111,sdf.C\'en JI lite haz,1rdof 1nc11rri11g
tire ndic11lcof other, , r:ilher th.in lo be false. ,111d 1111,ur
1111OIHI abhorll;ncc. Front 1111
earlie,I recollection, I cl.1tethe rnlerta1111nc·nt
of J du.:p
connchon that sla,en 11ouldnot ,1h,• I'; be Jble to hole! me \\ ilh1n 1r..
foul embrace a11d111
the cl.trkc,thour, of 111)t·arecr 11
1,la,en·, this Ji, i11g
word of fa1thaud spirit of ltope dep.1rkd not from inc. but rc111a11le<l
lil..~
1111111,tcnng
angels to cheer 111etl1ro11ghthe gloom. 'Jn1\ good sp111l11a,
fro1nC;od, Jnd tn hnn I off<·rth,111k,gl\
i11
g .i1u.lpr.iise
Chapter\ I
\ h 11<:\\1111,trc\\pro,ed lo he .ill sh~ .ippe,ncd when I first n1cl her
at the door. - a \\01nan of the ki11clestheart ~nd Ii nest feelings. She had
ne,ct had a ,IJ,e 1inder her co11trolprC1io11~I~
lo n1v,df, a11dpnor to
her n1J1n.i.ge,l,c h.id been dependent upou lier o\\'n 1ndustn for a Ir,1ng She was bv trade a \\caver; and h, constant applrc.ihon to her bu~111c<>.
,he h.1d been in ,1 good degree prescrl'ecl fro111the blighting and
deh11man11ingdTcct, nf sl.1q:r. I \\a, ulterl} astonished al her good11ess
I sc,trceh k11ewho\\ Lobcha,·c lo\\,Hili her. Site was entircl, u11ltJ...,
.1111
other" hitc \\0 1nan l h,1dever sel'n I could nol appro:tcl1 hc1 ~ I was
Jl'C:ll\lo111ed
lo approach oilier\\ h1te IJd1e; 1\h ea riv 111str1.1cllon
was all
out of place fhe cro11cl11ng
ser, 1ltt,. usually so acceptab le J 4ualil} in
a , lave, did not answer when n1an1ft:stedtoward he1 li ef favor \\as 110!
\1-'RRATI'vr
OF I HL
1.•••
Of
FR L UkRlCI( DotrCLA.'iS
29
gained 61 rl: ,h., ,ee111~dlo he d1'turbed b, ,t She cbd 1101dee1n 1t
in1pudcnt or t1n111a1111e1
h for a slave fo loo~ lier 111the face. The 111ca11e.t slJ,e \\JI put h1lh di ea\e i11her prc,cncc ,1r1clnone left 111thoul
feel,n~ heller lor h,t\ 111gseen her Her face v.os 111,1cle
of hcavcnh
sr111le\,a11dhc1 \IJicc ol tra11qt11
I 11111s1c
But, alasl lhi, l..ind hc;1rt lucl bnt ,1 ,horl ti111clo rc1n.1111
sud, The
latnl poi~on of 11re,pon\lblc Jl<"1c1w.is ,1lrcadv111her hands and soon
co11111tc
11tcd ih 1nfen1al work. r h.11cheerful c1c. uudcr the 111A11cncc
of sla,cr}, !1<>011hcca1111:
rt:cl with r,1ge;tlr,11101cc. rn.1dc .ill of S\\eel
accord, d1J11~cdlo 011cof li,1r,h and horrid discord: and tlrnt a11gcl1c
face ga,·e place to that of a dc1no11
.
\'e11 ,0011<1herI 11cnt to li,e "1th \Ir .111dt\11s.,\trld. ,he ,cry l..indl)
con11ne11ccdto tc.,ch 1ne the \. B. C \ltcr I h,1d learned this. she
asSJstcd111c111lcan1mg to spell wore!,oi three or fo11rlctten J11,t:ti thi,
potnl of 1111p rogre", \I, ,\uld fou11doul 1\ltal was going on. and al
once forbade:-l\lr, \uld to mstrucl inc turthcr. telling her. ,1n1011g
other
thin~s. that 11"·" 11nl.1\\f11I,
as 11ell.1, un,;.1fe.to le.ich a sl.1veto read
lo u,e Iii, 01,11\\Ord,, further, he :.aid, "If )OUg11e,1 11iggeran 1nd1. he
11ill tal..ean ell. ,\ nigger should Lno\\ nothing but lo obcv his n1,1stcr
lo do a\ lie 1s loltl to do. l .earrnng ,,011ld spoil lhl' hcst n1gg<-ri11lhe
\\ orld No,,," ,a icl he. "if yo11leac-hIhat nigger (\peakini; of 111,;elf ho"
to reacl, there would be no keeping h11n. lt "ould lore,er unfit hllll lo
he J olJve I le II ould al 011,·cbecoo1c w1n1an..ige..1b
lc, ;111dnt no •~luc
lo 111~
111.1,tct\, to hin1,<>if,11ronld do hi1n 110good. bul ., ~eJl deal
of har111.II 1\ottld m,1keh1111
clisconlcnted .111du11l1app1.' 111e,c \\Ords
~ankdeep intn nn l1e.1rl. ,lined up ;c11li1nc11h
11 llhin th 11hl\ ,l11111bcr1ng,Jncl called into c,i1tcnc-c an e11t1rd\llt'\\ frain of thought It ""' a
ue11.iud sp<:e1a
l re, dJho11. e,plJ111111g
<lark.ind ,uy,tenous tlung,. with
,1!1icl1 Ill) 1outhi11l11nclersldJ1di11g
l1.1d ,trugglcd, but ,1t11gglcd1111.1111
I 11011
undersloocl \\hat hdcl l,ccn to n,l. ~ mo,t pcrplc·\Jng d1ffic11lt1-lo
\\ii, the \\ lute 111a11\
po11rr lo rnsl.1\'e the blacL.n1.n1.It was ,1 grand
,1cl11eve111c11I.
dlld I pri1ccl it lughh fro111tltJL u101nc11l.I under,too<l
the pathwd\ fron1 1la,ery lo Jicl'don1 It 11,1,1u,I ,d1.1t I \\,111ted,111cl
I
got ii at-a time 1\11<'11
I LIil le.1ste,pt'rlecl 11 \Vh,lst I \\'as saddened bv
the· thought of lo,ini,; the .ticl of 111,
· kind mistress, I 11J.<,
gl.tdde11edb,
the 1tl\:1lu.1ble 111,lr11cl
1on wh1d1, b1 the 111erc,lJc:cidcul. I had gdlllCcl
fro111rn~ n1askr 111011ghco1hc1ou, of the cl1llic11lllof lear11111g
111tl1out
a teacher. l ,1:t out with liigl1hope. ,ind .1fixed p11rpose, Jl 11 h.1te,er CO\l
of trouble to lc.ir11ho\\ to read '1he 1en decided 111a1111er
11ith11h1ch
he \pt>lc.',111d,tro, c lo 1mpre" Ju, w1k ·1\llh the evil con,equenccs of
E.;11
i11g111c111,t111tho11.
,ern'.d to c·o111
inct n1c IIJ.1Ihe wa, cleepl) <oell)I
hie of the truths he \\.h u tte11ng. It g.1,e me the best Js,ur.tnc:tcthat I
11
1ight rel} " ith the 111,no,tco11f1<lence
on the result> " luch. he s.11d.
\\Otrld Ao11fror11lc,1ch111g
Ill<'lo re,11.I.
\\'hul Ia.,1110,tdre.i<led,lhJI I
lO
N \RMTI\
E OF THt
l.ttt.
OF FREDERICK
00tJGL<\SS
most desired. \Vliat he most lo,·cd, ll1.1lI 1110.,I
hated. Thal which to
hi111was ,I g1\-Jl c,al, to be carefi,11~,hu1111cd,
was to n1e .1grt:al good,
to be d1l1gc-nth,ought. Jnd tlae argu,nenl which he ,o w.annl} urged.
agmnslID) learn1uglo rcJd. onh scn,.d to i11,p1rc111cwith J desire ,111d
detern1i11Jlio11
to lc.irn In le,1n1ingto read, I owe .ilmost a; 1nuch lo lhe
bitter opposition of my 1na, ter, as to the k1ndl) aid of m1 n11~tre".I
acLnowledgethe henelil of both.
l had resided but a ,hart t11nc 111B,1ltirnorc before I ob,eJ\ed J
111,111..t:d
difference. in the treatment of sla,·es, Cro111
that ,~h1ch l had
\\ltnc<sed tn the country. A cit) sl.1ve,., almo1l a frecn1nn. cornparcd
with a slJ,e 011 llat:pl,111t.1llon.
He I\ n1uch bellt:r fed Jnd dolhcd. dlld
e1110-,p11,1lcgcsaltogether ·unkno" n to the sl<lve011the pla11lataon.
TI1ere 1s.1,~lige of decenc~. a ,eu~e of sha1ne.that does much to curb
and check Lho,e outbreal..sof alroc10U\cn1ell) ,o conunonh e11.1cled
upo11the plantJtion He is a de<pcrntcslm·cholder, who will ,ltoc·k the
h111nan1hof Ins non-,la,·ehold111g11e1glthor1
with the cues of 111,lacerJted sla\'e. fe" an, 111llu1g
lo i11curthe odiurn dltachtng lo the reputation of bc,ng .i cn1cl n1a,tcr: and aho,c all tlungs. the, wonld not he
kno1111
a, not g" 1ng a Ila, e enour;h to cal. 1~,ef\ cit\· slaveholder is
anxious lo hJ,e il l1101111
of 111111.
tl1dl be feech his ~la,e~11ell; and 1t i,
due to the1n to ~v. th,,t 111o<t
of them do gi,c their skl\e, enough to
cal There ,tr<',ho11e,er, ,0111cpa1nf11Iexcept1011,to 1111,
n1lc D1rec-lh
opposite lo us. 011 Philpot Street. 11\ed ~1r. Tl10111,t,lla 1nilto11.f le
011nC'dr.,o ,h11cs.Their na111cs
11ercHc1111~tta
.ind 1\1.ir. Heunelta was
aho11It,vcnh-h,o }ll'Jrsol age. l\·1,1f1• "a< .iboul fourteen, anti of all the
1nJ11gledand e111,1cidled
creature, l e,er looked upon, these l:\,o were
the n1ostso Hi, hc.1r1lllltst be harder thau stone. that could look upon
these 11nmo1ecl!'he head, necl..,and ,houlth:rs of M,1rv\\Crc literaUy
cul 1(1piece~ l hdve frequenlly fell her heod, ~nd fo1111cl
11nearl\ <:o,ered 111thlcstenng ,01cs caused b, the la,h of her cruel mistress. I do
not kno\\ that hl':'rm;i1terc,er whipped lier. but I ]w,e becu JII C}ewih1es,lo the cruelt" oi ~Ir; J lamilton I nscd to be 1n '\Is HJ1nilto11's
hou,e nea1ii' even d,11 Jl,1rs.Han11ltonused to s11111a large chair 111the
middle oi lhc room, \\1th ,1 hea\i eO\.\:.killal11Jy,b1 her side, and scarce
d11hour pa,!.ed during IJ1eda1 hnl 11~,111arkcdb} the blood of one of
thc'ie 1la,es The girls seldo111passed her w1thont her saving, "'.\lo,e
fa,tcr, you black gip•" ,11the k!Ole li1ne g11ingthe1n ;i blo11'"th the
CO\\sl.ino,cr the heuclor1ho11ldcrs,often dra,11ngUte blood She would
then sav. "lake th.it, ,ou black g1pl"-ronhnu1ng, "If you don' t mo,e
t'.1,l~r.I'll 1novcyo11I"\dded to tJ1ecruel lashing,;lo 1vh1cl1these , I.ave,
\\ere ~ub1ected,they \\ere kept 11earhhJ lf:.staf\ed Thev ,eldo111l.11e11
what 1l was to eat a full meal I l1J,c ,eut l\htr) contending with the
pig, fo1the offal thro11u into lhe ~trcct So 111uch\\,I> '.\lar,· k1ck<·cl
,md
c-ntlo p1ece1.llaat,he· 11a~oftener called •·pecked"than b) her 1rn1ne.
'\IARRATl\iE OF TH[
L tfl•
ot·
T• REOE~ICK l)ouGL\SS
Chapter\ II
I 11\ed111 l\laslcr llugh's fa1nilyabout seven rears. r>11ringthis 1tn1c,
I suc·cceded 111learnu1gto read and wule. In ac:con1plishingthi<. I 11,1s
co1npcllcd to rcsor1to 1ano11<,tratagcms I had no 1cgular lt!Jcher '.\ly
1111stress,
"ho had kindl) com1ncnced to instruct me. had. 111 co111pha11ce"itli the advice and d1recllon of her hushanrl, not onl) ceased lo
111,L1
uct. but had set her wee again,! 1ny beu1g iu,tructed bv an) one
cl,c It is due . ho\\eH,r. to Ill\ 111i,t1ess
to sav of l1c1.lhJI ,he dad 11ol
adopt th,s c-oursl' of l11
:atn1cnl in1mcd1alc-lvShe al first l.1cl.cd the
depr.l\'ih ind1spe11.1<1hle
to shutting 1ne up in mental darkness. ll Y.,1;at
leJ,t 11ecessar1for her to ltJ,·e ,0111elrJ111ing
111the C:\erc1sc
of irresponsible po\\er. lo 111akclier e<tual lo lhc la,!. oflreah11gn1eas though l \\Cr<
J brute
\11 1n1slress was, as I ha\e said, a kind and lender-hearted woman,
and in lhe si111plicit)oi her soul she co111111e11c:cd.
,du:11l firsl \\l'llt lo
ll\e " tlh her lo treat r11ed' ,lte Htpposl.'done human being ought to
I.Jeata11othe1ln entering upon the duties of a slaveholder. she did 11ol
,ecn1 to perrehe lh,11I s11,taineclto her the rtla11011
of d u,crt c·hJttd.
and thJt for hc:r I<,lreJI 11,e as a hu1na11bc111g\\31 not only wmng. h11l
ddngero11shso. Sld,'Cf\ p101cd,h 1n1unousto her as it clicllo 111e
. \\1ic11
I \\enl there, ,he was a pious, \\Jnn, and teuder-heartc:d\\Olllllll Ther.:was 110 sorro" or s11ffen11i;
for ,'111ch,la.,had not d lcdl She hJd bread
for tlte h1111gry.
clothe, fo1 tJ,e uJkc<l,and co1nfor1for e,er\ n,ourncr
that c.,1111c
"1th111he1 1e,1ch Sla,cry soon proved its Jbilit" lo dl\c<I he,
of these hea,enh qualities Under 1ls 1111luencc,.
11,clrndcx be..u:L
becante slo11c,a11dthe l.11ubl1ke-dasql1011,.,,,c ",wto one of It •er-like
~
!Taclir,1 slep 111her do\\ n\\;lfd coprse W,1', ju 1e1 cca,ing to
instruct 1nC.:She no" con1menced lo prutlt,e her l1u,b,111cl'<
~rcccpls.
Site finall~gecan1e c,en 111o~ole.!!!J11 1~1 o_ppos~onihm, 1er lsu,Gand
hun,elf. She wa, not ~atisf1ccl
,,ith simpl1 doing ~ell JS lie h,1d
co1nn1a11dt>dshc
,ee111edan,1otL<to do heUer .\lolh111g
,el'll)<.:dto rnake
her 11111rc
a11g1ythan to >t'(' 1ne 'Sith .J ue,1,papu She \l"Cincdto thank
that here lav the cla1t<'(.'tI ha,e ltatl Itel ru,h al n1e with J face 111Jdt,111
up of fun.'.1nd s11Jt~l1fro111n,c a ne\\S()Jper, in a 111.Jnncr
tbal f11lh
re,e:ilc:d her .1pprchc11s1ouShe \\11< au apl "0111.Ju;d11cl 3 hllle experience 'i-0011 den1onstrated. lo luir satt,factio11,lhat educ,1hon J11d,La,cn
were i11con1patihlewilh each other.
Front U11,ti1111:
I wa, n1o~tnarro,~h-watched. If I 11as111 a sep,1rate
roo111an1 co11~1derablelent;l1 or111111:.
I "d~ ,111eto he ,1tspected of
lia,i11gJ h<,ok.and was at 011<:e
called to gi.c an account of 1111
,<-It ~II
lhl\. ho\\e1·er, was too IJlc. The lint step h.1clbeen t.ikcn I\ Il'ITes,. 111
tcachsni: n1e the alphabet, had gi,e11111<:
the 1nd1,,ind 110precaution
c-ouldpre\'Cllt r11~fro111
t,1kingthe ell.
'\~RKAII\T
01•TilF
I.Itri
Of
f-Rt.DERJC"
0oUGLI\SS
' ll1e pl,1111d1id1
I adopll·d. und lhc:one: h} 1d11chI wa~1nost~ucc:e,,ful, "3> lhal oi 111,11..
,ug f11cnd;,of all the hHle white bo1s ,~hon1J nu~t111
Lite street. ,\s manv of these .is I co11ld.I tonvcrtt'd inlo le,1cher,. \\1th
their l..1ndl).1id ,;hta1ned JI diftc.'renl 11111c,,111din different place~. I
li11.1lhsucceeded 111kar11i11gto rcau. \\!hen I \\as ,ent of errands. I
.~h,ay~tool.. Ill) bool- "i lh 1ne. and b} going oue p.1rt ot 1111errautl
qu1ckh, 1 found t1n1eto get ,1 lesson hcforc 1111rc:l11r
11 I 11,etl al.o lo
eJrT\ bread \\Jlh Jilt' , c110111;l
1 of" l1ich "·" all\a1, 111the house, aud to
"hicl1 I \\JI ah,a)> \\Cko111c,fo, I 11.i,much better off in tl11srt:gJrd
thJn n1an1of the poor 11hitechildren 1nour 11e1ghborl1ood.
·1hi, brc.id
l u,ed to be,1011upou the hun~ httlt· 11rcl1111s,
"ho, ,u rel11r11.
110111d
gi,,· inc il1.1t111ore,a l11ahlc:tireaclof ~1101>lctlgc
I an1 ,trongh te,npted
to g1\e the nan1e~ol 1'110
01 three of those little bo1s. as a te,t111101nal
of
lh~ grat1tuut·.111d
Jlfct·hotl I bc.1r the1n, but prudt11tt forb1u,;-11ol tliJt
ii \\1111ld1nj11re111chul 111111ght
t·111h.1rrJ1,tl1c111.for it 1s ,111110,1
,Ill
unpardonable offence to teach 11,1,e)lo read 111this Chnst1,1ncount!}
Jt i, c11011i;h
In sa, of the dc.1r little fellow,. that the, lived on Philpot
Sl1t'cl,\Cl} 11c.i1D111gi11
J11d 8Jilc~\ slup-~.ircl.I '"eel lo lJII..flus 111.tltcr
of ,la\e" 01er ,11th then1 I 11ould so,nclJn1es,d1 lo tlie,n. I '"shccl I
tould IK a, frc, a, tht1 11oulclbe 11hen tlte1 got to be 111en."You ,,ill
he [1cca, ,0011Js >""arc l11cnl)-011cb11tI 11111
u ,lave for /1/r' l lJ1·e110I
I as goc,da right to be f1ec as 1011ha,c?" 1 h,·,c "oul, used In troubk·
I11c1n;tliti "ou I,J cxprc,s tor 111ethe I" el1est ,vn1patI11.Jncl coruole 1ne
1111hIii.: hope tli.11s<1111cth
,11g\\Ullld ot·t·11rb} 11hich I 1n1ghtbe free
I 11,i;11011
about l\\ehe vears old, .,ud lite thougl,t ofhc1ng a ~111,·e
for
/1/~l>eg,111
lo bear hc:1,iii upon 1111·
heart. Ju\t about Ll11,Lune.I got holcl
of d hook c11htled··11,c Col11111hi,111
()r.tlor" l:.re1; opporh1111hI got. I
used to read this book. ,\mong mud, ol'other 1ntcreshng 1n,1ttcr.I found
11111., diuloi;uc bcl\\('t•11.1 111a,te1
aud lu, ~ta,c n,e ,la,e \la, represented a, hJ\i11g 11111
a\\J~ fn:i111
hi, 111,1ster
three tin1cs. ·n1e C.Udloi;ue
repre,ented the cmner~l1on \\)111:hlook pla<'ebc-11,ecnthcn1. "hen the
,b,e 11,,sret.1lcn lht· Lhtrdtune. Ill this dialogue, the ,d,olc nr~un1cnl
111bd,alf of ,la1e" \\,1, hrn11ghlforward b1 the mastt r. all of "h~ch wa,
dispo>e<lof b1 lite ,IJ\e 'lhe )la,e \\'J\ made to sa, <01ne1en .inJrt as
11ell·" 11npres~11c
things 111reph to his rna~tcr-lhint;• "~11d1 hJd Ll1e
Je,11e<lthuuglt 11nc,1,ectcdeffect; for the con,er>ation resulted in lhe
1ol11nlar1cniancipallo11of the ,l,1,e on the part ot the n1<1
ster.
In lhe ,a111cbool., I 1net 111thone of Shendan·,• n11ghl)speeches on
and 111beh~lf of ( '.atholil·cn1ancipaho11The,e were chmc·c docu1ucnts
to n1e I read tl,en1 01c, ,111dover again w1lh unabated 1ntcrc;t 11,e,
gave tongue Lo1nlcre,hn~ lhonghts of m, 01111;oul, 11h1eh had fti~ '\ f'OP'Jir el°'JUCII<
c rllilll\J .. I tom piled,11I 'N7 twC..lc-li811t£h..i111
.
4 R1d1-Jrd
8::11,.Jc,Shc.-nd,m
(l ~Sl-lhlfi j l11•h.-t,A1nah~
anJ pohlm.1!b.ldc-r nK )pttth HI
tite Ct.Jlumbi.mOrdturlo wl11thDm1J._;l-au
td°CJ'i v; .~, •<lualh rnJJt · l,~ Ifie Jm:1
1 p..ilnt)I .\r1lmr
0 Cotm1.-t
·
q11t:11lh
ll1slit•dthrough n11n1111d,
.ind died a1\,I}for 11,1ntuf utltrant·e .
1111:
1111>rJI
1d11d1I i;.1i11ccl
fron1 1he dialogue wa; the power ol truth
o,e, the conse1t:1Kcof c,en ., ,l:i,<.'holdcr \Vhat l got front Sheridan
\\J> ,1bold denu11c:ial
ion of sl.11cT1\
.,nd a po\\crf11I1i11d1callo11
ofl1u1nan
right~ The re.id111gof the;e docurnents enabled me- to utter 1111
lhought<, ;111cl lo 111<:d
Ll1eaJgu111enbbrot~l,t fonnud to s11st,11n
,l,1,cf\
hut \\bile the) rdic,t:d 111cof one <l,flicull~.tliC) brou9lhl on Jnother
e,en 111orep.11nf11l
than the one of ,1.hid1 I \13< rd11:1ed 1l1t' 111tircI
read. U1e1nore I \\,1' led to abhor and detest 1111
en, l,11('r<.I <·oulcl 1eg.ud
lhc111111110other ljr;ht lhJn J buncl of succes,ful rohhers, ,1ho had left
their ho1ncs. a11d1,;u11c
to Afn,<1.• 111J;tolcu u, fro111
our l10111cs.
Jnd 111
a <IT,1ngeland rcdurcd u, to ,h11c11I lo,1thcd thc111H, lx·111!;
the 111L
·a11est .1s\\ell
the n1osl "icked of 111t"nA, I read ,ind ('onlen1platt-d
Ll1esub,ect. bel,olcll tl1JI1en dist:onle11hue11l
wl11clt!\JJsler I h ,i;h had
predicted 11011luiollo111111lea111iugtu 1ea<lhad alrc.,d~ colH<',lo tur111e11l
and ,ting Ill) ,oul to u1111tlcrahle
,111gu1,li
. :\, I 1L11thcd
under ,t I
\\01i1dat tin,es feel that learning to re:1dhJcl been a curse rather th.111
a
ble\\ing. It hJd g11e11111ea 1·1e\\of Ill) wrdcheu tonilit1ou, "1thnul tl,c
re111ed1
. It upe11edLll) eye, lo the hc,ruble p1l, but lo 110IJddL·rupo11
"111d1to~t out. In 1no1ncnt,,of ,1gonr. I cn\'led 117\ fello" -sla,e~ for
tl,~ir stupidit). I l,.1\e olten 111she<I
1ny,elfJ hc..1.,1I prefcrre<lthe co11dilion oltlu: n1c.111t-,t
rephlt: lo 111,01111\11) thi,u;. no 111Jllt:111hat.
lo gd
1 It "'"' this e1erld,llllg th111k,ngot 1111condition th;1t
11dnf lh111L111g
to1n1c11ted1ne 1l1trt' 11;1<
110 getting nd of ii II \\as pre"cd UJ>OII 111c
b) e1ervobj(·ct 1dthin sigl1tor heari11g.ani1nalc 01 111.in1111.1k
Tltc ,ihe1
iru111pof frc(·donr had rou,ecl 1111
,ou l to t,k111.1I
\\Jkciulnc,s . Frcedon1
no\\ ,1ppt:Jred. lo di~ppc,11 110111orcfore\Cr It w:i., he.ard 111e\t'f}
,01111d.
and ,ee111ncn·n tl11111:;.
II 1<;1,c1er pre~cnl to tn1111c11I
111c1,11h
,I sen,e of 1111 11tddu:,I co11d11trn1
I \J\\ 11otl1111g
without ,cc1ng 11
. I
l1card nothing 11itho11thearing 1l. .uul foll ll(ltl1111g
111tho11t
feeling II
looked frnn, C\ cI\ ,Im. 1l ,1111k<l i11,., <'Tl• c-.11111
, lire.1thed111e, en "111d•
and llllJ1eel in e1e" ,1or111.
I ofkn fo1111d
111v,ell1ti;1cll111~
Ill) 01\n e,i,letl{'t', and 111,h111g
,ny,elf
dead; and h11Ifor the hopt of being free, I h.1,,· no do11blbnl tl1JI I
,ho11ldli:11·ckilled 111\,cll. or <lone,11111clll111i;
f,ir 1d11d1I ,l1ot1ldh,ne
hec11killed. \\.'lule 111tin, ,t.1le of 111i11tl,
I 1\.1,eai;er Ip h~ar ,101one
,pe.,k ot sla,sn I '"" ., re.1th l1,te11erF,er\ l,lllt• 1d1ile, I ,·011ldlu:ar
w 111~ll1111g
,1ho11I the ,1bolil10111,t,It 11,1, ,0111c111111
• before I fou11d"1,at
the 110111
rnem1I It"'" .1h,a1, 11,t·din ,11d1<·01111etlio11,
J, lo 111alc1t
JII 1r1l(·n·,h11g
110,d to inc If ,1,1.,,.:,.,n .1\\ ,11 ,,nJ ,uccet:dcd in gelling
clc,H or if a ,I.J,c lilied 111,111a,tc1.
,d lire tu J barn or did ,1111
. Ll1111g
.
lt'.T\ 11Tong111
Ilic 1nind of a ,IJ,c l,oldcr 11""' ,pokc11of .is the frud of
t1bo/1ti1,r1IkJ1111gthe v.u,d 1n tl11sn>1111c(
11<111
1t:1\ often. I ,d Jho11t
lc.11111111;
\\hat ii 111eant I he clictun .ir, .1ffo1tlcdn,t lillle or 111,lidp I
found 1I11,1' "the JLI of ~hnli,l1111g.hut 1h.-nI did not kt10\\ 11h.11\\,I\
J'
l\ \RR,\TIVE OF 111~Lu£ Of FR£0E111r.1< 0<11•c1
~ss
lo be abolt,hc-d I Iere I "3S perplexed. I thd nol d.uc to ask a111011e
Jbout ,ls n1eaning. ror I wa, '>dlisfie<ltl1al 11"·'' ,on1cth1ng thev "anted
n,c lo knm1 \er\ lillle about \iter d pdlicnl ,,,1ihng. I i;ol out· of Ollr
ul\ p.iper,. contau1111g
an acc-ount of the n11111uer
of petition; Iron, the
11orlh.prdj ing for the Jbol,hon of ,b,er\ i11the D1,ir1ctof Col111nb1a,
dlld of the d:11e tr.1debel\1ee11the StJte,. Funn th,, time I 1mcler,tood
the \\or<ls 11bo/1tnm.111<l
11/x,fttw111,/,a11d,1lwa1sdrew near \\hen lhat
\\01d 1\,1,,pol1e11,c,pcLling lo hc,,r m1neth111gof i111porla11te
lo 1111
<ell
,111dlelk,\\ -,1,,, cs. n,e Iight brol-e 111upon 11I t b~ <leg,tt'> l II ('IJ I one
cl.11<lo\\11ou the ,d,Jrf of \It \\'alel\: and seeing h,o ln,hmen
L111loat!111g
J ,to\\ of slouC'.l "Clil, 1111,1,kcd
and helped the111\\11e11
\\t' liad fin,,hcd, one ol them cJme to rne Jnd .1,ked 111eLf I \\crt .t
,la\e. I told 111111
I wa, He a,ked. "\Je ve a ,l<1H.'
fo, life'" I told h1111
that I
TI,e r;oo<lfn,11111.Jll
,ce1ncd· lo be dt'cph· .iffectecl b,· the
,tatc111c11tI fc.',,11d[O tlic.'olher thal 11,\a\ a pit\ so hne a little feUo\\ a,
111,sdf,hould be .J ,JJve fo, life. He , ..,d 11\\";n a ,lta111clo hold 111c.
The,·
lo r1111
d\\ill
to !lie tlorlh: tl1<1lI ,hould find
. lioll1 ad1"ed 111<:
lncnds there. and that I ,ho11ldbe free. r pretended 11otto be 1nterested
JII \I hat tlte\' ,.11cl.
.llld treated tlie111a, 1fI did 11011111dcr,ta11d
tliern: for
I foarcd the~ 11111;!11
lie lread1e1011,\\1utL 111e11
halt' be.-11l-.110\\11
lo
encourage slJvc<to csc;ipc.ancl then, to get th,· rc".ird. c·,1td1thc111and
retun, then, to llieir rn.1.-tcrs.I \\J!, JirJid tl1.1tthe,;e see111i11gh
go(l(l 1ne11
11ugl
1I11,e111c,o. lint I """'' 11,ck» 1e111e111l~red
their Jdvitt', a11dfru111
th,11tnnc I rcsohcd to run .111.11 l lookcd fon,a,d In u l11ueat ,'111ch1t
\\ould be ,afe for 111eto esc.ipe. I 11.1,Loo 101111g
lo think ol doing ,o
1111111.:diak
l); beside,. I 1\ i,licd to ka, 11ho\\ to \I r, te.• ,, I r111ghtlia, c
occ.1s1011
lo I\ rite m~ O\\ n pa¼ l co11,olcd 111v,elf"1tl1 the ltope tlut I
,lwuld 011eUJ) fi11dJ good d1.111cel\·leanwhik·. I would le1r11lo" rile
The idea ,h lo lio11I II tiisltl 1....u11 to \I rite I\ ,1, ~ll~t'\l<·<l lo 111cbv
being in Oiirein ,1nd B,ulc1, ,h'1>-1a1d.and freq11e11th,ec1111s
th<' ,hip
c:arpcnlt:r,. Jflt-r liew1ng.• 111clgetting ,1 p,ect of l1111lx-r
rcadi for 11,c,
'"'k u11lht h111ucrlite n.1111e
of tli.1lp.1rl uf tl1c ,lup for ,d,,clt 11was
intended \\11cn ,1 pit·rt· of l1111be1
'"" 111te11clccl
for tl,e lnrlioard side. it
\\Oulcllie 111Jrk1ed
lhu,-"L.'' \\hen J p1cte 11.1>
fui lh<·,t,ubo,111!,ulc,
it 11cH1ld
Ix· 111.u~cdtl111,-"S." \ pierc ror tl,c l,irboard >1defol\1,11<l.
would be 111arkcdth,h- "L r, \\·l1e11a 111
...ce 11.1\for ,tJruoarcl ,,de
for\\Jrd. 1l\\ould be 111.,rkecl
th11, ·'S F' Fo1 ladJu,,rcl .111 1l\\t1ttld he
111~1~td
tl<lh- L. \. [·or slJrbo.ud .tfl tl 11ouldbe 111a1ll·dthu,- S
\." I ~oon le;1n1cdth, na111e,of tltese letters.. 11,cltor \\hat lhc1 \\Cr<:
1nte11de<l
"hen pl.1cedupon ,11.11c1:e
or h111be1
in llte ,ltijl-\Jrd I in1n1ctl1.1tcl\co111111e1tl<.-<l
cop) i11gtlKm, an<lin" ,hurl tin,c 11a,.tl,k In 111.1kt
th,· iou, lcltu., 11J111t·<l
.. \Jter th.it, \1hc11I n1d ,nth ,1111 boy "ho I k11,·1,
cnulcl nrrte. I "onld tel1111111
I could \,11te'" ,1c11a~ lie lhc 11c,t\\orcl
11ould Ut'. "I <lo11·1
belie,{' 1ou
Lei 111c,et 1011In it" I \\Ollld theu
.
111,1!.c
tlic Id kc, \\ l11tl1J liad bte11,t1 iorh1J1<1lc
,1, to lc.irn. .ind ,1,k111111
,,a,.
.
.
'\ARRATl\'C
OF THE
l.11f.
OF
l'Rt l>~RIC~
DotGL\SS
3;
to beJl that In 1111,
\\'a) I ~ot "i;o0<l 11u111
l,·,so11sin \\T1t111!\,
,1h1ch it 1,
q11itcpossible l should 11e1erh.11e go1tc11trt ,1111 other \\a) Dnnng thi,
lnne. ITI\ cop1-book w.i, the board fence:.bncl.. 11all.and pd,c111c-11I;
"'}
pe11.111cl
ink '"" .1l11111pol ch.tlk \\ 1th lhe,e, I learned ma,nl) 110\\lo
\\ 11te. I lhc11co111111,11c-cd
,111CI
co11tirn1<.'cl
c·u1ll'i11i::
the Italics in \\'t:bster\
Spelling Book.' unltl I tould n1al..ethc111,ill "1lho11t look1111;
on thc;book B, this hn1e. 1111little \ h ,te r Thon1as h,1dgo11cto 1cl1uol..111d
lcar11cclho,, to \Hite. and li.1d\\Titte1101er a nun1b~r of cop1-bool..,.
'I hcsc had hec11hrongl11hornc, ,incl ,ho\111lo ,onie of our nc,ir neigh
bor,. ,Jnd lhc11ldicld,ide Vh 111i,tre,,11,edto go to da,~ 111ec-ltn~
al the
\\ 111..
Street 1ncelrng-hou,c c1Cr\ ~londo1 afltrnoon, an<lleave 111cto
take care of the l,0111e \\,1u:-n left thu,, I u,ed to ,pc11d the t11ne in
\\rihni; in the ~p,,c-t"',
lcrt in t\1.,~kr '1110111.1<~
c-op)-hool.,cop1ing \\h,11
he had written. I co11l111ued
to do lhi, until I co11ld\\nte <l l1,111J
,el)
;11111
la1 to lhal of l\•1.i,lcrTho,na,. Thus. Jfter a 1011g.tcciJouscrto,t lor
,c;1r,. I linHlh ~uc.:ccecled111learning Ito\\ to write
C:hapter\ /II
lu d ,cf\ short lt111l' after I 11c11I
lo 11,cnl Balt1111ore
, 1nr old 111a\ler,
ioungc'1 ~on Ric-hard rhed; and in about three ,ears Jud s1:-rnonths
after his death. 1111old 111aster.Caplai111\ntl10111.
cl,ecl,lc,i.,ng onh 111,
son, \udre\\ a11<l
daughter. l.nr ,ctrn, In sh.in· l11,,•state I le dice!1d11lc
011a, "i i to ,e1; dJ11ght<-r.11llillsboroni;h C:111
off thu5 unc,pc-clcdh.
he ltft 110 1,ill,,, lo the dispo>.ilof his proper!} It wa, lhcrc:fotcncce,\.lr\
to h,1,e a ,ah1.1tio11of Ilic: p1opuh. lliitl Ii n11ghtbe c·111wlhcli\ltlt·cl
beh,ee11 \Ir,. Luc.:rc.:h:i
,incl\I.aster \ndrc\\ I \\JS 1111111ed1ateh
s1;11ltor,
lo be ,·alued \I ,th tht other proper!\ I Iere Jl;Ji11111)fc•clirrg,rn,c up
111clete,tal,on or sl,,verv. I had 110\1., 11c.:\\
c.:011cc.-1.1tton
of 111,cl<>i;raclccl
c-ollruhon. l'nor lo tlus, I hild bcnunc. ii 1101111,en,ibl
c to 111)lot, ,1t
le.1stp,1rth ,o. I left Ball1111nr,"1th J )t11111g
heJ1l o,cruo1111:1\1th ,.,dness .• 111cl
.1,0111full or,1pprehensio11I took pass.igc,.ith Capl,1111
Ro\H",
i11tl,c ,du,011cr \Vild c~t. JIIU.•
,I ,ail of :1ho111
t\\'c11ty-to11r
hour-. I
fo111d nn,ell 11c,1r
the pldc<'of tll) birth 1 had 110" h.-e11Jl."cllt fro,n it
al1110.,t.,t not quite. li1c ,e,irs. I. ho,l"e1er. re111e111bcrcd
lhc pl.Kl' ,,·n
\\ t·II I \\ ,1, 011h J 1~,11
I 11,·eI ears olu I\ Ill:11l k fl ll. l<l go ,nl<lh1t' I\ 1th
111
so th.ii I \\J, 110\\hct\\ccn
1 old rna,lt:r 011c:o lonel l.ln1<l\ pl.1111,1t1011;
ten .ind ele,c11 ,t•,ir, old.
\Ve \\Crl· .,II 1,1111.cd
loi;, !her .,t lite ,·alu.,tiou \1'-'" ,111cl
wo111c11
old
a 11
cl 1·01111
1.;. ,na111etlmid ,ini;I.:. \\t:tt' r.1111.td
1\llh hor,c-s. ,beep. arid
S\\1l1<.' 'I lieu~ 1,er<' hor,cs .111d
111c11.
t-.1111<.'
and wmnen pig, and d11lclrt11,.,II hnld111gth<.'-..unc rJuJ..111the ,c,1le ofbeiug .. 111cl
11crcall s11h-
h,,
,rtt,
)
f(,, \m<'n, ...m Spdlt11:::
n,KJ- l q
the 111,,e
t,, ,, .,Ii \\didtr
11.t lt.K111:,i: \11:t:rn•• 1 I
klllOC:upl(' ,,I
I\ARll,TIVf.
or
TIIE l!FE
or
FR[D[RICK
Dove,
\.SS
l\,IRR,\111
t Ot
jecteclto ti"' ,a111e11:111011
e,.1111
111.itJouS,hen-headcd age and spnghtlJ
1011th.1n,11d, .,nd 111,1tio11,.hau lo 1111dergo
the s,1111e
indclicntc in\peciion ,\t 1111,
1110,nent.I hlll 1noredearli tha11c,cr the hn1t.il11ingeffect,
ol ,la,cr, upo11hotlt ,l.11c.,
.incl,l,l\cltolclt·r.
\ fief tlic 1,1l11Jho11,
thc:11c,1111elh<·dl\1,ion. I hJ1c 110 Ltugua~e tn
e,pres; the h,gh e,c1te111ent.ind deep a1L,1el)11hiclt II ere felt ,11110111;
u,
poor~IJlei during this ti1nc ()ur fate for life 11;1>
11011
to be: <lcci<l,·cl.
\\e hJd 1101111,re
101c-,·i11th,1t tlc:nsion lh,111the: ht11tc,J11111111;11110111
\IC \\c:Jc ranJ..cd -\ >111~le
\\Otd froni the 11li1te111e11
11a, cno11gl1.1ga111..t.1l1our 111Shes.prayer,, .ind entreahe, to ,11nder forever the
clcare,I tnc11ch.cll",lrt·,IJ..111dred
.. ,nd ,trouge,t lie> l..11011
n to h11111Jn
l,c111g1111;tddition lo 111<:
!Minof ,ep.1r.1liu11,
there \\.1' Iii<:horrid dread
of falling 111lothe hJ11chuf \l.1'le1 1\11d1c111lc 11J, l..110\,
11 to us all a,
being a 1110,tcn1el 11rekh.-a co1111no11
drunkard, 11ho h.1d,b1 his recl lcs, 111i'11tJ11,1i;c111c11l
.111dproR1i;,1kcli"ipJtio11.,1lrcacl11\,1\kd ;1 l.irgc
porhm1of l11sf.ilhcr\ p1opcr~ \\ 'c .111fdt that 11c111ighl·" well ht ,ol<I
,it once to the <.:eor£:li1
haders, .h to palS 11110
his hJ11cl,,for "c lne\\
Iii.JIthat 11ot1lcl
be our 111c1itahle
tond1t1011- ~ condit,on held b, us all
111the 11hnu,tlun1t11.111d
<lrc,11I.
I s11ffered111ore,111,1chthJ111110,tof 1111fello11-,l.11es
. I h.1<lkno1111
1d1.1t11"·" to be l 111cl
ll' trl',1kcl:1he1 h.,d known nothing of the kind
TI1c\ had ,ccn little or 11othi11g
,,f th,· ll'llrld '1'11c111crc 1111cr1 dee<l
men .1nd 11on1enof ,orro11,Jncl as·q11ai11tccl
111
lh grrrf 1 ht•ir backs h,td
l>ccumadc 1.iuuli 1r1\1111
the blood, l,tsh, so th,11they h.,d hecon1c c-111<111,.
111111c
11,t\)Cl lt11dcr.for 1'1111<'
.11Balh1norc I gol few l\h1pp111g,,
Jncl fe11,lal\e, could boJ,t old kinder m.i,ltr ;111d
111htrc:s,
than 111y,elf.
and tl1t· tl1011ghtol p.11,111i:;
0111of U1c1rha11d, into tho<r nf :,..(a,lcr
•\11drc"-.1 111.111
1'1111, h111.1fr11d,1y,1,efore, to g11
e I ne .i ,.n 11pie hi,
hlood, d1,po,1t1011tool. 111>
little brother hi th,· th1oal. Lllfe\\ l11mon
thl" grou11d.and 111ththe heel of lu, hoot 1t.1111pecl
upon his l1cJd till
the b!uC1dg11,hcdfro111
hi, no,e anJ l·.ir,-11 ,15 well caknl,1tcJ to uwke
111ean\1011,'" to nl\· fol<:1\thT he ho1dco1n1111tled
tl-1is,Jl'age outr,u;e
11po11
1111
brother h~ tu, nc<l lo nu~.and <aid 1h.11
ll,11the 11·ay
· he me.1111
!o ,cr\c 111en11cof lhe,c tl,11,, 111ca11ini:,
I '11ppo,c, 1d1c11I c,1111e
into
111,pn,,t:,,ion .
Thanks to a l111<l1'1011de11ce.
I fell 10 llu: po1lion of :\Ir<. L11udi.1,
a11J""' ,c11I11n111C'd1,1td1
hac~ to Balti111nre
, lo 111
c a£:,U11
in lhe f.irn1h
of :,..1,1,terI lui;h I heir io, ,ii 111) 1dun1 ec1ualledtl1c11so1ro11al 111,
departure. It 11,1,a glad rl,11·to 1111:
, I had escapecl a [fate ,,ur,e lh.111
lion'< f.111
,. I '"" .1b,e111
Cro111
B.1lli1non:,101lht· purpo,e of ,aluallon
a11dd11i,111u,
111,tabo11tone 111011th,
and ii sce111c,lto ha\e het·n "'
\el'\ ,0011after 1111rct11rnto Bahi111ore. 11111111,trc:,,,
l.11crd1,1,died.
leaHllf,!her h11,b.1nd111done cl11l<l\1nJ11dJ.nnd 111a ,~r) , l10rlt1111c
<1ftcrher <kath, \l,hte1 ,\nclre\\ died. ,011 JII tl1e propcrt1 of 111~11ld
nu,rer, ,IJ1t·\ 111cl11ded,
\\J\
i11lhl" h,1nd, uf ,1ra11i;ers,-,tran~er1 1d1u
or
I Ht
LIFE OF FREDE RICI: DcnrGLASS
·)
hJd had nothing to do II ith ,1ccu111ulal.Jng
11.Not a sb\'e was left tree
,\JI re1nai11ed,l.11es,from the voungc,t to the oldest. If any one thing 1n
111)C'\pcne11ce,more than another. ~n 'ed to dcep,·11 1111
to11\Jctio11
of
the 111fc
, nal character of \la,ery. a11dto fill 111e
with unutternblc loathing
of ,la, eholdcrs, il \\3> their b.i,e u1gralilu<lelo niv poor old ~randrnothcr She h,1d\CJ'\l'<l1111old n1<1>lc
1 faithful], fro1111011thlo old ~e.
She had been the source of all his wealth: she h.id peopled h,,, planlahon 11il1
1 s!Jve~;,he had heco111eJ 1;real grand1nother in h1~sen 1cc
She had rocked hi1111n111fanc1
. .illended hi111i11c:hildhood. sel'\·l"clhirn
through life. dlld al lus <lealhw1p<:dfro111lus 1c1 bro" tile told death111c~
1. and c:l<>,e<l
l11seve, fnrc,cr She \\,1, 11c1crthcles,left a ,l,1\e-a
sla1l"for life-a sl,11
·e i~ the hands of strangers. and in their hands she
'"" her cl11lclre11,
her grJnck-l11ldren.and lter greal-grandd11ld1c11.
d1l'iJcd. li~e,o 111a11,
,hu:p. "ill out being grnlifi('d111!11
ll1c,rnall pn, ,.
kgc of a ,n1gk 11ord.as to their or her 01111dcstinv !\nd. to cap lhl"
cirnu~ of their bJse mgr.1ht11cle
nnd fiendish barbanl}. 111\f,.'IJ11d111othcr
11ho \la, now , el"\ olJ.. Ila, i11goullil'ccl Ill) olu nia,tcr ,11,d,111 his children, having ,ec11the bcg11u111u;
and c11tlof all of them. anclhl"r present
01111ers
findingshe wasofbnl little value, her fr.11nealread1 rJcked 111th
the p,1i11sof old age, .111dc:0111plt:tehdplc"Jlt'\\ fd,I ,tc;il,ng n,er her
once ,1cti1e !nubs. lht'\ took her lo the" ood.,. huili her ;i little hui, pul
11pa lillle 111ud-<:l111111ie1.
and then m,1deher welcrnne to the pri\l lege
of ,uppo11.Jngherself there i11perfect loneliness: tlttL,\11lu.1lhh1m~ng
her out lo diel If 111\ poor old grn11dn1olhu11011
l11c,,,ht• Ii.es to suffl"r
in niter lo11eli11c".she l11c, lo rcn1unbcr ,111dn1oun1O\'er lhe loss of
d11ld,e11,the lo" of gr.111dch1ldre11,
.111dthe loss of grc.>at-gr,111tkl11ldren
ll1e1 are. 1n tht IJ11g11.1ee
of !lie ,ld1c,spoet, V.'h1lticr,•"Cone. gone. ,old 111cl
go11l'
'lo the 1a"cc,wamp d,1nk,ind lone.
\\ 1,ere lht: sl.l\{'•11
hip rc:01s<'kss
swings.
\\'h ere the 11o"on1e111,ecl, 1111g..
\\ here the f.-\er-de1non stre,,.,
Po1s011
with tht' fall111g
de\\S,
\\'h ere the SJtkl~su1100Jllhglare
·n11uugh lhe hut Jll<lnti,1) air.
Co111:,
l(OJ ,c. ,old and go11e
To the nee s,,a ,np d.111k
a11cllone.
J·ro11,\ 'irg1111a
hills :1nd waters\Voe "111e. 111)stolen cla11ghters!
0
The hl"arlh is dcstiblc · 111<:
ch ,lclren. the II nconsc·1011,
clultlrut "ho
nnce ,Jng Jlld dancecl 111her prc..,<:llt'C
,lie goue. Sl1e gropes her ,1a~.
\.ARRATIVE
Of TH£
Lr•f
OF riu:oERJCK
DouGtA,s
in tl1e<l.ul.111:,,
of age fur~ drink of waler Instead of the vorc<:' of hc-r
Lh1ldre11,,he hear, h\ da~ the moans of lht" dove. ,111cl
h1 n1ghl th<:
~crcan,sot the h1cleon,O\\ I All 1, c;loo111
. The grave i~;ti thr cloor And
no", ,~hen weighed do1111
by tl1t·pa111,and ac-hc,oi old ai;e. ,dien the
head 111d1ue,to the feel, 11hen the beginning J11deudu1g of hun1.1n
e,1sle11cen1ccl, and helple,;s infancy and painful old age:-con,hinc
togethcr- ~t lhb tin1e, this 1110,
1 needful lilllc', lhc t1n1cfor lhe e~ercise
of lhJI le11derne,-a11claffcc-honII l11chchildren only can exercise toward
a <lecluung pJrcnl - n11 poor old gr.ind1nother. the dc,otcd n,oth~r of
tll'chc children, i, left JI! .tlo11e.i11}On<lerl1tllt'hul before ,1fl:v,.dnn
e1nbers She ,Lan<l,-,he s1L>-,hc , L,1~<.:1>
- ,he foll~-,he gro~ns-she
<lies-and there arc none:-of her ch ildren or grandcl11lclrenpre,enl, to
11ipe from her II nnklcd bro11 lhe cold S11eJlordeJU1, u, tu pl,1tc
be11eJtl1the ,ocl her ralle11re11w111,
. \.Viiinot a ngh tcou, God visit for
tli~st· tlung,'
In about h\O 1·eJrs after the death of \1rs. Lucrel:LJ,l\la">krfho11w,
111arr1ed
Ith ,ecoucl 11 ,re.Her L1Ju1e11a, Ro11cna Hauullon Siu.-11a,
tl,c ('ldcst dJughtc:-,of \Ir \\'ilhan, fl,,m1ltor1 \,1~,tc-rno11l,vcd 1n St.
\ lichJel's :'l;otlong after his marriage a misunderstanding took place
bd11t't:11 hnu,df .u,<l l\.la,ter Hui:h. au<l J.> J 1uea11,of pu11i,h ing hi,
hrothC'1h<"look nit: fron1lti1nlo l11c1<1llih11,1sdfat St 11.iichacl'.;1-k·te
I 11nden1e11t
another n1ost painful separ,1tion It, howe,·cr 11Js not ,o
,e,cre a, tl1e one l dreaded Jt tl1ed11is1011
of property; for, clurini; this
1ntcr1al.a grc,11 ch,1ng('hJd ta~cll place 1r1\[.istc1 llugh a11<l
l11sonce
kind Jncl affeclionate wife. The inAucncc or brand} upon h11n. .ind of
,lavt'.n upon licr, had effected a disastrous chani;e in the cl1nrJctersof
hoth; so that. .,s far ,1< lhc1 11crctontt:111<:d.
I ll1ouglitl lw<llittle to lo,e
b1 the clu11ge_13ut,twas not lo lhcm that I 11JsaltJchcd , IL11a,Lotl,o,e
l11tleBalli111ore
bo,s tl1alI rel! tl1e strougest attachment I had rcce1,ecl
n1an1 good lesson, frmn th,·u1. and wa, ,till recei,111gthem, one! the
tl1oughl of 1eaving lhe1n II a~ painful indct·d. I \\.IS lea, 111g,tc,.,.11 itho11t
L11chope: of cl'er bti11gallowed lo reh1m. l\.laskr Thonia, !tad :,a1clhe
would nc,cr lei n,e rclucn 3gai11. 'l11e barrier bet\1i\t hin1,df .ind
brotl1erhe considered impa<'i.1hlc
I lhcn !Md lo regret Ll1a
t l did not at least make the atten1pt lo earl}
out m, resolullon to ru11a11a,; ror tl1e chances of .succe~\ are le11fold
greater Cro1nLhecit} th;in fron1th.. cou11Lr)I sailed fro111Balliu1orefor St. \'hchael'~ u1 tl1e~loop An1:111cli1.
Caf>'
latn Ld\\ard Dodson. On Ill) passage, I pnid p,irlicular .11teni1011
to the
dJTeclio11
,dnch lhc ~tea111boal,loot lo i;o lo Phil,1delphia. I found,
111stead
of going do11n,on reaching J\o ith Pon1tthe, went up the ba,,
111a norlh-ca,tcrlv clirect1on.I deemed Lh1skno,dedg:e o! 1hr 11tn1osl
importance. 11.ly
dcter111111Jho11
lo run ,111,l} \\J~ again revl\cd I rcsoked
Lo11aitonl} so long:as tlie offenug of :1 fa,·or:iblcopport11n1~.\Vl1en
that caiue, I wa; determined to be off.
',\RIIAn\iE
OF IHl
Lin; or FRfllf.RICI..
Ool!GLASS
39
Chapter JX
l luve noll' rt·ached a peri0<Iof n11 life v.,hen l ,,111i;11edate, 1 left
B.aluu1ore.and \\Clll lo h,e w,lh t\1.1sler111011,as\uld. al St \lichad\,
111l\larc:h. Jh 32 It wa\ no,, rnore llian ,c1c11 \l'ilrs 'Ince I II\ ed with
hin1 i11the fa111il~
of 1111
old nUJ,tC'r
, on Colonel Lloyd\ plantation \.\e
of COllhe,,ere 110":1ln10,tentire strnngersto each other Ile wa, to 111e
a ne\\ masler, an<l I to h1111
a 11e" ,l:11e I w.1, ignor.111t
of Iii, tcn1per
an<ldisposition; he wa, equall) ><>of 111111c. -\ , ,·n ,horl t1111eho\\ e11ir
brought u, 111tofull .1cqua1nlance 1111heach othc:r l \\35 1n.1de
acqua1111ecl
1\llh 111,111fc110Ile,, thJn 111thlu111selfThe} were 11ell
mJtched, bt111geq11alh 111ea11
and crud I wa, 1101\lor the fin,! llnle
d11ringa space of 1nore than seven \Car,, 111adclo foel lhc painf11Ign.m1ng, ofh1111ger
- J w111clh111g
\\h1ch I had not e,per1e11ccdbefore s111
ce
I lefl Colo11d 1.loyd, plm1t,1lio11It wenl h.ird eno11gh111thme then,
11 hen I could lool hacl In 110pcnod ,1I,dnd1 I li.1tl<'11101ed
d ,uffiCl('IIN
II was tenfold h.trder arter Iii ing ,n \' la,lcr Hugh\ f,,nuly, 1d1c<re
I h.,clah,ar, lud l'11m1ghI(>t·,1t,a11clof that,, h,ch was good I h.we said
\la<ter n1;11n.1s
11,1,a 111ca11
1na11 I-le""' ,o \ln l lo g11·t•a ,Ia,e enough
to eat. is regarded .is the mo,t Jggra,atc<l <levclop1ncnlof 1nca1111c,;,
even .11110111:
sl,11elioldeViThe rule 1s, no n,atter ho11coan,e the food.
011h let Ll1ercb.- c>1011~h
of it 'll11s is the theon~ ,1nd i11the part of
\lanbnd fro111
\\l1id1 J ca111c,II i, lite i;cncral prnchni.-1lin111:;hlll('fC
are ~,any e,ceptions , ~ IJster fhoma1 ga, c 11senough of ne,the, co.trse
nor line rood 1' herc were lour sl.ive, of 11, 111the k1tchcn- n11st<tcr
Fl11a, 111)a1111I
Pri1cill.<,I le1111),
and 111ysd[.and \\C were .1llnwtxlle,,
tl1a11l,alf of a b11sheloi com nieal per "eek. aud vcn l11tlccl,c. c1tl1e1
in the shape of ,neat or ,cgct.ible, ll \\,ts nol eno11i:hlor us to ,ub~tst
upon \\'t· 11cre lhercfor, rt·ductcl lu Ilic \\rt'lthctl 11cc
e \\1IYof h1n1i;
nl tl1c expense or onr 11c1i;hborsllus 11e<lidlw hc~1t1i; a11dslc.il111g.
11luchever ca111e
hand\ 111the l1111e
of need. lhc one being con,1dered
a~ lcg1l1111alc the oll1cr \ l,'TC,11 n1an1 tune, ha1c 11epoor crc,11l1rc-s
been nearlv 1>en<hini:11111
1ln111gcr,when food 111ab1111da11cc
id, 111011ldcring in the ~.1fc
• a11d,n1okc-hou1e.,ind our p1u11,111i,lre«11,1,a11,11c
ot
lhc fad: and I el that 1111,ln:ss
and her hush:111d
wu11ldI.nee!<'\en 1non1inc. jlld pra, that Cod \l'Ollldhies, thern 111basket .111d
store!
BJd ,i, ,1IIsl,,~ehnldcrs .ue. we ,cltlon1 ,ncet 011cde,tituk 0£ every
dctnf.'nl of rharacler conunJ11d,ng1espcct t\l) 111J,k1wa, one of thi,
rare sort. I do not lno" of one \lnglt>nohle Jcl c,er perfor111ecl
h1 111111.
The: le.1clingtrait 111111,ch;tr:ictcr '"~' 111e.1nne<;s;
.1nd if there "ere Jlll
ollier ele1ue11t111hi, 11Jt11re,
ii wJ, 111Jde,ubiecl to this I le 11a;me.in:
J11cl,hkc 111oslother n1ea11111en,he l,1ckcdLilt'.ubiltt\ to co11ce;1(his
n1ea1111e~,
Caplmn Anld 11J, not h<>rn., sl.i1eltulde1.He h.,d hcen a
.i,
...
\ 111t:4t·Ute u .1 •.hm lure 101 lJIC"-Cf\.-11
IC J11ocl
-10
poor 1nan. master onh ot ., Ba) craft. He caine into possession of all his
sl.l\cs b1 111;1rriagc,
;111d of .1II111e11.
adopted ,Ja,choldcr, ;ire !lie ll'Orst
I le 11.1,<"ntcl.hul co11arclh. I le co1n111andcd,vitho111fin1111e»l11the
e11forcen1c11t
oflus rul~ he' \\ii!> .it ltmes rigid. and al litue;, la, \t hmes.
he ,poke to his , I l\t:, 11ilh lite finnnes< of ,. ,poleo11 a11dtl1c f111)of a
d,·111011;
.11oilier 1i111c,.lie 1111ght
\\ell be 1111,takenlor Jn inquirer 1\ho
had lo,1 Ins \\d). fle did 11otl1111g
of 111111,elf
I le n11ghll1;11ep.isseclfor ,1
!ton. but tor his e~r,. In .ill thing, noble 1d1id1he .11lc1np
teJ. h1, 01111
111c,11111css
,hone· 111°'1 ,011,pit:11n11\
Hb .11r,.\lord,. ;Htd aclloni. 11ere
the ,1i1,,11ords,and .1cllons of born ,la,eholders, and. being .l\s111necl.
\\ere a11l.11.,rd
e11011ghI le \\J, 1101C'\Cll I gooo i1nitator- He (Xls,essed
all lhc di,posihon to d1:ci·11c,hut 11J11lcdthe (llf\\e1 Ha1111i:;110
1e<ourcc,,\llhin h1111.,df.he ,1as co1npelled to be the cop11,1ol m.inv.
and being ,ucl1. he \\as for~\.er lhe \.1Cli111
ol 1nconsistcnc1,,111dof co11,cq11c1,,·cltc \\ ,1, .111nbjccl nf co11lc111pl.
,111d1\.1\h<·lcla, ,ud, <:\ell bi
h1, ,b,c, . flte lu,ur1 ofh. 1vini; ,l,11e,ofhi, O\\JI lo 1,;11111po11
h1r11"a'
1or11ell1111g
ne\\ am.I unprtpJred for lie \\,1' J ,l.1,eholder \\1lhou1 lhc
alnlt11l<lhold ,l.1\<·, I le:lnund 111111\clf
111c-,1p,1b
lc of 111,111.it:ing
In, ,IJ1e,
e1lh<:rh, fort·c. fe.1r. or fraud \\c ,clclont called bun "'111,1,tcr:''
\\C i;cneralh c.1lleJ 111111
"'CJpta111\11ld. and \\ert hardll' d,,posed lo hlle bun ,11
all I douht 11,,1 lh.11our eonduc-t had 111ud1to do "1th 111,1k111e;
111111
appe,u ,1\\-l-11,trd.
;ind of conscque11celrcllul. ()ur \\,tnl of re1crcncc for
hi111111u,th,I\'<'pcrple,ed 111111
g1e.1lh. flt 1,1sl1cdto ha,c u, call 111111
m.1Stc:1
, hut l,Kkcd 1l1t·lin1111c,,llt'Ct'~Jl'I to c:0111111,ind
u, to do ,o 11"
wife usf;'cllo """' upon our c.1lltni:;l1in1 so. but to no purpo,r. In
, \ngu,t. IS,:. 1111111a,tcrJ llcuded a ~h,thod1st t.i1111>-n1td111g'
ltdd 111
the B.1~-,ide,r:,lbot c-011111),,111dU1ercc,pertt'nced religion I ,ndulgcd
a L.11111
hope 1l1Jthi\ co11,e"io11"ould l1',1dhin1 to e111,111c1p;1te
his
,la\('S. Jnd tlt,tl, ,f hl' d11lnot Jo tl11,.11\\C.>iild.
;Jf ,Ill\ r.!k. Ill.Al h1111
more kind .111cl
h11n1anc. I ,1,1,<li,appo111led
111both 1111:\C
rc,pech II
11e11l1er
111Jde111111
tu he humane to his ,l.,,e<. nor lo en1anc1pJlt thcn1
ll 11lwd .1111
died 011lu, charadc•r. 11111.1dt•
hi111n1orc cruel ,ind hateful
111JII hi, \\J},. for I bcl1e,t· h1111
tu have heeu .1 11111ch
,,ol'lc 111.111
aflcr
Ins co11,.,r,1m1t!tJn hefore. Prior l.o his con1er\io11.he rchc<l upon hi,
m111 dcpr,t\11} lo 1l11dd and ,u,t,1in hi111in hi, sa\,1ge b.arbanl\. bu!
after !ti, co111er.1ion,h<·found 1el1gtolh ,a11ctio11,111d,upport for his
sla,dwldu,r; cruelt\'. He m,1de the i::realesl prett,11,io11sto p1cl1· lli,
hou<e \\J< the ltl)ll\e of pr.l\er. I le prn1('d 111on11ng.
noou, a11J 111ghl.
I le \Cf)' ',()011d1,tingu1,bed l11nhdf ,1111011l;
hi, brethren. ,1nd "a' ,oon
111aded dass-leader Jnd c,horter. 111,acll, 11
, 111rc\'lval~wa, grc-at.,ind
IH, pro1ed l1111"elfJII 1111ln1111e11I
1n lhe h,1nd, of ll1e church in co11,erl1ng man) 1oub. Ht\ house \\a~ lhe pre,tchers' hon1e. They nsed to
lake i:re,1tpleas11re111conung lhcre to pul up; tor 1,h1k lie 1l.1ncd 11'.
t\AJIRATI\T.
Ot
IH I
l.rt f
Of
FRCDtRIGJs
D0u1;1.,s,
•I
he ,tuffcd U1e111\\·e ha,e h.1<lthree or iour pteachcrs thcrt· ,ti a t1n1e.
The nJn1t·, of 11,o,e 1d10 used lo con1e rnost freqncnlh \\hile I li11:d
there, "<'re f\h Sto,l.,. f\lr F,\\cn \1r I lu111phr1,,111d!\Ir. I lickev I
h,11e al,o ,<:Cll\11. George Cooknu11Q,,tour hou,e \V< ,lJ,es lo,eJ
\ Ir. Cook111,1n.\\'e believed 111111
lo be a good 111a11.
\\'e thoni;ht hin1
11Hln1111e11t~I
111i;:dh1u,:\Ir S.1n111cl
fl,trn,on. 1 ,en rid, ,la,eholckr ,
to e1n.incip~lc his sl.1,c,: ,ind Ii, s0tHe 111ean<
i;ot the in1pre,>1011
~,al he
\\as labori11glo effect tire c1na11c
1patirn1 of .ill the ,l:nc, \\:hen ll<· \\',h
,,t our ho11se.1,c were Mlle to b.: called in lo pra1ers. \\11en the olhc-rs
\\Crc 1l1cre,,,e \\t·re w111c1t111cs
c.,llcd 111a11d,0111<:luues
1101.\Ir. Cook111,111
look 111r11c
nnli<"cof'" than either of the olhcr 111i,111kr,
Ht could
not co1ne a111011i; Lt> \\ ilho11Ibetr,tnng hi, "111path, for '"· and. stup,d
a, \\C "e,e , "c had lite ,,1g8c1hlo see 11.
\Vhile I l11cd with 111}tHd<lc1111St :\ltdtael"s. ll1cre \\JS r1white
,onni: tnan. a \Ir \Vil<on. ,d10 propo,cd lo l.c<:p,\ Sabbath school 101
the 111struclio11
of ,uch ,la,C\ a, n1igh1he di,po,cd to lc,1111
to read the
Nc11Te,ta111c11I\\:e 11,ethul !hr~ t11nes.,d1en l\lr. \\esl and \ Ir. 1',11rba11L,.both cl,I\S•l<'adc1s,"1th 111a111
other,. <:L1111c
upou "1th o, "1tl1
,tick, .,nd ollwr 1111<,ilc,,
droit · u< off. and fotb~d,· 11<to mccl ~gain
Thu, ended our l,ule S.ibbath school Ill !he pion, lo\1n oi St r-.
t1ch.1el\.
I lta\'C~said 1111·
111.Jster
fuu11drel1i;1oussa11chonfor 111,~ruell\ ,\, a11
e\a111ple. I ,1111,lllte 011cof 111.ln}
facb goi11glo pro, c the d1;11gc.I h,llt'
,een 111111
llt' uµ a IJn1<'1ot111g
,10111a11,
and ,dup her \\tlh ,, h{·av,co11,k,n upon her naked ,ho11lders,c.111s11u;
the \\,trrn red blood lo drip:
and Ill 1ustificJlion of lite blood} deed. he \\oulJ yuolc 1111,
pa.,,age ol
Scripl11re- ..l le tlrnl k11011dhhi, 111a,lt'r\11111,
,111dd11dh 11not, ,11,111
1
be l>eale11with 1na111
,tripes"
\IJ,tl'r \\Ould ~ccp 1h1,l.1ceraled,011111:
wonun tied np 111Liu~lwruJ
s1ltullo11four or fin, hours JI .1 li111cI lrnH.-l.110\\11h1111111t,c ht·r 11p
t·.irl, ,n the 111on1n1t;.
J11d,dup her bt·fori:b1cJl.ld,t; ll.',l\<'lier, go lo h1,
,lore, rcl111
n ,1t d11111cr.and 1,hrp hct .1g,1111,
cnlhng her in !he plJccs
al1c.id1 r11o1dc
r.111111thhi, cruel la.,h , 1'11e,ecrel uf 111.1,tc
·r\ c111dl1
l<ll\'Jrcl I knn, 1, found 11111,efact of he, be1111;
Jl111o;Iliclpk" \\ 11t'n
11111tc
,1 c-hild. ,he fell 11110the lirt·. ,111dhun1cd hcl">clf
hornhl) Iler
hand, wc1c "' liun1I 1l,.1t,h,· nc1cr gnl !he u,,. of the1n She <-uuldclo
1en hlli<' 11111
b~.1rl1cJ" bt1rcle11,
. She "·" tu 111.1~ter
a bill uf c,pt·11,c.
a11d .i, 111:,,a, .1 111t·,111
111,111
, ,he l\.h ,l cu11,la11IuffelKt' le, h11n lie
,ec,ned ck-,1ro11,ol i.;ett,"i; llie poor i:111oul of t·~hlcnce. I It' c;a1eher
,1\\,11nt 1<t• lo I11~ ,i,ki. hut. bc111g.1 poor i;:1
IL ,he ''-" 11otd1,posetl lo
l,·cp her F111alh.1111
l>e11c1ok111
n1.1,k1, lo""' Iii, O\\ 11 \l'IH<h.'\c-1 ht'r
.,drift to t.rkt•care oi hcr,l"il " Ht·rt \\a~., 11:t·e11ll)
•CP111crtccl
111.111,
hol,l1111:
011up1111the· 111olhcr
, ,111d,tl the ,,unt· tune turrnng 0111her helpk»
''
\ pr,1111111c-n11 ng11\h
:\I
I ul e I Z_,.-
Hwxh I
1111HL!.kt
h 1 U ).').fl)
'ARRAm
[ OF THC ] ltl
0~
PKLU£Jll(;J..
l)oc•r.,
'-'"
'\KR..\
r II I
Of 11-IE LirE. (ll
F,u 1n
RIC~ Dol!CL'\._',S
--Ii
•
cl11hl. lo ,lan,t• and u1t:I .\1astc-rTho1n.1-,\\as 011c of Uu: 11M111p1011s
,la1eholder, ,d10 hold sL11esfor the \e:t) cl1Jnlable purpo,c.-of l,11..ini;
tare ol lht111
\h 111J,1<:1
,ind 1111,elfh.id <JLllka 111mber oi difference,. tit' found
111c1111,u,tableto 111,purpo,c :\h c,tv lire;-,he ,aid, hJd had a \('£\
per111c
1011,<:ffccl11pon tll<'.It Ii.id .1!1110,
t ruined 1ac fo1 e1u1 good p11r['lf"c, .111dfitktl 111<
fo, c1tn tluni; \ll11d111,1sbad On<: of n1~greate,I
(111lts1,;1;that of lettutg lus horse nu, J\\,11, .ind go 110,1
n lo hi, fathc:r111-l.111
s lann, "J11d1 \\,1, about ti1c-1111lt·,fro111St. \lid1Jel '~-J \\ould
then h.1"· lo go arkr 11 ~ I) 1e,I\Ollf111
tin, l..111d
of Lardc;snc,s, or t,1re•
ful11ess.11,1,.that I could .1h,a1s i;d so111etl1111g
to eat ,d1en I \\Clll Ihere
\l.11te1 \\ 11!1.1111
I lanultou, 1111111,ht<'rsf.1ther-1nl.111,.1h1.i,, i;.11e hi,
,l.l\t·, c11011gli
to t·.,t I nt·,cr kft there lau11gl').nc, 111.
1tter ho11i,rt:dt the
need oi Ill) spccdv I ct11r11\ la,kr I l101nJ, ..tt leru,;th,d1<lhe ,1011l<l
st.ind
1111c, lo111;e1I liad ll\ed \\ltll l11n111111e
111011111',
during ,d11d1lln1c he
h,1dL:1\l'll111t·
,11111111h('r
ot ,c,t·rc 11hipp111r;,,Jil to no i;unclp11rpo,c He
1e,ol,cd to p11t111eout. '" he ,:11(1.to ht brol.en; ,111d,io, tl11,p11rpo,e,
he let nit to, one l<"arto a rnJn named Ed11ardCo,c1. !\Ir Co,e~ \l;h
., poor 111.111,
a J,1n11-r1:11tcr
I k rc11kd tlit· plat1· 11p111111111th
h1· l11t·d,a,
.il,o the hJnd, ,11th ,d11th he tillccl 11 \Ir t:n,c, Ind ,K,11111ccl
., \Cl}
111£_:h
reput..11to11
for br«1k1r11;
1c11111g
,l.1,.,,. ,ind 1111,1<.:putahnn11,1, or
1m111c1",.
, tine lo lnlll. It cnJbkd h1n1to 1;et hr, form hllt'd 1\lth n111ch
le" e, 1>e11,cto 111111,elf
than l,c l'oulcl h.1n: h.,d 11dont· 1\lthout ,ucl , .,
rqiutalton Sonic ,JJ1eholtlt1' thought ,t 110111111d1
lu,, to .11lu\\II.Ir.
(.r11t·1to h,l\1,; tht·u ;l,11c, ouc \ear. for the >.tkeof ha111111g
lo ,duch
the\ were ,11h1ectcd."1tho11I,1111other i:0111pc11s.1tio11
l lc could lure
1oung ladp 111thgreat ca,e, 111co11,ec1uc11tc
of 1111,
1cp11t.it11111
\lltil·d tu
th,· 11.ihu,11
J;O<.XI
qualities oL\ Ir Co, e1. h~ 11a, a profe,,01 of rd1i;io11a p1011,,0111-.1111e1nber
.ind a cbs,-lcadcr 111the \letlioch,t ch11rch .-\II
01 1h1,.iddti.l we1i;hl to h1' 1<.:J,11t.1ti1,11
'" ii "111i;i;cr-hrc:.1
kc:r • I ,1a, ,111.1rt·
of ,111tire·1,1{1~,
hJ1111gl>eetl 111,1de
JCtJU
.1111ted1111htl,c111h) ,I 101111£:
nrnn 1d10 had li,ed tl,crc I 11c-1c:rtlu~lt-ss
111,
1de the ch.111gt"
gladh, for I
11,i-,ure of f_\cllu1gt:111,11i;l1
lo c.11,1dud1 " 1111Ith< ,rn.,llc,t con,1dc1•
.111011
to J 1111111-:n
rn,111
Chapter\
I left \IJ,lt1 lhmn.1,, hou">C,.111d11e11tto 111~w1ll1\Ir Co,c,, 011
th,· ht of J,1r111a11.
Hi,, I "·" no"·, for tlw first l1111e1111n, life," lidcl
l1Jnd 1111111
new c111plo1111cnl,
I ro1111d
11n,clf c·\n111101eJ~,-k11Jccl
thau
a couutr1 ho\ .1ppe,1rcdto be 111
a la11;euh 111J<lbce11 .,t Ill) 11c11
l10111e
but 011cl\tck he fort· \ Ir Co,< 1 gJ,,: n1e a , ,·n "'' c1c IIh, pp111i::.
t Ultu,g
1111hark c,t11\lllflthe blood lo run, .111dr.11sins;ndges 0111111Resh a,
l,uge ·" 1111little::hnger ' I he detail~ of this ,1fl111,11eJ, follo"' \Ir
C111e1,enl ·ue IC:I') c,1rh 1n the n1or11111g
of one of 111irc·ol<lesld..11,1n
Ilic 111n11tl1
of J.1nuan, lo the woods, le, s;et ., lo,1dol 1100d. I le gJ1·e 1ne
" tc.11
11or 1111brokerJ
o,c:11 HI.' told rue winch 11as the-111l1a11do-.. .11,d
11luc:lr the 0IT-h,1ndone He lhc11tied tl1c end of., Lirge rope dround
th<·horn, of the in-han<l--<>x.
,ind ga\c inc the other end of 1t. .J11dtold
inc. tf the o,en started to run. that I n1t1~1
hold on upon tl1e rope. I had
nc1cr d111r11o,e11 before, aud of to11r\e I wa, 1en a1\k11,irdI, ho11e1er.
,11c-cc,dcd rn gdl111!;lo lhe edge oftltt' \\ood, with little cl,ificultl'; but l
had got a 1<.>nfc11rcxls 11110
the 11ood,. 11l1c11
tlrt: o,cr1 took fngl,t. Jud
,1.,rte<lfull hh. <',1m1ng the c.1rl.ig.111hllte,, . .ind o,cr ,11111111,.
111 the
1110,I frightful 111d11nerI e, ,>ected e,e ry 111omenlth.it 1111brJ,n> would
be tl.t>hed oul Jg.1111,tlhe tree,. \ftcr n11111111i:
11111,
for a eo11S1der.1hle
d1,t~ncc. tl1c')final!~ up,ct the ca, L, da,h1111,ii II llh i;rt:al force aq.1i11,la
tree. and thrc1, thcn1~t:hc, into a den,e th,ckct 11011l esca1x·ddeath, I
do not L.11011I here l 11.1~.enhreh .11011
.., in .1 th1tl 110()(I.in., pl,1cc
11e11to 111e\ I~ t·arl \\ ,1\ 11p,d ,Jt rli , h:1ltcr1:d. 111\u,e11 11en! enl,u 1rslc.J
.i111011g
lhe ,oung lr1c,e,.J11d there wa, 11011e
lo he lp n1e. \fie, a 10111!,
spell oreffort. I ,1tctecded 111
getting 1111
c.1rtrighted. rn1 o,en d1,t•ntJ11
gled, and .1~.1i111okecl
to lhe ,.trl l 11<1\1
proccedecl 111thIll) te.1111
to lhe
pl.H·e 1,he1e I I,.id. the cl,n hcfrnt:, ll<'c11
chopp111g\\Ood. a11dloaded 1111
c:arl prdl) hea\lh. llunl.in~ u1 tl11,11a1to lalllt' 1111o,cr_, I the11proceeded on 1111wa, ho111c I h.rd 110\\ eo11,11111ecl
one h.111uf the cl.11I
got 0 111ol the 1,oocl~,.1fel\, :111d11011fdl 0111of d.11t1;er.I ,toppccl ""
<>'<·11
lo ope11ll,c 11oochgate; ..t11d111,ta, I 1l1cl
,o, l,cfr1r,·I t·oHldgel hold
of n11o,-rope. the o,en ag.Jnl ,tarted, rusht·d through the c:,11<',
c.1tcl1111c
11 beh,cen tire wlicd ,uu] the ho,h ol lhc c,111,1eau11~11lo p1cct:,.• irul
corning 1\111
1111.1fc,\ 1uch1:,of t111\l1111i;
rnc .1ga111,I
the i;atc-po,l Th11,
l\11cc, 111011c,hotl d,1',I t:,caped deatl1 b1 lhc 111cre,td,,rncc. ()n 1111
,.-turn, I told \Ir C:01~·,wh,1tl1.1clh.1pp<·1wd,
.1r1dhnw 11l1.1ppc11ecl
I le
01dt·rcd 111cIn rct11n1lo lht, 1100,I,,1i;,1111
1111111cd1.1tdi
I did ,o, ,1t1tlIre
follo11cd011.tftcr 111<·
)11,t,1, I ~ol into 11,., 11ood,. lie c,unc 11p,111cl
told
inc.-to , top 111,c·J1t. ,111dth.it ht ,11111ld
lcJd1 111<·
ltt)\I lo tulle"".!'
"'!
time, .ind hH.:dl..
gale~ I It tl1t·11\\clll 111.1 l.1ri;ci;u111-lrcc,111d111111
l_u,
,l'.\C tul 1l11cel.n1;t ""le hc·,. ,u,d.• ,rtcJ lr11111111111;
1hct11lip 11c.1th\\Ith
111,pocltt-L111fc.he nrduccl 111ct,, l,1kcoff 111,clotht•, I 111.1cle
111111
110
a11S\11·r.
linl ,tuod w1tli1111
d<1ll1c·,011 I k rc:pc,1k<Ihi, urck-r I ,till 111,1de
111111
110,lllS\\cr, 1101did I 11101t·to ,trip """'Ii l 1pon tin, hc rtl'hl·d ,,t
111e\\illt tl1~litr,cnc" 111.i tri;e1,101<·
nff 111,dotl1e,. ,111dl,1'11(:cl
111etrll
1,c liJd 11011 0111hi\ ,111ld1c, c-rrl1t11i;
111e,o s;i,.1~1·h "lo le.I\<' 11,e
lll:llk, I i<ihlL for ,l lout; t111t<'
afl, r '1111\1d11pp1111c;
,1.1, !lie tir,1 or a
r11111IIH:1
111,tlil..c1t. Jud t,,r ,111111.11
01Tc11cl·,.
f hved \I 1th \Ir Co1,·1 Ollt' \c II l)111111g
the lir,t ''" 111n11th,,
urtl,al
1
1c,1r, S(JtCl:,1 \\ttk P·'"cd 11rlho11Ih1, 11l11ppn1g
111c.I'"" ,cl, ,Hn free
frou, ,J , 11rc, lr.rtk. \h • J\\l.1,,11cl11c""•" .111110,1
1h,":' 111,.,.,,u,c
lor
, II.
UI(
1111
-H
"b1pp1ng 1ne.\\'e "ere 1101~,·d ft1ll}np to tlie po111lot e11d11r,n1cc·.
l_.n11g
befo1c d.11we "ere 11p,ou1 horse<feel.and b, the first ,1pproad1ot da\'
11e 11e1i,off lo the fidcl111thnur hoe, and plo11~h111g
lean,,. \Ir Co,e)
g.11eus enough to cat. but ,c"rce IJ111slo ~at ii_\\,e II ere often less th,111
n\f: 11111111tes
1al111i;
0111111e.il,\Ve-\\CFC ohen lit the fidd trom the fir.I
.1pp10Jchof da1 till 1b la,t l1ngcnni::rJ) Ii.id left 11>, J11dal 'i"'n!;-locldcr
tnne, 1111d111ght
often c·:nu~htus 111the field l1111d
,ng bl;irle,
Co1c1 11011ldhe oul 111thu,. 111c ""1 he 11sedto stand 11.\\'ii> th,s
He ,1011ld,pcncl the 111<1,t
of bl' ~ftcmoon, ,n bed I le woukl then con1c:011tfrc,h 111the c1e111ng,rench to 11ri;eus on II ith hi, 11~rd~.c\amplc,
.iud frcq11c11th
111ththe II l11p \Ir . C:o,c} 11.1,one ol the te\\ slaveh~ldtr, "hn ,·011lcl.111cl
dicl "01 k 111thh" hands I le wa, a hJrd-\\orlu1g
111.1llI-lel.ne\\ b, 111111,clf
111,t\\hat J ntan or .i bo1 could do. 'll1c1c \\a~
no dccc111ng111111
. I Its 11orl 11e11I
011111lih ab,e 11
cc ah110,ta, 1,dl a, in
Iii, prc-,c11,c;.md Ire had the fo,·ult} or 11,ak1ng111kcl that he \\,Ls ever
p1c,e11l\\ 1th 11s.'1111,he did In surpn,ing u, . I le seldorn approa, ltecl
the ,pol "here:-11c11crcat 1101\;openh, ir l,e could do ii ,ecrell) , He
.1h1,l\s.1i111ed
.ti t.1l111g
11, b1 ,11rp11,t Such \\J, lu, cu1111111g,
th,1111t·
11,edlo call h1111.
J1110111;
0111Sd\'c,."the sn.ikc" \Vhcn "t' "ere at work
111tl,e <'<>rnlidd,he 11oukl,0111clln1es c-r.11d011111,h.111d,and knee, to
Jlnid clt•lect111n.
Jlld all :ii 011u, lie """Id ri,c neat!) i11our 11ud,1.a11cl
,trc.11110111,"I l.1.ha Co11,e.c<1111e!
DJsh on. da,h 0111" 1lus being h,,
11mcleof att.1c~. ii \\a, 11c1cr,afe to stop .1 single 1n11H1h:
. ll1s co111111g,
11crclike:,1 thief 111the 11u;h1
. He ,ippc.ircd lo th .is beini.;e,er al lrnnd.
He 11,1,ll11<le1
e1er} tree, bel1111de,e1)· ,lu111p,111c,ery hu,h. Jlld al
c,cn "111do11,
011the pl.111IJ1illll
I le would ,0111d11ncs
1111J1u1l
l11,hor,c,
a, ,,-lx,11lldIt, !-:t. \lid1.1el',, .1 cl1,l.1nc-e
of ,e1t·11n,ilt·,. ,ind in lulf .111
ltou, .1rtc1~1
J 1<1'
1ou "ca, It! ,ec: I1111,
co,led np 111Ihe u,r lier of 11,e\\O(')(IFl·1Kc, v.,1td1111g
<reri 11whn11
nflhe ,IJ,c' lie \\l>11ld.fo, tlii, p11rpo,e,
lc~n.:hi, horsl' lied np in th<;,,ood,. \gJin, he 11ould,0111eb1t1t:s
,,all
11plo'"· .ind i;1ve,is orders·" tho11i;hhe \\a, 11p<1n
the po111tot starhug
011a Inna 1011r11e,.
111111
lii, bJ<:l 11po11
11,.,111d1nake a, lho111;l1
he 11a,
gu111gto"th,., house If, get rc:,1dvc,,nd. befnre he \\Otllcl gel half "a'
lh11her.l,e 110111d
lnrn ,hnrl .111d(r.111.I11110
,1 fence-corner or beluncl
,0111elu,e, ancl lhe,c \\,lid, 11,1111
tl,c i;rn11gdo1111
of the \1111
\fr Co1e1\ forte con,i,kcl 111111,po\\cr to deccl\c His 111<·
\\,Is
deH1tecllo pl.111111111;
.11,tlpt.'tp('tralt11gthe grosst,t deeeptton, l~1en
tl1111r,;
he po"e"c:d 111tlte ,hapt· of lcar11i11g
or rcligin11,he niade con,
forn1lo h" d1,pu,1ho11lo cle,·tl\C, I le scc111c<I
lo 111111k
hi111,elle<111,1I
to
clece11i111.;
the \ln11ghh I le \\Otdd 111akea short p1.1,c1111the 1110111n1g
.11,dd lo11i;pra,er 111lli;hl, .111u
, ,trange .is 11nlJ\ ,ee111
, fc1, 111c:11
\\t111ld
JI l1111e,
app.,a, llHHed.,,ot,011,1Itli.111lit 1ht c,cro,c< ot h11 f.1111111
de101ton, \\ere al\\a\, ct>n11nc11ccd
", th si11i;i111;.
mid, a, he"·" ii ,c11
+s
poor ,ini;er h,m,df. the dut, of rai1111g(he h,11111
geller.1lh can1c 11po11
111eI le 1Hn1ldread his h11n11,ancl n<1dal 111elo t·o111111c11ce
. I 11ouldal
tune, do so; .ii other;, I 11ould 1101~h non-<:0111p
lu11cc \\ould .,11110,t
ah1a1s produce nu1d1 confi1,ion 'lo ,ho\\ h1111se
lf indepe11dcnl of 111c
,
he 11ould,tart and ,tagger lhrougl, w,tl, lu, """" 111the 1110,tcl1scordant
n1an11cr In lh,s ,Late of 111111d,
he prayed 1\llh 11101<:
thJ11ord1r1,1r1
,pint
Poor 111a11!
,11ch11,1shi, d1sposil1un.Jncl ,ucce,s at deccl\ 111g,I 110,·crih
helte1e 111.1
1 l,e "'111c:t1111cs
dc,·<'1":clh1111,elf
into the sole11111
belief. that
he wJ, a ,incere 11or,l11pc1
of Lh,·1110,1
Iugh God. a11dthi,. too.• ,t ,I hme
"l1c11he 111<1)
be <J1dlo ha, e beeu g111lt)of co111pdli11g111,'"1111.111
,IJ,e
to l.'0111
111ilthe ,111<1f..iclullen ·rhe fads ,n the case .ire these: '-.Ir Co1cy
,1.1,., poor 111,111
he " ·" 111,1
to111111cnc-i11g
111 lite; lie 11JSQnlv able to
ln11one sl,l\c; and, ,ho1:k111ga,,, the foci.ht· honi;hl her as lie ,aid, for
a hree<for This 1,0111anwa, na111cd Caro line. l\lr Co,e} boui::ht her
lrorn \Ir 1110111a,
UJ\\e, ,1houl SI\ miles fr<>rn<;1 \hchael's. She w.1sa
large, ahh:-bocl,cd 1\0111.
111,.1boul i11c11h\ears old Sht' hacl .1lrc.1cl1
g11cn b11thto one cl11ld winch p101ed her t<1he 1usl 11hat he:11,,ntcd
,\fte1 bu11ng her. he hired J married 111,1n
ot l\lr Sa11111el
I l.1rr"on, tn
li,e 11itli h1111
one 1e:ir; ,ind 111111
lie u,ed lo fo,11:11
up \11th her c,cn
1111:h
t• The rc~nlt wa,. th,,l JI Lhcend of the ,car, Lhc1111,crablc
110,nan
ga,e bi1U1to '" 11b. '\t th" re,uJt ~It. Co1e1 ,ee 111ed lo be h1ghh
pleased, both with the 1nan nnd the 11rclchecl 110_,nan S1wh"·" 111,101.
and tl1.1tof h" 11ifc.llut nolhini; tl1c1could dolor (:arol111ed11ri111;
l,cr
cnnfine111e11t
wa, too good, or l<xt hard, to he duue. Tlte d11ldren 11ere
regardecl~ being qullc llll addJtioll to !ti, we.iith
If JL an, 011ct11ne<111111 l,fo 111orethan .111olhcr.I \\JS 111.,deto tlr111k
the h11lcrr1ldrt"gsnr sl.l\en. tl1JILi111c11a,dunng the lir,t '" 111rn1ths
ol
m1 st:n 111thl\lr Cove,. \Ve \\CfC 11orke<lin all \\~Jthel\. It \,·a, 11c,cr
loo hot or hlo cold. ii could 11e1e1r.11n,hlo\\, l,ail, or \110\\,too h.ud for
us lo 11ork111the.:fidd \\'ork. work, 11ork,11a, ,c.trl·cl\' 1110
,c the order
of the cl.ii th~n of the night. 1 he longe,l d.1~1>
were too ,hort for hu11.
and lht ~l1ortc:-,1
nights too loug for 111111
I 110,,on1e\\hal 111111"111agt·.1hk
11!,en I fi~l we11ltl1erc, but ,1 fc11n 1011lll\of thi< cli,upl111ll,1111l·ll
111e
l\lr. (:ove1 suc<:cedt·d111hrcak1ng 1ue. I was hroken 111hod1. ;oul. and
spirit \11 11
dlural cla,hcih was er uslic<l.11111111<:llecl
l.111g111,hrd.
the
ui,po, 111011In rc,1ddeparkd. the d1lcr!11I,p.,rk th.ti ltnr.;erc<l.,L,0111
1111
e1e d1C'd the d:irk 11ighl ol ,l.,1c-n closed 111upon 111c:a11dlx:hol<l,1111Jn
lr,111,formedinlo .1 b, uk 1
S1111cl:1,
\\ds 1111n11h leVinre11111c
I ,pcn l this 111,1 ,nrt of hca,t-likc.·
,tupor. l~lwcen <(('CJ) and wJkt:, under sonic large ITee Al l1111es
I IInuld
11,c up. J ll.1,h of energel,c lrt·cclo1nw<111lcl
dart tluough 111,,oul ,
acco111panic<l11ith d f.Ju1lbt·an1 of hope. that flickered fo1 ,1 111011,c:nl,
and then 1,11
11,ltecl I sank do" 11 ,1ga111.
111uu1111ng
01c:r Ill} 11 rctdied
C'nnchho11.
l 11a,,111nc.:h111cs
pro111pkdlo t.Jkenl) lift. and thJl of C:o,e\,
hul \\J\ pre1e11ted l,1· :1co111b11wt1on
of hnpe .incl fear ~l} 1uffer111g,
011
-16
'\ \RP.All\ t Of THf. l.tf E
or
FREDERIC.K 110l'Ct.ASS
ll1" plJnlJhon ,een 1now like:.1,lrea111ralhe1 than a <tern re,il1l\
Our liouse ,to1xl w1llun ,1 fe,, 10Js ol lhe Ch~.1peake Ba,, 11hose
hro.1<ll>os<1
11111~, c\e1 ,dute ,,1th sails frorn eve~ tJUarterol the h.1IHtdhle globe. TI10,e he,1utiful ,,·~<'h,rohecl i11p111l',III lute, ~o deltghtfuJ
to the e1c of freen1,·11.wc1c lo 1ne '" 111Jny,hroudccl ghost,, to lt:111f.uul tonne11l111eII ilh lhougl,ts of 111,"rctc-hcd co11clil
1011.I ha,e often.
in the dc:ep\1Jll11e,sof .i ,u1n111er'sS.1bhall1. 5too<lall almu: upon the
Jort,b.inks of that nohlc bJ1 •. 11,d t,a,c::,I.,111h\dddencd hc,1rland tt:arf11Ieye. the co1111lle,\11t1111i>cr
of \3th 111oqngofl to the might\ ott'.111.
ll1e 5i1;hlof Lhe,c ahht\~ ,,ffected 111epo11crfull} \h U1out;hb \\Oukl
compel utterJnce: a11dthe.fl, with 11
0 audience but the \Jnughh, I
\\Ould paur ou l 1t1\ wul'~ ro111pl.1i11
l, 111lit} ruclc-wa,. \\Ith Jn apostroph, to the 1110,
,ng 111111i1h11.fo
of sh,ps·
"You are loosed frorn \·our J11oonng,,and are free: I ,1111
fa,l 111111)
chains, ,llld Jill a sl.1,c' )011 1110,c111errih before the i;e11tJegale. and I
s.1dh brforc the bloody \\h1p! ) 011 are freedorn's S\\tfl•\\lll!;Ccl,111gds.
1 () tl,;11I \\ere
tJ1,1t111round the world: t .1111
co11fi11ed
111bJ11cl;of 1ro11
tree' ()Ii tlJ.Jl I \\ere 011011eof ,our l4.Jll.111l
decl...,
.• 111du11<ler\Olli
prntctl 111g \\111~!\]," ! heh,l\l 111cand yo11.the lu1b1d \later, roll Co
on. go 011.0 lhJt I could ,tlso go' Could J but S\~11111
If I could. th 1 0,
11h\ \\as l bon1;1111,11
1 of \\110111
I<>111,,
ke .1hn 1k! l he 141.,d
,h ip 1, 14011e:
,he hide, 111tl1e tl1111
tl1<l,1nc-e.
I .1111
left 111 the: hollc,1 hdl of u11e11ding
sla,en O Cod, sa,e 111c
! Cod. deliver 111elLet 111cbt free 1 h there ain
Gocl?\Vln 11nI a , J.1,·c?I 1111111111
.1,\,1\ I \\ill 1101stand ii (:et caught,
nr i:;~·lt>k·.
,r. I'll lr1 11 I h,1d '" \\ e II die \\it h Jgue "' the fc1e1. l I1.11c
onh 011,:,ltfe to lose. I had a< \\ ell be killed ru11111ng
a1 d,e standing.
()uh ll1111k
of it. 011c hundred 111i
lc·, slr,11
gl1t norlh, .ind I .1111
frel'1Trv
,t, )esl (;od lidp111g,ne, t "ill It can 11othe 111.11
t ,lt,111live J11cl ,lie J
,la\e. I
take to the \\,1tcr 1111sven hll} shall vet bear n1e 11110
fieedo111Tlt<' slean16o,1L,sleered 111 J norlh-c<1,tcourse from '-orth Po1nl. l
\\ ill du the '>-!Ille: .,nd \\ hc·11I (:d to lht· lread of Ilic b.1\ I "111lurn
1111·
canoe adrift. and wall. , tra,~ht thro11i;hDcl,l\,arc 11110
Pc-n11<,h.1111a
\\,hen I gel l11ere.I shall not be required to ha,e a pa~. I c.in lra1el
\\ itlro111ht:i111;
di,111rhed I ,et but the lir,t opporlun1h offer. Jnd, come
11hat "ill l an1 off \lean\\l11le, I " ill In to hc,H up under the ,oke. I
.1111 not U1e011h sla,e 111the \\Orld. \\ h1 ,hou ld r fret> I c;i11hear a.,
11111cl1
•" ,Ill) or then, Rc-srdes.I ·1111but~ bo,. and all boys are hound
lo ,0111eone It ,n.11be that 1n1 111
,scn 1n ,1:1\Cf\
. wrll onl, increase mv,
happiness" hen I gel free. 1 here i, ~ hettc, <l,,)coining·•
'I h11, I 11,cdto tl1111
k. ,111dthus I used lo ,peak lo 1n\>elf; goaded
alrnosl to 111ad11e,1
at one 111or11cnt,
,1nd at tire ne,t recouc1li111;
1nyself
to nn "retched lot
l I~,,.Jlrc.id1 1nt11nat.:dthal 1n, c:011clttio11
\\.15 much 11(rrsc.dunng
the fir,I >I\ 111011ths
of 111vsta, at \Ir Co,e,'s, tlt.tn 111the last ,i, The
e11,11111sl.1nce,
IC'1di11g
In tht>ch.111
ge 111\Ir . Covei \ course toward 111c
"'II
N'\RRATIVF O f
I 111;LIFE 01
F'RI DE~ICK 00l. '(,l.'\.~
fonn a11 cpoc-h 111m} hu1nble hi,torv ) 011 l1J,c ,ecu how .i man 11a,
111Jde~ ,l,1,e, ,011,hJll \CC ho" a ,laq• was rnadc a 111a11.
On one of the
hottest <ld,,of tlu.· month of \ugust, 1&3~.Bill S1n1th.\\ '1l11dn1I luE!,l1es
.
;1 sla,e na111cd
Eli. a11cl1111·,clf.\\ere cngagc<l111fauning wheat 4 1lugh~
wa, cleari ng the fanned ,d1e.1t frorn before the f,111.Eli 1\.1.\ turning
Snnth was teeding. and I was carf\111g\\heat to the fan. The 11orl.\\,1s
snnple. requiring slrcnglh t,tlher tl1d11 111tellect.1et. to one cnluel}
unu,e<l lo ~uch ,1·orl.,ii c-amc \Cf\ hard ,\bout llrree o'clocl. of th.11d.11
I brol.c down. 111y
strenglh foiled'mc-; I "as seized\\ ,th a, iolenl dd1111g
of thc-hcad. attended 111tliex.Lre111e
dizztne,s; t lren1blccl,n C\ er, l1111h
Finding" hat \\a; ton1111g,I rtent:d 1ny,clf up , feeling ii would nc\(:r d(l
to stop work l stood a1 long as I could stai;ger to Litehopper
i;rjrfl.
\Vben I could sland no longer, l fell, Jnd tell a~ rf held du,\ 11 b1 au
11111111
:11,e \\eigh t. 111tcfan of course stopped; e\el} one l1,1dh,s O\\ 11
work to do; and no 011c tould do the \\Ol k of lite oll1e1,.111cl
have l11s
own go on ~t the snml ti,nc.
,\'Ir Co,e1 wa, al the ho11se.about one hundred ,ard5 from the trc-adini;•\drcl,d1; re II t were f.u1111ni;.
011 lreanng the fJ tl stop. l,e lefl 1111111eJ1atd>, dllJ ca111t-lo the ,pol \\lterc \\C \\ere lie l1a\11h lll(jllltecl11hJI
the n1.1ttcr\\ll\. Bill an<1,crcd lhal l \\,ls sick ,ind lhcrt' w.1~110one to
bnng ,d1e.1Ito the fan. I lucl b) ih,s lnne crJ\, lecl ,J\\J\' 1111cler
lhe side
uf lhe j>O,ta11<lrJil-fe11ceb) \\lritl1 lhc )Jrcl \\,I'> e11tlo,etl. hoping lo
!incl 1el1efbv gctl111gout oftbc ,un lie then a,l..c·clwl,_,reI wa, Ile 11a,
told b, one of lht' hands I le c,11neto 1l1e spot. Jncl, aller lookini; at me
.l\\lrilc, a,L.ed 111e11h,1I11:blhe 11rnl!er.I l(,l<lhi111a, \\ell ,L, I tou ltl. fot
I ,carcc::had ,tre 11glh lo ,peal.. I le ilrc11ga,., 1ne d ,J,age l..rcl.111the
side. .Jncltold 1ne to gel up I tncd to do so. but fol! back 111the Jtletnpl
I te gave 1ne Jnollter kicl., :1ncla~ain iolcl 111eto n<c I Jg.1111lnecl. ,111d
,uccecck·cl 1111;a1111n{\
1111foel. h11I.,looping lo get lhe luh \\1th" h ,c-ltI
wa, fcecli11g
tl,e fon, I aga111staggered ,Lil<lfoll \\lh,le down 111lh1>s1t11alio11.\ Ir. Co\ ev lool.. up the J11ck
or} , l,1t"1th "h1cl1 Hughes lud l>eeH
stnkn1g olTthe ·halr-b11,hd r11c.1<11re
.• incl\\ 11
1, ii ga,c::nic a lteav, blo\\
upon the head. 111,
11.
ing ., brge \H11111cl
, an<l th~ blood Hlll ltt·d,. ·'.nd
l\ ith thi, .1g.i111
tcilcl 111,·lo gt t up I 111Jdeno effo1I to c-0111ph.ltJ1·111g
nm, 11
1atle up n1v 111111d
to let '11111
do hi, \\Orst In .1 ,horl lune after
rcc:e1,111gth1, blo". 1111h(';tclgre" heller. \I r. C:o,c, lrad 110" leh rnc:-to
111v
fate \I tl11\11101nc11tl rcsohed, for lhl' lir,l t1111e,
to go lo m1 1n,1stcr.
cuter .1 co111pb111t
.•ind a~I..h" proted1011 In orclt-rto do tl11~.I rnusl thJl
~f1cn100111
,a ll..,c,c 11 ,nrlcsc,111dlh"· u11dc•rthe c.:irc1111hla11ce,,
1v.1> truh
,1 \e,ere un<lerlilL1ng.
e~t'ccduu;h fechlc. 1n,1dc,o .~,niuch
lhe
krck, and hlo", "l11c-hI received. a, h1 the sen•re fit of s1ck11c,~
to\\ h1ch
t li.u.Jlx:e11 ,ub1ec-tcd I, ho"cvc,. watched Ill) ch.1ncc. \\hilc Cc>\t) "d'
lool.rng ,nan opp<>S1
le <lircct1011 ,1n1I,lar tcd tor St \11d1dcl'>. I ,11c
'"'Ir
I'""
b,
-+S
'-lARI\,\ fl\'E
or
TIil:: LIFE Of
fRI l.ll RICK
DoL'GL.AS~
n:cded 111£\elling a co11>1de
1.iblc c1i~1.1nc-e
on nt} '"'Ylo the "oods. ,, hen
Cove, d1~co,eredinc. and c.,llcd ofter 111eto co111eback. threatening
,d1JI he \\Ot1lddo 11I did 1101
co111e.I thsregardcd both hi~ rails and his
thrcah, .11,d111~de
rnr \1,1)to the \\ood, J> fast ,I\ 1111
f,·chlc-,tnte would
allo": ,ind 1l1111k111g
I 1111ght
be o,crh,1ulcd b, h1n1,f I kept ll1e n1Jd. I
"alked through the ,1ood\, keepmg far cuough irwn the roJ<lto a,01d
dckction, :u1d ut:.ir ,:no11ghto pre,e111lo,1111;
1111
\\JI . I IMd not gone
1:11before 1111
hllle ,tre nglh again failed n1c. I could go no farther. I fell
do" n. a11d la, for .1co11sidcr.
1ble lln1c Tht>hl{lC)d\\as ~et ooLiug fro1n
the wound 0111111
head For .1tune I thunght I ,houl<l bleed to death:
.111d 1l1111l
110" thJt I ,honld hove do11e,o. but that the blood so n1atted
Ill) hair Js to 5fop the 11011nd\fter hang there about three qu.irters of
.111
ho1ir,I uen td 111,Iclfup ,1g,1111
;incl, tarted on n1ylhl}. through bo1;,
.111<1
hr1crs. h.irefootcd .ind h.irel1eaded. lear1111;
111~feel ,un1eh111e,al
ne-Jrh ever} ,tep. Jnd after .1 1oun1e,of Jbout sc-1cn11ules,oc-c-11pv111g
,onie h\l· hour, to perlorn111I .,rri,cd ,ti 1n,ister·,,tore I then presented
.111
3ppear.111ce
e11011c,:h
lo .1rTeda111 bnt .t licart t1f11011l-'ro1n11,ecrn11n
of 1n1head to 111\ ft:el. I \\J> to1ered ,,1th blood. \h hJ1r wa, all clotted
"ilh du,1 and blood; Ill\ ,l11rt".1, ,11ft"ith blootl ~ ly lt'g, aud feet \\ere
l0111111s1111d~
pla!'e, 111
th brier, .111d
thnr11,.,111cl"ere ,,ho covered 11itlt
blood I ,nppo,e I looked like a 111J11
11ho had l'\C.tped ,1 clc11of ,, ild
he,,,h, ,ind h,ird, C5C'Jf)Cd
then,. In Lhis,tate I appeared before 1111
111.hter,
l111111bl1
e11tre,11111g
111111
to 111
1erpo\c his authonr. for 111, protec-hon I told 111111
Jl! the c11t11111't.111cc,
;I\ \\Cl!'" I could. ,111d
ii sec111ed,
•,, I spoke, ,tt ln11e,lo ,1fteclh1111I le would then \\,1ll the floo1. and
,el'k to 111,lif)Co,e} b, ,.1,111~lie c,pct ted I dt:M:rve<l
1l lie a,ked 1ne
,d1Jt I w,111\ed.
I told 111111.
lo let 111cget a 11c,1lto111<!;
lh.11 J, ~ur<,I\ I
lhed \\ith ~lr. Co\e) ,1ga1n, I <hould lt\'e with hnt lo die "1th lti111:that
Co,e, would sureh lall 111e;he \\,1, 111,1lair \,a, for 1t \l.1ster T'hon1as
ndicull-<lthe idea thdt lhe1e,1,I\ a11\d.111gcr
ol \1r (:o,cy\ killing n1e.
and ~~idthat he kne111\lr Co\eF that he \\ii\ a good n1a11.and that he
could 11011lt111k
of tal..111g
nic fron1hun. that. should he tlo ,c,, he would
ln,e lht' 1d1ole)edt , "Jge,. th,11I hclongt·d lo \1r Cove) for one ycJr.
and th,1t I 11111st
go hack to hun. con1e ,d1.tl 11111.;lot;
aud lhat I 11111st
1101
uouble h11n 1,1tl1any more stories. 01 that l,e would hi111Sdf
~el /io/c/nf
111, \fter ihreale11ingr11ethus. ht gJve n1e a ,el) l.irgt dose of -alt,.
telling me th,11I ,night ren1a1n 111SI. l\ltcl,acl\ th.it 111
ght., 11being <JL
1ite
lak,l but that l 1n11stbe off bJtl.. to '1.11.Co\C)·, carh in the morn11
1g;
and that ,f I <lid 1101,l1e would t;et /Jnld of me, ,1h1ch rneanl that he
\\ould \\hip n1e. I re11,a111ed
,111111
ght. aud, according to lus order~, I
,tarlecl off lo Co,c) 'sin the 1non1i11g,
(.Sal11rd.l\11
1on11ng).\,ear ied in
bod) and broken in ~pint. I got no ,upper that night. or l>1eakfa.,t
th.it
1nor11111g.
I reached Co,cv's about mne o'clock. and 111<t
a~I '"hgtclt111g
o,er the fence that d111decl
\Ir $. Kt•111p·~
field, fron1our~ 0111ran Cn\c\
1,1thhi~ CO\\,kin,to g1,e 111eJ11olhcr "hipping Before be could reach
'<ARR·\fl\1
OF I IH
Liu :: or
fi'RI Dl RI(;~ DoUGL\SS
-19
111e.I ,11LT<:l·dcd
i11i:etting lo the corn lieId; and a, the cont '"" \ en ·
h11;h.11affn,dee.I111cthe I ne.1n< of ludu 11,;.f Je <eemeclI l r1 a 111;1)
, Jud
sea,chcd for JIil' a lo11gt1111e\h heha\lor was Jltogether 11naccou11t,1ble He finalh ga,e up the chase, thinking. I suppose. ll1.1lI 11111,t
come
l101ne filr.so111ctl1111g
to eal, he 11011ld
g11e h1n1<dl 110furtht·r trouble iu
lcx1ki11i;
for 111cl ,pc-nl that <lJI 1110,ll,111 the\\ ood<.ha, 111g
the alkrnali\'e h~forc 111e.-lo go ho111cand be 11i11ppedto de.1th. or <ta, 1n the
,, oo,h and be ,tan ed to !le,1lb Thal 1ugl1t. I fell 111,-ilh S.111d)Jenkin~.
.i ,l.1,e 1,1th 1,hon1 I wa, <0111ewhJI
acq11a1ntcd. Sand, haJ a free,, ,f" 1
\\-lioli,cd about lour 111i
le~ fro11
1 :\1r. Co,ev·,, and ,t being Saturd,11,he
11a, on hi- 11,1,to ,cc 11<:r
. 1 tuld 111111
111yuru1111slance;,mid he \CJ'\
l..iudh 111\lledme to go ho1nc 1\llh hnn I \\eul ho111<:
,\Ith huu. and
tall..<.:<l
this \\hole 1nJtter Cl\er.. 1nd got h,, ,1d\lCCJS lo 1,hat cou~e tl
wa, b,·st for Ute to pur,ue J fo1111d
Saudi an old ,1d\i-er I le told Jll<
,1ith grc,11solcnHllt). I 111ust
go hack to Cu,c1; bnl llt.:tlbefore I \\enl. I
must go w,th h1n1111lo~11othe1pail of the \\Ood,. "here there wa, ~
cerlai II l!Jul. 1d1id 1. if I wonkl IJ le <01neof iI 111thinc, carn 111gii <1/11
">1
cm m, right ,id<'.\1ould re11der1t11111x1»1hle
for \ Ir (:o,ci, or .1111
other
1d11tt'111an.to ,dup 111e[ le ,a,d lie had carried 1l for 1cars; and ,1nce
he h,,d done <o, he haclnc1cr recei1<.:d.1hlu\\. ,ind 11c1~re,pcc-te<lto
\\ hile he c,1mecl11 I .11li~I re1ectcd the idea. lhJI the ,1n1plecar'} ,ng
of a root in 1111pod ..et ,1<,ultlha," ,1111
,11cl1effect J~ he h.1dsaid. J11Cl
"a.' not <lbpc»ed lo l.il..e 11,but ~H1uh Hnprc>Sedthe 11ecess1ty1,1th
11111ch
e-Jn1eslnt''>!>,
telling n1c ,t could do 110h.i1111,
,f 11d,d no good. 1o
pk.he hin1. I ,11l<·ngth look the root.. 111cl
.• 1cc·cnclin,;
to his Jircc-1,on.
c·,ttric·d1111
1,c111 1111
right "de I Iii- \\,h S1111d,1}
1110111111i;.
I 11111
11ediaklJ
~tarted for hn1ne; und 11po11
entenng tJ1t 1,ird gdlc, out <.-a111e
l\lr Cn, ,1
011h1<\\JI to 1neellng. I le ,poke lo 1ne ,ci: l..111d
l1, h.1dcinc drive the
pigs fron1 a lot 11c.arbv, uud P·">t-<1
on lo\1,ircbthe d11irth '-""· tl11,
,i111;u
lJ1 co11
d11ctof \Ir Co1e1 re.ilh 111~de
111e beg111
to tl1111k
th.it ll1erc
".!.',0111dl1111g
111the root "l11d1SJ11d~had g11e11111c;
Jnd had 11been
011an, other cl,1,than Sund,t\ I C'c
11lclh.tvc ,1llrih11lc<
I the c-nnducl lo
no other c.111<c
then lht· 111fl11cn('e
of tlrnl 1not.a11cl•" 11\\JS. l \,a, half
inclined to tlnuk Ilic rout lube son1~tl1111g
1110,ethan I Jt fir$!ha<lt.1kc11
11lo l>e All w,·ul well llll ~ lond,1v n1on1111£;
0 11 tlu, 111on1111g.
the, 1rtuc
of the rootwas full, le,ted l.011gbclorl' d.1d1ghl I '"" C'alledto go and
rub. cuir\. auiJ feed. th,· hor,c, I ulic)cd . .ind ,1,1, gla<llo obe1 Dul
,du lst thu, cng~gccl.1d11l,t 111th~ ,,ct of thro" 1ng do" n ,o,ne ill,tclc,
from the loft. l\lr (':ov<:)entered the \t.,ble '"'" J lont; rope: ,1ndju,t as
I ",1, h.,lf 011l of ll,c loft. he caught hold of 1111
leg$,.111cl,1,1~J lmut I11ng
n1e \s soou J, I lou11d,d1.1the"'•" up lo, I ga, c .J ,udden ,p11ng.Jnd
a, I did ,o. he holding lo nn legi,.l \\JS brought ~prJ11ltngon the st:iblc
floor l\h . Co,r, ,rt·111ed110" lo think he Ii.id me, ,111d<'Ot1lddo 1di;1l
so
~ARRATIV£
Pl
I rn
l.1rE Of
FRi:ntRIC'~
Do11c1.._,,
he ple.1scd. but al th1, 1non1ent-fro111"hence c,1111c
lht· ~pirit I don't
k11011
-1 .-e,o),cd to light. J11<l,,u1llng 1111 action to the re..olullon, I
,c,zed <.:o\CIh,ud b, the lh1oat; and •" I did ,o, I ro,e. He held 011to
n1e, .,nd I to h1111.
'.\h ,c,tslanct wa, 'IO cntireh u11e,pected. that c:o,t·1
,ee111eJ1.akeHall 1h,1<•iI le hemhled Lke a lcal '1111s1;a1t•nw .1ss11rancc, ,111dI held h1n1nne,1s1.c.1u,1ngthe bl00<Ilo r11nII hc-r(."I lo11ched
h11n1.ith the e11dsof 11111uige1,.~Ii. Co,c1 soon cJlled out l<>I lughe5
for lidp IJugla,, c.unc. ~11d.-wh1lc
Co,er held u1e. utte111ptcdto tie 1111
rii:ht hand \\')1ilc hC'11.1~
1n the acl of douH; ,o, I 11.1td1cdmi d1.111cc,
and g,11eh1111
., heav, kick close u11dcr1l1~nh, ~ bts k1:'k~atrl) sickened
I l11i:he~,o that he left 111ein Ull' h,tnd, ot i\lr Co,e, l lus kick h.,d the
effecl of not onh \\,~krning l111ghes,hut Co,e} abo. \\'hen lie "'''
1lughcs bcndmg 01cr 111thp.un, his courage-quailed He ,1,kcd tllc 1f I
rnennt to per,i-.t in 11111e,hl.i11tc I told h11111 d,d. cornc "h.il nughl,
thJl he: had u,ecl 111chl..c ,1 l,rut< for
1nonth,, and that I was dekr
1111ncd
to be u;cd so no longer. \Vath thJI. he ,trove to drag 111<'
lo a she!..
1h.1twash 1111;
ju,t oul of tl1e,table dona I k 11t<'a1tl
lo l.nCl<;I..
n,e do,H1
Hut J11>t
~ he 11;1,kan1n,; O\l'T lo gel the , tkl. I ,<'ized hin1 \\·ith both
hand, b, his coll,ir and brone,hl him h1 a sudden snatch lo the ground.
81 lhi, ti,ne. Bill ca111e Co,e, c.tlled upo11 l1i111for J,,1,la11c~ B,11
\\Jllled lo kno\\ 1d1JI lie <'Oulddo. Co1c\ -.1id,'Take h,>ldof hint. take
1" Balls,11dh" 111~1le1
l1oldl)f 111111
hired h;m onl lo "orJ.:,anti nol lo help
tn II hip n1e.so he left Co1ey and 1nvself lo fight our o"n b.ittle out \Ve
11ercal 11for t1t:arl11110hou,, Co1t:1 JI ltnglh let n1c go, 1>11fli11g
.ind
l,]011111g
at J g1c~I1c1k.,,111ngth~l ,rI h~d nol rc,1,tcd. ht>11ould not
ha,·e II happed 111ehalf ,o n111ch I'he tn11h11.,s, th.it he had not II hipped
111eal .ill . J con,1den:d 111111
d> gcllu1g e111L1eh
tl1t: 11oc,I end 01 the
h,ug,1111;
tor he h,1ddra11r1no l,lood fton1 JHt. but I had lron1 h11111 he
1d1ole~i, n1onlhs Jften1.1rds.that I <pent 111th\ Ir (..:01e1,h<.'nc:-vcr],1id
tlie II e1gl1tof laL, li111;erupo11nu: iJI a111.;er.
He II ould occa,ionJ lly <a}.
ht· didn't 11..nt to gel hold of rnc aga111 t\o." thouBhl I. ·,ou Heed not,
ror 1·011
11ill come off 11·or,cthan 1011chd before"
Tlu,bJttle 111th:\1r Col'ey ";s the himing-point 111m, <·arecra, a
,b,c II rck111dkdthe fo11c,p11111ge111be1~
of freecloui, .111dre,i,ed
v.1thu1me ,, sense of 1111011,11
1na11l1ood.It recalled the dep,trled ,clrlonfideuce. aud 111sp1red
me again ,,·1tha dctem11nat1onto be free. ·11,e
gr,1t1tir,111011
afforded b1 tl1e l11u111ph
11JS .1 full co111pen1J
l1on for 1d1.1te1er el'le might (0ll011 e1~11dealli 1t.,.elf.lie 0111}can 11ndcr,t,1ndthe
deep >Jbsf.Jchon which I C\l)cnenced. who has h1111,elfrepelled b,
fore" tl1e blood1 .11111
of sb,·en. I ielt a, I nc, er kit befo1e_1111J\ .1
glor1011,re~nrrcction. fro111lhe. lo111hof ,IJ1er). to the heaven of freedom \ly long-cr11shcd,p111I1ose. cowardice departc:d bold dehance
took 1b place: .111rlI no11resohcd tl1al. ho1,el'e1 long 1 1111ghlrc:111.1111
.1
sld,e 111[01111,
the da} hJJ passed forc1cr 1d1cn I could be a , la,c 111foC"t
1 dt<lnol hesitate lo let 1l be l..110,11 of inc, that the l'htle 111.1n
"ho
,i,
", IRll~ll\l
OF llf£
Lu-t. Of
f'RFOERICK
Dot l,IA,s
expected lo <uccecd in ,d11ppi11g,11111<1
,tbo 1ucc:c:ed111kill111g
me.
Fro111thi, 11111c
I 11a, ne,er al;JJl1 \\h.111n1ghlbt' callt'd fau 11,...luppcd,
lhoui;li I re1na111rd.1,la,, four \l'ars aften,Jrd, I h.id st:1eral lit:hh, hut
11;1>11e1crwhipp<'d
ll 11a1 for J lo11i:lan1e,1mJtler of ,u1p11,e to 111e11h1\Ir Cove~ cl1d
not 1111111c<Lidtch
h.ive me t,1ke11h, the C'Oll$lJblelo th., 1d11ppi11i;-po,l
,
1111d
therr tcgularl} 11hipped for the erunc of r.11su1g
n11hand aga,11,1a
1d11ten1an 111ddu1ee of 1111self,\11d lht: 0111,e,pfanatio11 I c-an no11
tl1111k
of does not cnhrcl> ....111f,111t•:
but '11th·" 11,~. l walli:;i,c 1t :\Ir
Co,e, c11io1cdthe n10-t unbo1111ded
reputahon for being ,1 first•r~tc
OILl\~er a11cl11e11ro-brealer.It wa, of considcr,1blc 11nporl.111ce
to h1111 .
Thal 1cpulaflo11\\a.\ al ,tJlt'; .111dhJ<I lw 1e11t111c-;1ho1 .il)flut Sl\tecn
yc,1rsold to tl,c public" h1ppi11g-po,t.ha, 1ep11lahn11
,,1111ltl
ha, c ht·•·11
lost; so, to s,11eIns rcpulahon. he suflered n,e to go 1111p1111isht'd.
~ l, ten11of ach 1,1)1<.·rvit·<·
Ir, \,Ir f',d11.irclCo, c:1c11dcdon Ch ristn1.1<
da1.
Ch11,lln,h .111d't·11 ) car\ dJ1 .11c,Jlln11ccl
. is,3. l11eda¼
, het11ec11
a, hohda,s; a11d,accord111gk.11e ""re not required lo perfor111
an, Labor,
111nreth.111I() ked .111dt.1ke<,ire of lht' ,tt,t"k l11i, b111ewe re1;ardecl.is
our"" 11 ll\ th,· gr.lc·c•nl our 111,1\kr:.,
:ind \\C thc·n·forc 11,cclor abnsccl
11111:a1
II' as "c plc;a,ccl 1110,cor 11,"ho 1,.id f,11nil1cs
at .i rh,1,11,tc,wc1<:
ge11er:1
lh allowed to ,pend the whole,,, d,11s111thei1 ,oc,et\ ' I his tune,
ho1,<.·1er,11a~ ,pent 1111,1no11,"·"' ·1he ,t,nd, 50hcr. th111k111g
,111cl
111ch1Sln0ll\
one, of our u11111bcr
would c:111plo1
thc1111clve,iJI 111ul.111g
cor11-broo111,,
111Jh, horse-c,,l!ar,. J11dha,ket:.: .111da11othe1c la,, of u,
\\Ould spt:nd the· t1111e
hunhng opoS5un1,.h.ue,. and coon,. But b1 f.n
the J;argerpart engaged i11,11d1spurt, and 111t·rr1111t·nb
,1> pl,111111;
h,111
,
11rc1tli11g.n11111i11i:;
fool-1acc,. liddl111g.d,111ci11i;,
,111ddri11l.111g
11!11,l.1.
and tlus IJtter n1odc of spending the tnne ""~ b, tar the n1ost,1greeable
to tl,e fecliug, ol our 111a,ter \ ,l.11c1d10110111d
11orkdunng lit<·ho),.
dd1, 11Jscon>1clcrcdh1 011r 11w1kn•" ,c.arrcl, dt"icn 111gthc111I le 11,1,
,cgardcd as one 1d10 rc1eclcd the fo,or of lus ,naster It ,1.1,dt:en1ed a
disgrace not to get dn111l.at Chnstma,, .ind he "·" regarded .is
indeed, 11ho had 1101pro\ldt•d h11r1>clf
111th the 11cccs,.1n1nca11<.
tl11n11g
the ve.ir. to get II h1sk1enough to last 111111
lhroui:h Chri,llnas.
fru1111d1JI I l.11011
of Ilic effect of the,e hol1d,1\, 11po11
the ,la,e, 1
bcl1t·,e thcn1 to be .1111ong
tl1..-1110,ti:tt.-(hl<: 111e.i11,
1n the Ii.ind, of
tl1c 1la1cholcler 111l..eep1ngclo.v11Ilic spiral oi in,urrechon. \\•c1c tlie
,l.1\cholder, .11011cc lo ,1h,111do11
th" prJt·ticc, I h.i,e not the ,lightest
d"uht 11110111d
ll'dd to an in11ncdiJlc 111,urrctl1011
Jn1on~ tlie ,lmc,
I he,e holtda,1 ,enc ,H conduclnrs. or ,,tet1-1,1hcs, In c;nn off the
rdidlwus 1p1rilof ensl.i,ed l111m,n11t'I
But for the1e. the ,Ja,e 11/Juldbe
forced up to the w1]dt,,ldcspcr,1tio11;
Jnd woe betide the i la,eholder. the
da, J1c , <:11t11res
to re1110,cor hrnder the ope1Jho11 of tho,e co11d11ctorsl
I
\\.1n1 hi111that, 111,ud1 an e1e11I,J ,p111I111l1gn forth 1n their n,id,t,
1no1eto be dreaded th.in the 1110,lupp,1ll1ng<,1rthq11,1kc
Lu,
-,
,_
NARRATIVl 0~ lli~
r 111:holid.1~,Jre part and parcel of the gros., frJud.,,
rong. and 1nl111111a111h
of ,J,1,e11 l 'he1 ,ire prnfc,,edh .1 cuslo111 c,tahlt,hed hy tire
bene,olence of th<:,l.r--.·lroldcr,:l>ut I 1111Jertdketo "1\, 11is the re,ull
of sclfi,lnrc", ,nul one of the gru"c,t frauds con1m1ttccl11po11
the <lowntrocldtn ,la1c. l11c~tlo not i;i,e the ,l.11cstlu, ti111ebecause Llre1111,uld
uol lrl..eto ha1e their \\'lrk duri11gii> t'o11tr1111Jncc,
but because the,
kno,, rt would be un;..ifotu <lepn, 1he111
of ti. Tiu,\\ ill be seen 61 the
f.1C'I,
that tire sld,choltlci- lil.c to
their slJ,cs 1pc11dthn,e d,I}' jusl
111such a 1n,111ncr
a, to rnal..e thern '" glad of their e11d1ng·" of their
bci:;rnning.·r heir oh1ecl scc11tsle, he. lu di,~11,1their ,l.r1e, w1tl1frcedorn, h1 pl11ng111g
tlrc111.i11tothe lo11c,I depth, of d1s,1pation F'or
111'l.111cc,
the ,la, choldcrs not onl} 1,1..cto ,ee the sl,11·ednnk of hi, 01~r,
.iccord. 611111111
adopt 1,1nou, plan, to nr.11..clri11,dn111k.()11cplj111s,to
111akebch on their ,IJ1c,. d\ to ,-1,o C'illl cl1111l..
the 1110,I11111,I..}
v.1tho11t
gctt111g
dr1111l..;
,111d111thr) 11,11thc1 succeed 111getltng "hole 111ultrtud<.>s
tu dnnl.. to c,ce,s. fhus. 11hcn tire )i,we a,k, for vrrtuuu, frcc<lo111.
tire
cunnn1g sl.l\d1oldrr. k111111
ing Iris 1g11or
111cc,d11.:,1hlr1111111tl1
J do,c:of
11c·iousd1,s1palio11,
JJ tf11lhl.rbelled wrlh the nurnc of lihcr ti n1e nrost
of lh u,cd lo d11111..
it do11n, and the re;irh 11a, 11111
11hJI might be ~upposecl· rn.1n1 of 11, 11cre led to think lh.11there 11.1,lrttlc to clroo~c
bch1cc11lilJcrh. and 1Lt1ct\ \\'c fell. and ,l·t\ proper!~ loo. tlial we had
al111o<I
,1' 11cllbe ~1.1,es
lo 111a11
J, to nun So. 11hc11lire holrd,1y,ended.
,1e staggered up fro111
the filth of 011r11,11101,
rng tool...1 long hre~th. ,incl
r11arcl1cdto the lidd,-fcd111g, 11po11
the 11hole, r,rthcr i;iad lo go, fron1
11h~Iour 11,a,tcrhad clccc11t·d11, 111toa hcl1cfwas frecdo111harl. to the
arm, of )ia,et\•
I lra1c-,aid tlrill lhi, 1no<lcof trcahnenl i, .1 part of the ,d1ole syslcrn
of fraud a11d111l11111w111il
of ,Li,cr, II i\ ,o ·1ht- 111oclc
here acloptcclto
di,gu,t the ,b,e 111thfreedo111.b} .1llo"111g111111
to ,ec: onlv the abu,e of
it, i, c.1rriccl0111i11other ihrn~s l·or 111stance,a sl,1,e Jo,es 111olasses.he
,teals Millie Hi, 111Jslt·r,ir'1111.111,
case,, gm:s off lo to,111.Jtld buv, a
l.1rgequanl,tv; he returns, take, hi, 1d1ip, and co1n111.111rl,
th<' sla,c lo
cat ihc n,ola,se,;, 11nblthe poor fello,, 1srnJde srt1.al tire 1er. menlton
of rt. 'I he ,.1111c
111odch ,0 1nctin1es .rdoptcd to 111ak1:
tire sl.i,·es refrJin
from ~,J..111g
for more food than their regular allow~nc<:.,\ slaH~rwrs
tlrrough hi, allo11ance. and ~pplies for 111ore.JI" 111.1,ter"c-nragc<lat
111111:
1>111,
not w1lli111:;
lo ,end h1n1nff ,, 1tl1oulfood, gi,es hirn 1nor,· than
r, nece»JI}, Jncl co1npel, h1n1lo eat rt 111th
in ~ gncu t1111e'Then, if he
co111pla111,
that he canuot e.1til. he is ~aid to he s:ilJsficdneithe r full nor
f.i1ti111;.
~nd i, l\h tpped for beuig hard lo plea,e! I hJ1c an .ibu11da11ce
of Hrch illustrahons of the ,amc pnnc1plc, dmwn fron1m} 01111
ol~cr1at1on, but lhrnl.. the cases I ha\c cited ,uffidcnl Tire prachcc 1s d ve~
co1nn1on one .
On the-fir1lof Ja11uarv,
183-\. I left \Ir Cove,,
•
• and went to lrve with
~tr \Villiarn Freeland, 11ho l" ed dbout three miles fron1St l\lichael 's
e
I"""
LIF ~ Of F'R~OLRICI.
Douet.ASS
I ,0011 found \Ir Frtcland a veri different nran from \tlr . Co1c1
TI1ough not 11d1, he w.u, 1d1Jt would be c-alled Jn l'<lutated southern
gent len,a n ~1r. Cove). JS I h.i1e sho1111,wa< a 11dl-tra111e
d negrobrc,1kcr and ,la1e-drive1 l'he funner (slaveholder though he "'d>)
secured to pos,ess some regard for honor. soine reverenci- tor 111<t1c1:,
and ,0111erespect for humamtv 'l'he latter ,eerned totalh in,ensihle to
all such ,cnh rnents. lVlr. Vreeland had man1 of the fault, peculiar lo
slaveholders, )uch as being ve11 passionate and fretful. hut I rnust do
h im the 1u,t1celo !>3}, that he wa, exceedingly free from those degrading
vices to which l\lr Coit>} was constantly .iddrctecl.111e one was open
and frank, and 11.c,1111.a),
\.nc" 11 hc.-rclo find hun. The otlrer w,~ J rnost
artful deceiver. ~nd could be understood onlv b} such J, "crt· skilful
enough lo detect hrs c-11nn
1ngh--dev1sedfrauds. Another advantage I
gJrncd u1111yuew rnaster w~. he rnade no preteruiom to, or profession
of. religion: a11dthr,, 111111) op1111on,
11a,tnrlv a great ad1·a11tage.l assert
most unhes1lJt1ngl,. that the rel1g1onof the south rs a ,ncrc covering for
the n,ost horrid cri111e.1.-ajustifier of the mosl .1ppallingharbarity,-a
,anc tifier of the most hateful frauds,-and a darl..,bel ier uncler 11h1cb
the tl.rrl..est.foulest, grosse,t. and 1110,tt11fe111al
deeds of slJveholders
fi11dthe ,trongesl proll'chon. \\~re I to be again rc.-duccdto the chains
of slaver., next to that enslavcn1ent. I should rcgJrd herng the sla,e of a
religious n1J.;lcr the gre,1tesl cal.1n11t\ that could hef.ill n1e. For of all
slnl'clroldcr, wrth II horn I h.rve e\'l!r mt'I. rd1g1ot1s,la,eho ldcr~ arc the
worst. I ha,e ever found thenr lhe 1neanest and basest. th<'most c-nrel
and coward Iv. of a ll others It w,1smv unhJJlP) lot nol onh to belong to
a religious sla,eholdcr b111In 111<:i11,1 con1mu111t\of ,nch rehg10111sls.
\'er. near 11.1rFreelJntl lived the Rev. Daniel \Veeden. and rr1the !kllllC
11('1ghhorhoodlived tire Re, Rigb) llopl..rns ' rl1esc \\Crc 1ncn1bcrsand
ministers 11lthe Refom1ecl l\1rthodi,t Church :\1r \Vccde11 O\\ ned,
anrong olhers. ,1won1,1n,la, c whose 11an1eI have forgotten nus won1•
an's bac~. for wccl.s. wa, kept literallv ra11, 1n,1de ,ob, the lash of this
n1erc1less. religious wretd1 He used to hrre hands. I hs max1111"•"·
Bchal'e well or behave 111.rt•~ the d11tvol a n1a,tt•rocc,1>1on.1lh
lo II lup
J slnve, to ren1ind h1111
of his master\ ,Hrlhoril}' Such \\JS hrs theon.
and s11cli111
.s praclJce.
l\1r. I lop~rn.-was e1cn wone than \:Ir \\'eeden Hrs chief boast was
hrs abilrt}' lo manage sb,es The pcculrJr fe,1h1reoflii, go,·crn1nenl 11·as
that of II hipping slaves ur advance of cle<;er11ng
ii He Jlv.,rvs n1anaged
to ha,c one or more of hrs slaves to 11h1pel'et\ l\1onday momrng I le
drd thrs lo .rl.rrm their fed~. and <lrrketerror 11110
lhost-11hoesc;rped. I Ii,
plan was to wlup for the s111allest
offence,, lo prc,ent the con1nn,,1or1of
l.rrgc ones. Mr Hopl..rnscould alwavs find mmc,>c~c11-.efor ,-Jupprnis a
sldvc. 11,-ould astonish one, u11Jccuslon1edto a slavehold111
g hfe. to sc-c
" -iLh II hat II onderful en.e .1 ,IJl'Cholder can find things, ol \\ hrch lo
n1.ikcoccaMOnto 1d11pJ ,lave. t\ mere look. word. or r11ot1on,-a mLs•
'\ '\Rlt\Tl\l:
OF HIE
Llf(
Of
fRF l>f RICI.. DOl'l.1,1\SS
lake. accident, or \\Jill of IJO\\c:r-Jre all 111allc:r<
for ,,hitlt d sla,e niay
be IIl11ppedat an, ttrne [)oes a sl.i,c look dl\;att,liecl? It 1, ,-aid. he lt,1,
the dc,,1 ,n 111111,
,111d ii 11111,t
he "!t ipped 0111.Does he spe,1kloudl)
11hen ,pokcn lo by h1< nia;ler? Then he ,, getting h1gh-1n1nded.a11d
;ltoukl be taken down a button-hole l011er Ooe, ltc for~c:I lo pull off
hi1 l1,1lal the ;1ppro,1chnf a 11l1ile pcrw11?'J'l1c11
he i, 11anlingin re,erence. ,incl ,l1011lcl
he \\hipped for ii Doe, he e,e1 1enlure to ,111thC'-ale
his conduct, when ccnst1red for it? Then he is guilt, ol 1111p11dt·1
1t·c.011eof the greale~Icnme~ of \\h1ch ,1sl.1,c ca11be guilt, . Docs lie <:,er
,enlure lo 111~C">I.1different 111odcof clo1111,;
thing, fro111thJl pointed
0111b, hi, 1nastcr' I le rs n1~eed presu1npluous.and getting above hnn;elf, aud notl11ngle,~ th,111a Jlogg1ng"ill do for hn11 Oocs he, 1'11ilt·
plo11ghing,bre,1k.l plo11gh,-or. "h ile hoe111g,hrcJI. a hoc? II ,s 011i11g
lo lus cJrclcssnc,s. and for 1ta sl.i,·c 1nusl alwa\'s b.: whipped :\ Ir Hopkins ,uuld .ih1a1Sfind <0rueth1ngof this sort to 111,h!\ the use of the
1.i,li n11dhe sdclo1n failed tn e111bracesuch opport1111
1tie,. '111l're""'
not., 111rln111Ilic \\hole counh. ,,11lt \\horn Lhc slJ,es "Ito had the
get1111g
the11O\\ll hon1c. ,1ould not prefer lu l11e.1,1lhe1than with th"
Re, \ Ir Hopkin,. \11d1('t there "J\ not J m.1nnn\ "herl.' ro11nd,11ho
111adcl11gltcrproft:¼ion, of rcltgio11,or was 111oreacll,C' 111revi,.1111110,eattent11e to Ilic dJ,s. l01e-fe,1st.praicr and prcachi11g1necli11gs,
or 111ore
devotional 1nhi, fo111il,.
- th,1tprn1<"dc.irlier. latcr, lou<ler,,u1d
lo111;cr,-tl1a11
this sa1nc rc,erc11dskl\·c--dn,er R1gb, I lopkin,
But lo return to \Ii . Freeland. JHd lo 1ny c:,pcrie11cc,,hile in his
e1nplo,111cnlHe. lil..e\Ir Cove). gave us enough lo eat, but unlike Mr
Co1c), l,e al,o l(JIC us suflincnl li111e lo take 0~1r nteals He 1,orled us
hJrd, but Jh1a1s helwee11111nrisea11d11111sel
. I le rcq1111ccl
.1gnod rlc;il
ol work to he done. but i;J1e 11~good tools \\i th \\luch lo \\ork. I hs farm
11asIJrisc, b111he c111ploycdhand, cno11ghto \\Ork 11, dtld w1l11ease,
co1npared \\ 1th n1an1 of lu, 11c1ghlxif'\ \ I) trcatn1enl, "hile 111l11s
e111plon1,e111,
11ashea1enh. co1np,1ted"1lli \\h, 11I experienced al the
lia11d1of \Ir. Fd1-.irdCo,e,
\Ir Freeland \\JS h11nselfthe o,H1erof bnt h111,lJ1e, . Their na1ue<
11crc llenr, Harns and John Harns. l11e rest of hi; b~nds he hire<l.
' fhcst: consi,tcd ol 1111,df.Snnd, JenLtn,6 J.11dl Lind} Cald"ell. Hcur1
Jnd j(.lhll11ere q111lc1111clligent.and in ,, \Cf'\ litUt•11l11leafter I 11cnt
1111:rc
, I ,ucceeded in cre,1l111g
in then, a slTon~ck,1H:lo learn ho\\' to
rcJd I Iii\ desire soon ,prong up in the others also. Thc1 , ~r, ,0011
n1usleredup sonic old <pelling-hook,.and 11othi11g
would dohut that I
n1u,t keep J 5.ibbath school. I agreed to do <o.and accordinglv dc,oled
\l~RRATI\ f.. c,1 till
1.n ~- OF
f I\EDERICJ.
D01 •<)f...\s,,
:;s
111}Su11dJ1slo leachin~ the,c rn1 l01cd fcllo,,-sla1es ho11to read. .',le1.
lher of the111k11ewl11sletters ,,hen I went there S01nc c)fLl1esb1N of
the 11cighbo1111g
f_an11,
found 1'11.11
wus go1n~on, ,ind ,ilso a1a1ledthen 1.
sches ofth1s hllle opport1111
1I) tu lcd111lu read_ II \\.t> 1111dcrstood
.•unong
all \\ho c,1111e,
that there rnust be a; l1ttk <l1\pla,.iboul it a, po,~rble. It
11-a,11ecess.111
to keep 011r religious n1a,tcrs al St. \hehael', 111wcquai11kd \\llh the f.i<.:t,lh.1t, 111ste..1d
of spending the Sabb.1th in II resLling,bo,111g.a11
d uri11k111g
1'111,k,.,,e ll'cre Ln 111glo lean1 Ito\\ to rt'.1d
the 11111
of Cod · fo, the, had 11111ch
r.ilher sec 11,eugaged 111those
dci;rad1ng sports. than to sec us hchJ\lllg like 111tellcctual
, 1110ml
, a11d
acco1111l.1ble
be1ni;s. l'vlvhlood boil~.is I tl11nl.of tlte blooch 1rw1111er
111
1d11cl1\le!..>rs. \\ rigl,1Fai1ba11k,and Garri,on \.\e,L, both ~l.1>;-le<1der,.
111connecho11 w1tlt 1t1Jll)others, rushed 111upon us ,, 1th sticks and
~tones, .ind broke up our , 1rluous li11le S.1bb.1tl1school, .it St.
l\ltd1:1el',-.ill c.1lli111.1
tlte111,ehe,(:ltri,ti..111,!h11111hle
folluwef\ of the
I .orclJesu, Chri,11H11lI a111again cl1gres\111g.
I held Ill) S.ibbath school al the house of ,1free colored 111,111,
whose
n,1111e
I dee1n 1111nprudc;11l
ICln1c:11tion,
for ,ho11ld11be l.nu,Ht, it 1111gltl
e111b.1rrass
h1111
gre,1tly,Lho11gh
the c111neof llC)ld111g
the scl1ool\\JS con1111it1cd
ten }Car, Jgo. I had .il une li111eo,er fo1t\ scholars•. 111dthose of
the nght sorl, arde11th cle,iring lo lcar11The) 11creof ;ill :1gcs,though
1110,lhmen Jnd wo111e11
1 lool h:icl. lo those S11nda,s\\1lh Jll an1ou11t
of pl<:;~;11rc
1101 lo ht e,p1e<.secl
. l11eywere great cl,1y,Lt,1111
~11I ·rhe
work of 111slH1c1Jng
1111
clear fello\\ ,J,1,c, \1,U the '"eclesl engage111e11l
"ith \\hich I 11a, ever blc,~ed \\e lc>vedeach otlttr, and lo lea,c the,n
.it the do,c of the Sahh,1tlt"•" ,J ,e, ~re cro,, 111dced
. 'w'hc11I tl11nkthat
those pr<'ciuussot1I, ,ue lo-dai shut up 111 the prison-hn11,eof ,la,ef},
n1v fccli11g,o,erco1ne 1ne. J11dI ,1111,,lrno,I read) to a,l.. "Does a 11e,ht
eo11sCod go, cm1the 1111i,er'>C:
:111tl
fo, \\ hJI doe, he ltoltl the thunders
111his right hand. if 110\lo sin1te the oppreswr, Jlld dd1ver the spoiled
out ol the ltanu of the <poiler7" Thc,c dear sotil, c.une 1101 to S,,bbJlh
,c-hool becJuse it \\cl> popul.ir lo <loso. 11u1d,d I Leachll1en1bcc:n1~eti
was reput.ible lo be 1111"c11g,1ged.L-.1e11
1110,nenl lhc1 ,pent in th.it
,chool. Lhc, \\ere liable 10 be tnke11up. Jnd g1,en tl11rll-11111e
tisht·s
1·hc} can1(' bcca11>elhc1· 11ishcdto k.1111 Their 111111«1,
liud becn sl,1ncd
b) 1hc11cruel 111asters
. I hc1 1,.,d been shut np 111rnt11t,1Id,1rkness.I
la11ghl lhe111.becan,e 11wa, the delight of 1111 soul lo be ,101111.;
,0111cth1ng l11atlooked like belleriug Ilic co11d1tio11
ol 11111,1<.:e.
I kepi up 111,
scltool 11c,ir
lv lhe 11hule,ear I 11\t'd111th\ Ir FreelJnd; Jnd, bc,ide m)
SJhb,1lh1chool. I de11)ledtlui:c e,c ,ung, 111the weeI..,dur111gthe" 111ler,
lo teaching the slJ,c\ al ho111c-\nd l 11.1,ethe h.1pp111c,,
tu kr10,1,that
,c1·cral of lhu,e \\ho cJme lo S.1bb,1tl1
s!'ltool lt'Jr11t-d11<>"
lo re,td; and
tlwl 011c.JI lea,1. i; no\\ free through Ill\ ;lt;cncy.
l'he ~-edrpa;sed off srnoothh 11,ee111cd011habout h,1lf .11l011gas the
)t:<11\\hid1 preceded 11 I 11·enl tlirough 11111tho11l
tct't'l\1111;
a ,1111;le
sr.
1\~RRATI\ E Of TIIE LIFL OF
fR~.u~KJCI\
Dol 1C:IAsS
blo,, I "'" g11et\lr. Freeland U1ecredit of being Ilic besl 11u,-lerI e,er
had. till 1 IX!ca111~
my 01111 ma~ter F()r the c.nc-\\tlh 1,l11cl1I pas;ed U1e
n,.11.
[ ,-.h.ho"c,er. ,om<"\\h,11indehtcd to the ~•eh of nl} fcllO\\•
~l,t\cs 'fhc-1 11erenoble souls; they 11olonl)' posses<ecl101111g
hc:,rts. b11t
brdve one,. \\'e 11ere linked and ,nterlmled 111llts-.1d1otlt•·r. I lo,ecl
Utl'lll with a lo\C.,lrongcr thJ11an1 thing I h.11ec,rx:nenccd ~,nee. It 15
son1c-ti111<"<
,aid that \IC <lave<do not lo,e ,111dconfide 111e.ich other. In
ans11erto this Jssertion. 1 tJII ,a,. l neve1 lo1ed .1111
or c-onfided i11.1111
people 111oretl1a111111 tdlow-sla,c,. and espec1all, those will1 ,d101n I
l11edat f\lr Frecl,1nd'< I believe we 11ould liavt died fo, e.ich other. \Ve
nen,r undertook lo do dll) Lb1ng.of au~ in1port.1nce.\I ithout ,1 11u1lu.1I
tonsultJt1011 \Ve ne1c1 1110,cd,ep,irately \Ve 11ere one; ,ind a, 11111clt
,o b1 nur tempers 111ddt>pc><ition<,
a, 6, the mutual hJrclships to 11hid1
11e11ere11ece,saril)s11b1ecle<l
b) our ~ondition ,b ,ld•es.
.\l the close ol tl1l 1ca1 1b1-I. \ Ir Freeland ag.un hired n1e ot 1111
111a<ter.
tor lhc I ear J<;V; B111,
h1 this li1nl'. I hei;a11to w,1nt111l11·eupnn
free lund as well a, ,1ilh Fn-elu11cl;
dlld I \\u, no lo11gc1l'011lc11t,
therefore, to 111c111thl11mor an, othe, , la,eholder I be~an, with the com111c11c~n1c11t
of the 1ear, to prepare 1111sclffor a final sln1~lc ,dnch
,hould de~1dc:Ill) fJtc one \Id} or the other \h le11de11c)
nas upward.
I \\a, fo,t ,1pproach1ng111.1nhood,
and 1e,1ratter 1cai h,1d p,11,ed.,ind I
1.,1,,1111a ,bve f'hc,e tho11ghh ro11<ed111e-l 1mL1Ido ,mnetl1111g.I
therefore rc,ohed that 183:; ,J1011ldnot pas, ,1ilhout witnt-s,in~ .in
attempt. 0111111
part. to sec11re1111libcrll But I 11a, not "1ll1ng to chcr•
ish this dc1cn11111Jl!o11
.ilonc ~h tdlo11-1b1L'.,\\t're dear In n1e I \\,1<
a11,u,11,lo h,ivc lhc1n parlicipalc 111111
111cin this, r111l1fc.-gi1i11£;
dctenninat,on I therefore, !hough with g,cat pn1dcncc, co1111ncnc-ed
earl} lo
,1sccrtJi11lhtir ,·,c11, Jlld fed111gs111reg,1rdto the1r co11diho11.,incl to
1111b11<.'
therr 111inchII itl, thoughL, of frccdorn I hcnl rnyseff lo clc,·istng
wa,, .111dn1ean, for our e,c.ipc, and n1e,1111d11l1:
,Lro,~. 0 11 all fith11g
oc·c,i,wn,, to 1111prl·,,
tlu:111"ith the gro" fraud and 111hun1,111il)
of ,lave£\ I ,,enl fir,I to I fe111~,11c,t lo John. then lo tl1c olll<'r. I found, in
thc111.111,11Jrn1hearts and noble sp1nls.Thc1 11cre rc<1J1to !tear, and
re.id, to act li•·n ., fc.1,ibll'pl,111should be propo,ed Tl11s
,,h.11I
wanted I talked to thc,n of 011rw,111tof 111:1nhood.
1f,re ,11h1111ttcd
to
our cn,k11e111e11I
w1tho11t,1t leai,I 0111:noble cffoit to be free \Ve rnet
of1e11
... 11clcn11,11lt<'d
lrcque11th.and t·old our hopes and tear,. recounted
U1edtfficult1e~.1eal a11din1dgined, 11hl(h 11c should be c-,11lcd011 to
n"·ct \I tin1cs 11e,,ere almo,t disposeclto g11e up. ancl In to c-ontenl
0111seh-es
11i1hour 11rctthed lot; ,11others, 11e11ere fi11nand u11hending.
111our clete11111nJl1nn
to go \\11cne1er 11c,uggcsled a111pla11 U1ere11.1s
,hnnking-lhe odd, 11c1cft·arfnl ()ur path w.1sbe,et \I ith the greatest
ob,tJdc,, .111di! we succeeded in gaming the end of ii, our nghl to be
free \\a, \Cl 1111c~lionable-we1\erc yet liable lo be rdun1ed to hondage.
\\~ could see no spot, tlti; side ol the ocean, \\here 11,ccould be Free
II
'"h
~ ~RR,1111~
01
1HI·
Ln L
OF fREDERICK
Dopc1.1ss
\\c k11e1111nth111g
about C,111.1dJOur lno\\ ledge of the north dicl1101
e,tc11J r.utltc, lhJu '\c11 York; ,111dlo go there, 1111d
be fore1cr h,irJ,scU
1\llh the fnghlful li.1h1lthof hem...;rctnrncJ lo sla,en -111th the cerla111hof he111glJCJted ttnfold worse lltJn before-I he thout;hl \\,b lruh
1 hnrrihle one, and 011e1d11cl1il \\a, note.is:,· to 01,·rC'Olll<'
. TI1<c,1,e
,0111t'l1111e,
stood tints: .\t c1CJ) gJtc U1rouglt,duclt \\e were to p,1s.,.11c
'J" a 11atd1111.111-,1t
c1t•ry ft'm a 1;11,11cl011<:Ill\ h11Jge.1 ,eubnelilnd 111e\t1> \\Ood J pJtrol. \\e were hernrned 1n 111X111
<1cr) ,1<lc lk1<'
1\Cfl the d1ffitull!c,. real or 1111ag111ed-the
i:ooclto he sought. and the
l"Vrlto be ,b111111c-d
Cl11U1t:011c h,111J.there ,loo<lsla,cn, a stern real1l).
glaring frightfnll) upon 11\,-Ih rolx, Jlll·Hth crimsoned 111thlht blno<l
of 11ull1011s.
Jncl el'cn 11011·
fo.11hng11,elfgrecchh upon our 01111 tlc,h
On the otJ1crJ,..ud a\lJ} bJcL 111the di111dt,tauce. under the Bickering
l1ghlof th,· 11<1rtli
,1,11bd1111d,0111c1:1.1gg1
hill or s110\\-<:01ered
11101111tain. stood 1 dot1htf11lfreedom h,111lro1cn bccko111ngll> to co111e
.111J,hJre 1t, ho,p1talrt. ·1h,, 111itself \\·a, son1et11nesenough to stagger
11.<..
bul 1d1e1111e pe11111tltJonrsd,t'> to s1111e1ti,<' road. "e 11t:te frequcnlh appJJl<:d l 1pu11ulhc.:111dl 11<-.J\\ giin1 death. a"un11ng thl'
1110,1hornd ,h,1pc,. l\o\\ ,t 11,1<
st.ii;.1t1on,c.11Vi1ng
11<to eat our O\\TI
Aesb,-no\\ 11e\\ere co11le11ding
11iththe 11a1cs,a11d11erl'drm\lttd.110\\we 11erc 01e1LJl..t'11.
and 10111
lo pieces b, 111<·
fang, ol ti,< lerr1blc
bluodhuu11d \\'l lll'tc ,tung h1 ,corp1on,, chased h1 11ildbeasts. b,tt~n
b, ,n,1kc,, Jnd finalh .• ,fter lrnl'ing 11e.1rlireached tlie desired spol..1ftcr1\\1111111111~
n1eis. e11co1111tc1111g
IIild bt'ast,, ,ltq,,11g 111tl1, 1,oocl,.
,11fferi11g
li1111ge1
aud 11dktd11c,1,-11t\\Cit' 01c1t,1kc11
b1 our pur<uers.
Jnd 111ou1 rest,tanc-c. we 11crc 1hoi de.id 11po11
lhe ,potl I ,..11,U11sptt·
lure son1ctirne<;ipp.~lledus. Jncl 111..1cle
us
"iathcr l>c.,rthu,e ill, 11ehJtl.
1 h,,n 111to others. tlial 11, kne11nul uf''
In co111inglo J lt\Cd clc1cn11111at1011
to 11111J11.1,,11c: did 111orclli,111
Patrick lieni; ,d1c11ht• rrwl,ccl 11po11
ltll<'rh or dt,1lh \Vith 11,ii 11a,a
cloubUul libcm at 1110,t,,H1tlJl1110,lccrla111death 1f11e f.uled for 1111
patl, 1shnnld prefer dcatlt lo ltopele" hond,1ge
Sand), 011eof our 11u111b(•1
g.1,t up the 11nho11.
11111
,till c11co111Jgc<l
ns. Our co111p.1111
then co11s1skclof f lc1111l l,1111,.John Harn,, I fenr1
8J1lt'1, Ch.irks Robert,. Jlld 1111~el[Hc11n B..11lev
w.i- Ill\ 1111tlt,Juel
helo,;gcd 1o 111) 111.1,tcrCh,11lc, nurritcl 1111111nlIt•· l>clo11,;cdto 1111
niaslcr·~father-111-la11.
~lr. \\ il11a111
I l.1111iltou
'I he pL11111c
fi11Jlhl'Onclu1led11po11
\\J,. to get ,1l.1rgee:n1oe bdongtng lo \Ir, l la1nilton, .1nd 11po11tltc SJt11rd.11111ghtprc11nus lo F t<lcr
ltoltda1~. pJddlc d1rcctlv up the Chcs.1pc,1keHai ()11 our d1111alat the
he.id of the ha,, .1 dislwK<:of scl'en~ or eight) 111ilc~
fro111\\hen· \\C
5S
\l~RRAIIVE
Of
mi:: I.If E or FRlPt:RILI,.
Do1•c.1...ss
It, ed. 1t \\a~ our purpo;c lo lum our CJJJOe ,1drifl,J11droll,J,1 the gu1d<111t·,.
of the no11li ,tar tdl we got be,ond the li111i
h of l\lan land Our
1ca,011fm laking lhe waler route '""· lh,11 \\ I! \\ere les, liable 10 be
suspected <1s run.1wa1s:11ehuµ,·d to he rei;.irded ii> fi~hcrn1e:11, \\lia·rea5,
1f\\C ,l,ou ld t;il.e the land 10L1
lc, we should be subjected lo 111lc1rupt
ions
of ,1ln10,t e1en l.1ncl ,-\n1 one lwl'ing a \I h1te i.tce. ,ind be111gso dispo,cd. could stop us Jnd ,ub1etl u, to ,·x.rmination.
The 11C"ck before our tntcnd<'d ,tart. I ,,rote se1crdl proledions, one
ior cad 1 of 11,. ~ 11dl as I c.111re1ne111ber.the) 11ere in the fol101Hng
wo1ds.lo "11:• l'lti, 1slo cc1l1f) th~! I, the 11nden1gned. h,ive 1;11t·nthe hc;11e1,
1111sen-;int, full libertl IQ go lo 8alt11110
1c, .ind ~pent! the E.L,te 1
hol1dars . \\ nlten ll'1th 111
111e0\111h,111d&·c:. 1635
"'A ILLIAM
II AMJLTO'-,
"'\ear St \f it h,1el's.111 1:ilbol count\ ·, \ 1arybnd"
\\'e "ere not goine to Bal1.J111urc;
but. in gomg 11pthe l:Mf -.1e went
lci11.1r<I
B.1hi111ore.
a11<ltlu':st proll.'ctions were 0111) inknded to prok~ t
11s"h 1lc011the b,11
th<!lll11CdrEl\ uear fur 0111<lcp,ult11e, 011r,1nx1eh hecJ111e111orc
Jnt l 11101e
i11te11,e It 11J< t1uh a 111atterof life and dc.itJt "1th tis rhe
, lrc115Jth
of 0111dctcm1111at
1011·\\as about to be full) le, tcd ·\ I this ti1ne,
I \\J, \Cl'\ active 111expla1111ug e1e11
· difficult,, rtmo11ng every doub t.
di,pel l1111;
c,\en fo~1 a1id in,p111ng all with the firn111es~
u1ili>µensablc
to ,uccess 111 0111uodertakine, assuring theul th.it half wa, gained the
1111t.111t
we nude the 1no,e: we lta<ltalked long enough; 111·ll('r!' now
re.Jd~to 1110,e
, 1fnoi 110\\,\\ c:never ~houkl he, and if we did not iutend
lo 1110n:11~11, 1,c had as well fold our a mis, sit do1111.
a11<l
Jcl..i10" ledge
oursell'e, ht m1h to be skl\es. T in,. uone ur us \\CIL prepnre<l to
Jcl..nowledgc. l' 1e11 n1a11 ,tood f.1111:and al m11 l~\I meeting, we
pledged ouisehes afresh, 111 the mo~t solemn mauner. th.it. Jl tl1e tune
;1ppointed, \\'e would cert.ti11lvstart 111 pursuit of freedon1. 1111\1\JS 111
the n1id<lleof 111<:\\Ctk, al lhe end of 11h1clt \\t· ,,ere: to he off \Ve \1enl,
a, usual, to onr se,eral lields of bbor, but with bosoms lnghli agitated
with thoughts of our truly hazardous nndertakiug. \\ e tried lo conceal
our fed111g,d, 111uch a, po,s1ble:aud I tl1i11I-.
11e,ucc:eeded \er\ \\tll
\fter ,1 painful waihng, the S~lt1rday morning, 1\hosc night ,\as to
w1tne« 0111departure, came. I hailed it with 10), bring what of sadness
it nughL fii<la} 111gltt11.<>
J , leepless 011
e for 111eI prob,,bl} fell nture
,u1,w11, than the rest, Lct.iu,t· I lld>, I.ivcon 11110
11 cu11>c11t. al tJ1e head
of the \\ hole affair. The rcsponsib1l1t1-ol SUC'ccss
or failure lav hcavth
np<1nme The glory of the one, and the conft1s1011of the other, were
alike uuue The /ii,l two hours of tl1at 111o
n 1i11g11e1esuch as I 11ever
<.:.,per1<:
11ccd beiorc, and hop~ ne,u to ag<11
11 Earl) 111lhl' 1110111i11g.
"e
11<.>nl,
a; u~ual. to the field \Ve 11crespreading n1auure; dll<lall at once.
~~
l'i,.KRAI l\E
Of
lf l l
LJH !
or,
FREDE RICI,
001,GLA<,
:;9
" hile 1~111,
e11g,1gC'd
, I was o\er11hdn1c<l \\ 1th an ind,·,c-nbable feeling.
1n lhe lulue,, or "l11d1 l l11rned to Sand, , 11howas near h1, .111cJ,atd.
"\Ve are betrayed!" ·'\\d i .. s;ud he, ·"th:11 thought ha, tl;i, mome nt
,lr~c-k n1e" \Ve said 1101nor<' I was ncvl'r 1nor, cerla111oi auy thine;.
1 he horn wJs blo11n ,1susual. and 1\·ewent up fro111the ftd<l 10 tlte
ho11s"for hrc;ikfast I 11enl101lhc form, 111orethan for want of a111th111g
to eat that 111011111
1~ J11~ta, I got to the house, in luoluui: out at the L1ne
e;,1te. l 53\\ four 11hite11
1e11.with hvo r-olorerl men l ht while 11,en 11ere
on horseback, and the colored one, were walking hchtnd, a, 1f 11cu, I
11alC'hcdthen, ~ tC\\ 11101nentsult th<'>gol up to our lane g;itt>. Here
the, halted, anrl lied the colored 111cnto tltc gate-po,! I "~as 110t yet
cc:rta111
as lo ,d 1dl tl1e,natter was In .1fe11n10111c11I;,
in rods l\h Ha,nilton, I\ 1th a ,peed betokeuini: great excitement. I le co1ne to the door,
ancl 1nq11ir"dii 1\IJ,kr \\t 1llta111\\d> ut Il e wa.stold he was Jt the-ham.
vtr. J lJtnihon. 1,ithont di,n1ounling. rode.-tip to lht b.111
111ith e,lraord11tdI} >peed. 111a few 1noments, he and 1\1r J7reeland 1ct111
ncd lo the
house B) lhc, ti111e,the three coustables rode 11-p,and in great haste
d1,n1011nlcd,ltccl their hors<',.a11d1111:l\ 1a,lt1 \Vill1a11tand .\tr lla1nillon retiirn111gfron, the barn: and nfter talking 8\1h,lc, the, .11!,v.1llcd
up to the kitchen door. ·1liere was no one in the kitchen b11tm,·self and
)0!111Ht1111and Sand) 111:r<:
up JI lite bdnt. l\·lr Freddn<l put ·111,
heud
111at the doo1. and c,ill<'dn ,e b) 11a111e,
i,a1111~,
thc1c \\CIC sonic gl·11tlc
men al the door who \\ished to see n1c. I stepped to the door, and
inquired \\ hat lhe1 \\Jllkd TI,e, di 011ce,eize<l 111e,J11
<l,1\ilhoul giviug
111eJll ) -..Lisfac1.Jo11.
bed 111c-la,l1i11g1111l1a11cl,do,d, 1ogcllll'1 r
111s1,1ccl
upon k110"1ng\\hill the 11iattcr l\',h The) ,11 length •;aid, that
the, had learned I had been 111
<l "scr.ipe." and th.ii I \\JS lo be em111i11ed
before-n 1y 111.1,ter.,tud 1ftJ1e1r111fon11J
t1011pro\ ed fabt·, I ,lw11ld11ol be
hurl.
111a re\,111o
n1cnb. thci <11cceedcdin t,,ing John . l'hei then tun 1ed
to li en!'), 11ho had br lh1stune returuecl. J11<lco111111a11cled
h1111
to 1:10:,;
his h.H1ds. "I wo1i'I! stlld l lc11t},111a £i1111
lunL. 111dic~ti11g
hi\ rc,1chness
to 1neel th;, cui1set111ence~
or his rt·fus.11"\Von't 1011'" said Tbn1 C.rJliJn 1, the constable . "'.',;o,I won't'" sJicl Henrr. 111a slill slru11ge1to11t
\Vitl1 this, two of lhC'c-011stable, pullet! out ll1ei1 ,l11n111gp1\l<tls.and
S\\Ort · by thdr C ,e.11
01. that Utt'} \\Oulcl 111~kchim cro<s his hands or
kill '11111.
F.ach tocke d hi, p1,tol. nnd. ll'ith fingeis on the trigger.\\ alkl'<I
11p to Hen!)'. s.t}Jng, al lh<'same l1111e.
if lie <lid1101cru,s 111,hanu,, the,
"oulc l blo\1 his d,unned lu:.1rt oul Slioot 111e,,huol 111cJ"
,.11dllenn
"}'011C'.111'1 kill 111eb11t011ce. Shoot, shoot. and be dan,ned! J wm1·1be
1,ec/1" 'I Iii, he so1clin a toue of loud deli.111ce
. .1n<lal the sa1uc tune .
" 1lli d 1110110n
as q111c
k a, lightni11
~. he \\ ilh one s111gle,t ,okt d,1,hed
the p1,1ol,fron1the h,11tdor ~'Ochc:011,tab
l~.. \she dJd tl111
, all nJnd, fell
upon h im .• 111d,,1flcr bc;1ti11ghin, ,onll tune . tl1c1fin,1lh,01erpO\l('rl'd
hin1, and i::01h1111lied.
60
'\ARll\Tl\l:
OF I IH
l.1••
O>
f REO~Rrr.;;
[)cHlC I
,,s,
Dt11111g
Lht·,c-uttlc, I 111,1n.1ged.
I kno11 uot liow, to get 1111p.i,, out,
.,ncl. 1,1thoul being d1sco1erecl,put it iu to tltt· f1rc \\'c were all 110" tied;
Jncl 111,
1 J, 1,e \\t:rc· to lea1e fo1 EJ,1011 j,1il, Betsy l•reelJ11<l.111otl1.:r
of
\\ ,ll1a111
1-'rt..-eland.
can1e to the door" ith her hJn<l, full of h1,c-11ih,and
di,1ded thrn1 bc-t\\C,n I k·nrl' and Jol11LShe L11c11
<ld11crc-rlhcr,clf of a
,pec.-cl,.to tlw fol101,tng dTeci;- J<lclw"n1gl1crs;clfto me. sh~ sJ1d, "fou
din,/' )11u n:1/011 deri/' it 11a,)OIi that put 11into the hea<l>ol lle 11n and
Jolin to r11na11a, Bul 101)<)U. 1011long-legge<l111ubllo<lt11lrHcnr, nor
Jolin would 11<:1c•r
hait· tl,ou(\hl of ,ud1 J Ll1iug."I 1n;1dc110 rcph, anrl
11J> 11nn1ediateh l111rne<l
off to11arcl, St \lic·hael's . Jnsl .1mo,nent previous lo the sc:uffie111thlltnf\, :\Ir llan11ltan suggested the propriet1 of
111,1l..111g
a ,c,ud, for the pr,,tcctint1s wlticlt lie l1a<l uu<lcr,,tood f1cdtJ1CI..
had \\rtlte11 for luniself .11,d lhe 1e,t Bui. 1u,t ,II the mon1ent he ,1a~
,1bo11
I c,11n111i;hi\ propo,a l 11110
('ffcct. hi~ ;11cl was needed 111helpi11i;to
he I knn, ,,nd the e,c, lc;tnenl attenclini; the ,c 11fRe cau,etl tltuu r illter
to for~el, or to dee111it uu,afo. 1111der
tlll' nrcu111,ta1ll·es. lo scardt. So
"' ' "ere nut 1et co111ictcd or tltl 111kntion lo run awal'
\\'hen ,1e .,
"Ol .1ho11
t half \Lll . to St i\liehael's, 1d1ile the co 11>lable,
ha,u1i; us u1 cl1.1ri;e\\ere lool..1111;
ahead, I leun 1114uirc<l
of n,e 11l1al ltt·
,J,ould do 111thh" p,1,~ I told hi111to eat tl "1th l1is Ul\c111l,and 0"11
11otl11111;
: and we p.1,sed the word ,uo11nd, -c)un 11oth11ig;" ,,nd "Own
1wtl11rl!;'
• ,a ,d \\C .111()ur confideuce in each other "a, unsh.1ke11. \Ve
11crc rc<oked to 111C·tcctl
01 ra,1 toi;etl1e1. afk t tl1l cJla1111t~
ha<l bcfalku
u, Js 11111d
, as before. \\.e were no11prcp,1rcd for an, thing. \V,· 11erc lo
lie dral.(i;cdthat 1110
1111n~fifteen tnile, hehind horses. .ind then to be
placed in the I ..1,ton 1a1I.\Vhc11\\C 1cad 1cd St. 1\1,d,ad,. 11e u11cler11e11tJ sort of C\,ttnination . \\·e • II den1l·d lhdl \IC c1<:r1ntu1<ledto ru 11
a11J1 \\c tL<ltl11s11101<:
lo unug out the evidence ag,1i11stus. tlwn lronl
an, hopt' of getting <'lr,H of htiui; ;ul<l. for. .1sI la111
e s.ucl.11e were rc,1d1
for tl1;1LTlte fact WJS we cared but ltttlc 11here \\C went. so 11c went
together Ou , grcJtc,t concern \\,IS about scp,uat 1011.\Ve dreaded th.it
more than Jn1 tlung 1111,,ide of de.i1l1.\,\ 'e iound the endencc ,1gJu1>
t
u, lo bt tltc te,tunon) of one JX:1,011;our nia,ter "nu ld 11ol tell ,1ho ii
11d,; h11I11cc,1111L
lo .i u11J11i111ou.s
clccis1on a111ongOllr,ehe, a, lo wlw
their 1nfom1Jnt 11a,.\Ve \\CtC ,eul off to the J.nl at [·..,~ton \\ .hen we got
there, 11c11ere <lehn~red 11pto lite ,henff. t\,\1 )o,c:ph (;raha ,n, ,u,d U\
h1n1pl.1r-rcl 1n ldtl I lenry, John. ond lll)SC (f. \\ere placccl 111one roon1
together-C:harlc<, 1111<l
Heury 13aile)•, in another T ltetr ob1ecl in separat111gu, "us lo hi11derc-onc.:rl.
\,\e had bcc111111a1Isearccll hH'l1 1) n 111
1utcs,when a ,11an11of ,ln,e
trader,. and ag,nt< for sb\'e traders, Rocked 111
10 1a1I to look .11us, «ncl
lo ascertain if 11·e"t:rl· for sale. Suc h ,1set of beings I ne,er S.;J\\before!
I felt 1uv><tlfsurro11ndcd h~ <o 111J11,fiends fro111pcrd 1tao11 \ band of
pirak~ ne,C"rlooke<l111ore like their father, the de,il. l ltc) l.,11gh<'<l
,1nd
grinned 01er 11s,~) tng, "Ah . m} bovsl 11e h.ave got you. ha11:11't we?-
'JARRATl\'E
or
TIIE
l.1Fr :
ot
FR£ D£RILK
DoLCLAs,
61
,\ nd after tJunl1ng us in l'ariaus wav<.the, one !}) oue went 111toan
e,,1111i11atio11
of LI.I,11 ith inten t to ascertain our ,al11e. l11t:) "oul<l nnpudenlh ,1'k ns if 1,c 11ol1l<l not like lo hal'e them for our n1a~l<'r, \\'e
1101,lcln1akc thcn1 110 answer, .u1cllea1e tJ1e111
lo find out as hcst the)
could. l'he n th!!} v.ould Cllf'<' .i11d,11ea1dt u,, tdliug w, th.;t tlie) could
tale tl1e devi l uut of ns 1n a very little while , 1f \\C "ere 01111 1111lie1r
hand~.
\Vh1lc tn jd1I,111:fouud 011r,d1~ 111111Uch
n1ore t0111fort.1hle q 11JrlCt\
than we expected \\hen we 11ent there. \\c did not gel 111uth lo eat. nor
tlwt " l11d1 w·as ief'\ good; hut 11c had a good clean roo111,lron1 tl,e
11111do\\S
of 1d1id1 \\e could ,ee wh;!I \\ ;1, going on 111 the ,1reel, 11hic-l1
\\a, 1c1v n1uch uetkr than though 1,e had been placed 1n 011eof the
dark da1np c-clls Upon tlu: \', bole, 11e got along 1e1~\I ell. ,o far d> the
jJ1! and ,ts keeper 11erc concerned h11,ned1atclr, 1rter the holidJvs \\Crc
O\ er, contrJ r1 to J II our expecl.tt1011s,t\,Ir H.11111
lton ,,nd \ Ir ~ reeL1ncl
ca111eup to Ea,1011,au<l lool..Chaale,, lht• two Heury,. c111dJult11.out of
J,nl, m,d c.1rne<l the111ho111e,lea1111g1ne J!Oll<: I rei_;arJecl(hi\ sep,1r,1tto11a~ a li11alone . (I ca11secl1nc rnore pa111111.11 ;11111l1111g
d..c 111the
,dtu le tr.11is.1<:tionI 1\3> read} for .1111tl,ing rJtlte, tha11,epJ1at 1m1. I
,upposeJ thJt the) haJ con,ulted toi_;l'
lher, a11<ll,Jd <lec1clcdthat, as I
was tJ,e "hole cause or tl1c 111Lcnhonor the other~ to run ,11\J}, it 11,"
h,1r<lto 111.11.<:
tl,e in1,r>cc11I
~uITc1with the gnilh: ,111<1
tlt.11the, l1Jtl.
tl,ercfo,c, concluded to tak.- lhe other, hon11:,and ~ell nil, ,l'> a \l,lfning
lo the other, that ren1ai11ed It "' due to lbc 11oble J Jenn to s,11·, he
,ee111ed.1ln1ost a, rcluct:1111at lc.11ingthe pri~o11"' at lea, ;ng ho111e h•
co111eto Ilic prison But 111, knc11 1\e ,hould, 111all p1obab1lih, be ,q>,J·
r.tlcd . if 1\c 11ere ,ol d: an <lsince he \1as 111thC'Jr h,u1d~.he concluded to
i;11peaceJbl} honie.
I \\JS 11011left lo 1111l.,tc I wa, all alone. and w1tl1111
the \\all, of .t
qonc pri1011 But ;1 r,•\1da~, before. Jncl I "·" full ol hope I <-\'ptctcd to
hH\t' been :..lfc111a land of l'rcedo111:but 11011 I w.11 co\ere<l II ill, glu0111,
,un k do1111to the utn,os l dcsp,11r I thoui;ht the po" 1b1lttJ of fru:do111
11a1gone I "•" kepi i1111111"'1\ .1hout one 11etk. Jl the end ol \1h1ch,
C.1pt.1111\11ld Ill\ 111,1,kr.to 1111,11rp11se,1u<lutter ,1,tor11shmenl,e.1111e
np J 11d took ,ne ou t. 11ith tht ,ntcnt,011 ol ,c11d111g
11,e,11 ,th a {:;Clllle
111
.111ofh11 .1cqu,11nt.
111ee, 111f()Abha111.1Bnt, front ,0111e cau,l ' or other,
l,e tLd no t ,encl 111cIn \ l11ha1
,1a, but cotiduded to send r11eb.1cJ.. to
8Jll101orc·,to lave ;1gai11111th hts brother I !ugh. anJ to le,un a lrucle.
77111,.,1fter an ab,ence of thrt·t• 1,·.tr, .111d one 111011tl
1, I 11,1' onc-c
more pernntlcd to return ta 111} nld 110111<:
.it Baltu11orl'. \1y m,"ter ,e11t
111e,1,-Jv. lxeat l5C there existed ,1gB11nl 1ne J n,n grc,1t pre111d1ce
111the
co 111111uni
t\, .ind l1t:fe.ue<lI nughl be k,llcd .
111d fr,-\ ,1eeb .ifter I went tc, B.1lti111orc
, \ IJ,tcr H11i;hl11rcdn1e to
\Ir \\ '1llia1n Gardner , Jn l'\kn~11c ship-bu ilder. 011 rel!\ Pou,t. I "J,
put 1hcre to leut II how to ('all.. ll, lto1-1<;,ver.
proved ,, \Cf'\ 1111fovor.1ble
62
'IARP.Al II E OF TIIE
L,~~ Or
FREDERICK
DoucLASS
plate ror th.: acco1nph,l1111ent
oi this objccl \ Ir (;ardncr wa<engaged
that ,p 11ng 111b111ld1ng
two l:iri;e 111,111-of-11,,r
bngs, profcs,edh for the
\le,1ean goven1n1c111l he 1essds "ere lo be IJuuchcd 111the Jul) of
th.ii ,car. a11cli11fJ1l11rt:
thereof, ~1r (~arcl11er
11.bto lo<e a c<>11<1derable
sL1111,
<othat 11hen I entered. all 1,as hurl') 'T11cr<:"
wa<no IJnte to learn
dll) thing. l:'.vel"\111a11
ltad lo <lo that "h1eh_ he knew 11011to do In
entering tht sliip-1',lrd,1111 circlcrsfro111\lr G.1rdncr l'Cre. lo do what•
c1cr the carpcnlei, con1111anded
me to c.lo
. 11,1, \\,lS plac1ni:n1e dl the
becl and c-Jll of Jbout scvi·nn-lin: 111cn1 "a< lo rei:ard all these u<
111a<ter,.
·n1cir wore]11,1>
to be IH) fa11 l\1y sit11.1t
io11I'd> a mo\t trying
one. ,\1 tune, I needed a dozen pair of h:1nd,. 111asc<1llcda do1en W3}>
111Ilic space of J Single 111111UIC'
l'hree or four ,oiccs 11011lcl
stnke n~,
e.ir ,t the ,.1111c
111n111c11I.
ll·\\,1,- "F1cu. come help 1ne to C'd11t
this
tunbcr l1cre."-"Fred .• conie carrv th,, t1111ber
}Ondt-r."-"ftcd, hring
that rolle, here·· "rrecl.. g(] gd .1freslt ca11of "ater" - "fred .. come
help s.111off lhl· cud of thi, tin1hcr"-"f1ed., go q111ck.and get the
cro11b.11" - "Fred.. hold on tlte <:ndof this foll.'''-"Fred., go to the
blacks1111lh's
,hop. ,1ndgeL1ne11punch."- "l lurra. frc<l I 1un and hr,ng
me ,1colc.lcl1i,el• _ .., '"'• Frt:cl.,he~r a hanu, ,111cl
gel up~ fire as quick
.1,l1c;ht11111g
1111clcr
that ~l<.'<1111-bo>....
"flalloo, nigger! co1ne, turu this
g11nd,tone · "Conic. come! 1110,e
, 1110,e!and bo,ne'' tlti~ t11nbc1for11ard"-"I \;II, d.11k~.blu,I ~uur ~ye,. "h) <lou'l you hC.1111p~omc
p1tch~"-"llalloo! halloor liallool" \Three 101C'esat the same tin,e)
•·co111ehere' Co there' I lold on 11here ,011arel OJ 1n11)OU, 1f,ou
1nn1c I'll I.nod, vo11rbraill, out!"
'l11i, \\"d5 n11 school for e1ghl nmntlis: and l n11ghtha1e remained
lhe1e lougcr, but for a 111osthorrid fight I had wilh fo11rof the ,dnte
apprentice,. 1111diich tll} lefl en~ 11a, 11earl}k11ocle<loul. d11c.l
I was
l,onibly 111d11glt>d
111olhe1 1t-specl>The fact>111the case were these:
Until a \Cl'\ little-11hileafter [ wen! th<>re,,, hit<';ind black ship-carpenter, worked ,1dt: b1 sic.le.Jntl no one seerned lo see JIii' unproprtel} in
,L All l1.111ds
,ee111~dto be ,er) 11ell,all<fie<l.',,IJn} of lht' blJck carpcutcrs were ireen,en. Things seemed to bC'going on ver1 1\cll. All at once,
the while carpenters knoc:kecloff, ;111dsaid they would not work witb
free colo1t-dwork111en.
TI1e1rrea,on for thi,, as alleged, \\as. that if free
colored carpenlers \\CfC encouraged, the1 would soon t,1ke the trade
into then 01111hands, ,ind poor white 1nen would be thrown out of
e111plo1111cnl
TI1e1tberefore felt called upon at once In put J stop lo it
:\nd, taking ad1antage oi \Ir . Gardner'• 11ecessihes,tl1t} broke off,
,\\earing the} wnnld work no louger. unle$S he would discharge has
bl.1ckcarpeuters. No\\, though this cladnot c,tcnd to me in fonn. 11did
rt:ach 111e111fact. \11' fellow-apprc1lirces vel') ,0011 began lo feel 11
h \1;111h1;;illt"1m fo, the h<c-end o( .aropeof.t l.t<.·k.Je
or l.:iouhu.5
Jt:\·Kt.
'-/_ to l1.mlii c lunbo ln pullmeon lhe rap:-
degrading lo tl1e111
to work with 111e.fhey beg~n to put on a1h, and talk
about tht· "n1gge1s"tal..1
11i;tJ,e country, saring we .1llought to be kdled;
and, be-ingencouraged b} the Jour11e,111e
11, they co1111
11e11tccl
1nal.1ng
111\"
condition JS hard as the, eould, b} hectoring 111e
aro1111,l.
and ,0111cl1111es
,triku,g 111e I. of course, \.cpl the ,ow I 111Jdeafter the iighl "1th
r..1r Cove,. a11<lslnrcl hack •11\atr
,, reg.irdlcs~of ('011,cquences;Jnd
,, h1lc I kept lhe111 fro111cnnih,rnng, I ,ucceeded ,cry well, for I cuulc.l
whip the \\'hole of then,. tak111glhe111sepdr• lely The}. ho11c,er, at
le11g1ltco111h111ed,
J11clc.1111e
tl[Xlll inc, ,1n11cd" 1lh ,licks, stones. .1nd
hea,, handspike,. ()11cca111cin front ,,ith :i lt.,lf brick. T l1crc:wa, 011<:
at each side of 111e,,11111
one bcl11r1cl
111e.\\111leI was allencl11
11;lo tho~<:
in front. and on either 51de.the one heh111cl
ran up with the handspike,
,111dstn1ck n1e 11 he:1,1 blo\\ upo11 the l,ead II 5h1n11ec.l
111c[ fd l, and
"i th this lhcv all ra11 upon 1nc::,J11dfell to bc3ling 11,c'"1 11 their li<ls. I
let 1hcn1)Jy 011 fo1 .i ,,h, lc, gJthc:ring,trenglh. In an instant. l gJve ,,
sndden surge, and rose to 111v
hands and knees Just as I d1clthal. one of
their nu1nbcr gal'<.'111c,11ithl11shca,) bcXlt.,1 pow<:rfnlkicl. i11lite left
t:}C. \I} C:}dMll,cc111cdlo l1.1vc
burst. \\11.:11they sa1\ 1ny c)e closed.
uud badlv S\\Ollcn.the1 left me \\,'1th this I 5e1zeclthe ha11d,p1ke
, ,inc.I
fo, J ti1ne pnrsued then1. But here the carpcnll'rs 111tcrfl'rtd.,111dI
thought I 1111ght
·" well gi1l' ii up It wa, i111possihlc
to stJnd 111}ha11d
ai:dtnst so 1na11v
. :\II tl11stool place ,n >1ghtof not le$s thn11fitl) ,, h,te
~hip-carpenter;, and not one interposed .i fnendh " ·ord; but so111tcned,
"Kill the da111nedni~cr! l-:illlti111I
k1llhi111IHe str11c·k
,1 ,d1itc per,on."
I tound 111,011lvchance for hfc II as 111 01ght. I succeeded 111getting
awa\'w1tho11I
an addit1onal bl0\1,and barelv so: for to ~trike.111 hitc 111,111
1-,tnd lh.1f'"" the ldw in i\lr t:,11d11er·s
is cle..alltby L111ehl.111.
sl11pvard, nor is th.ere n111chof a11yother Olll of r..1r(:a ,dner s ,h11r•ard
· I 11cnt d1reelh h0111e,and told ~1e ,torv of nn· wTongslo :l.l;1st<:r
Hugh; ,ind I arn ·happy lo \.t\ of h1111,
1rrcl1i:1ousJ\ ht· 11,1,
, l1i\ c·oncluct
wa, heavenly, co111p,ucd11'tlhthat of Ins brother Tl1011
1.is under 511111lar
circu111,lllnccsHe li\lene<l Jlknh, clv to 111>
narration ol tbe t1re11111sla11ccsleading to the sa,age uut1age,and g.1\'e 111.1nr
proot, of l11s,1ro11g
1nd1gnal1on al 11.'T11eheart of m1 011<·<·
01crb11d 1111,tu.:~s
11a<,1ga1n
111eltedinto pity '.\-11puffed-011tc1·cand l,)oo<l
-co1cred f.1ce mol'cd her
to tears She look a chair h1 111c.\\Jshed the bloo<ltron, 111,f.1c·c,,ind.
wilh a 111othcr'sl<'ndeme,s. bound 11p1111 head. co,c1111i:;
tltt: 1,ounded
eye" 1tl1a lc,111
piece of f1e,h hcef It w:~,al1110\Il 011~pen<ahon
for 1n1
suffenng lo II ih1e,s, 011cc: more. a rnaHileslahonof k1ndnes~fro111
1111,.
niv 011ceaffectiouate old mistress. i\1.1stcrHugh wa, vcrr 1111iclt
cu,al\ed
I le ga1c e,pres~1onto his ieela11g~
hYponnng out CIIViCS upon the heads
of those "ho did the cleec.l.,~ ,0011,1,I gol d l,ttle the better of 111)
bri 11
~es, he took 1ne with lum to lisq111re\\.-atson's,on Boud Sired. to
l\~RRATIVE
OF TIIE L l l'L 0~
rRfll>Rlt:~
00L'GL\SS
,cc "hJI could be do11eaboul the ,nailer \Ir. \Vatson inquired 1d10;.-.1,the a,saull co111n11ttcd.
\la~lcr I )ugh tolcl hi111 11\\J> do11e 111\ Lr C...tr<l•
11t'r's 1hiJ>-"irdal 111idd.1i,
11here11,cre \\ere a large co1npa11,of 1ncn al
,,url.. "\., It> lhat." he ,,ud. "the deed wa, done and thcr< 1,a~ no question a, lo ,,ho did 11." I Its .in,,n~r 11.15, he could do nolh1ng 111lhe c,1,e,
u11less~onie 1d11te,nan 11otddc-0111e
forward and le>hf, He could 1ss11e
110,,.11r.111t
0111111
,,urd. If I had hcc:nl.illed 111tl1e pre,e11ct-of .1 lhou
;,and colo1~clpcorile, then te,timon) con1bined would h.1vebeen 11uu1:
fic1ent to have arrested one of tlie n1t1rderers. t\la;ter Hugh. tor 011ce.
'"'' t·o111pdk<llo -.;1ythi~ ~talc of thi11g,''·" too b,,d. {)f cour1e, it \\,t,
11111><>»ihlt•
lo get JII} 11li,tc; 111J11
lo vol11nlce1 h" kst,n1on) 111ITI}
behalf. and aga1n,1the "h,le ,oung rnen. f•:ven tliose "ho n1av have
,, 111p,1thi,cdwit!, Jill',, t'rC' 11otprcp.,rc::dto do lhi~. It rct111ircd
;1tk·grec
nf t·ourai;c-11111'1101111
lo llic11ito do 10; for j11,1al 1h,1tIJ111t·,
the ,H11l
11c,t
111.in
1feslallo11of hu1nun,ti, toward J coloicd pcrso11\\as rleno1111ced
a,
.1bnlitio11i,111
,ind th,1111J111e
sub1ecled 11,bearer to fnghtful liahihtte,.
111c11akh\\ord, of the hloo<lv-111i11ded
111lliat rcll1011,
Jnd 111tho,t· d.11·,.
"ere, "DJ11111
the ahohtm111,t,!"Jncl ..Da11111
tl1t· n•~er,!" I here wa,
11olh1ug<lout·, and proh.1hh nothing would h,11·ebeen done ,f I hJd
hct:11l-1llt'd Such ""'• .111<l
,ud1 rc111.
1i11,, lht· <lale ot thing, in the
Cl111shan c,11of Ballu11orc.
\J.1,tcr llugh, findu1g he conld gel no redress. refused lo let n,e go
back ~g.1i11
lo \Ir (:ardnt·r. I It- kcpl int· h1111self,
and h1s ,v1fed,e,.sed
111111ound hll I 11J,ag,u11re,to ,~·cllo htJ lth I k lhcn look 111einto the
,1111>-1
1rd nl 1d11d1he \\J> fore111J11,
111the c111ploy11w11l
of \lr \\,,lier
P1ice. 11,ere I 11;1,i1111ncdi.
1tch ,ct lo calkini;. and ,ery ~oon lca111cdthe
arl of us111!:111)111.illet,111duon,. 111tht' to11rse of one )C,lf front the
hrne I lell \ lr Gardner',, I 11a,ahlc lo co111111.u1<l
the l,ii;hc,I 11,1gc,
i:;l\ell lo lht: 1110;
1 e,peri<:nced calker, I was 11011of so111c nnportanc-e
lo Ill) n1a,lu. I 11a, br1111::111g
111111
fro111 to ,c,en doll.1r, pet "eel.. I
,on1el1n1c, hrnughl hun ni110:,
dollar, per II ed.: 111, \\age, ,,ere a dolla1
anti a half~ d.11 ·\fter k·an111igho,, to calk, J sought 111\own ccnploimcnl, n ,a<le 111101\11 co11lr.1c
1,. an<l collecled the rnonc} "hich I
earned :\1~palh11a1beca111t 11111ch
11,ort· 1111001h th,111before; 1111concl1tJ011
\\J> no1111111d1
niore co,nfortable. \\ hc11I co,1ld get no call..111g
to do, I did notluni; l)un11g tlie,c ki,u re tin1es,lho,e old notion, ;ihout
freedo111wonld ,te.il o,-er me ,1gai11\\ hc11111l\lr Carducr's emploi111t:11I.
l '"" kepi in such .1perperu,11 ,, h,rl of c,citcrnent, I could think
of nothing, ,c,ueeh. b111Ill) life; and ,n thinking of n1y life. f aJ,uo,t
forgot 1n1 libcm l ha,e oh,crvc<l this in nl\ e,pe11ence of ,l.11erv.Lhc1l
,'11e11everJJl\ condition \las 11111no1cd.
in~lt".irlof it, increasing rn1
contenhnen t. 11011h1ncrca,ed m, desire lo bt· free and ,c1 111eLo U1inking of plans lo g.un ·,11~
f1cedo111i liJ\e found UlJt.'10make ,1conte11ted
slJ\e. iii, necessa11I~ 111"11.e
a tho11ghtle~one IL1snecessary 10 da1kc11
111,1110m
l and 111e11tal
\ 1s1on,and. as far a, po~siblc. lo anr;ihilatc the
,,x
\\RMTl\'E
Of
I HJ
i .JI F or
FREDER ICK
Do11c:1
"'
po~'-" ol ru1>011.Ile 111uslhe 1blc to dded no 11Ko11,i,k111.
·ic·sin ,bverv,
hr n111sthe lll.l<lt'lo Ccel th.II , l.11.el'\h nghl; and he CJIJhe hronght to
th.it only I\ hen lie eea,e, to he" 111a11
.
I \\as 11011 gelling. as l lia,c -a,J. 0111.·dull.n ;111dlilt. cents per d.i). I
conlladt"d for 11 l 1.·an1ecl
1l; ,t \\ilS paid lo inc; ti 11Js1ii,:ltlfnlh 1111
01111
;
H.'t. upon ead , rel111111ng
S.,turd,I\ night. I \\a, con1pdlecl to <ldi,·cr
1.•vcl'\cent of that 111011e1
lo \l,1,tcr Hngli \11<l11h1' '\ot hec,iuse he
e.unt·d 11,- nol bec.111',:he hacl illl) l,a11din <'Jnung 11.- not ht·c1usc I
owed it to l1in1, nor beca111ehe po,se,sed the 1lightc,1 ,ba<ln11of a
rtghl to i i. hnl ,nld) hec-aust•he l1Jtl the power tci compel 111clo g11c:ii
up. The 11glitof the: t;r1111-1
t'at;cd pir.11<:
11po11
the l11gl1,c:.1<1.1 e,,Kth
the s.nne
Ch<1plerX1
I 110\\co111eIn d1al parl of Ill) life dur11u;11hit11 I plLl1111e<l.
a11dfi11.1II,
,11c-ccccle,I
in 1nakini;, niv t'sc,1pefron1\l.11en But bcfo,c 11,111<1hng
ain
of lllL peculiar circu 111,ta11cc,.I ck·c111it proper tn 1n:1kck11<11\'11
1111
111lc11lion
1101lo ,t.ilc JI! the fJcb connetlcd w1tl1the tra11s.1cho11
l\h
1ea,ons tor p111,u1111;
th 1, course rnav he undc,;tood f,0111lhc follo11111g
I•1r,1. wert' I lo g1,·~·a 1ni11nle,talcn1cnl of .1IIthe fart,, it " not onh
JXh,ihle, hnl q11itc:proliahle that others would thcrdl\ he 111111licd
in
the 1110,t c111bJn.c.sJ11g
<liffi,ulht:s. Scco11<lh·.
sucli a slalcrncnl II ould
1110,tundoubtcdh induce gre:1kr 111;1lanceon the p.,rt o! ,L11·el1olclcr<
tli,111h.1, t·,i,recl hcrdoforc· .1111<>11g
them , "hrc-h would. nf conrsc, h<'
the 1ncans of g11ard111~
a Joor whcreh1 <c1111c
dear hroliter bo11dn1Jn
11nghtescJpt: 111,gJ(hug ch:i1ns. I deeph 1t,grclthe nece,,it-. that 1111pd,
inc lo ,upJlJ,:,, an, th iJtE;nf unporl,111<
l con nt't'lr·il '" I h nt, c,pc:nt·11c·t
•
in ,la,'<'fl II woulclafford rne'grcat plca\lire 111tked,as "di ,L> n1ak11alh
,1ddto the 111lereslof 111~
1wuah1c:.11<.'1<:
I al hbc1f: to gr,1111\
,1c·11no,1h,
,, hich J k11011e:--i,t,111lh,· 111111d,
of 111,111).
h1 an ac-cnrnlt• ,tak1nc11tnf
all lhe rat.ls 1x:r1a,n111i;
lo 11111110,tfort1111.1te
csc.,pe 8ul I 11111st
dcp11n:
111,,dfnl 1111,
plca111rc.•111dthe c:u1illn,oflhe grJtific.11Jo11
,d11d1,uch .i
,tdtc111cnl11oi1ld,1fforcl
. I \\OUldJlln111111,,·ll
t" ,uHt:r 11111kr
tlw grc,11<:,t
1rnp11!,1l1ons
II hid, e, il-nunded nH·n 111i!;ht
,uggest. r,,lhn U1J11
cxeul
p.1le 1111,df.a11<llhl·td)\ 11111
the h,1zar<lnf tlo, ing Llic,liglilel 11enue
h~ 11h,ch ,1 brnfh('r ,Ll\ e 111iglitdc:,tr l11111st:lt
nf ll1,·ch,1111,
,111<1
fot1t·rsot
slJ,en.
I h.ivc neve, apprr,1ed ortlic ll'I} p11hlicnia1111c-r
1111d1ith snrnc:of
our 11c,ter1.1
lne11<l,li.i,c co11d11ctecl
\\hat tl11.•1
call tl1eu11dt1!!,r1>111ul
rad
road, but " I11ch. J ti1111k,h1 tlieir 01111
J1.·clar,;lion,, ha, hec·11
-11,,1cle
1110,1
u11phahcall} the 11ppcrgroundrt11l11><1cl
I hn11orthn,c goocl 111t·11
Jnd
110111<i11
for th,·11 nohle clarin~. ,111<l
applaud them for 11illn11;I\,ub1ect1ngllt,·n1st·il t·, to blotxh pc-r,cn1lio11,b} ope11h ,110111ng
th err partic-1patin11
in the: c:,c,qic of ,Jan,, I. l1011c:1cr.
c.111,cc 1,·11little 1.,•nod
1'-.\RRATl\t
or n 1E Lil I:.
O!
FRt IH RICI-
Oot·ct.
\ ,RRATl\'E
ISS
rc,11lt1ngfrom ,11eha course, either to thc1n~ehes or tlu: ~ld\t'~c~c;ipi11g;
"h1le, llpon the other hJnd. I seC'a11dfeel assureu tl1altho,c open deddrnhon, Jre ,1 po,ili1t· c, ii to Ilic ,la1c, re111a111111g,
11ho are seekiu~ to
e\lJjK' . ·r iil·1 do 11otli111g
tuw,1rdsenhghten1ng the ,l,1,e, 1d11l,tthe,- do
rnud1 IO\\'cHd~
cnl1ghtemng the 1n<1~tcrl'licv ,111m
1bte h1111to grc,1ter
11atchfi1lness.. ind enh.111ccI1i, po11,·r lo caplure hi, sla1c \Ve owe
,omclhini; to th,· slave, ,01111
1 of th.: hne as ,,ell as to tho,e 11orlhof 1l:
,111dI ll aiding the bttcr on their wa, to freedon1. \\e ,houlcl be ca1cful
to do nothini; 1d1ich 11011lcl
heIii.ch to l1i11dc1 the fonner iron1 csc,1ping
fro1n ,),\\en . I 11n11IJkccp lht 111cH
1lt:,, ,la1eholdc 1 proloundh ignornu1 of the, 111c.111s
of n,ght adopted b, tlie sk1H:. I wo11ld le,11e l1i11
1 to
1111.iginc
hin1,elf surrounded b1 nnr iad~ of 1111i~ible
to1111e11lur,.
e11:r
rt·•.1d, to ,n,tkh front hi, i11fcriulis1.1,phi, lre111bl111g
pre, Let '11111
he
kit Ju feel 111,\\>JI 111the da1k: kt darkness con11nc11stnate 1<1tl1111,
cri111eho,er o,er h11n:and let h1111
feel that at C\'en. \lcp lie t.,kc,. 111
p11h11ilof tht· A,111~
bn11cl1na11.
lw h 1111111111g
the friglttiul n,k of ha1111g
'11\hut i>r,1111<
,IJ,ht.,cl011(by ~11 111\l\lhk agetlC\. Let us 1e11de1 thc lvrant
no .ucl:.let 11<not hold the light h~ ,duth he t.111tr.ice lht· footpri11hol
nnr A1111!;
hrolht·r. Hnl c1a111i.:li
of tit" I 11ill11ow pruc·ccd to tit<:.,L1te1nc11Iof tho,c fJ<ts. co11nectccl\\1th 1n, escape. for wl11chI a111,1l0t1e
re1po11s1ble
, Jnu for wl11ch110one ca11bt· 111.tde lo ,utfcr but 111,sdf.
III II1e c,irh pJrl o I tht· , ""' I Isi1\, I l>t:c-.1111<:
<1111
It· rc.,tIt'". I n,n lcl sec
nu re,1'01111I,: I should. at the end of eJ, h II eel, po11r1l1crc\\,1rclof r11v
101I111tuth~ pur,e of Jrl\ 111.1,tcr\Vhen l t:Jrned to '11111
n11 11·eekh
11.,c;<·,.
he 110111,1.
.1fte1,·011111i111s
ti"· 111n11c1
, look 111,·111the I.ice 1ntlt ;1
,obbu •hke fic:rceue,s.• 111JSLJ~. • 1, 1111,
Jit'· He w,1,,.111,licd 111thnotli1ng le,, lh,111Ilic 1.1'1cc11t lli: \\t1t1ld, howe,t'r, ll'hen I made l11n1, 1~
cloll.1r,. ,0111d1111e, inc ,i, ce11h,to c:11<:u11r.1i::c
111c h l1.1cltbe uppostk elTe<:1.
I reir,11Jed1lJS a ,orl of ad1111ss1011
of 1111ni::lit tn the "hoit'
The I.id tlJJI he .i;a1e 111e,1111
part of 111,11Jgcswa, proof, to 11111111 <
11
lli.Jt he bdie1ecl 111ee11ti1lccl
to 11,.,11liole oftl ,ent I al11a1,felt 11or,c
for ha, 111grct·c11·ed tl1111g;
fm I lc.HCdti ,,II tl1t·g11111r;
IIIC J few tents
11ould ea.,e lus to11,c1ence.and 111Jke111111
feel hi11"clf I<, hc .i prcll,
ho11ur.1blt,01I of robber. \ I~ d1Sco11lcnt
gre11 upon 111e.I wa, c,t: 1 rnt
the look-<Jullor n1c,11i,of e,c.1pe: .,11,I li11cl111g
110 threct 111ean,.I deter
1n111edto In to IHre tll) tune , 111tha 1k11 of gcll111g111<111t·i
1\ilh 111
11ci 1
lo 1uake 111~
<',Ldpe. 1111l1espnn~ of I S3'l, ,1hen l\l,1,tc, llt11111a,,·aiu,·
to Balt1111ortlo pu1d1Jst: hi, sprinr; t:"o<h, l 1;ot .in opporlunil\, a11cl
Jpphed to 111111
to ,1ll<m111eh>lure I ll) 1i111cHt· 1111'1e>1l.tti11gl1
ri:fu,cd
TII)requt>,t au<l told 111e1111,
wa, .11,other str,1lai;e111
In 1d1id1to cs<·:1pc
.
He lold n1e I LOLtk
l i;o 110\\11<:rc:
but thal he could gel 111e·aud th.rt, 111
the c, en t ol 1111
n1111
uug .1,1,11, lie ,I 1011
Id ,part· 110p.11n, 111 lu, effort, lo
c.1td1 11,e.He <"lrorkd 111eII)co11ienl111\ldl.Jt 1d h,· nhcrhc11t He·told
111<:
, tf I 11oul<llie l1.1pp1.I nm,t lJI out no pl~1l' for tlll f, 1t11re H, s.nd.
1f I bd1,11t·J 111,,df p,opc1ii he would t.1kc C,11<of 111
e. lnrlcr<l, ht•
r;,,.,
aux
or 111c l.111
01
F1tlU£JUt.K
Dnt'Gl-'ISS
67
Jrlv1se<ln1r.:lo co1nplcte thou(\htlc<suessol the future .• ind l.tuglit int• tn
depend sold) l~po11111111
for happ111e» H,· ,cc111t·dto ,ee fulh the pre~,1111;
nece,s1tv ot s.clhug aside nw 1ntellect11alnature, i11order to 1n~1Jrc
to11kn l111e11
1 111~1.1,·en.Bui in \pile of hun. and e,en 1111p1tc
of 1111
,elf.
I c·onl1111
1cd lo th111k,,111cl
In th111~.,bout lht: inju,t1ce of 111
1 e11,l.iven1cnl .i11dthe n1e,1n<of c,eapc.
·
\!>0111two 111011th,
aik 1 tlu,. I Jppl 1ccl to \l~1k1 1lui;h for tltc pri,ilt:gt: uf l11r111g
1111tin 1e. I le wa, not Jcqn,lintcd w11htlie fJd tlial I hJd
,1pplacd In \!Jslcr ' I '10111.1~.
:111dl1aclbeen refu,cd I le too, ut lint ,
1ee111eddispo,ed lo 1cf11,t:,but after '<1111<:
rcAcdio11,lie t,r;u,ted 111,, tlit<
pn11'eg.:-.and proposed the follo11111g
lc11ns I 11.1sto Ix: J1lo11edall 1111
h111t
·, 111,
11..
t' all co11tmcts,,1th tho~e for \\horn I worked, and 1i11dIll~
1,1111
e111pl1n111<:11l,
,11111,
i11rct11n1fnr thi, l1hcrh , I"•'' to f>d\ hi1n titre~
cloll,11,al the .:ncl of cJd1 wt:ck. li11<l111y1e
lf 111call..111g
tool,, and 111
hoard ,111cl
clothing \h board 11a,two doll,11,,111d
a h.1lfper 11ct:I..1lus
"1th the 1,e.ir ,111,lte.n nt clolhi11g.111dcalki11g tooh. 111.ide 1111r<'g11lar
t:,pcn '"' ,lbout , i, cloll,1r1per ,, eek. ' rf 111a11101
u I I I ".1s co111
pc11;c1
to
1nal..eup. 01 rel1nqu1,h tire p11v1lcgeof l11n11g
111)l1111c
. R.1111
01 sl1111c
,
11orl..01 no 11ork, at the .e11cl
of t. 1ch 1\ecl..the n1011e111111~1
be fo1tlKon1111g,or I 1111111
t;11e11p1111pri11ki;e. ' l'hi, arra11c:<'111c11t,
1111111
be pt:rcerve<l.11a~ dcc1dedh 111111\
111a.sler\
fa\lJI
It rd1cvt'Uh1111
of all ntc<l of
loul..1ug.1flcr 111c. !Ji, 1no11c1\Id, 1ure. He rccci1<:d,111the beuehh of
1h11eholdn1g w1tho11I1t1c,11,· 1d1ilc>I ench1rccl,111the c1il, of .1 ,l.11t·,
ancl suffered all lhe care ,111dJnxjch oi a fn.-cn1a11
. I fou11d11J h,rr<l
bargain 13111.
l1.1rd,11 it "~. I thuught rt bcllc1 1h,111
!ht: old 1110<le
of
i;eth11g.1lo11g.It \\J> a ,tcp tn11,ircl,frccdoin t(, he: :1ll011eel to ht•,rr the
1c,po11,il11l
1t1
~, of ,1fr<,<·n1a~•·
a11dI ,1as clt'tcn11111
c<l tu l1olurn1 upon 1l
I ht 11tn1vscltto the \\ork ol nial.1111:;
111011eil 11.1.>
re.td\ to 11orl.,ti 1111:ht
Js well .rs d.1y, .111db, Uic 111oslu11l11111g
pc1>c1cr.11Kt'
.md 111d111lr.
,I
nude cuouglt lo 111n:I1111c,p<.·n,e,. ind la, np .1 little 11101\C)
c,c')
1\etl I \\c11t011tl111S
lron1 1\1.1\till .\111;11,t\laster I lugl1 then refu,e,I
lo allo" 111cto J11rc1111tuuc lo11i;cr
. ·1he grou11cltor 111,rcf11"1l11,h.,
la1l11rcon 111)p,ul. one Saturd,1111igl11,
lo p.11111111
]or 111111ccr, 111uc
flu, f.11
l11re\\Js nccd>1011t·cl
1wIll) atlc·nding.1ca111p111cch11g
,1hu11lIt'll
uules fro111 Balti11101l'D11ri11g
the \\eel., I had cutc,c<l intn ,111cng,1g,•111u1tII rlh ,I 111rn1ber 1uu11gfru:n<l;It> ,1.1rtfrorn Balti11111rt
· lo the
ca111pgro11nd earh S.iturd.1) c1t11111g:
.11111
being dct.,iut:d h1 1111
c·rnploycr. I 11a, 1111Jhltlo get clo1111
lo \l.,,tcr fl11glt's 111llro11t
ch,appoi11l111g
1l1eco111p,1111
. I kne11!Ir.II \t1,k1 I !ugh 11;is in 110,pcu.11 ittcd
oflltt · n11111c,
that night I tl11,rcio1<:
<k, 1d,-cllog,, to ,~uup 111c't'l111g
.•111cl
11po11
11111d11n1p.1, h1111
tht· thr,·t· doll.1rs I ,tmd .11tlit' cu111p1ned111c
one d,11Ioniser II 1.111
J 111lu1<l,•d
II hen I left 13utas ,0,,11.is I rt:111r11cd,
I
c1lk<I 11po11
111111
1,, pa, hi11111lwl ltc ,011,1cluc,I hi, cl11, I finu1d l1iu1
1<·11 · .1ngl), lit· could ,,·.1rce u:,11.1111
111,111.11hHr ,.11dlie ltJ<lJ great
111111d
111g11<:111c.i ,t-,crt · 11lupp111t;I I,· 111,ltnl lo k11011
lro,1 I ,],ired i:o
or
\J ,RR,, 1 "r o~ l'lif. l.111 01 F1u.OE.RICK DOL'CL"''
oul ol the c1~ 1,ilho11l.1~kmghis pern11s-1011.
l tolJ lu111I h11l'd1111L11nc,
ancl 1d1ile I paid hi1n the priu: ,d11d1 hl' d,k.,.J fo1 11,I chd 1101kno11
ilrnt I 11J, bo1111Jlo a,k 111111
\\l1e11and 1d1erc I ,hould go. This reph
troubled l11111,
;111J,af1er 1eOeding ,l fe" 1no1ne11t,,he h1med to 111e,
und ,,1id l ,hould hire n11lirne no lu11ger,1l1Jltht: next 1J1iugJu.•,hould
kno\\ of. I 110111d
be running m,ay. llpon ihe sa111eplt.>a.he lolJ 1ne lo
br111gtn) tnoh .111Jclothing ho111eiorlli-1,th I did ,o; b111instClld of
,ctking 11orJ..,.i; I l1,1dbeen ,1ccu,10111cd
to do predou~h· to hirin~ 111,
lune. I ,pent the" hole \\eek w1tho11tthe perfonnanee of a s111gle
,troke
of \\011.. I t.l1dtho, 111,~talialu>11.S.1111rd.1)
11iglil,he called 11po11
11,e a,
11,u.11
for tU) 11<:ek\"''ges I told h,111I li,1d110\\',lgt·~;l h,1d done no
\\Ork th.,t 11eek Herc \\t' were upon the poi11lol ,0111111g
lo blows. I-le
1.1,l•d,,111c.l
,\\or,· Ith dck1111111.1ho11
Lo~d ltnl.l of 111c.I cl,d 110I,tll(l\\
1n1~df,I ,u,gle word, bul \\a, re,oh-ecl.tf he h11clthe weight of l11shand
upon n,e. ,t shot1kl b(· blo\\ tor 61011Ile did 1101strike n1e. but told 111e
111.11
lte "011111
find 111c111l'Otl\l.111I
c1nplo)tllt'l1l 111f11t11rc,
I 1ho11i;lit the
111,tllc:1
01 er dunng lhe llt."1.L da}. S1111c.l.i,,
.111dfi11JII}lt"'<lhl'd upon the
lhircld,11ot Septe111ber
.. 1s the d,n upon \\h1cl1I u·ould 1nake a 5eco11d
.11tuupl lo ,e<:ure 111~
fieeclun1. I 1111\1
h,td tltree \\ eeks d11n11g
\\ l11d1to
prep,,rc·for 11111oun1c} E~1l)011l\lond.t) 111on11n~.
htcforcl\l,11lr:rHn~h
lwd ti,ne lo n take .111,ene;,1i;cn1cn
t for 111e.I II enl out and got en1ploy111c11I
of \Ir . Buller, JI ltis ,l11p-1
·Jrd 11e,11
ilie dr;1,d,ridgc, upon 11hat
is c-,11lcdti rt· C1h Bl()tk. tl,u, 111ak111r.;
ii 111111t:c·e;s:1r1
ior 111111
In ,eek
en1pl01n1enlfor 111e.\t the encl ot the week. I brougltl l11111
hcll,cc11
c1gl11,111dnull JullJ1, I le sec111edI cl'\ well plc.r,c:d.J11da,kecl me 11h)
1 <hclnot clo lht· ,a1nc tire \\c~k b.:fn1<.1-lt·lrlllc knc\\ what 1111pl.in,
were \h oh1etl 111\\·orking sk,1d1lr 11a, to rt:nto,e auv si1,p1c1011
he
1111gh1t·11tc1la11111(
II>) 111lu1I
lu run .11-.1v;.tnd 111tlti, I ,11c<:<:cdccl
,1d11nrahh I ,11pposehe: lhoughl I \la, nc,t:r belier ,.,ti,lit·d 111th111vcond,.
lion thJJJ al the 1·ervtime during 1d11thI ,,.1s pl.11111111i;
Ill\ cs<·ape 'l he
"To11tl11<·flpa,,cd. ,11Jc.l
ar;,1111
I can red lllnl 1111
full w.1i;e,.,111d,o well
plea,ed \la, he, thal h<·g,1,e tilt' l\1enly-ii,e cc11h,(quite a large ,un1 for
J ,lavd10ldcr lo gil'e a sln,c), and ba1le 111c
lo 111.1kt,1t.inodu,c of ii I
tolclh1111
I 1101iltl
Things ,1enl nn 111ihmtl,er) >111oothh111dcccl,
but 111th111
tl,crc \\'a,
lroublc ll " 1111possible
for inc lo rle,C"11be
111, k-<:11111,o;.
as the lune of
1111ro111<'111pl.ucJ
sl,111dre\\ 11e,ir.I l1ad a 1111111h<:1
nf \\.111n-he.1rlc:d
friend, in Balli111orc.-fr1u1d,that I lovc<l.1ln1o~tas I did 111yhfc.-and
tlte thought of being scpJratc:d fro111tlte111lorc1·cr\\as p.111;f11l
bcrnnd
l'\Pll'"on . II 1s1111opuuon thJI llto11"111cl,11c>11hl
<"ld(X' fron1,l,11en,
11ho no,, remain, but for the ,trong cords of affed1011that lllnd thc111lo
theu frie11dsThe thougltl of lea, 111g
111,friends was decidedl)' lht' rno,I
pa111fultl1ouglttwith \\htch l had to co11tc11dThe lnve of ll1en1\\,1, n11
k11tltr po111
l. a11<lshook 111)decision n1orc 111.111
.,II ll1111gs
else. BeSTdes
~AllllAl'IVE
or
TllE Liff
01
F~Pl>tRIC:t..
DOUGLASS
69
ll1epain of separalton, llte <lreadand .1pprc:lic1111on
of u foil11reexceeded
11hat l l1Jd expe1iencc<lat 111)fir,t .itkn1pt. I lie ,tpp,1llinr; defeat I tben
,usldi 11ed rl'lun1ed tn lonncnt n1e. I fell a"11recltltat, if I foilc,din th1>
Jtten1pl. 111) ca,e 110111d
be ,, lropclcss 011e ti would seal rn1 f..ilea, a
sl.11·eforc,cr I could 1101hope lo t;cl off will, .1111thing le,~ th,111the
,eyere~l p11nish1nent. .ind being placc<l bc}011dll1e 111ean,of ,·;r,1pe. It
rt'<]UlredIH > ,cl) , 11·1cl
nnag111Jhonto depict the 1110,lfnghlful scenes
through \\l11cl1l ,ho11ldhaH' to pa,,. in c,1,c I ia,lecl.The \\cetchcdness
of slJ,en,. ,1nclth<:blcssed11c."of frccdo111were perpd11all\ bdore 1ne
It \\'J~ lile and death ll'1th n1e. Bul J rc1na1ned rirnt, anti, acc-orcl111g
In
1111 rt•,olntion, on the third d,11of Septen,be,, 1))38, I kft 111,d1ains,
anti ~11ccccdt'din readnng Nc11 Yorkwithoul the ~lighte,l 111te1n1pliou
of ,111)'k111d.liow I d,<lso.-11 hat 1nea11sI adopkcl,-whal d1reclton I
Im, clled .•ind bv "hat n1ocleof con,e\ anee. -l 1nl1Sl It-a,c L111expL1i11ed.
for the re,1\011,before 111entiont:cl
I ha,c been frct111c11thasked ho\\ I felt 11hc11 I fo1111cl
ni.self ma free
State. I ha,e ne1c1 hce11Jblc lo a11\\1Crthe que,liorr witl, Jn) sJti,faction 10 1111selfIt 11a,a 111on1t·nt
of the highest e,c itc1nent I c,c1 e.,pcn enccrl I suppose-I !<"Iia, one 111a1111rng1ne
the 1111an11c<I
111.1n11cr
lo feel
11hc11he i, resc11edb) a fricndh nJJn-of-warfro1nIlie p11rs1ul
of a p1rJtc
In 1111lu1g
lo J dear fncnd, 11nn1cdiJtehditcr 1111arri1al .,l '\c11 York. I
s:11dl felt like on,;, ,1ho h.1de<<"apcd
.1den of h1111i:nlion., I h,, state ol
1111ncl.
howc·1er.1ef\· soon subsided and I was again ~ei,.etl 111th.1 feeling
of ,;real insecunl) auc.llo11eli11~,.I \\'a, ,et ltJble lo be l,1kc11back,and
subjected lo all tl1cto1turesol slJ1<:rv"IIns 111itself \\,1sc11011i;h
10clamp
the· ardc11of 1111·
r11lli11sias1n11111
lht' lnndine,;, 01t'rc,1111c
1ne 'I hc·rc I
11asin the 1nidst of thonsancls, and ~et a perfect ,tra1u;cr; 111thOltlh01ne
,111cl
without friends. ul !lit 1n1dslof tl1ousa11dso( 1111o" n brethre11cl1ildre11o[ a conunon Fatlter ~ncl1c:tI cl.ired 1101lo 1111folcl
to a111011c
or tl1c111
Ill\ ,ad l'Ondition I \\,JS .u'ra,d In speak to JII) on<:for re.Ir of
,pca~ing lo the II roni; 011e,Jnd tl11,rcb1f.111111~
into the h;ind, of 111011e1lov1ngkidnappei,, 11 ho,l bu,111c" 1111a, to Ii~ in 1v.11t lor thl· p,utting
f11g1hve,as tl1e ferOl'10ll'b,;.1sbnf the lore,t lie 1n wail fur their pre1
·11,e1uolto 1'11ichI ·1doplcdwhen I started &0111,lJvtn,\\d~ thh "lru~t
1111111J11l"
l ,.111111c\en . 1d11le111,111
.111i:nc,n, dtlll i11.thnr»I c·vt·n
colored n1nn cause for d1,l111,t. It 11a, ,1 1110<
1 p.1111f11l
sil11allon,dllc.l,to
11nder,L:1
1d1 11
, 0 11e 11,u,tnc·cdsc,pcnence tl. or i11iaginch11111df
111
s1rn1l.1rcirc111n,ta11cc,Ll'I h1n1be a fug1ll\e 1IJ1c 111a slr,1ngela11cl-,1 IJ11d
~1,c11up lo be the hunhni;-isround to, ,la1cholder,- 11ho,t' 111hahila11b
.uc legalized kidnappers-1d1c·rc, he is c1cr1 mmncnl ,11b1ecteJto the
terrible lr.1b1lit\of be111g,c11cd npo11hi l11sfellow-111c11,
,ti the hideou,
crocndilt' ,e,re, 11po11lu, prcy!- 1Sa). let h1111
plJct hi111sdf1111111
,1hrn-
.
"IARRAfl\'E
or
TFIE Lif(;
Of
FRl:,l>rRl(;lDour.1ASS
hon-,,1tho11l hon1e 01 fnencb -, , 1thoul 111011c\r,r c-redit-11au ti11g
shelter. and no one to g11·eii w.mt111gi>H·ad,a11d110n1n11e)lo b11.i,
1t.-and at lhe '><Jme
t111~e
let hnn ft'd 111.11
he 1' p11rs11e<l
h, 111erc1less
1n,·n-l111nters,
and in total cldcl11.:,sa, lo ,1h,11lo do. 11here to go. or
"here lo ,tai,-perfecth helpless both as to the 1nca11,of <k!·t·11cc
>111d
n1ea11S
of e,cape,-111the n11d,tof plenh, n·I s11ffcr111g
Ill<'tcir1hlc gn.1\\•
1ng,,nf h1111ger,-in the 1nidslof ho11,c,. )cl lia, 111g
110l1on1c,-an1ong
follm,-1nen. vet feeli11gas i r111the 111
idst of" 1lclbe,1,ts."hose e;reediness
lo >"Jllo\\ up lhe llen1bl111g
.ind half lan11,hc<lfngill\'C i, 011hcqu,1lk·cl
b1 thJt "1th ,, h1d1 the 1111111,ters
of the clcep swallo" up the hdplc,,
fish upon which lhev s11hs1sl,-I sa;. let 111111
be pl.1cecl111this n1o~t
tryiug sil11.ilio11,-lht ,itualiQn i11,d1ich I wa, pl,1cecl,-lhe11. ,ind 11ol
hll th<•fi,1\III he hill\ ,1pprcciate the lrnrcl~liipsof.• 111dknow ho,1 to
,,n1p.1th11e,, 1th, the loil-\\om and \\l11p-scarretli11i;1ti,·e
,Ian,.
l'J1ank I ka,e11, I re111au1c<l
but a ,!tort hn1e 111lh1; d1>tre\scds1luat1on [ ,1,h 1cl1<·,ed110111
11hi' the h11111;1ne
hand of \1R l)AVlll Rt G'
GL rs.' \d10,c "i;ibncr, kmcln=. ,n1<I
perscl'cran<'e, I ,hall 11cvcrforget
Iain ~bd of J11oppo1lu111t}
to c~prc», a, for a, word, tJll, the ]ol'e and
_grahh1dt·I he.11111111 \Ir Ruggles i\ now .ifllicted ,,1th bltndnc;s, <1ndis
h1111,ellHI need of the <a1nckind officl"Swh1ch he ,,as one-<',o ton,,ircl
111tl1c pcrfor11lJ11ctof toward nthcT\, 1 lw<lbeen in i\e\\ YorJ..hnt ,l fc\\
da". when \Ir Ru~les ,ought 1ne out, and ,en kindl) took 111eto his
hoarch11i:-ho11sc
at lhe con1cr of C:hnr,·h and I .e<pen.ud Streets. vlr
Ruggle, ,,a, U1c11
,·en deep!) e111pgetlin the n1cn1or.1blcl),1rg c,1se,1a~
,1ell a, attending ton m1111ber
of other (ui,:1l11e
sla,·es; de,1,ing wav~and
1111:a11s
for their ,ucces,ful escap<';.111d.thnui,;h watched and lie11une<l
111011al1110,tc,cn ,idt. 11<',ce111cdto he 111or<'
th,1n .1 1n~tch for hLS
ellt'llllCS.
\ ci: ,0011 .1f1erI 11c11t
to .\ ·Ir Ruggles, he" i;hed to know of me 11here
1 wanted Ir, go;,., lie dcc111<.'d
1t1111,.ifc
for me to rc111c1i11
111"-e11Y,,rk. I
told h11nI wa, a calker, ,1n<l~houl<llike lo go "her(' I <·011ldgt·I 11orl.. I
tlu>n!lhlof going lo (;;1nncl,1;hut he decided aga111slil, ancl in fo~or of
Ill) r,;0111g
to '\:1:11Rt·dfurcl, tlu11l.ingI ,hould be .iblc lo get worl there
1 111,inlcnde-d \\lft·. c~1nc 011;for I wrote
at m,· trade ,\t th,, t11nc -\111rn,
tu her i111111<:d1atck
alter Ill\ ,1rri\'al JI New \orl, lnoh\ 1thst,111di11g
Ill)
l,0111clc",ho11,clc~,.,111tlhelple<, conditio11,)infonning her of 1111,uccessful A1ght.and ,,i,h111gher to coine on for1ln11tl1In a ie11clavsafter
lu:r am,al \Ir Ruggle, calJc:du1 tl1e Re, ). \\ C Pc1111111gto11,'
11ho
\
\ bLu.:Livuua...lJ>i
.md Jb.,l,tmrn\1fJn,tJl"fo, lw
11,Jto h1gllwc-sl1", 1l~IP 1;;,.-4()f>f,llt.:.l.ass
\l-'\C-d Ill RJ&gll·, ~ l1ut~e on Im,l'..l\ to Nf1,1,Be.JJruJ111lk\t'),
Ru~ln hJd l>t.~l ,nn:-)kJ 111 l\'9 .ind c ha,~c-<lw11hhJrhormr..a h1l1I, ~
,.h<""" u, 11.ul
nc.:1pc-d
hnm J,-,hnr Oa1gof.\,t.m ...u.
i --~he\',,., hl:'t'• fk1u~l;a:,.,-.
11ut1d.\11u.1~JunJ, (d l"i\~ li.u:fffW-t'U
J ~1f,.,,:pr,nrt111;.!
(I, 111,he
\\rnln .. i:d ;a l':'lcmbc, of 1hr I .J'.I Bo1'1111
ort: \lcnt;1J lmprovcmc.1llSi,ot'h l'<'"lorc1111•,111£
Ii!
•
,<"'
\u,L
111rn.111,
6 hn.1t1\-C:sl.i,e tJIJ.O
11(1111
Mitf}l.111<l',
f...utcrri Sho1t,. iillhoJthom,t
orJtm• ..itld(-o 1~1~1b,iu ,11,t
p,,,ta<
-1 ~,tJ
(I,,,-
l\~RRA llVf. Of TUE LJFC Of
I 0REDERICK IJOl
'l,l,\SS
71
in the presence ol \Ir Ruggles, l'vlrs.,\,11chach,aud two or tln<.-eothers,
perfon11ed ti 1e 111.1rriagc
ccre1nonv. ,1nd gave u, a certificate, of" liic-h
lhe follo,\lng i, .111c."1d c11p,·;"TI11sn1avcertify. tlrnt I 10,ncd toi;cther 111holi 111aln111on\'
Freel.
enck Joh11,011Jnd A1111.i
\lurra}, as nliln ,111d"1ft·, in th~ presence
of 'vlr. David Ruggle~,111d\1rs. \li chacls.
..)~\IFS\\ ', C. PL,r,.1,CTO'I
..New }'ork, Sept I>. I83~"
Upo111eccivi11gU1i,certificate, aucl a five.dolbr lllll fro111!\Ir Ruggle5, I shouldered on~ pa1I or ot1r baggag<:.
aud ·\1111<1
toob.up lltt olhc1.
and"c set out forthwith to take passage on board of the stt:'an1boat John
\V Richn1oncl for l\ewport. on our way to l\e\\ Bedford 1\.lr.Ruggles
ga, e 111ea Idler to a \1r ShJw i11Newport, Jn<l told uic, in ea,e 1111
n1onev did not sLr,e 11,elo l'\e\, Bedford. to slop 111:-:ewporland obtain
li.uihrr ,1ss1stance;but upon our arr11.alal 'Cl\'f'OII , \\e were ~o anXJOIIS
to get to a place of safe!\, that, nohdllislandini; \H~ l.1cl.e<ltl,e ne<:e.s~r}
1no11e.,lo pa, our fJre. \\L decided lo tal.t: seal>111the ,tag<, a11dpromise
lo pa) 1d1e11we got lo '\ew Bedford \Ve ,,ere en_couraged to do this
b1,h,o .:xccllcnt gentle,ncn. resident~ of i\e\\ Becltord,\\lto,e 1U1n1c,I
Jflet'\1,1rclJscer1Ji11edlo be Jo,eplt l{Kket..011 ,ind \\ 1ll1a1nC Taber.
·11,e, ,ee111eJal once lo u11cle1sla11d
our tircu1nstanres. and gaye ns
,nch assurance of their f,1tndl1ne,\ a, pul us f11lhat ease in their presence. II was good 1ndeecl to 111ee
t ,, 1th ,uch friends, ,11sucli a lune
Lpon reachi,1g Ne,, Bedford, \\c were di1ecled lo the ho1'.5eol 1\Ir.
\J~than Joli11,011,
hy 11110111
we ,1etc k,ndl~ rece1l'ecl,.incl hosp1tabh pro\ided fo1. Both \Ir and ll.lrs Johnson looJ...1 deep and li,el) 1111<:rc,l
111our 11elfarc. 1'hc) riro,ed Ll1e1n,ehc:,4uik wortl11of lht 11:1111e
of
Jhnlihoni,t~ \\ he11the ,laF,e-<ln,crfot111dus unJblc to pav our t.ue, lie
held 011 11pu11 0111bag.i;agcas secur1t1 lor the cleht I hJcl bul lo 1ncnl1011
the f0 c1 to ll.lr johnson , ,ind he. forthwith achJutcd U1e111u11cy
\.\e now began to feel ., cleg1t:eof ,afcl\, and to [)1C'pan:ourselves for
the duhe, ,111drcspo11silnl1t1e,
of a life of f1ceclo1n.On the 111orn111g
dflc1
our arri,.1I Jt New Bedford. \I hile ,11the hre;il.f.isl-tJblt, the: ljll<>ttnn
.nose as to what nJn1e l should be c.tllt:d b\. I he na111egl\Cll me hv Ill}
othe, ,, a,, "Frederick A11g11,t11s
\Va,l1111gton
Il,ule) " I, however. hJd
111
cli,pcn,ccl 1\1lh the h,o n11d<lkllJmc, long before I lefl l\la11'!J11tl
,o
th.11I ,~;1\ g<•ncrdll}known b, the nan1e of "~rederick Ba1lt:), I ~ta~ed
frnn1 l:lalti,nore beanng tlir 11.1111c
tJf"Slanlc, "\\'lien l got to :--e1,)orl.
I aga111d 1anged 1111n.11nclo ··1•reder1cl Joh11'011,"and thouglit tl1JI
, 1011Jdbl the la,1 c:l1a11gr.But 11hcu I got lo Ne,1 l:leclfor<l,I found it
to c-l1J11ge
m, nantc. l'l,e reason of 1111,11ec-t·s11ty
,,·as.
11et·e"ar1 a~;.ii11
tl1,1tlhe~e ,,-ere so lllJII\ jol111,011,
111Nc,1 l:lcdforcl,1t \\.IS,1lre:uh quite
L C)f nn:
'.\Rll\fl\
LJn:
OF l'llEDE~ICt<
D<>llGI ,ss
,~RRATI\ I Of Tlfl-.
diffiu1lt lo d1s1J111;11
i,h bell\ ee11 thu 11. I !;J ,·c t\ lr. )oh nson the pri11lcge
of d100,ini; 111ea na111e.hul told 111111
hc rnu,t not take fron, n1e the
nan)C'ol "Frederick" I 111usthold on to that. to preser,·e J se11seof lit)
1denhh \Ir Johnson h,td 111stbeen reJd111glite "Laci} of lite Lake."'
,111
d JI 011ce,ug~c, ted lhal 111y1ia111ebe ''Douglass." F'rorll ll1at l1111t·
unhl 110-.I lia1e been callt'd ··rreclenck Douglass:" and as I an1 more
11ideh kno\\11b, th,11n,1n1cth,111
b,• either of the other~. I ,h,dl co11ti1111e
lo u,e it .11 1111
ol\ n,
I \\ds <jLt1le
d1>appo1nle<l
,ii tltc generJI .1ppcara11ceof th111g,i11'\e"
Redford TI1c 1111prcss1on
"Inch I h,1t.lreceJ\cJ rcspccl111gthe cl1Jr,1cter
aud condit1r>11
of the people nf the nor1h, I fo11ndto he .ingul.1rlyerroneous. 1 liatl n~£\ slrnngeh s11pposecl,
"hile 111,la,er.. that fe11of the c,Hnforts. and sc,uceh a111·of tl1e 1u,unes. of life "ere e11101tecl
di the 1101111,
c·mnp.tr<"<l
"ith ,d,.i("ere: cnio1<:d b1 the ,J.1,d,oldt·r~ of tlte $Outh I
prohabl~ ca111t'to 1111,co11clu<1<111
fro11111,eLid 11,,1111ortl1t,n1pcoplt·
<1\\ncdno ,bive,. I suppo,e<l 111.
11llie) \\c:re ahoul upo11J lc,c:I ,,itli llll:
non-sla\'eholding popu lJtion of lite >0uth I kn.-,, ther \\ere e,ceed1ngl)
poor, Jnd I had hee11,Kc11Slmuedto rc~ard thtir po,crl\ a; lhc necc,san
c·nn,cqucncc of ll1e11be11IE; uon-,la, eh())tlc1>. I h.1r),uu 1chow ii11b1
l>t·<l
the opinion lh.11,111lhe .tb,cncc of ;)dves, there could he no ,,callh. n11d
,el} l1ttl... refine111e11l.\nd upon co111i11g
lo lhc 1Jorth. I expected lo
111ecl\\JIit d rough. !iJrd-l1Jutletl.a11du11c·ull".ikd pop11l,1tion.Ii, i11~in
the 1noslSp.1rlan-l1kc·>1n1phu11.kn0\1111g
nolh>L1gof the cast·. luxurv.
po1np. a11d~ra>Lde11r
oi Mlltlhcn, ,1.1\tholdrr,. Such he1ng 111}co11jccl11re\, dll\ 11nl'acqua111lcdwith lhe .1ppc·ar.111t·t·
of 't'\\ Bedford n,a}
,en re:1dilyinfor ho\\ pc1lpablJI l1ll1'1ha,c ,ec1111111111stalc
111tltc:Jftcr110011
of tlie d.1, "hen I reathed '"" BcclliHd,I n,itccl
the 11h,11,c<.to tJkl d ,1c:11of llie ,l11pp111gI !ere· I found 1111,df,11rrouuded 1,1th the 1trongcs1proof, of \\t:Jlll, l.)111~,1IIlic wltaJ'\,es.and
11d1ng111the slrea111.t <.J11111,1111
, lup~ of the fint:st 1t>odd, in the he,t
order. a11dol lltt· large,! ,izt·. Upu11ll 1(· ngltl .ind left. I 11~,11,1lkd111Ill
granite 11arehou<ei;of lhi: 1ndt:sl cliui.11,1011~
.. ,I("'
cd to their utn10,l
capac111"itlt lite 11cces,Jrte,Jnd to111forhoflifo. \ddccl lo thi,, ;iln1osl
e,cr.· hoch\CC111cu
lo l.,i, al \lurk, b111no1seles-1h<o.co111p,11ccl
\\ illi ,, hat
l had been Jcc11,to111c-d
lo 111Balti111orc l ht·rt· were no loud soug,
hca,d frou1 those e11~Jged111load111gand 1111lo,1ding
,h ,p, I heard 110
cll."cpoatl" 01 honid c11r,e<011the labore1. I .\JI\ 110"h1ppi11gof n1cu.
but all ,eerned to go ,n1uothh nn. ~:,en1na11,1ppearcd to unclent;ind
Iti; \\ ork.• 111d\\ en! al ,t 111
lh a ,ohc:1.yt·I d1tcrh d ea rnest11css,11hiclt
betokened the dt'ep 111
lere<t "h1ch he fdl 111\\Ital lie wa, doi11,:.Js 11ell
J< J ,e111eof 111,own dii;1111\
.,, a 111.111
lo 111eth1;,looked c,~ce<lingh
J.. l Sl2 J p1,n11l..ad,·"Ith'-Ldkt I 1~ I Ii t .1ln,tN11.,,I rom.1nt~ ~d In tllc
t1.i111o;1kc:
i-. tl1c wi 11u~fulh n,l, 11 Lt,.rJ
J.an<-s•>l D<1u.c:l.11.,
J ~co,1~, c!11d"t.
1 u fC"\<:r«I fvr h1, br.t,<J\ J1111!
\'ttlllt'
rlu re ts Jl-..1Ilic
"· Sir \\ .tl1<"r
~c;,,n'Ii
, - ..
S(ot11,I, ~1rcl1)md\Iii 1!1~lhtJ1i.:cmur,, Oo,lfµJ,ll
J;11oouhl.k.i l°>l,11.1;.l.t,.•
m ~n•llt
f.r.,,Tlk'!I
fulr \fwd r,J I'aJh
lht
nmdol
",1..t.
011..,-ol
I 11t,
Ot
FRJ:.DERI<:~ 0oPCL \SS
-,
I>
sh·angc 1710
111the v.hanc, I ,trolled lliOlUtd J.nclo,c-r 1hc lO\\LL.
i;ann!l
\I ith 1,011derand ad1111raltn11
.1!the ,plcnd1d d1urche,. bc,111liflll
d,1eHi11;,,,111dli11t:
lv-c11l1t,;lledi;ardens; e\'inc·in~.111;JL11ounl
of we.11thco111fnrt. l.<-tc. ,111drcfine1ne11t.;,uch as I hacl nc,er ,t:cn 111JU) p,tr! of
,l.1,ehold111g\lal)l.u1cl
El'en thing looked de,111.nt'IV,and bcJullful. I saw le\\ or no cltl,1p1daled houses. \\tlh poverl\-stncken 1nn1ak,; 110h.1lf-11Jked
children a11J
ha1t·foolcd \\OllJC.•n.
~uch a, I l1.1dbeen J<'C'1t,1<>111cd
In ,~, 111Hill,horough, EJ,ton. SI \ lichacl's. J11dBal1Jr11ore·1he peopl<"looked 111orc
nble. ,ltongcr. heallh1er, ,ind happier. th.u1 ll1oseoi \:111r.l1ncll 11J, for
n11cen1.1dcgla<l b~ ,1 1 ie\\ of exlrc1111·
11t:;tllh,\\illtoul be111g,.idclencd
bv ,cc111ge,trcllll' po,erl\. But lhe 1110,ta,ton1sh1ngas "di as the 11111st
i11tere<l1ng
lhing lo 111t·wa, the co11d11Jo11
oi the colored people, .i grtat
,nan, of who 111,hkt• 111~,clf.l1ad t"ea1>1.:d
tluthe, .ts .1 refuge fron, lhc
hu11lc1>of 1ne11.I found mJ111·,"ho had not been ,e,en 1e.1rsout ol
!heir chain,, liv111gin liner houses.• 111deudenlh c11io1111g
·111ore
of lhe
c01nforh oi life, lhan Lhe d\t'nJge of sl.1,d1older; i11\Li11l,1nd I 11111
,·enture tu assert that 1111in end \Ir Nalhan }olt11,011
1of" 110111
I c..111
sJ\
111tha 1,;rakfull1earl, "I w;1,,hungr.. and he ga,e ,n, 1neal: l 1,," 1h1t,t).
,mJ lie ga1c 111<' <l11uk;I 11a, J slr.111i;er.
and he tool 111ein"'') lived 111,1
11e,1terhouse; dined at a hc11c1table: look, p.11<lfot. Jud reacl. 111c11e
11ew~papers,
helter 1111deVilood
the 1noral.1el1gwus.•111tl
pol11tc.1l
tl1ardt·
ler ofll1e 1wtio11,-lh.1n11inelenlh, <>flhe ,l.1,·cholde£'1
in T.,lbol l'01tnl\
l\larda11d.
Yet \Ir. }oh11so11
11'3> J \\01l111i:111.11>
I Ii~ hands 11ere h.,rcl.
encd b1 1011.,111dnol his alone, h11ttho><
".Ll,oof \Ir,. Jul111,n11
I fnuutl
the colored people 11111ch
1nore ,p1ntecl th,111I had Htppo",cl lhc:1\\ould
he. I fou11d<1111011~
lhe111~•<ll'ler11H11.11to11
lo prolecl each otl1erfrou, 11,c
blood-1111
1,h k1d1rn1>pl.:1.
dl dll ha,.1,th Soon afkr 111,a111,al.I \\,t., told
of J ,ircum,tJnc:c which ill11,lrJlecllhc,r ,ptrit -\ colored n1Jn ,1nd .1
lng1tt~c ,b,c \1ere on 1111fne11clh
lernts. I lie fnrn1er \\,L<lte.trcl lo
lltrt'.tle11 the biter ll'illt 111fu1111111i;
l,is 1n.i~Lt:rof hi, "hereabouts.
Sira11;hh1a1·., 1neehng \\J\ called ,1111011g
the colo1cd p,:ople, under the
,kr.-ot~ pt'd 11otict. ·•Bui Ines< of 1111porf
an,·<''" rhc hetr.11c.-r11.1< 1n, 1tee)
tu ,1lk·11d1·11t·pcnple t·,1111e
Jl 11,eappon,INI l1011r.J11dori;Jnizt'tl tl1e
111c-d111~
h1 appo1111t11j!
a 1er1 rd1g1011,old £;t:nllt'111an
.is pre,ident. "ho.
I bdie, t:, niade a [>r,rve1.Jfk1 "hich he a<ldrcs,cd the JllC<"ting
,1, follo"" ''/ ne11J,.11'e har<'got /11111here. <111J
I 11111,/Jrec·11mme11J
that rnu
w1u11~men 111,Ilake /um uul,1de the dour. and kill him 1" \\'ilh Liu,,a
1111n1hcr
of ihc-111
holtcd .1I111111.
but tlie1 ,,ere 111lerceptedb1 ,01ne 111orc
lnnicl 111.111
thc111,th,,. and tht· bc1ra1cr c,c,1pcd their 1e11i:e:111ce,
nntl
ha, nol been seen 111'e" Bt·dlurd ,111,·cI bd1e,e lhere ha,e heen 110
1110,c,uch ll1rt'.1ls.mid ,l,nnld there he l1.:rc.1flcr.I tloulit nol thJI death
11ou Id be Iht• c·nnsc·qnt·rir·c
.
l),urda~u
IJ (
I \l.,111i~ 2.=i
lS.
7-t
l\·\RRATI\[
OF TIIE
I !FF
OF F~EDlRWK
J\ARR.,1f\'l
0(WGI.~~
I fo1111
d e111ploH11eul.
lhc 1h,rd clai Jfter 1n1arrihtl, i11,101>i11g
,1 ,loop
11ilh a l°'td of 011.ll 11;1<
new, chrtv. J11d hard 11nrkfor 111c:l,111I \\ent .1l
ii II ilh d glJ<lhe,trl and a wilJu1gha11d.I was now 111101111 rna,ter It'""
,1 happ, 11,011,enl,
the ,.1plur~of 11h1c-hcau he understood nnh b~tho,e
11110h,1,e hee11,J.l\es. It 11;15 the first \\Ork, lJ1c 1eward of \\h ich \\ii\ to
l,e e11tHd) r11101111.There w;is no l\la,k1 Hugh <tancl111g
reaclr. the
n1orne11II c.,rned lhe n 1011e1.lo 101; 111~nf 1t I worked Uidl dJI 11ith .1
plc,1>11reI hail ne,e1 l~fo,c c,pcncnced. I wa, al 110,l. for n11,ell .n1d
nc:11
h-nrnrricd 111ft. fl was to n1e the- starti11g-po11
1Iot a nc-11ex1<le11c:~
\\ ht'n I ;oJ through 11ith lJwt 101>.I 11c11l111purs11il of a joh of ca ll-.ing.
bul such 11.1s lhe slrc11c;tli of p1cjudKc ag~10,t color. au1011gth,· 11 htte
c:,,11.er,.!hat tl1e1 r<:fu,t.'<llo 1101k1\llh n1e. Jnd of cou r,r I co11ldgl t 110
e1nplo11ne11tI Finding Ol) trJde of 1101111
111c
wak OCll<'li
l, I threw off
,n,c.1ll-111ghJl11l1111enu.
. .iud p1lp,11rd 11,,self to do ,u11·kind of \\Ork I
1·ould i;et lo do. \11 Jol111s<111
k1ndh let me hJve lu, wood-hor,c 111d
,a\\, and I \Cf) ">on fo11nd111),t-lfJ ple11t1of 11011.:111<-rl·11,1< 110worlloo l1ard-11011eloo duh' I \\,ts ,cad,· to -.,1"\\ood, shnl'e l coal, carr1 the
1101I."'"ep Ilic cl1111111L''·
01 roll utl c·~,k,,-.111()f11·h1d1I <lidfor 11earh
lhrt:e ,c-.ir, 111'-:c" Bc<lford.ht-fore I hecJ111e"110\\·11lo ti,<' dltli-,1,,,cn
worlcl.
111Jbou l fou, 1111111th.,
after I 111:111 to Nt11 Bedford. there c:-•.1111e
J
_101111g
111d11
lo 1111:,
,incl 1nqnircd ii I cl,d not \\ish to take the "Lil.,~r.ilor."~
I lold hnn I chd, but. just l,.1,i11i;111Jdc1111t·sr.qx· fro,n ,l,l\ef\. I
renwrl-t·d lJ1dlJ 11a, un.ihle lP P•" lo, 11illl·II l howt1C'r. fin,1lh hccamc
a ,11h,lrihcr to 11The p.1pcr c.1me. and I reacl it frmn wee!. to weel-.with
,nch feel111g,JS it .-ould bl (Jlllk idk for 111cto ,1llt111pltu dc,t11l>L.
I he pJpu btt·antl' 1111111cala11d 1111d11nk :\'h soul \\:ls sd all 011 fire·
lh ,1n1pJlh) for 1111brethren in hnnds-its scathing den11nciallons of
,Lweholders-11li fa11hfulexposure, of ,b,·ef}-Jlld ii~ powerful Jltalks
upo11 the: llphul<lu, of thl· J11>htulto11-,c:11t
d lh11II
JUI tl,couglt Ill\
,oul. ,nc-1,,h I h.1clncH·r fell bcford
I had nol loni; been d re.icier of the "Liberator.'' before I i:;ot,1 prc·th,
(Uffl'd
•<kJof lhl' p1111(•1pk,,llltd>tlfl'' .111d,pi11I or 111<:.111
li-,lal'er}
tl rorm I tool rii;ht hold of th<· l'Jll\C,
I ('Ot1lddo l,111l,lllc. i>ul \\ lial I
co11ld,J cl,d 111thJ 1o~iul htart. aud ne,t:r felt happier lhan -.h<:n 111ail
a111t-,la1
u, 111<·c·t111i;
I'< ldou, l1.1J 111ud1tu -..n.it lhe 111eeling,.hec.111sc
,d,at l \Ltfllcd to ,.11
. 11,h ,,111!,o 11md1 bcllc:1 h,. olher,. But. 11hile
alte11d,c1i;,111a111t-,la,·er1· con,ent1on ;it '\..1ntucl<·I. 011 tl,t' l l tli of
\ugu,t. l'HI. I lcll ,Lro1u;h 1110,ecllo speak. J11rl11,1,,1I!hr '<!Jill'11111c
11,11d,urgccl tn no,o Ill \Ii \\'illi.i111C. Coffin. a i;enlle ,nan who h.,d
,,r
I
am I ,Idtli.11l010
l I '..
t1111~l\«.:
2
',
1.. J
dfort
pcno:1 c:111r on ~1'(11 j•lfT\11.;111
,I I lmc
l). ugJ1-iSI n,1tc-
ui,.v. fkd!otJ-J
t•=,ult
Of
nfE
l.!fE
01
FRt Jl[ I\JCK 00UCL'1.SS
hea 1d n1e ,pe1l-111th, l'olon:d p<'npk's 111eehng:atNe"' Bedford lt\\a,
a 1e,e re cro>S.and I look ii up rcl11d.111ll1I ht truth "a,. I felt 1111>elf
a
slave. and the idea of spcal,ng lo ,d1ile (>ePple "e1ghC'1lrnc do-.11. I
1pokt· llltl J
nlomen~. 11hen I felt a degree of freeclon1, Jnd s.i,d
11hJI I dc:,ire<lw1ih con1iclemblc case Fron, that l11ntcuHhl 11011.11,a,e
heen cngJged HI pleading the C"J111e
of 1111brethren -1\ 11h1dt,1I,utce~.
.11,d\\tlh 11hat dc\oliou I led,r: those Jcquain ted with m1 l,1hor, to
decide
fo,,
I ltncl, <IIIC'l'1CJdi11go,er Ute lorego111gNarrali1t. llwt I h,1,e, in seve-ml 111
<l~nct'1, spnl.en 1n ~11d1,1 l<•nt· Jnd 111a11t1l·r
rl',p<·cti11grd1g1on.
as 111ay poss1hh-lead those 11nacq11a111tecl
11ith my rel,~ous , ,cws to '"Ppoi.e111e,111oppo11e11lof JII religion To re1110,ethe L,.ibilil:\of sud,
rn1'><1pp1ch,11si<>11.
l dei:111ii J)Hljk.'1to append ti11:follo11ing b11d<:,planat1011\\'hat I h,1,c ,rnd respcc-t1ngand against relig:1011.
I 111canstnct lr
lo appl) to the .,lal'eho/J111e,
religu111
oi ll1•s land. a11dwith no po\S1ble
referente lo C h11,Lia11ihproper; for betwee11 lite Clu i1t1,1nillof th1>
la11J.and the Ch,i,tia111t\ of Cl1Tist.I rrcog1111
.c the 1Hdc,1 possihlc-cl1ilc1cncc-,o 111clc.lhal to rccet\'e the one a., good. p11re. .i11dhol), "of
nccessil) In reject tl1e other a,- bJd torrup l. a11<l111d,ed 'lo h.: tlit."
friend of llie one, 1suf nccc,111\ to bL lhr cncn1, ot lhc oth<'r I lo,·c the
ptttl, pt>dCcahle,,111cl1111parli.1l
(:hn<h,11111,of (:hnsl I lJ1erefor<:hate
lhl· t'Orrupl. ,J,11
ehn lcling, w0111en-wh
1ppi11g.tradle-plu11der111g.[>Jill.ii
.1nclh\'potnllca l Ch11,l1a111h uf 1111,IJnd. Indeed. I c-,111
<cc no rc.ison
hut the 1110,ltkL<'itful nuc. for c,dl,ng the religion oflh,, l.111cl
('l111,t1,111
11\. I l,x,l- 11po11 11.i, the clin1a, oi all 111isnon1ers.the 1>1,ldc:,1
ot ,1II
f1;1t1d,
. and the grosse, I of JI( hbels. '-.e,er \\JS there a dc,1rl'r C-ih<' of
",tea I11,g Ihe 1" en uf tJ,c court of I1l'a1l'll lo ,en e lhc tlen I 111.• ' I .111
filled 111th111,ulterahk l11,1lh1ng
wht:n I conten1plate llie rdu;rou, pu111p
.111cl
,lio", toi;cllic1 "11h lhe homble 111co11S1st
enucs, \\l11d1c1c1111lu.-rc
,u1101111d
111e \\'c h,1\e 111L11-,lt."ak1,
fo, 1111111\k",
110111cn-11l11pper,
ior
1111sS1<J11,1r1tes,
,11,dcradle-pl1111dl'IChfor< hnrrh me111hers.111t',u,111,,l,n
,lidd, 1h,· hlo,'<1-<:lottt:Jcn11skin d11n11i;the """!-fills 11,, pulpit 011
St111d,I\
.• 111d d,1111hto be a 111i11i,tc1
of ll1c 111ccl-.
.111,ilt>1d1Je<n<.' I lie
11M11
,;l,o 101»,nc nf Ill) ea111i11i,:,
at lhc ,11dof c,1cl111eel. 111eel.s
111c.,,
11 dai,-lcad,·r 011S11nd.1,u1c,t111ng,
to sho11 111ellte 11a1of lite. and lht'
11;1thnl , 1h.il1<>11
I le 11ho '"II< 111\ ,hter, for purpo-., ol pro,l1h1tio11,
,t.n,cls fo, th ,1,Ihe p1ou, .,chocat<:of puril}, I le I\ ho prod,11n1, 11J re I1giu11,d11t\ to re.id lhc Ril,lc.:,k111c, n,c tl1<r1gl1101 learr1111.;
to 1cad the_
ol Ih<·( :o.J II I'" 111.1tlt:
11Jl' I I<.'\\ hu II the rel igiou, ath m 1t, ot
11.1111,·
r
n,~fo4 l illl (II CJ1Tl)011~ 1,btT,1t,·,, o1pparcd m l ,Ull'dr\ l!ot'I ln1t1.ill\ ,lc:pc11k1I <1111h,
bt10 r~..1ckr,.h1p
r,_,r
JUpport,11 1:iectmcthe 1 ,u..1d,..,411<"'11•
1 nl ~kJ 1 " "HI, I t •<'.1h11l1h<>11hl.
nr:;:.1 duru _111nrc-1h.u 1h11h \t;,no!p,1hl1t.1ho11
l
•
j>,i,1,.•
;l1~"J\l•l
l (,ltoptc-'.&1..h11lln: -\f11<1111\lcrf11icl1~l(·1•,1p,.t.,/ 11 di1;rd11,1)'i)9
0
I 111m R<", ltnhot PuU,,l lJt C. 4.,; ,,K-~/ l1tM I,~~ f,,.pL \ ftl11 1-..
, ,RRA11,•.
OF 111t;
I
ir•
01
:\ARRAlll'E
FR1•u1
.R1ci-Doucu;.-s
1narn,1gerob, "hol,· 1111
lhon, nl 1h ,.1cred 111A11e11ce
and lt!.i,e, tl1c:n1
to
the 1.1111gt·, <>f"holc ...1lt'pnlh1tio11
. ·11,.,\\,1rn1tlefo11c.le1
uf th, sacrcdue~s
of tht· f,11n1lv
relation " the -.Jn1eth.it ,catter, whok l.im1lil·,, -,11nder111g hthl>and, and lll\'t'>,
part:nt; ,111dd11ldrt·11,"~le" .incl lirollters.lt',1\1111;
the 11111
,.1t-.111t
, .11111
tl11:lie.11thdc,olJte. \\e;- ""'
1liiefpre.,Lli1111;
.,g.1111,t
tlicn. a11dlhc .,duhc1c1,11;.1111,t
ad11ltel). \\"e hJ\e ,ncn ,old
to hu,ld churches. \\Ol11ensold to suppott the gospel. .ind babe·, ,old to
p11rd1.1\cfl1hle, f<lrtit" poor l,eath,•1:!11/1for the i;lorr ,,( c;,,d ,11:tlthe
g,,,,J r,/ ,11u/~•I he sb,c ,111d1011cc1
s hell ,111cl
1h1:d1nrch-goin~ hell
d11111e
m 1\ith each othet, and the bitter cue, of tlie heart-br<lkensl.,,·e
,lfe drn\\ 11ed111the rt·li~1011,
,houts nl his p1nu1111.1<krRe,i,.1!-ol rchL:11111
a11drcvi,,,1, 111tl1csl.l\c•t~a<lc go l,,111<l
111Ji.,11dtni:cthc, 'I he sl..i,c
p11,011.1nd tht du11d1 ,tan<l nea1 cad, othc:1.The d.1nl..i11g
of fetter,
.ind il1er<1tll111g
ot ch.1111\
111the prison. .ind the pio11spsal111
~11d,oll'"111n
pr.l\·c, 111the cl1111d1,
n1.11be hc.ird JI tlw s.1111c
li111c
. ' ('he ck·.1kr, 111
the lxxlie, .111d,0111,of 111c11
c1cct thcu ,1,11,cli11tl1c prcscnl-c of lhc
pulpit. and they 111ut11,1II~
help each uthe,. 'Jhe <lc:.1le1
gi1c; hi, hlood,1.,i11t><l
14Pl<l
lo ,upport the pnlp1t, iill<llhc p11lp1t,111rcl11r11.
covers Ins
1nferttJIb11'111es'"th the gad, of <:l11hh.111it,I In,·"" l,,1\1· n·lig1011
,111drol>bcn the ,1ll1e,of e-Jch olhcr - dc:111,<l1c,,cd 111u11gd,' rnbcs.
.,11dhdl prcscnhn~ tl,c sc111bl.111,·c
ol p.1t.1d1se
II,.,
")11,1c:odl und 1l1c,care the,••
\'1.1,u1111111,tcr
,11tl11nl·,1lta1,Cod of rwhl1
:\le11\I ho their hands, 111thp1,11cr,11,clhlc,,111g.lav
Ou ht.1el's,,rl..of li1:hl.~
·
"\\ h.11'.preach. :111cl
l1J11.1p1nc117
(;i,e th,111ls.,ind 10b th} n\\ 11.1ff11detlpoor'
r:ilk of th, glono11,hh~,1,, an<lthe11
Bolt l1a1dthe c;1pti,e\ doo1'
"\\'hal! S<:'l'\allbuf lll\ o\\ 11
:\lc-1c:1f11I
Son. "h~ ca111eto seel. and s,11c
·1·hc honidc" and the outca,t , f<."ttcnng
do\\ 1,
17,e tasked a11dpl1111dcrt·d
,1«,e'
"P1l.1teJIIUHerod• fnend, 1
1
C:hu:fp11e,bJnd n1lcr,. ,is ot old, lo11il1111e
Ju,t C;od .111dhol, ! "11t,11ch11rd1"h ,th lend,
Stceni:th lo the spoiler tl11ne>·•
; I c: 11,e11,-.h-VL<c•nl.11111~ 1hr 1(11.ikb, c:,1Luuu14 the c-1.t1rchillh ofl.J,, a1 L'.nhl.Jilc-J111
the 01,1 lot,1111t"11I• ncll.1l1·11t<l
6 1-tt."rr~\nhp;o , rulc r n1 ( • ,;!ltt. t,1Jt.1t"CItJ,C"
t"t1:ull<Li ot (rJIUI thl• H.1pt ! ;111\Ip,11top,iktl 111
_ the111.1.I
1lt ?J11·[,II 10111111,r 1IJtr:~.a:.I.lieK.t,.-il.1111111tlttw1,,
.,1(1 con<kn,1.c,l( 3m t 10 ,lr.,lh
nicr-eitJU/ .h .ne fuwI W1ut11er
't ill •I l.u.ri\ pi~-II I ( ./rrw.uiOpprt•\'f(Jr,
I , ,,l°i,fi\
or
TIIE LrrF
(lf
t RJ-l)~fllt:~Doucl.hSs
-I
The Chn,ti.1n1tvof An1e11cats J Chn,tia11il\,of"hosc ,otari~ it 111a,
be as lrul) ,aid, a, 1t ,,as of the .1nc1ent,crihcs a11dPh.iri,ccs! '"TT1e~
6111dlica,) bnr<len,. ,111<l
gnc,ous to be borne, and la, them on 1ne11',
sho11lders,but thej 1111:111\chc,
\\ ill 1101move thcrn ;11th 011eof their
fingers \II their worl, thc1 do fr,rlo he ,ce11of 111<>11
- 1 lil)' lo,e the
11ppt:11no,1
roo111s
JI tea,ts. and the d11el seats 111the <}n,1c;ogucs
, •.•
a11dlo he c.illt·d ol 1ncu, ltil,b1. R,1hb1-But
"oe unto yon. scribe,
a11dPhansee,. h1IJOCrtlcs!
Int l't' shnt 11pthe l.ingclonlo1hea,eu aeainst
111en;for ye nc1tl1c1c;o 1111oursehc,, 11<."1lher
s11if<>r
H ' lhc111tl1Jl JIL
l'11kn11gto go in Ye de,ou1 \\ido,1,· houses, and for ,t pretence 111c1kr
lrll1gprJ\CJ\; thc1e.fore,e ,hall rece1\e lhc gre,1lerdu11J11Jllon
. \e compass sea Jnd l,111d
In 1nake one pro<ehk, ,ind "hen he 1s111.1de.
,e 111Jke
hi1n twofold 111ori::
the cliilclof hell th.m ,·011rse
l,e, -\\'oi'
1111to
,011
1 for )e p,11 lithe of 1111111,
<<-ribcsand Phari,ee), l11·pocntcs
and an1<e,
anti c11111111.
and hail 01nitted lhc \\e1ghl1er111atkhof the la". 1udgu1enl 111crcv,,111dfailh. thc,c 011gh1 1e lo h,1vedo11c,and nnl to lca,l'
the otl1er undone Ye blind i;u1deslll'hich ,!Jilin Jt ,1 e;n,1t.and sll';illo,,
a t,1111e
l \\o,: unto ,ou, scribe, and Pharisees. h, poc1iks' for , e 111ake
clc·,111
thl' 011tsidcoF the nip .111dof thr pldllt:1 but 1,1tl1111.
tlK, Jrc
full of extnrtio11and e,ce~< -\Voe unto yo11.scribes and Ph.1ri,cc,.
l11pocriles!for 1e Jie hke unto "hited ,epulclires, ,d1id1 i11deed.1ppe.1r
beauhl'ul oul\«ird. but arc w1lhi11full of dead 1nen, bones. aud ol JII
un, leann"'' · l·,1enso ~c nl,o onh,ardh ,1ppc..1r
11~htco11,
unto n1cn. 11111
111thin,e are full ofh1pocriS1 Jnd 1111q111h
"q
0Jrk and ternblc d> ,; thh picture, I l1old 1l to be slncll) hut of Iii<.:
o,er"hd111111c;
n1a,, ot proks,cd Chri<ll.111,
111\nwnc,, ·1hc1 ,tr,1111
,11a
g11al and '" ;1llo\\ a ra111cl Cou ld any tluug be u1ore true of our
churches' ·1he) wolllcl be ~l,ocl.ec.J
Jl tl1e propo,1l1011
of Cello",h11,p111g
a s/ieep-ste.alet.Jud Jt lht ,a111e1111,c
tht·1 hug to ti 1c11r01n11111111011
a
mu11-,teale1
. .J11db1<111d
111<'
1111hbeing .111111ficlel,
if I find fault \\1th
tl11:111
for 1l.The, ,1ltr11d,11th Phan~ic:al ,tril't11e,,to the onh,Jrd foJtllS
of ,chgion. and at the sa111etu11eueglecl the "c1ghhcr 1t1Jlk>"ol tlic
l.m, 111clj\n1enl,
111erc,.and fa,th ·n,c) ,1rcalt,.1v, re.1<hlo ,.1cnlice, but
,elclo111
to , 110\\ 111t:u:11l1c1 ,1rethe) ,1ho ,ire repre,enkd .i, profes,ill\;
lo lo,e (;,,._]"l1on1 thC\ have not ,een. 111111st
the, hate thnr brother
\\huru the, h;n·e seen. '(lie) 10,1:the l1c.ithe11
on thl· other side of Ilic
glob.., T'h(.'1c.111pr,t\ fo1111111,
p.i, 1nnnl'I to hnl(' th!! Bible pnl 11110
his
11.111d
.. ,11d1111\siouane,to instn1cl hi111;while the, despise and tolallv
nci;led !lie l1eathen ,II their ,n, u c.Joors
.
Sud, ,,. 1en hnc:Ay,Ill) \ le\\ ur the 1clig1n11
uf tl11,l,111cl.
ann lo J\Old
.111, 1111sundcr,t.1nch11g,
gro\\111g
ollt of the use of gcner,11tern1s,I 1nean.
,
\1(111hc:
..r:>,,I
lHHII
., P''".;;rf,,I
J,-,t-.1,'It:(! llial 111!•lnl on y,h,<.t~1,('n.uu.t' nf • ntkl, .mJ cu;.il,ch~
IJ""n,...">l:Hbn1.1,r;,c-,1~ le\l.l!-1 sd111l.1r,,, 11utm1;lil fc,\1\II I"'
1,11-11.d
d14"R1hk
,, < I '""'""
2l • - 2,
+1.Jc;,l1ilJ .mJ
11kl •
i8
'-JARl!Al IVf. Of
THF. Ll~E
or I·REDERICK Doi·cL~S~
bl' the religion of this ldnd. that ,'111cl1"re,ealed 111the \\01ds, deeds.
and Jtho11,, of those bodies. uorth and ,oulh. c..1llingthcn1sekes Chri<l!Jn chnrche;, and }Cl 111union with sla,cholder; It 1s Jgain,t relii;ion,
ns presented b, these bodies, that I hll\e foll it 1111· dnl) to te,tifr.
I co11d11detl,e,e 1e111.1rk,
b, L'op,111i,:
the follo" 111gpor1Ta1lof the
rel1g1011
of the ~11th,(\\ hich "· b) co111111un1011
.ind fdlo\\sl11p,the religion of the norllt,1 ,d1ic-l1l ,obcrh ,1flin111s"true lo the l1fc- nnd "it hunt c,ir1t·ah11eor the sl11.;l11e,t
e,,11'i:er.1tio11.
It ,, sJ1J lo h,l\e hee11dra,>11.
$e1e1al1e.1rsbefore the present anh-,lJ1er1 a141tahonbegan, b) J north •
cm \l<.'1hocl1~t
preacher. who," h1le res1dini:~, the south, h,1dan oppor1111111\
lo see sl.11eholcl111c:
n1or;1h,111,11111cr,,
.ind p1et1."ith l11101,11
c1es.
"Sh,,11I not 11,11for these tl,!ng,' ,-,ith the l.01d Shall not 111} ,<1111be
1
a,cngcd on sllch ,1nation as tl11s~"
,
NARRATl\l
OF TIii:. WFE OF fRFDFRICK
DoUC.L'\SS
Aud tc,1ch the right ,1nddo the v.ro11g,
llailing the brother, ,,ster throng.
\Vith v.ord~orl1ca,c11h
, un,o;,
"\\ 'e wonde1 hov. such ,a1nls can sing,
Or praise the Lord 11po11
tht· "1ng.
\Vito ro.Jr,and ~cold, :ind v.lup, and sting,
.\nd to 1hc-1r
5l;1,c~i!lld n1J111111011
clnn;.
In (llliltv c-on~eicnccu111011
.
"The} ·11rni,e tohdcco, cor11,d11<]
rye,
.'\11dd111e.and thie,e, .ind d 1eJI, nnd lie,
Aud ld~up 1Teas11res
111the sky,
By ,nal..111g
S\\tlch and cowskin fh,
l,1 ltopc nf ltca1enh unio11
A PAROD\'-
"C:01n~.,ainh and 1111ncr,.he.11111etell
11011pio11, prie,t, v.h1pJad, .in<lNell,
.\nd 1,on1e11bu1 and ch1ld1en ,ell,
.\nd prcad1 all ~11111ero
do•,111
to hell,
,\nd s111g
of lie.11cnl) union
'"fhe~·11crack old Ton" on the ,kuJI.
:\nd prc~ch ~nd roArlike Rdsltan' bull.
()r bmving nss, of 1111sch1ef
full,
'I hen ,eize old Jacob bv the 1\0ol,
.\ud pull fc1rhea1e11lv1111ion.
""I l1e1'II bl.:JI dlld hd,I, dona like go,,t,,
"A roariue, ranliug_.sleek nian-tlne(,
C:orge du1111hlack ,ht:ep, .u,d stra111JI 1nok'>,
\n,w their backs J11 li11ehi.lck co,1h,
Th~n se1lc their nei,'Toesb)' lhcu th,oab.
\nd choke, for hean :nh 111110n
\Vl1011\c<l<1111111111011,
,cal, dncl hcc:f.
Yet nc:,er \\oulcl afford rcl,ci
To need,, sable \0115ot gnel,
\V.t<b,g with hcavcnh 11111011
,r
"ll1e1 ·11cl,urch ~OU vou s,p a clia111,
\nd <l.intn}'Ol> if 1ou ,teal ., J,11111,;
)d rob old l0111,Doll, and Sant,
()f l111111,111
nghh and bread and hdnl,
kidnapper's hc,J1e11lr11111011
•· 'Love not the "orld,' the preacher ~11d.
,\ncl \I inked lus eve, ,111d
,l1001.his l1e;,1d.
I-le sei.ted 01110111.
,111dDick, and '\ed.
Cut ,hort thei, meat. dlld clol11c;,,ind bre.id.
Yet,till lo,cd hem c1ilvunion.
- 111e1·11
1011dh I.ilk ofCl1rist'~ reward'
.
-\11db111dhis 1111agc
"1th a cord,
-'Ind,cold, a 11d"' ill(l the lash abhorred.
-\nd <di thcH brother 111the Lord
lb hanclculTedbea,enh u11io11.
".\nol11c1prc,1tl1er"I 1111111£;
spoke
Of One who~c he.1rtfor sinners broke
I le !Jed old ,.1r1111• lo a11 oak.
Aud dre\\ the blood ,11'"''rV, tro~,:.
Aud prn)ed for hea,cnk un,on.
"17,e,'ll 1ead ,111dsing a sacred song.
"Two others opt>dtheir 1ro11jJ\\,,
-\11d"~"cd their cluldren-<tealing p,1",;
111crc s.11their children 111gcwga,\<;
By,1i11t111g
ncegroc<bJc:l.s311d111a11·,,
I he) kept up hea1•enlvunion.
\ud 111akea pn1~erboth lond .inti long,
I Jcic.muhiJ>r.~l,(_ri-.di <hJrgci .JtJU1,t tl.~ltllJ <.•ftb(:Ho11-.;t ut J1n(l ( l,eo-1t
11,1• 111:;_qJ
2. Oo'Ji;IJ.U
t, p.u,-,J~1ng lle.1,..·eul)·
I In.ton,• .1 h)Odl ,u11~ m ni.m\- "l')ud1et11
ch•mlin ijf the
tune IJrcn.1~~"
"..U. Um01hIm hu 1h;up,e-1-,c:of 11111110,
i.ln<liib1lit\11, mmuc the--S•1i,1hn,1
clcr~
·
79
',()
N \RI!.\ rl\T
OF lllf
LlfE
OF FREDEP IC(.;
DoucLA~~
"-\II goodfrom )3cl. ;inother lake,.
\nd cnt~rla1ns their A1rtsand rake~.
\\ho dre\S a, ,leek .i- glo,s~ ,11.1k<'S,
\ 11d cran1 their 1no11th~
"11'1S\\t'elenecl c<1kl',.
And ti11,goe, dv\\ 11 fo1 un ion"
SmC'crd~ .u,ii camc1th hoping that th1, l1ttlehool. 111.iy
iio sornetliing
lo\\Jr<l ll1ro\\iui; light 011lhe ,\Jnericau s!Jve >)>kil1, and l1J,te11i11!;
ll1c
glad da\ of clel1,c:,1anc<:
lo 1hr 1111llro11s
of 111,brethren 111bonds-f,11tli•
full, rcl, 1ng 11pn11the po\1cr of truth. lo1c, anci 111~t1c-c,
for ,11rr~, in
n11 l111111ble
efforts-.u 1d solen1nh pledgini; mr self ane,1 lo the ~cret l
cau,c,- 1,ul.hc:11be
nn·,.Jf.
1.,,,.\ lc111, \pril ::'.H.I !i-+5
FREDFR l CK DOUCl...t\SS
CONTEXT S
R.evie\\ of LI1<: Nurrt1f1re j
\ l.,r~,,rel f11ller( 1St0-18Sf11.one of lhc lca1li11g111tdlectuahof lie, tl:I\
hJd been ed,toro t the l1teran 1ou,nal / he /J,al before 10111111~
Hornc-cCree
lei , Nei, ) ork Trshu11elt was a ,nark of the 11nportanceatt.,d,ed to Doug•
la,i, Narr11fil'e tkll I uller. pe, hap, lhe u10,l pro1111nen
l book re1k\\ c11tit
ot the c,~. rt'\ltwed the book for her ,nA11enlrnl11e-.,paper !'I,., revic"
appeared i11Ilic I nb1111c
on Ju11eI 0. I 8-15J
•
Frederick I )ougt ,..,,ha\ been for ,0111eti111e a prominent n1cn1herof
tbc Abolih011 party. He- is s,1idto he an cxcdk11t speaker-can speak
fro1n a thorough per>onal expencnc-e-and ha< upon tl1c ,1udie11cc.
he'lde. 1he influence of d strong charac ter Jncl uni-ornn1on talc:nl>.In
the hook heforc 11,he has pul into tl,c slur\' of lais life the tho11i;hts. the
feel111gs,and llae aclvenl11resthat ha1c· hccn «> affrtt111gtluougla lht
li11ng,01ce; nor art' the) les, <o fro1nthe printed page. I le ha, li,,d lh<'
courage.-lo nan1c tl1c:pcrso11s, tunes a11dplates. th 11s exposing h imself
to obrio u, dJnger, and ,.-111ng thl' <cal on h,s dt:tp t:t•11\
id 1011,as lo
lhe religions need of spe.ik1ngthe\\ hol<' truth Con<idcrcd 111c
1eh a, .1
1tarralJl'e, we la,n-e 11e,er read 011e1nore sarnple, tn,e. coherent, and
11a11n1\ilh genuine kd1ng. It ,~ a11c,celle11t piece of" riling. .111d011
that scon.· to he pn1ccl ,Ha ,pcc1mt'n of the P""<'r> of the R)dci Rdn:.
which l're1ud1ce persists in cli,puhng \\ 'e prr7e h1ghlr all evidence of
thi, ki11<l.
~ud il is l>ccon1i11g1110,eabuudJn t 1'ht Cross oi llie Leg1u11
of Ho1101ha., Jn, I b.,;l'IIc-onr('rrc:d,n F1" net 011 D11nm, ,ind Soultl. 1mlh
celebrated 111 the path, of light and literatu re. 1)11,nas. "·hme father \\JS
;t <.:cneral 111 tl1e French Arn1v, 1>J \1 ulat1o. SouJ,e, J Qua<lroo11I le
went fro1n '-.e1, Orlt.>J11>,
" l1l·rc.Ihough le>the eye ,11d11lllllilll. \ c.-1a,
k11c>\\11
tu h~, e .\fnca11blood in his vc11
1s. he could ne,cr hme enjoyed
tl,e pn,, leges due to a h11111au
being. Leaving the Land afFreeda 1n. he:
found h imself free to develop lbc [J<lllt'r> thJt Cod hJd fc;i\t'll
'lwo 111se Jncl cJ11clid th111lcr,,- the Seolclunan. Ki11111cnt.
prcn1.1h11eh lo, t lo thi, cou 11lrv. of wh1ch he wa< <Ofa11hft1l and ~enerous a
, t11d1:nLand tl1c- lat<.'I)~ Ch,111
11111g,-both thoui;:hl lhdl the \[[IC 'dll
Race h.1d 111then, .1 pec11hJr ele1nu1l. "hid ,, 1f,t LouId be as>1m1l.1tcd
"i lh 11,o,c i111porteda,110111;
111fron, [ 11rope wollld give to genius J
tkcvdupn,eut, ,ind lo the energies of cl1.u,1cler a balance and h.tn110111
hc.:voudwhal h;i, b~en ,ccn heretofore 111the h1,lon· of tlie 11orld Such
JII ele ,nen l 1~indicated in thei1 lo11e>le, late uva ldlelll fo1 111<'1odv
, .• 1
re,1dvskill al 1111itaho11c111
cl adJplal1on. an ,1huo,t 111dc,
truclible el,t!.lic1tv of nnt1111·
. It ,~ ln he 1e11l<lrkcd
tn the wrrting<both of SoulJ<,and
l)11111J,,
full of f.iulls but glo111ngwilh pl.,~lic life aud fertile u1 1n1c11
•
.
1)3
\l~Rc;~Rf.T
Rt I II.I~
firLLLR
hon . 1·11e sJnte Ion id u1crg, !incl ,accha11ne fulness 111a1he felt 111the
11ritiug; of 1111,Oo11g!,1S5,
though 111,lite being 011,·of .it 11011or rcs1<•
lJ11cc.11J> le,- la,ornble lo SUCH po11(·rsthJn 0111·or ,1 111orc10,011'
110" 1111ght
ha1·e bec11
The bool i, prtfaLcd ll\ t\1n c-0111111unic.itions
- n11c lro111(;arn,011
a11d011efro111\Vcnddl Phillip, . Thal hon1 th,· fnn11t·ri, in )ii, 11s11,1l
01e1-cn1phahc <I'\le li ts 11101.hc,and l1is couoc l1.i1cbeen nobk .incl
generou< \Ve loo!. upo11hi111111thh1gl1 re,pcd, b11the h.a, 111dulge1l111
v1olenl 111,ccll,cand dcn11nr1atmnhll lu: hJs spoiled the lc111p1·r
of l11,
111i11d
. Lile ,1 n1an who b.J.Sbeen 111the habit of <crcaJJIJIII( hunself
hoarse to make the deJflxtkr , he: c-.111
no lnngcr pitd1 lus 1oice on J ltv
agree.1ble lo co111111011
c,1r<~ \Ir Phill1ps's tcuwr k, a 1e ec111.1ll1clccidcti.
111Ihuul Ih1<e,,1ggerahon 10 the tout' Oot1gl,1ssI1ir11,clt,et'lll' , Cl) It111
ancl ten1per.ite \\'e feel th.al h1, , I ('\\ c,cn of tho,c II ho l1,11tin111recl
111111
1110,t.111a1be 1dic·d npnn I le knows ho" to Jllo" for mot11e, .tlld
111lllll·1tce,
. Upon the snh1ect of Rel1gw11.he ,pe.iL, \\ 1th i;real forl'C,
and not more tl1J11our 01111,1111path1c:s
c.u1 re,pond lo 'I he 111con1i,
te11c:iesof Sb1d1okh11g professors nf rel11;1011
er) to l lea, c11. \\'e a1e nnt
d1,pu,l'cl lo ckt<."\tor refuse ro1111nunio1111ith lhc1111 heir bhnd11e" is
hut one fonn of lhc1tpren1le11tfdllJt·1 11h1d1 -,11h,t1t11k,J erccd for .i
f,1ith.a rituc1Iio1 life \\'c h,11e seen Inn 11111ch
of th i, 1ysle111of Jl011l·•
111u,t1101lu k11u,1th,1tthose ll'ho Jdopl il often begJ11\\1th good 1ntenhons, and Jre, JI an, rule, 111their 111i,tJ~es\\Orth, of tlte dt•cpesl pit)
Bul th.it " no rca,011 11111the trnth shou ld not he:-uttered. tn1111petlu11g11cd
, ahonl the th111i;.
"'llring no 111ore,·Jiu oblJtions" : scrn1011,1nust
d.tih be pre.ichc:clall~" ou tl1<1l
k,.t. J.-ing,, fi,c hundred •<"Jr,,1i;o h111lt
d1urchc; 111tl1 ll1c spoil, of \\,1r; (:leri;yn1cn t°".1, co111111,111d
Sl.1\·cs tn
ohe, ,I l;o,pcl 11h1chthe) 11ill not .111011
thern to read, and cJII Ll1c111;ehe, (-;l1n,ha11,a111idLl1ecur,e~ of Ll1e1rfello1111ten The 11urld ought
to get on a httlc 1.istC'rth,1n tlwt. ii thca he reall, an1 pn11c1plcol 111ovc•
n1cnt 1n ii The K111r;clo1n
oil lea,en mar not al the heg11111111g
ha1e
dropped ,eed large1 titan a 111w,tardseed, but eveu front Ll1alwe hacl a
nght to c,pecl a fullc:r gro11th th<in can be bcl1c1cd to C'-ist \\hen 11c
read such ,1 honl. .is this of \)nngl.1,s Unspc,1kahh affecb11g1, the r,1cl
that lie _ne,er :..111h1, 1noll1er al all b}' day light. "'I clo not recol lect or
c_1crsccini; n11111otherhv the light of da,. She was 111th111e111the n1gl 1t.
She 11·n1ild lie rlo1111
"1th n1c, ,111dget 111clo sleep. hut 1011gbefore l
\laked ,he \\as gone."
The follow111gcxtracl p1cse11ts.i suitable answer lo the bJckground
,1rg11~1ent
dra,111h1 the defender of Slu1erv frorn th1· ~ong, of L11eSla,·e.
and 111salso a good <pcdme11 ,ir the po1,ers of nh,cf\al1ou 1111d
nianlr
heart of Ll1ewnkr. \\e wish that e,erv one ma,· read hishool and ,ec
\\hat a mind mighl ha1t' l>et'n stifled in bo11cldge-,1hal a man n1a} be
s11htectedto the 111,111h
of ,pend thrift dandic,, or L11e
blow, of n1ercen,1n
()F
lllE. ,-; \/!JU/
/\l:I
nl
hn 1tes. "ho111 there 1s 110,1l,itcncss e,c:ept of the sl.111
, nn humamt\
exccpl 111 the 011L11Jrd for111,and of "ho111 the \\enger 1111
1 not foil iel
1
lo de111,111d
- "\\here 1> lh) hrutht·r?"
·
,\~ONTh lOl JS
[ Re,·ie,, of the
~<1rratil'e]
I
l' I he Spectator, ~n Fni;l"h jo11n1al!inf pul,l"hed 1111828. "h1le not raditJ I, gencralh ,11pporte<Irdorrn 111<1,c1ncnt<fhi, re\.le\\ .rppe.ired 011
N?1c1nbcr 29, lS-f, It"·" the c11,tm11
for ,uc.:1,
renew, not to he signed
I ~1eturo1ie.111cd1ho11ol tl1c N<1rratn1:h,ul hl·l'n p11hh,htt l 111 Duhhn in
1R-1>,111dII d, "1cleh r..-adI
. FredL-r1cl.Du~gl.ill Jppears .ts J \·LIi') IJ11d,Ll\e, ,d 10 escaped from
hi, 111a,tc1111l &,8, ..incl,aflt·r \\tlll.i11ga, J frt:e ldbuurer in the t\orl11ea<tern St1tes till 1841 was engaged b\ ,1nAn1cncan Ant1-Sla,cn Soc1etv as 1h11erantlecturer H~1·i'.1g
J n.lhtral force and Auency of language,
Jnd dt'al111gwith tl111Jf;>111111111
Ill', own experie11ce. he appeJr. to have
,pokcn 111thso 11111ch
acceptance a, lo ha,, been ,tunulatcd to co1111111l
lo pJper the a11tob1ograph1c,1l
portion ni his addresses, which 1s before
u, in a l)11hli11reprint
111In, life tl1ere 1, 11011nud1ol l1a11bre.1dtli
escape . I k i, J ~lulatto,
Jnd ,uppo,cs that h1, fir,t r>11ncr11a~111,fothcr Tune, to a 1l.11c.1< not
kll0\111 in 1t5p,1rlicul.1r,. ~11chJS hirthcl:11'\.incl exact elite,; ;,o that he
docs nol lno11 his 01111ui;e. but supposes 1t 11011tu be about ,c1e11-d11tll\\ t:rll} According to tlii, 1ccJ..rn1111g,
he "h \<.'Ill111hh -ixtl, year tron1
the e,tale 11here lie ,1,1~horn to 1\;111npon ,1 little 1)01 in 8Jlt11nore.
I lere he was treated kiudh. J11<Ihi; 1111,trcs;,
bci_;.111
lo leach !111
11to re.id.
11IIhi\ 111.1,ter
f111h;acleii hut frt'dc1 icl.. hJ, 111g.
J, he ~a,,, h,1d h1<n1incl
,1 little opeuecl, persevered 111tc,1ching l111n~<·lf,
,1nd s11cceecleclb1 dint
of t·a,nal Jss1>l.111ce
fron1 poor \Virile ho" 111tlie ,tretl. Jnd to reatliu~.
,11J 111h,eque11t
period, lw atltled 11ril111g.
\\ hC:'11
Jboul firkcn, Ith <111ner
111the co1111
h1 tool h,111front h1, 111.1,kr111101111,
in con,cq11ence of .1
J.1n1ih q11.1nd.. 1111
! Frede11cl.w,1, tr.111,formcclfrorn .1 ,orl of pJ!;t' or
fool111J11
Ill a fielcl IJbourcr Hi, fir,l l\10 cmu1lr1
, 111J,kr, \\Cre rd1oiou,
:,
111e11.
but very c·nwl mid C\dt:hng; ,o that h< had 110111111·
to think of
;J11\lh111~hnt worl.. I Ii- tlr1nl 111a,ter11a,n1orc l1ber.1I.,incl. ha,1n~ tuue
to Inc·dil.1le. lie plJ1111cdJ 11csc.1pe, 111th10111c:
fe11011-,b,e, bu l 1t 1,a,
~C('( ;('no r"-4q l11u ,c, 'l"' c one ln,lc, ln 'I'1otmbthe IJ..tr111it fk"••L:•
Jpfo ol <h.Jpkr : ol ·l.c
\'.rmJtn~ II :.d1tMJJ
flr.,<~ckJ p,,.,•.:,
uuml,c.nrc-frrlo llH, '\'mlol1 ('.11t1
c ,1f .d 1f1011
REVIEW OF TIit
86
<letecte<l.a11dFrederiC'~.Jftcr being i111pri!10ned
a11clthreatened \\JUt
sale. was ,cul bac~ to h1, old quarters 111Baltnnore, "l 1en1:ehe finnlly
n1a11agedto ('<rape 111realii). t ;p to tl11spo111I
1115
11ar1a
h,e 1, pretl:\ lull.
h111he designed!} suppre$se, the pa1t1cular,of his e,c.ip<',l(',t he ,l 1ould
expose otlu,r, lo da11gc1.,111dprc,cn l <0111e
11nfortnna tes fro111
attaining
tbelf frlcdon1. In ph1i11r.ni;hsh, he was assisted b, those secrel agents
\I ho are ,ca ltered through so1ne of the Soulhi:r11Statt , for the e\peri.1!
purpose of Jidi11gthe e,capt of 1u11a\\J\ ,l:ncs
\\.'c assunte tltat Frc·dtric-~ Douglass I\ rcalh· ,,hat he profes,e;, dJJd
not a Coloured free n1• n in 1nasc111era<le,upou lite Jesuit's principle
that ll1e e11d1uslifiesthe 111ea1"On the one hand. we note· the ,erv
C\l1ao1d111a11
n1a1111lr
in \I l11i:hhe h111gl11
l11n1<clf
to read; <ome conte11
t1ons,,1th different ma<le~. 111one case proceeding lo J fight,-, d 11cl1
see111s au 11nproba
l,le 11LSubor<lu1alJ011
11
1 a 1la,e couull,. though 11 111.i,
lta1e bc.t'IIhl'ightc11c<l
to ad<l<lrgn11,lo Oougla,\; dnd a pn·c-ociou~air
111lht' more }ll1tthf11l
p,1rlof h" cnrecr, hul \\hJChalw in;!) h.11eheen
unto11sc1oushcolowe<lI"· lns feelings at the perio<lof co111pos1ho
11.0 11
the olher h.111d,ll1e fact>Jnd 111Lidc111>
h;1,c a stron~ d1ar.iclu of 1rutl1.
Fredencl, dr;,Jls ,1little 111atroc1tic<,though he adn11I-,
them to he l.'\C'Cplio11s.but the, do not utake the greate,;tunpression on the reader as to
the hor1orsof <I.net) Thi, ,1ppcar, i.1ther 111 the bruh,h <legr.i<laho11
to
\\hich lhe n11ndof the , l,l\c i, rcdt1c<'d,th,· dcslrucliou of all fa1111h
lies
,dud, 1sS\sk1nalicall~J1111e<l
al Jnd the rearhon of rhe "1nstilution"
upon lh<' \I hitc\ lhun,ch <.'\. lo" c.1111g llte1r character, Jnd often,
accord1ni;lo Dougb.._,,11ringing their dffcclion, 111lhe ca!>t:of their Colourcd ch1ldrt:11
.
--11 is worthyof ren1ark. that s11c·h,la,c1 Ichildren of the planter
i11vari,1bh
'11lfrrgrc.1kr h.1rcl1h1p,.and ha,c n1ore lo co1tle11<l
\I itl,
th.111
other, The} ,ire, 111the fir1lpince. a con;la111offence tu Iheir
111istre~s.
She i, <.>\<.'r
d1:,po~cdto find fault II ilh then1; 1111.:v
c:i11
selclo111
do nnrth1ng tn plc,isc her: she 1; 1te,er better plea<c<ltJ1a11
,d1c11 >he ,ces the1n under the b:.h. espt:tialh " lien <he su;pccl>
her husband of ,ho1\1r1gto h1, \ 111
latto cl11lclrc11fa1011r~
11 h1ch lu:
11ithholchfron1 l11sBide!.:, lave, The n1.1ster" frequent ly con1pelled t~ ,ell lh1<class of lus sla,es, 0111
of defcrcnc-elo the feelings
ol his\ \ lute \\lie; and. cruel Js the deed ma, s1t1keJll\ one to be
for J n 1Jn lo sell I 11,O\\ 11 child re11In l1111na11
ij~-,;I
1111011gers,
it is
often the tlillalt' uf h11n1an1hfor hi1n to do so; for 1111
le,s he doc,
this. ht· 111u,l11otonly 1,h1p thcn1 h1111,elf,
hut rnn,I sl,1nd bv and
see one\\ h,te :,on he up hi, brother of but fe" shade<darker con1ple,io11tha11hi11t,clf.and plj the gol) la,h to his naked bal l , .u1d
if he lisp nne 11ordof disappro,.il. 111, ,e t down lo hi, pdrtnla l
parhal:h. and onl} rnal..e,.1bod 1n.11tcr
worse both for hin1sclfand
the sla,·e who111he would prolecl • rid <kfcnd • 13-141
'I. ARR,11/\ F
S7
There i, son1eth111g
11al11raland 1011.:hing111this i11sla11ce
of maternal
ft'd111g.
''11,h r11olltera11<lI \\er.- separated \\hen I was but an infant-
before I kne\\ her as 111v n1other. It 1s.1 common c-uston1 111lhe
part of~ larylanclfrorn 1-i11c-h
I ran ,1\\,1\., to p,1rtc-h1ldrc11
fro.111
lht<ir
111oll1crs al a vc~ e,1rly .igt>
. l•req11enth. before the child l1a:,
reached iii. h1elftl, rnonlh, it, 1nother 1s taken from 11, ,ind h11ct!
oul on so111cfat111a co11s1
clerJh !e cl1sh111
ce off, :111dth<! child 1,
plaC'edundt'r the CJrt' of all old \\0111J11loo old for field-labour
for what thi, separ,dio11i, done I do not kno\\, nnle,, 1t he to
hinder lhc clc,elop111t·11
t of lhe child', afieclion to\\:trd its 1nothcr,
.ind lo blunt Jnd dcstrov the natural .iflcc-t1011
of the n1other for the
<'hild. This is tJ1ci11ev1t.i!Jlc
re~ull
"I nc,c1 sm, 111v
111othe1
. lo l.11011
her a~,Lich, 111nrc
lh,111
four 01
fhe ti1nes in 111)life; a11clcJrh of these tin1e:,11a, ,c ry ;,horl 111
du1ahon, and at rnght. She \\ ;IS hHed b1 a \ Ir. Ste\\art. "ho h,ed
about l\\d 1e 111ile,fru11, 1111 hmnc. Slte 111acleliter jo11r11t:1
to ,e~
111ei11the night, lra1·elli11g
the \\ho le <lisl,111ce
011fool, ~fter tl1e
pcrfonnnncc of her cla1·s work. She \I .is a field ha11cl.incl a 11hipp1ngI\ the penalt" of not being 1n the field al Mtnn,c, 1111lc,s
a sla\'C
has spec-1.i
l pem11ss1011
tro111his or her nmsler lo the co11lr,1n , .,
pe1111issio11
1d1icl1tJ1c1
· ,eldo 111get, ,ind one lh,11g11c~to h11nthat
gi, ~ ii tJ1e proud 11a1ncuf being d ki11
d 1na,te1 I do not recollect
of ever see111g 111vn1othe1 b1 lhe light of da1 Shl· "·" \\i th me in
the mghl. Sl1c \\Ould l,e down \\1th 1ne. ancl gd nae to sleep, but
loug bt·fore I \laked ,he 11.1, gn11e.
~ i 12- 111
J\c('ordi11gtc, Frcdtncl. <la,cholcler, profess111g1d1g1on .ire a great
dcJl "o rst• lli<111
othe,,: rnore grJ1eh cruel, 11101'·c,.1ch11g. ,incl 1en
111<:an
- nol e,en gl\ 111g
then p<'oplce11u111;
h lo c.1t. ,d 1id1 111\bryl. J11tl
is I en. con tr.in 10public op1111
011 .., ot lo g11ea ,b\e enough lo eat. 1s
regardi:d as the-111
0,1,lllJ;r.1\Jlcc
l clc,elop111enl
of 111t:.111110.:s<
c, c1111111011~
,bvc l1olclers1 he rule 1s.no 111at
ter ho" co,1rsc·th,· food, 0111}Id there
be e11011gh
of 11.· Thi1 111ea1111c"tilt' prok..,«1r<see111lo c•,,n) 111lop111
1
isl1111c11t;
assigning $c-nplt11,1I
re,111111,
for 11.1lcre i, J te,t for stnpe,
.., h,n·c ,.utl 111v 111a,
1er found rclig101
1~ !>.111cl
1011for 111,cruel!)
,\~ .111cx.11
11ple. I will slate 0111·of rn.1n1facts ~mug lo pro,c the
charge I ha"e ~een lti111 lJc up ,1l,ln\c yo1111g
11·0111J11.
and II hip her
\\Jlh ,, ht·a,, c-owski11upon her 11,,ked,hou ldef'i, r.n 1,i 11
g the \\ann
red l>loodlo dnp; and. i111u,tific,1t1011of the blood,· deed, he would
qnok tlus pa~,ageof Scripture- 'He that k11011ctJ1111,
n1,1<ter'<
\\ 111.
and dQclh ii uul. sliall be be,1ten1, 1th 111uny
,tripe,··· I• I]
If lhis narrati,,· i, rc.ilh trut 1111h ba,i, . uncl u11lnutltcd b, a1n
one
•
save Do111;l.
1s\ 111111\c
lL 11 1, a ,ingul.ir book, and he "a n1ore ~1111;ulJr
\ C. C I HO\I
ILITTER
PSO'I
man E1·en 1i 1t1, ol the n.iture ol tl,t lruc ,tones or De l•0<:.111"curious
~, .1 p1t'h1rcof ,J.ncrY, a11<l
\\orlli 1c.1din~.
t\. C. C. 'I I IOt...1PSON
[Lcttc.:rfro111
a Ponner SlavehoklerI
I\, pnmtrd nul 111thl· artic-leb,
i'<'terRipln I hdo\\, pp. 135-~6). ,\. C. C
I l111111p,011
,_.,, a llltghbo1 u( ll ,on1;i.,.\1111
, , 11iw \\,b (111cof D,:11g!J,s's
m\11ers Follm,mg lhe p11bl1c~tio11
of Ilic 'vurrulnc of the (.1(, r,f l-rcclc-rick
l>ot1<•/u,1l l1u111p1011
d1alle11<•c<l
Dduu <1re
"' ih ''-'""''' 111
.the \\'1l111111i;ton
Rcpublrc-m l11e 1te111
\\J,
1cpr111tecl
111the I rl>cr<1/or
011 Dcccmbc, I~.
IS-IS
.,
~·
It 1, "1111co11,1clei.il1
le rl'gtel lhat I fin<l111yself
1uea,111ahl~co111pelled
lo .1pp,~1rbefore the pnhli('; but 1111dllcntion l1~slc1lc:hbeen arrc,led b}
J pa111phlet1d11d1ha, bee11freel~ c11c11L1ted
111\\, il11111H::to11
and else\\ hcrl', w1llt lhl' fullo\\lllfs ,upers<:nplio11:-l~1Jr<1tlfrom t1 Narratiw:11{
Frcd,r"k l)oi,g/,1.1~,
011,\111,•n«111Sla,e. 11nllc11In-h,111.,df
\11<lalthooi:h I ;1111
J11are 111.11110
sc:11,ihlc,11npre1udicedperson 111l1
ere<l,t,uth a 1idiculou, publieahuu. 1d1id1 be.tr, tl,e i:l.1ri1111
unprc~, of
fohehoocl on i:1rr. page, )d l dce111ii c,ped1e11l ll,at I , ho11lcl~"" rl,c
puhlil' ,0111e 1nfor111alionrespe<·ti11gthe ,,1lidtt) of thi, n.1rrah1e,
bl·t·au,e I 11a, f,n 111a111
,~ar, .i eiti1.c11oi lite ,ectio1t of t·o1111tr.,d1crt
the ~ccne~of lhe .,hove rnt'nhonc<l lldrrntl\e are l.11d,and ,111111111111..itcl,
Jc4uJ111tedII ill, 1110,lof the gcn l le111cn\\ ho,e cltJracte" are •,o ,hJnlt'•
htlk tr.clut·ccl.an<l 1 Jill abo a11·are,tl,at tl,e '\;1rr;1l11c "·" 1101 \I ritten
b) the proiessed author; hut [10111
,tak111enl, oftl11, n11u11,11
'"""· ,0111t·
e..11cle,ii;ne<lpe1>on or per<ons bJ1(' co111posedthi, catalu~uc of lie, lo
c,t 1k lhl· 111d1g1ut,011
of U1t public opinion ,1g.11111l
Lhesl.11eholdc.:1,of
the So11tl1
. .ind have c1cn alle111ple<l
tu pltn11;elh<=tr1c110111011>
fangs 1n
the 11tul, or the church
I ,lt.,11, l11e1tforl·,b1icAi 11otice-,onu· of lhe nto,t glJri111;f,1hcl1oncb
conlJ1ned 1n the aforc,.u<l i\.inah1 e. a11dgi,e .1 trut· rcpre,entahon of
U1ech.u.icter of tho<e gentlcn1cn, "ho ha1e hec11ce11,11rc<l
in ,uch ao
1111ch,1nl.1hlc
10.11111~1
. .b 111urderct,,h) poc-rite,.• 111dc1·c11111111g
el,c th:11
i1,,le
I 111tlnli;eno anin1011lyag..un,l the [1hrk-ator, ,111tll'ITCulatorsof th,·
n..i,.t:11).:.!ot '16611-1~1
H,1thh 1•>11mah\t.:11,c.l
11,,,cl1,Ii11(1•1
f.ltnfll 1Jur l1h fillT!tOh
"'orli;
J ;Ii -.JJd -\Jh"lhltt"!.
•I lwb:rtV)O Cn, 1t lq lus \\111,t !:r•Pdt)l' Yi(llllddtc1111111;;.~
•~lft l,:h
tl1e tru~i'• 1,r rt:ti;t:cr ..k In get tm p-lml J{Jou. H, , ..,;ibop I o.t111C"'to'tli;t1
\.111,:.hh1-tde,cucc to
f)(t11,,
Ifie 1enei,,,1mpl1o, 111-11
L>oucl.w'ulon tt rm,l<'lk-.,td 01 l'\t"II ~ll •'>HHtl't'rt £Jlf rsJ
n-1
1
rno\1
A
Fo11,11R S1.AvF
11ou>•R
'\~rrJt1,t 11c1the1do I knu\\ lht:111:h111I 1)(}1111,ch
dt•d.ire the l\hok- to
be a budget ol lahchood,. from be1pnning to end.
1'1. ·1he- ickntit, ol the author 1\lxn1t eight )ear, Jgo. I I.new thL,
ree1c,111t,b,c h1 Ilic· 11.1,nt·or l·n·ckric-k Baile) (111stt-adof Dougl.1:.>.l
I le then lived with \Ir . ~,d\\urd (~ov1. .111cl
w.,s an 1111ll'an1cd
, .nrcl mlhrr
an ord111Jfl'negro. ,u1d ,llll ce>nfi<ll•ri
l he 11us1101capJble of writ111!\the
N.11rati1l· alluded lo: for none but au educ.ited 1n~n and 011c"ho had
,0111c l..11011
k·ch;c of the r11le, ol gr,111n11.1r,
cOL rid I\ ntc ,o coircctlv
\ltl1t1ui;h, 1,11n.1l.t•the i111po,ilio11JI .1ll creditahll·. !he u1111pn,,-rh."
labored Lo\I 11leil tn a, ph1i11a ,tylc as po,,ihlc: <'Ons<:qut'ntli.the detection of th" hr, 1fal,choo<l pro1cs the "hole pro<luction lo be notor1011,h
1111tn1e
Again. ' It i, J co1nn1on custrnn in the part of \lal)bncl fro1111duch I
ran J11a1.lo ,ep.1ralc d11l<lrc:11
fro111thc1r 111olhersal a ,e , earh .11,;c·
·rhi, ,1ho I l.11011to be fol<c There ,, no ,uch c-11\1,)111
prc\~lcnt in
lhal ,l·ction ofthc c·<111ntn:
h11t,(lll the contrar.. thc ch1ldre11are rai,cd
1\tth then 1nothe1>, and ge11erall) Ii, e with Lhe111111Ilic ~.1111c
house,
excep t i11sonic fe" in,t,u1ce, 11herc the 111otheri~ hired ont a, a cook
01 laborer 111,011ll'other l.im,h
TI1c gcntlenl('n II hose names arc ,n prorr11ne11th,et forU1111Ull' ,J1d
,an·1ti1<' ,lfC' ('.ol. Ech1.1rdLl01d. Capl. i\1111!0111, ·\u,tut Core, 'l110111a,
l..undin. 11101Lan111J11,l
(,ilc, Hicks. 11,v,na, \11lcl,111d1".d11,1rcl
(:0\1
\ lo,t of U,c.:scpt:1,011' I ,1111
1nti111.itcl,ac·q,1,111
Lled 111th, anti shu11g" c .1
b11c.J,\.etch of thcu 1/i<1r<1dcn
u, {r,llowi,.
(:ol t.::d11Jr<lLloid 11a, one llf th<' 1110,
1 11...-:tlth)and rcspcct;1blc
plJnlcr; in the Sidle ul \ l.1rd.1nd. I le \las Jt one lune the Co1 cr1101
of the Stale and for several \ e.1r,. a 1ne1ubcr of illl' I ,(·g,,l ,lnrc I k
01\11cd sc,cral Lhon,and .acresof ),111d,,11,d hct1\l'Cn 4 .111d~fill sla,c,
I le died hcfore J hacl 111uchl.1m,d<"dgcof him h11tI l.11011that he ,1,1,a
l111cl,111dch.111lahle111dt1.inrl in even re,pect a11hu1101.1hkJn cl \\Orlh1
dtizen
r-.Joslof tht- ,arne ~la,es a tl" 11011 011 nl·rl h1 l11, lhrec ,011,. Jlld Ille}
1n,uugc lhc:tr ,er.·a11I, 111 Lltc s,1mc n1anner as c~d tht11 fothcr; .,ncl I
k110\\thctc ,uc 1w ,utlt harh,1nhes eo1 11111tle<l
ou tlic11pl.1nt.11lmis
(; 1111
ld 11 be pos,1ble l11.1lcl1drilalik lcd111g rnt•n coul<l 11nttder
h11111,1n
hc1ng,. \\Ith .is little 1c1no1scol consctcnce. as tlie 11a11ati1
l' ol
thi, 111
la111011,
libel wi,lte, to 11iake!Vi l,el1e,e: a11<ltl1at thl' l.111,nl f\l 1f\l.111cl
, 1d1id1 operate a/1/.:eupon black ulld 11/11/c hc1nd\If fn,c, (Ould
pcnnit ,11, h foul 111urdc~tn p.1s, 111111ot1cl'd~
'\o 1 11is 1111p<>ss1bk:
and
"""" ,cnS1hl~ 1n.111
kllO\\, th.ii ihc-,c t,1l~e.1c-c11,aho11~
are the el,ulht1011
c,r .Lil 1111chri,ti.i11
prq11d1ce.
_,
Capl:1111i\111ho11}
.ind C:1le, I lick,,. I l11011but l1ltlc oi he ~c-cu,c.:d
11111rclcrtr,
l\lr (:ore. ,, a rc,pcc-l,thll' c·ihtl'.ll, 11\Jngnea1 SI. \lich.icl,,
!
\_ C. C l 110,rrso-.
,ind I hel,e,·e,l worth) 111e111l.ier
of th~ l\lethu<lt,t Epi,cnp~I Churrh: lie
11;1> for111erh.11101e1,ee1 for Cul Lloyd .. ,nd al th 1, ti111,,all II ho lTIO\\
111111.
1h111lliu,1 an)ll,11,ghut a 111u1derer.
~
1110111.1>
Lu1nd111,1diu, 111> ,,11d. ' 111the Narrative.) bo.i.sted so lrequt·nth of 111,1n11rclcr1,11,11this tin,e ,u, houc,t ,cl,ool kdd1er 111Llie
D1,tric·t1du,re I fonnerh li,c.l; .incl,,II tl,e ha1111
tl,al call be <J1dufhnn
"· th.ii lie i, loo ~ood-ualured a 1<lhar111k-, lo 11111ire
.1n1 pcr\011but
l111n,t'IJ.
C::1p1 I ho111.1,\111<1.11110,e l1Vpo<·nht.1l111e:11111e,s
,, ,o slro11i;
I~
clepi1tcd in the aforc,ard Narrat1>e, ll'a, f11r111,1
'} 1e.1r, a 1espcclahle
n1erchanl 111the 101111
of St. \l1chael-, and .111honorabli.!and wortl11
nw111btr ol the i\letliodi-1 L Cliurrh, .111<l
0111' nut.1blc fot h" i11legrir.
.,nd 1neproad1,1hlcC lni,11.111
c-11.H,IC!Cr
. Heb 11(}\\retired trou, the tur111011
of a 111erc.111tile
hfe, and rngage<l 111the 11orih}•X'Clll>Jhon of hll111gth(• ,o,I, lrlllc drt•anung of lire foul .1ccus.1bon,that are urculated
,igain<Ihi111
1',d\\.1rdCol\, ihe 1cnu1111ecl
'ni.:1;10 !J1cakcr·I ".,l,o .1 pl,1i11.lin11csl
ktnncr, .111d,1 t~1cdand fa1tl1f11l
1ne111berof the \lcihod,,t f~ ( :hurc:11.
\ 1r Co\'\ Ii\ccl for ,c1t·r.1I I t·ar, 011 :i fan II n<l1rn
ning 1111father's, at
11h1d1 lin1c 1111,n111,11,a,
11ci:;i<1111
cd 111111
111111,
,111dI .1111
wdl ,111,,re that
no ,uch blood, tragc<l1.1, is recorded in ih,,t hi11g \.in 1tivt tit•r
oct•11rrr:d011 "-Ir Con.\ t.1n11 .\II th.it can be smd of \ Ir Co11 " ihat
he 1, a 1;ooclC'lu"li,111,.11,d., h,ird"orkrng ,nan. ,111d111.ike,even one
.iround 111111
110,J..and treat, thc11111tcll.Bv !11~l1011c,t1nd11stn.heh.,\
p11rcl1.1,ed ,1 fi11,·fom1,,11uli, nt111 re.,ping.ihe 11:1,ardof hi, luhor
S11ch.,re the I k11ettkrs ul the 11Kn whon1 the nnpo,er, of th,s dim·
N,1rrati,c hal'e so 1111d1,1111.1bl)
1r,1tlt11·('d,
.,nd I.ii blc11di11g
these la!~
11cc11s.J110111
with the \lethocl1,I religion 11ftht·South, ihc1 111sh lo l,,ccrdlt' her ,1lread1hleed111~wounds.
I \13> 1;11,ed,1111011g;la1cs, ,111d ha,c .il,o 011ncd the1n.• ,nd a111\\ell
J\\Jre that tbc sla\C\ l11e bctte1 and fu1t· bdkr 111111.111,
respccl> Lhau
ih.: free bl.icl,
}et, I a111pos1ll\el~oppu,t"d to , l..,,el}. tor I l110\11l 1, ,1 great e,il; hut
the en/ (alls 1ml 11po11
the ,la«:, h11l011 tl,c 01111cr
l,,tru:.~1e;111dhist' accnsahons 111IInc,cr l1ber,1k the \li11e of the
Soullt: but, 011 the c:n11tral},
e,·..n such ,1tlc111pt
111II01111
forge for tlte111
ne\1 and ,tro11gerfetter,.
Let tl,e tendcr-he.irtecl ph1lanthrop1stsof the \Jorth ~pe,,ktn1th and
lo,e towarcl, their ,oulhcn1 brethren. and 111ak<·
a liberal .ipplicallon oi
their gold fur the •~·1110,
1111;the blacks fron1 the co1111ln.a11<ltheir
ch,,nee ot ,uctess 11 ,IIbe 1110,cA,1ltcn111;
I ha\e i;il tll J true repre~cntalion of the person, connected \I ith the
Dt111tl~) rt'fc:Hnot l\1 1 tmm,ll p10J~,;1ou. b111t<>.1 1.a1t \,,.,"-11 t,11lu~al,dm tu btC",1L
tltr "'di
c,( ,l
~lh r [Ed1t11r,
)
(Rrrr Y
10 THO\ll'sO,($
91
LETIFRJ
aforc,a,d !\.1rrati1c.Jncl I rc;pedf11II},nhnnl the lads lo the 1u<l~1ne11t
of on 11npallialpublic-.
A. C C. 1'11()1\IPSO:-..
f\,i.
Jljj \ la,kl'l•.,t \V1/111me.lon.
!)cl
FRF:f)ERICK L)Ol,'(;L\SS
Reph to 'Thornpson's I .etter
IShorth Jftcr the .1ppearanceol
\ C C . Tho111p,011
's critique of the I\ctrru•
/11•eof tlie I.if•·r;f 1·,,·dcrickDoug/i1,.1.
Dougl.1."rcpl1rd in lh<"l.rh.•rr,/,ir H,s
1,·ttc,r,111r,n iebru.irr 27, 18-16]
I" the I .d1torofth!' / .1/Jeruto,:
OE.~RfRIJ.:.1'D-f"orthe ,akc of 011111ghtco11,cau,<'. I wa, <lehghled
to set·, b1 Jll e:\lrad t·opie<li11tothe 1.iherntnrof 12th DcC' 18-15,f,0111
the Del.iwa1e Rcpul>lit.111.
111.11
\Ir . ,\_ C. C . [ ho111pson,No HI), \I.tr
kcl-sh·ecl. \\'ilrntngton, lid, u11<lc1
lalcn lo nrvahdak 111\ le,li1no111
aga111stthe sla\'eholcler,. \I hose names I ha, c 111ackp1on1iue11Iin 11,e
uarr.JlJ\t' of 111)e:\peneuce "hi le i11sla,en
Sl,l\dtol<ler,,utd ,la,e-trader, ue,er betra) i;re.1le1i11dist·n,lion,tb.111
,d1c11 the\ ,cntur<' to defend thc:rnschcs. or then ;,,,te111of 1>lu11de1.
111
an, other· con1m11111
1, th,111a sl.1\'C-holdingone SI~\<'I'\h,1, ,Is O\\11st,111d.1rd of 111oraht\,hu111;111it1.
111,tite, .u1d C'hri,tianil} 'l'ned b, tlul ,tancldrd. ,t 1> a ,v,ie,11
uf the g,call'~t k111clncss to lire ,l.i,e-,a11d1011ed b1
IJ1epun·,I 1110,alil'\ -111 p<:rlcct ,1grec111u1i111th11111iec-.111d,
of c·o111se
not 111cons1,1cnlII itl, Chri,ti:11111\Bnt, tried, h\ .111\otlier, it 1, clc,mned
10 conde11111utiou.'Ilic 11.1ketl
relaho11of 111J,lera11d,L,nl ts <liteof those
111011,tcr,of d.1rlnc,1, 111
11hllm IJ1t.c
light uf huth 1, dcath 117,e ""e one,
,1111ongihe ;la,eholcler5 kno11thi~, ,ind thr) ,tud1011,I, ,I\01cl doing ,111)
thing, 11hich. 111thci, 111dg111enl,
le11<kto eltc-,t lr11tl, I lie~ "'.e111fully
10 1111<l<•r,t~11d,
tli.,t thei, ,afct~ i, 111il1e11"k11cc. 'll1ey 111.11
liJ1~
lc.1r111·dthis 11hdon1 fro1n J1111ius,,1hu ,:01111,ellcdlu; oppo11ent, Sir\\ illi.1111
D1apc1, 11hendefond111gLord Cranb1, llC\'Crlo ,tltT~rl al1e11ho11lo
J d1,1racter, 1d1ieh 11011lcl
011h fl•"' \\ithont contler111ml1011.1d1en 1t
1
p,i-secl111tho11tohsc11.1!10Jl
Junilli 1~1r \\tll :;1111
llr.1pc1~:mJ l,o,J \tr.ml\ ~~i.: "<\_!•~nrC>S
111.i1-(H UnlL~I mr"d .t :•onlr~
\'Cl'\
Jul,u \1.umc..-r'>.
1ht·
us ut t.r,r,ln I I ..,J~l 111
,1111,·,1
IJdh 1111 ;rn~I~(H 1N.t ..
!IICJ",Olit:d l1C1tkuu,t-1;1:1,eul nJ"- 11t•lnf 111tJ1c pt't'$\ b\ Lie ,mol'111101n.
Jmrnrs, l11111ns
<l.m11c d 11JJl ,1-.( ul w 1w.uJcr-111<f..'
l11d,Ct;mli\ Ii.id t Urn•11~011K'f th11-t1;~)
Je-g1J\Jtd ti1c otht<'Itu
w.m,
..
1h,11oi
.. ''l1mku 1,r
,,..,,nd1115 o ilier ufhc.cn
l\lll rJtl1tf l-1,&11
Ul(lll Str \\'1l'J1•1 n,apcr ~1-ll-l ..l\ ..
~-(1ffl 111•,\!Ulli, ..
.utf,
l11d1~r~Jhl\ tin 111( hi.nit!.
:'l Ull1l1l('I
.mtJ lu·ukn.Jnl
I l.lHJn1·
i;-u,tfllOI.
ddt:udtd (_:r,mb,·:,.i.:._;,rn"t
tilt :L~pc.-niotu Clf lit') 1111~.IIO\\.II 1,'J·lant ,\ h1tkr !ICll('S qf lc:"ltn
lc.ndcd. b.1d.. mJ (~rll1 111 rlir-jn_c-:\ brh,r,r1 'Jur1111,
• .mJ l)r.;ape-r.<ld,._11J11g
Ilic.:1,c·uh fJt
C ,ml,, 3 .itlm11\\t1.1h\~ tlt1..tlilln I·Jd,Jh:J
92
Fllf.Of RIC:K DOl GL-\S>
l Jt1111011
,rhno,t tnn f.ir .111,
11 tn Jn,11er thi, ,1tten1ptedreful.1L1011
bv
\lr. 'lhon1p,on. I fe:ir 111,.uhcle 11111
be lori:01te11before 1011 i;ct m)
rtpl) I. hc",e,er, thiuJ..the 11hole llnng 11orlh rc111111g,
a, 1t 1sselclo1n
11eh,ne <o i;ood J c-.i,(' for di11eclm11111,1111cu1111ti;but the U111ted
St.ites, I 111,ghthope to ~el a hearing through ·th<.'coh;11,11,of the pap~•
111"l11d1 I 11,1<
.11tacked But thi< \\Ol1ldbe 111co11,i,lt'nl
11 lilt .\11,er,can
n,.,ge and 11J.1i:n~t1111uh
It 110111d
he folh to c,1>ccl ,nch J hl•,1ring.
'l'hei n1ii;h1p,h,1bh mherti,e 111cas a 1u11awa1,la,e. i111d,It.ire lhc
re\\a1<lu[ 1n1~rrrehcnsion, but on no other cond1ho1111,111lcl
thty .illow
11111cpl)":1 place 111their colunl1h
In this, 11011
e, tr. I 111,11
111de,c
the 'Rq,uhlicau harshh It 111.11
Ix· that,
l1Jq114;dd1n11t<:d
\lr . l11ompson"sdrllcle. the editor \\ill thi11kit hut
lair-ncgro though I .uu-lo till()\\ 111yreph an i11srrlio11
In rephiur; to ~Ir Thon1p<o11.I ,lwll prott·cd .1, I us11Jll1 do n1
prc.1d11111;
the ,la1d1nlcler'<<en11m1.-,L\ldtng the subject under )'l,o
gc·11,·r.il
head,, a, follm\ s:ht. ll1e ,tc1tc1Hclllol \ Ir 'l110111p,011,
111C'onlin 1rnllo11of the truth of
111111.11rnti1 .-.
Zndl). I las rleniah of its trutl1fulnc%.
l ndcr the lir~t, l bl'g \1r 'I hmnp,011lo aercpt 111\tliank., lor h11full,
fret: mid u11,oli('1!c·d
k11i1110111.
111 rcg:ud to 111\
idc11lih 1 hcrc 11011 11ecd
he 110 donht on that pc>i11l.
howe1cr 1nud1 there n11ghtkll'e hcc:nbefore
\u1u tcst11no111,
~Ir ·rhomp,011 I,,,. ,ett lecl lhc q11c,ho11lor<'1
·cr I gi1·,•
\Oil th< l11llc,1
c-rt•tlllfor the clccd, ,aving nntl1ingr,f Iii,· 111r,li\cBut for
yon, .,1r, 1he ~ro""lmcrypcopk in tl1c \;orlh 1111glil
ha,e pcr,i,ted, 111th
~J111esho,1 ol rt,"c>n, 1111cpr..:,e11t1ng
rne ,1~ l,e111g,HJ nnpostcr-a tree
negro \\ hu li.1d11,·1
i:r he~n ,,,nth of :--.
l.1,011&· Dixo11, lnw-011,· \\ ho111
the ,1oolihon"h, acting 011the ic,11itic,1]pnnc1pk, thJI the encl 1n~tifu:,
tl1cuwai.1.1,
had cduc,1te<l.1nd ,ent lo1ll1to ,lttJ,ict ,Htenhon to the1t i,1[.
kring c·an,e I ,1111 ~re.1th incld,tcd tn von. ,ir for ,ikncini.; tlio,c trnh
prejnchc1.1[i11,innalio11,.I "i,l, I conld 1nal.c )Oil nncler.la11d th~
Jn1ount ol sen ice \OU h,Hc:done 1ue \ou ha,i: ~on,pletch tnppe<l np
thL·het·h of 1011rpro-,l.1,en friend,. :incl laid the111flat al 1111feet. You
hJ,.., don" a piece of .inti-,la,cry \\orl. "h1ch no .11111-,l,I\Crl'
;nan could
do 0111cauhou, a11J truth Jo,n,g people 111'\e"-Englm1d \\011lclnever
h.JH' hLhe1t-d thi, te1tintml\, in proof ot 1111
1de11t1h.h.id ti l>eeul>orne
hv .111 ah~lit1011i,t.:s;o( that th-,\ reall} think ~11 11hohtio11i1t
capable of
hc,ir,ng Whc \\'Jtllc" 1nk,1honalh l>nt,nch per.on, ,ire thonrhl fonatrcaL .n1d to look ,11e~·en thing tlnough a distorted 111c,li11n1.
-,rhe) \\ill
bcl1cn· ,011-thc, 111llht'he,t• .1sl,11ehold~r '11,c, ha1e, sou1e ho11or
other, n11l,1l1c<l
(and I cn1ifc,, strancch e11011e;l1
tll{' i<l,:;
1 that pel'!io11,
such a, )Olli,elf,He d,~pas,ionate, i111parhJIand cli,inkn::,k'd, ,111<l
tlic!l:fore ,-.1pahleof gi,1ng ,, t,1i1,cpre,cntatiou of tluns;, connected \I rth
•l.1,cn '\o", under the,e circ11111,t,111cc,,
\Ollt tt,tiulon) is oi the
utn,o,t 1111porlancc.
lt 11illsene l11gi1t·cllectto 1111
e,po,llresof,la,cn,
huth ,11111,nrt•
,ul<lJbroacl I hope l ,hall not :idmi1n,tc:r tu 1011
r 1,in,I\
wl1c11I tell .iu11 th.it 1ou ,cen1 lo h,11ebeen r.11<er
l up for thi~ purpo,el t
cdntc lo 1111,l:u,cl 111lhlhe lughc,l t1.:,t1111011iah
frmn ,on1l of the u1o,t
111tell1gent
Jn<l di,hn~uislicd aholition,,t, 111llic Uuitc<lSt,1te,, 1 et ~me
her,• hmc cntcrta111c<l
and e,p ressecl do11l,1 to ,'11dhu I l;a,e e\cr
hccn a ,(,11e.You n1a1ca,ih un.1~111e
the perplexing ,111dc·111harra"1ni;
11.iturcnl Ht} s1h1.1l1011,
,111dhu11an\lot~ I nm,! lia,e been to he rcl1c,t·d
lron1 it. \011, ,n. ha\'e rehe1c<lmr I 11011
~tan<ll>tfore both the .\ 1neric in a11dBrite.Ii puhlic, endorsed b1 yon ,1, being Jll\l 11h,1tI h.11ccie 1
repre<(·nled 1111,elflo l>e-lo wit. an .\menca11 ~lal'I!.
)011say, ·1 k11c11
1h11tcc1c.111t
,Ja,c I,, tl1e 11;11ue
of J!rc:denckB.11le1
'
t111steJcl
of l~ouglass.J re:,.
that 11,1<
n1111J111e;
.i1,d, ic-d1iugout tl1c Le1111
rt•tr.emit,winch ,J1ors J little of h1!1emess.,our te<timon, is d 1rccl a 11
d
pt·rkd-ttl>t II liJt l lune 1011g
w.111ted13ul1uu arc not vel sahsticd )011
,cem dclcnn111c-<l
lo bc.1~the 1110,l.11npl<'tt',t1111u11i
iu ,;1yfa,or. )011 ,a)
vou kne11 1ne 11hen I li\ed 1111h\Ir. Co,c,.-· \nd \11th mo,t of the
per~n~· 1ne11lto11t'd
in 111111JrrJtive. \ ·ou ~re inlilnateh acquainted.'
1111,is e,cel leut. l11t11l\1r E1h1~1dCo,~~ i, 11ota creah 1re of 111)i111Ji;1nahon. hut ,call, d,d. and 1nJ1 \Cl l'\ist
)011 1h11sb_rush.1waythe n;i~er.l~le 1nsinu.1honof 1ni northen1 pro~l~1e1-y
e11e11ne,.th.ii I laJ1e 111e<l
lict1liou, 11olrc,JI 11.1111c,
\011 ,J){,ol Lloyd was ,1 1\eahl11 pla111t'tl\lr Core 11a, ouct· ,11101t·l\c~1 for
Co(. lJn,<l,l?ut is 11011
linug_nc,lf St \lichnel\ i1 respected. .111cl 1)011
hcl1e1·t·he 1, .1 111e111her
ol the \lclho<lisl Epi,co11;1ICluud1 \Ir .
I ho111a,/\11ld ,s .111houorable and 11c11lh)111e111her
of tht \lcthod1't
Epl\copJI Church \Jr . Co1c1. too, " a mcml>er of the \lelhod1<t
ch11rd1 and all th.it C'111he ,.1id ufhi1n i,. that he i, J i;ood Clir1,ha11.&
c &c l)o .,11011
111e,onte 11101c:.
lo tliJ11l1011for tlu, t11un1plw11t
1111d1•
t.1lio11uf tire lr11lliof 111,t.ilunc·nh, ,i11dlo ,ho111<111
he)\\ highl) I 1,1lne
1
\Olli
te,t11nouy. I I\ 1ll 111fonn,1111th.it I .1m 11011 p11hli,l11ng.t ,et.ind
c:d1t1011
ol 1111 n.1rr.1li,t'in thi, cou11tr\',hJn111.1
alread1 <li,poit·<lol the
fu,t. ! 11111
111,e-rt
1·011rirhcle 111th1111
1epl~a, ,nl appcn di" to the ed1ho11
11011n1 p,o~rc,,. It )<>II find ,Ill) f.1ul11,1th m1 frcq11<"nl
thJnl,. 1ou 111J1
fi11d,0111ce,citse for inc 111tl1e fact, th.ii I li;l\e serio1~ feJ" -thJt ,0;1
11111
I,,: hnt fJ<>orhtl1Juketl b\ tlw,e ,<110,ttlur,1tkr, 11111h,11l Jell 11
)Ollr duh lo clcfl·nd I u111ahno,t ce1tillll the\ 1111
1r<'gJnl1011·" nn,niug
ht'fnr( ,01111crc,c11t.aud a, h,n1n~ ,pokrn 11,hen1011, l1011ltllt.11elx~11
'1ln1t. l l11de1lltc,e In ing c1rc11111,ta11,e,,
ii h e11Je11ll}the dull of those
111l,·1e,t,·d
Ill 1·011r
11dla" lu e,knd lo 1011,uch \\old, of ('onsol.111011
a,
111a1e,bL, ,(1101 rc11101c.the pa111o"r ,our sad d1>,1ppo1nh11e11I'
But
cnu11ghof 1111,
.
°'\rm, lhl'II, to the;·,econd p.1rl-'11 )""r tl.:1ual,. )uu are co11liclcnlI
du) riot 1111h:lh.- bnol..;.111cl
th<.'r,•.1,011
of )Cllll co11ficlt'nC<:
is, th,tt \1be11
a,
IRLPLI
you IJ1e11n1e, I II J5 ,111
unlc:1r11<:d
.,11drather ,in ordi11Jrvnegro \Vell, I
hd\C lo adn1it I w.1~ rather J11 01cli11,1r,·
ncgro ,, hen you knc11111e,111dI
clo not dain1 lo be ,1 ,en· exlrnord,narv one 110w.Bui 1011 kne,1 111e
under ,en unfJ,orable c1rcu111st.1nces
II 11a~1d1<·11
I li,ed ,11th ii.Ir
Co,ey, th~ negro-hrc-,
1ker, and memb.., 11(1/,e •\lctluJCl,.11
Church I hJd
jlhl hc~n living with master n,0111J,.\uld. 11here I had hee11r('dtK«I
by hnuger \1aster11101nasdid not allo11n,e eno1Jglilo <:.11.
\\'c-11,
"he11
I lncd 1,·1th\1r Co,c1, I 11,1,dri1c11,o hard. and ,d11pt ,o orten, thal
1111
soul ,1a, cni-hecl ,111dm, <pint, brokc11.I w,1sa ,nere wreck. n1e
degradation lo which I ,,as then sub1ected. .is I no11 look b.1ckto ii.
seell1s111orec,
like a dreJ1n th,H1a horrible realih I c,111,carc-l·h rcali1.c
11011I ,·,er p,1,,cn through 11,w1thoul quite lc1si11i;
.,II rnv 11101al
and
intellecl11alcueri;jes I c.111
eJsil) u11dcr,tandthat \'Oll s111cerel1
doubt if
I "rote the n~rratl\e: for ir an\ one had told 111e.SC\en \('ar, ago. I
should e,er he .1hle to 11nte ,11ch.111 one. I should ha,<: doubted as
,trongh- JS you 110" do )011 nu1st 1101jnclgc 111enow bv whal [ then
\\Js-a clwnge or c1reunhtanccs, h:1s 1n,1dc" ,urpn11ng change 111me
F'redcnc-kDougt,ss. the frc{!mlln "~ 1cr1 cl1ffere11t
pcl\011fro111I rcclcrick Bailey.the slave. I feel 1nr,clf al1no,t J 11c11 111.u1-freedr>111
hd, gi,cn
me nc-. life I fant\ rou "ould scarcch kno11111c.I think l h,I\Calte1cd
H.'f\ much 111
n11gc11er,1I
:1ppcar,111c<·
. ,111cl
kno\\ I h,I\'<'1111111
111,inner,
.
You rc111e111ber
1d1en I used to 111ect1011
on the ro~clto !ii \lichacl',
.
or IIC,lr\Ir . Cu, cv's lunt· gate, I lw1dl1 d,1rcd to lift UI) head, and look
up .JI you If I should niect ,011no11.m111d
the tree hills ol old Scotland.
1111':rcthe Jllt'icnt 'bL,cl, Dnngta"·~ once mel his foe,. I pr(.'<;11111e
I
might ,u1n1nnn,uflic,cnt forhtudc lo look ,ou full 111the f.ice·and were
you to .1lle1nptto rn.1ke,1sl.1\'eor me, it ,~ possible \OU u1ight liud 111e
dl111<1\I
.J, <li,,~rl'C~iblt·
a s11hjcd .1, w.1,the Do11gla<\to II hon, I ha\C
111st
1eferred.Of one tl1ing. I Jill cerlain-\ou wo11ld see a ;rcol ch1111gc
.
Ill lllc!
I ln1>tI ha,c 11011 c,plai,wd .1,1J\ 1011rr,:aso11fo1 thinkiug I did not
,111tethe n,1rrat"e in tJUCslion
You ne,t clenv the e,istence of such cruclh ut .\I.1ryl.n1da, I reveal
in 111\11~rrnli1
e: aud J,\.;, 11ilhtnil} 111,1n•cllo11,
,1111plic-1ty,
·could it be
po~s1blethat charitdblc, feelnrg cncn could murder human bec,111~s
with
JS l1ttlcrc111or,e
a<the narratL1cof this infa1nouslibeller would 111al..c
u,
helic1e; ,111dtl1attlic la11·,of \1an IJnd. 1duch operate alike upon hide.I.
and\\ h1te,bond and free, l·oulcl[)<'Tnut
<nchto11Imurder, to pass unnoticed~· ·;-.;o:,
ou sav.'it " 1n1pos,ible.'I Jin not to nctcnn111cwliJt chari1..il,lc. fc.:tli11g
111t·11
,·an clo, hut. to silo\\ what \·Ian l,111d,IJ1d1older,
aclualli do. their cl1Jrilable feeling 1; to be dc:teriui~edbr their deeds,
and n-0ttheir deeds b, lhetr ch.1ritahlc teehng, The cowskin m.11..e-.
'"
10 T110,1rso:-;'s
LE11l·
RI
95
deep a gush 1111111Ac,h,\\ hen wielded by J profe~ed saint, ,1, 11doe,
\\'hen ,, 1cldedb\' an open snrner. Tht deadlv 111usket
doe, as fatal execution \\hen ils trigger "pulh:cl b) \u,1111(.;.ore,tile Cl1rbliJ11
.• 1s11hen
the sa111e1s done hy Beal Bo11dh.the: infidel T'hc bc;,l ""I to ast·c1ta111
"hat those charit,1hle, feeling 1nen can do, \\ ill be to point 1·011lo the
Id"> 111Jdeby thetn, and which )'OU Sd) operate alike upon the wl11te
and lite bldtk, tl,e bond a11dtht free. B~co11sult11
1g the statute la\\> of
f\ IJt: land, 1 ou 1\ 1111111d
the follo11
,ni;, , · \111 ~1~,c for rmnbling in Ih<:
nigh!. or nding hor;c~ 1n the day tin1e I\ itho11tleaH\ or running awa},
,nay be pu11ishedbv \\ hipping, cropping branding in the cheek. or oth<:11\i,e
-1101 re11de11ug
hi111uulil ror labor ·-p ~,~ ,
11tl·n a11other,-• '.\Ji) ,la1e co11.actcdor pell\ lrca,011,111111dcr
, 01
wilful burning of d11dl111g-houscs.
111a,·be sentenced to have the ru:;ht
hand cnl off. lo he hanged 111the u,ual 11·a,-bis head ,e1<:redfro111
Ju,
hod, -the bod} dilide<l 11110
four 411a1te,~.
a11Jthe liead ,111dquJrtcrs
set 11pu1 the 1no,t pub lic place ,d1erc such act \1'15con1111itted
·-Page
190. ..,
~011, 1\1r'l1101npso11,
when )OU LOLl>ider
1,it\11d1all,a,c a slJ1c·1na1
he co 11,1cteclof :.111,
011eur all of thest crnnes, ho-. blood,·and atrocious
<lo those law, appeal! Yd. sir. the, arc but the breall1 of ll10,e pious
.1nd d1Jritablc feeling rnen, \~horn)OU 11otilddefe11d. l Jn1 ,111cI ha,c
recorded 111111v11.11
r.111,e
, 11olluni;so re,olhnglj cruel. 1nurderous.and
111fcn1al,
J, 1na1be found 111
10111 01111
\l,1lulc hook
)oll Sa) thal ·the l,1,\• of \lar,bnd oper.ile altl..eupou the IIhilt' ,111d
black, the bond ,111dfree. If y<JH1uean bv tlu,. thJl the p.iftics named
.ire .111
<:tJnJII) protected h} \J11,you pe, petrc1lea falsehood ,Lsb1i;a, lual
told h} 1'1cMclt'nlPolk 111his 111a11gun1I
.1dclres,1 IL1, a 11otoriou,foci,
e,cn on this ,1clethe ,\tl,111tic,that ,1black 111.111
ca1111ot
lc11ihagainst a
white 111any <:ourl111f\-l.1nL111cl,
or .in, oilier ,IJ1c }t,1tc lfvou do nol
know tin,. ~011 ,He 11,orethan ord1na,;h ignorant. a11d.ue I~ bt piti,:d
r.1ll1crthan rcn,ured. I "111not s,i. ·1hat the cletect1011
of thi, l,1lschoocl
pro1e, ,1111uu ha1·e,,11dto he f.ihe'-for I 111,hlo ,,-,ul 111,selfofvour
1e,l11nonr,in regurd to 1111
1de11l1l).
-but I" ill >JI,vou l,31·e 1nJdec,
1our•
,cit ,ct, liable In ,u,pic1011.
I will do,c Lhe,c1c111ark1
h) >ill'ing.yo111positi,e "PPl),1honto sla\'ery
1s fnlh c,pbu1ed. a11clw1II he 11dl 1111dentoodb) ~nti-sb1en· uku,
wlie111ou >ill the t·nl of the "·,ten1 doe, 1101l.111
11po11
the ,la, l'. but the
, 111l1r, \I.Jrd1 lh~i m.au~111;,il
.H,Jdre$.\ Pult.mack ,1 )t..Jh:meul
1-11111
1.n lo \ C. (:. I ltc,mpw1,••
wlttu he-,,L111ll(-dtJul
llit:
{eJ,i;r.11
L!O\c-111111,:1,11
lc-,nn, mcb\ld11.1h
mc:r ~tiom 1t cHh
1b pt.Jo
tc,11111;111rl11cn<.e
tullu:I\ fret In 11upnr\1.U1t11tw.1, 1,;1"1ofi
114111
0'ttl1c ke;it11n.llti.xut·ht' of ,1,ll
tl•L"'111('1111
.u1d phH1co1IllV\\t·r, 11h .1H1nm on i!1mkc.l(•1 • of c\Cf"\' m.m 1111~In-ti 111J1•11
1•111~.. 1 \\httl1<;t 011111•1Hor ft,11.~o l-1dli.
of c-,en tihJ<h:
01 op11111m,
.iudftL ua...;Itree
"*'-l'llf'• l',,ll ll1tn \\'(;nl vu lo IJ,1d the ( 'nr-hiilufiou .til111~lh;lf 1h -ortr i;rc.l uh1~,1• "·u 10
r('~1r.nn 11u:,1nlK..,irrH11uppttS)HI~ 111mon11C'fo.
nf rucrn.1thmg11p111lft1.:ir111,tm::,hll \lmon
''"
11,l\it' a rightt,J ;rp
J'«.:Jl
lo Ilic Cm"hluhan . ..1l o ,-bK'ld
·~·•msl !lUd1OP1H1.--1111· ,1td.1n
10h11S. k11lm~,t.s:tt1it.)
i1,nm.Polk 1-\uhr,1 JolmI•, Bc.mhk,.IISS-Ol
l·h--fQ IEd1ton
I•RI 01 RKK
Dot'CI
\!>S
slJveholder . 'I 111,1, like -.Jnng 1ha1the e,il nfhei 11i::bun1l 1, 1101 felt h)
the per,on l>11r11t,
hut b, li',m ,d10 k111dle,up the fire Jboul l11111
FREDF.Rlt 1-..l)()l 1CI \SS
FREDERICK
l10LJGl.- \~S
Preface to the Scco11cl l)11blin Edition of the ,\ h1rralire
of the Life ofFrederickDoug/a,&
1't1ll011111g
the t·,t elle111rtTt ptio11of the --:urrull\l' of th<·Life o/ { r~dn1<·k
Du11~/a,, p11hl11hcdin LS4'i 111-\111c11c.1
a11d,horth thrreaft, r 111lrd.md.
D1>11gla,,,
Jrr.,ng<·d11 ,th 111,111\11
p11bl1,hcrlo 1s<uea second l1uhl111ctlthon
The fol1011ml! 1sa lie\\ Prcf 1tt' th.it lie \Hok to acco1111•1r11
tl1c tc,1 \l,o
added11a,.11i,\ppcncll\ cw"1,t111i;of 11,eletter of A C. C I ho1111>so11
,111cl
Doui::bs,·srebuttal tpp. Sf;.'>(,) I
In \ L11
· l,tsl,1 the prc,enl N,1rrJlive II as puhl1,lied an Bo,ton, I\ lass.I•
d,u,dt,,. and 1d1,;11l ,Jilcd for l•,ngland in Scptenahcr. abnut -1,;011copi(', h 1<lhecn ,old 111;1,clatdi heard 111,11.1liftl, edition has bcc11c.illcd
for I hi, rJpid ,,tit' t11J} be ac:co1111tcd
for b1 Lhc f,1cl a l 111,be111e:,I
fui:1tile ,la,,·. and fron1 th<"<·irc·11nhLt11<·e
that tor the last four ,,e,ir, I
h,l\e been e 1~,1s;cd in tra,cll111,;,I\ a lcct11n11i:.1i:;c11Iof lhc: ,\n;c,it,111
,\11ti-,la1crv'-otil.'I\.
1s11-chl..110,, n in lhc
, h1 ,d11d1IIH!JJI\ l hcta111cc::1.lc1
Untied St.1k,
\II '"'' lo (,rc,11 HnlJ111h.,d .1lhrccfold obied I "i,lu·d In I><"
0111of
Lit,·11.1yduring lhc e:1.cilc:111cnl
cu11,e<111c11t
011 the p11hlicalio11of Ill)
book: lc,t the inforn1.1tionI h,irl there ghen .a, lo 11111dc11hl),and place
nl ,tboue. ,ho11ld 111d11c-c
111\'0\1'll('f to take n 1c:,1,11rcs (or rll\ re, tor.1ho1t
to ha, ·p,1tnard1Jl ,·arc for 11111a11101he ge11crJ!h l.no1111iu Europe,
th.tl ,1 ,la,c 11ho c,capes fron1 hi, 111,hlcri, liable bi the Con,tih11ton
ol the llt111t
•d St.,tt'li, to he clr.1~e,-dbacl 11110honcl.ige. 110matter 111
11l,.1ti>Jrl uf tl,c 1a,t c:1.k11Iof lite Slak, a11tlthen territories he, 111,
1}
h,"e laken refuge
\I, 11c,1111clncc.:111c11I
1,;;".1desire to 111cre,1,e
111,,rock of 1nfon11alro11.
d11d1111oppo1l1111itac,
nf ,el f-i1111>ro1l·t11e11I
h) a 1i,it 1" the la11clol Ill)
f1,1ter11d/ance,tors.
\h tlurcl ,111cl
cltief ob1ect "'1~, 61 Lh, publ ic c,po,il.Jo11of the con•
l,1111i11ali11r;
,lllU clei;rad111~
i11fl11e11cc,
of Sl,11l'£111po11the ,l,nehnlcler
a11dl11,abctll)r>.a, well dS the sla1·e.to l'\Ctte ,11chan 1ntcllt1.;t·11t
111leresl
on the <11b1ect
ot ,\n,ertcan Sla,el'), as 111.11
reJtt upon m) 0\111t·ou111t,.
.111d111a1tend to ,h.nne he1 out c,fhct Jdhc,1011lo a s,,krn ,o ,1hhonc11t
lo (;h11slia11il\,111dlo her rep11bhc,111
111shtu1
,on,.
:\1) lasl 11l>j<-cl
ts I .1111
h 1pp~ lo"" 111a fair 11'J)of being Jcco111ph,lted I ha,e held puhlic n1ccti11g,.in [)11hl1n \V,·,fnrcl \\'alt:rford,
Cork, ,011ghal. (,11ncricl...J3clfJ>l,(:l,1>1,;ow
.. \herdecn, Perth .ind nu11•
tlc:t", w,1hi11 the 111..-11101
1th, 1d11d1 ha,e dJp,e<l ,ince I L.tnded in
England \n edition of '0011 topics of 1111,arr,111 t' ha, been c,lt,111,lecl.
a11dI a111in great hopes tli.1t before 111,11,11lo C1cat flnt.1111,hall be
contplclc<l. Ll1ou,,111cl.,
.ind ten, of tlto11s.1nd,oflhe intelligenl .111d
ph1la11thrnpic 11ill b, i11duce-<l
to cerop.-rJtc 1,1tl1the noble baud of.\n1enc·an abohtionl\b, for thl o,ct1h101, of the 1111:auc,l.ltui;c,t. J11J 1110,t
<l£t,uclli ,-y'lte-111
of 1niq111hIhat c1er disgr.icc<IHJ\ co11nt11l.ir111gclaun
lo Ll1ehe-11efit,nf relig-ion .u,d u, ilt7.dhon.
I beg lO 1cfc1 1111re.1Jo ILi the Pref.Ke lo Ilic First c<liho11
•• 111Jthe
1.ctkr 11h1ch fol1011,tl; lo ,c,11,e1101tcc,of 111)'\a11ah1e r.0111 1ar101"
,011rces,"h1('h "ill be to11ncl:tl the end of the booL.2 and lo the follo\\1ni: notice of J public n1ecti11g held the e\'e-111111;
pre\1011,lo 1111dep.ir•
lute front lio111e
. 1111l1c lo,111of L}tlll, ~la,,ad111,dh, 1d1cre I lta1c
rl'">tded101tlil' la,1 11101tarsc"l~1st fnd.1y ,:,1,·ning.1 ,nrcling 11,1,held 111l.1ce11n1[IJII, for the
p11rpo,eof c:xd1.n1r;inr;wre11ell, 11ilh Fre<lerrtk Dougla» di 1dJa111t">
i':
ll11ffu111.
' pnor tu 1he11ckpa1l11re, 011 tlit c11,u111gd,1}, for the ()Id
\\'url<l
11>.1tiou1
hall \\as no\\d(·d lo 11,11tn1ostcapac1t3-l11111clrecls
of n1t11and ,1,0111e11
be1ni; ohlti;ed tu ,tJ11d .,II iii<' e,enini.; ll1i, \\J1 a
nu,,t gr,1tif\i11r;fact• .1nd ,poke ,·ol11111e,
fo1 lht>01marJ p1ogrc» of th,·
.1111l•,ld1cl\1110,e111t'nl-st11c:c:
hul '" or <e1c11,ears b.1cl..the people.
111,tc,1d0(111t:eh11g'"lh ""' ,11cltanl1-,la\c[) 111e11
for lite i11lcrtl1u11ge
of l..111dhlccl1ng,. 11ould l1.1Yehee11 111orehkch lo 111edthu11 ior the
pnrpn,<: of 111ll1d1111;
,0111e,u111111a1}
p11111,h111cnl
, I lundred, of pers,111,
c1110,t·dn111hi, oc:e.h1n11lite fir..t good opporlllnit\ tht:) h,,H-'l1,1dlo
111J,;cof I rede11ck DouE;lass's abilth ,1' a speaker aud d rca,u11cr:anrl
unle~s I a111 mud , 111istakcu
, tlteu 111ug111e11I
11.1,,ud, 1<nnl onh lo
111cr('asetlt,·i, rc,pl·d for h1111.
hnl lnr 111,r.lC-<', and the gre,1Im<>1,en1i,11t
110\1 1111fool Jo release II f10111
thn1ldn1n I le spoke"' tee:.and hulh h111e,
"1th i.;rcJI po\lt:I. I Ii, ,,•,·nnd dTorl 'J>.1rkled\\ tlh IHI f1u111
hcg111111n~
lo
end.
..-n,c:folio\\ ini; rc.:s<ll11ho11,
\\CIC .1<lopted./IClll COIi
,n,e
"Rr--so1.vco-,\, lhc ;c-nse of tlu, i;rt:al g,1lhcr11u;of the 1nhab11Jllh nf I vnn and I iu1111,.th.al \\'t' extent! lo 0111e,kc111ed fdl,m
<:1litcns Frederick l)ungl.15, an<l J..11uc:-,
'- . Burt11111,
11ho,e p1op<hCU
()q 11~1..urdu, 1,1 t"'\•,t11,t,s
1!11111 rc\tc',H
JJCfl tJ J,hrt
,..,
J J111t ,ectll, 111P.11fl11mtlMr.'I~
atln1 t l·rhtm
1\(111~\dh,l1w
puhl1il1c·tl in I ~
l•II\IIK:.Un\;11 \lM,ll'hmcH
,111d
R11lr.l 1 =-"",~
,
~,lll a: m,.
,,,1t:\ l n hh
9S
DoLGL\S~
departure for l~n1;la11dhas brought tl11, niult1t11dc together. 011r
hcarlic~t i;oorl II i,he, for a ,ucrc,,Cul i"uc of their JOltrnc,
"RJ...sot\l 11-'l lt.11"'' ;lft• e,pc,·i,1lh tle,iroth th.ii Frt·dt'nck
Dou.:l.i"· \\ ho calll<' to ti11, tu1111,1 fugitive frnm sL11erv. ,huuld
hc.11l\lth h1111to the ,l,orr, nf the ()Id \\'orlrl. our 1tr1..1111111ou,
k.,.111110111
Lo the ti<ldrtl 1\Jlh 1di ,ch h<'ha< s11,td111ccl
Ilic , ,,riou.,
1ddho11, of lrfc. ~11dto the deep respect ,nth ,d1id1 he is n<1\\
tt•g,rrtlctlh1 c, er~ frrcnrl of libcrh thro11t;houlottr borders.·
o~
H1,
\lcH11FR
A"lll
Iii,
•)(}
F.~111t.R
\1) rnolher .ind I were '''lrar.1kcl 11he11I
11',r< hut
un
Douglas~on I Ii, '.\lotlier .ind I Ii, l•:11her
inf.1111-bcforc 11..-iie,,her Js Ill)' n1other. It i\J (·t11111no11
cn,l0111.111
the
p.ut of \IArd.111<l&0111which I ran J11a1,to part cltildren fron1 tlu:-u
111others,11.1,en ,.111\age rrcc111cnll).hefore tl1e ch,ld has readied rls
l11elflh 111011th,
it, rnolhcr i, tak<?nfro111it, and hired 011ttin -.c,1ncforru
.i con,1der.1hlc drst.1111:l'
olT.und Ilic chilrl 15placed 11nck·rthe c,1n• nt an
old ,10111a11.
too old tor field labo1. Fo, what Liu, sep.uahon 1, clone. I clo
not l..11011 , 1111lcs,il IK· to h111dc1the dc1clopn1c:nl of the th1l<l'saJTectiou
1011.ird11>n1other, ,mcllo hhmt and cl,·,tro\ 1hr 11,1111101
ailcchon of tl1e
n1othc1 for the ch,l<l. 1'111,
as the inentahle rcs11lt
I 11c1crsa11Ill\ rnother, lo l-11011
her Js such. 1nnre than four or fi\'e
hrncs i11nn l1f,;,;und c:aclrof ll1o!>t'l11llt'.>
was \t'f) short iu durahon . .ind
al nrghl. She 11,1,hrr,cl b) ,1i\l, Sic'"'"'· 11ht1l11td alio11t[\,cl,e 111ilc,
fro111Ill) ho111e.She n1acleher 1011mc),lo sec 111cin the night. trJ1clline;
tl,e \\ hole <li,tance 011fool .1fterthe perionu.1nce of her day's work Slie
\\ .t< a field hand, aur.Ja II hrpp,ug 1sthe pc11.1h1
of 1101b1:111g
111tlre licl<l
,11,11nri,,·,1111
le" ,1 ,la, c h,1,sprcr.,l pcnn1,,11,11
fro111hrs or I11:1rnJ~kr
lo the conh.ln -,1 pemn~.1ionwhich the, seldom gel, Jnd one th.it i;1n,s
lo 111111
tl1..1tg11es ii the proud n,une of be111ga kind 111,ulcr J do 1101
rt.-ollccl of c1er ,ccrng Ill} 1nolhl'r b) the light of d.i1. Slic 11.1'111th111,·
11, till' 1ni:ht.She "011 kl Ire·'1011 n "11Ir n1c. ,ind gc I nie In sleep. bn t loni:
hc(orr I 1,aked she 11.1sgone. \erv little con11111nnc,11ton
e,·er tool. pl.ice
bd\leei1 lh ()eallr ,0011 elllictl II ltJt Jillie 11e co11ld ha1t• 1d11k ,ht•
lned.. ,11,cl111111
11l,n lrar<l,lup, a11<l,11fic1111t,.
Slic died 1d1c11I wa,
ahoul ,c,u, \t'.11' old, 011 one of rn, n1,1,ler'<fom,~. near Lee's ~dill I
11,t, 1101alln,;ecllo be present Jurrng lier il111c,,.Jt l,u <lc.1111,
Ol h111ial
Slie \\J> goue lon1; hcfo1t' I k11c11JI!\ 1111111(
Jbnut ,t \.c11:r h:t\111£
e1110,etl. lo ull} co1i,1du,1lill.'C\1(·111.
h<'r ,ooll,ing prcse11ce,lier te11<ler
.11,d11atchf1rl,are, I R'cc·1,~d the tid111gsoi her <leall1111111
111ud1lire
,au,c• cn1ohon, I shonlcl IM\t' proliahh kit al tltt· 1k.ill1111., ,tri>ll~•·r
~o ~sp,Cl of tl,c c-.,1rr<1/1H'h.h pln\'ctl rnorc troul,l111g111rt:..idc" th.111
nougl,,_,, ,0111pcll11u~
r..:f,·1<
11ci,In lirs 111ntlrcrJnd (,Jher It " ck r. 111
r,,I Jl,.,t Ii" 1d•ltn11sh1» lo the 11111
1u-rc dccph troubh11:::to 1).,11,::la,,
,1'
\ldl I le dc><nhc, tl1e111
dillcr,lllh 111l1LItl11,·c,ll1tob1ri1-.'Tapl11cs.
C\t1rra/1n•
o/ the I 1/e ,,( I «1!,r1<I·l)i,uglu" r IS~5, \h Hm1<f~• ruJ \Jr / recdum
l's~, ind/ 1,, ur1J I ,met 11// ,ode11(iTJ,,11~/c1,,,
l>i'>2
1111'111.111
I le"·" .1d11111tcd
Ir>be ,11ll1b, .,111C'\Cr
lremd \[>Cal of 1111pan:11 Jr,:e. 11,e op111u11111as
11"1\\ln,ptcrecl lhat n11
1n,1slcr11 ,, 111\(i1hc1. 1>11 of Ilic n111,·tlt1C<\ol thi~ 11puuo11,I L11011
1,01l11111;,
tl,c 111c.11boik11011111g11."\\ithheld
lro111111e
II g11cs tnc grc.11plc,1,111,·Jr, lw ,1ble lo arid, in .,n ,\ppenclr, to
Ilic
prc,cnl C'flit1on,.111..1tten1pteclRef11IJl1onof tn} \l.1rrall1e. l.11t•hpul>l"lred 111the ~Del.111areRepubhcau " ill ~1r. \. C C. '] horup,011 1 ~h
,cph 111tlIx· lo1111<l
.1lo11gwith \Ir. TI1or11p.,011\letter 1 lr.nc th.111l.rcl
hrn1 !here; hnt I t·,111nolr<?frn111
fro111rcpc.rtrng m~ ~cl.no,, led~11c11hiur
the tesl11110111
he beJr, lo the subst.111haltruth of 111vslol'\ \\e differ ur
0111 dft,111'.lo he ,urc But tlu, 11..1,
to be c,pclle<l. Ill' i~ Ll1<
' frrc11dof
s)a,e-holckr,. Ire rc"r-k·, 1n .1 ,I 11, ,t.rlc, ,11,cl"p1oh.1l,h 1 ,I 1\<'-hol1k1
huu,elf. I le dJres 11ot,pe..ikthe whole Irr1th, if he 110111dI .1111
an, \1ncnc.111,I 1,c. 11110h.11e gnt:111n, l\lJ11l the ,hp. I a111111a land of libert\,
1111h1,0 rn.111to rn,rkr 111(.'
nlr.,1d fie .i"'rtc, wrth 111<?
al lea,t 11111;..,
1111port,111t
fact. that I a111\\hat I proclai111n11,clf to be, ,111 ungrakfnl
fllf;lhll· frot11lire ·pat11.iKl1.1lnrslilulton,' uf lite Sla,c St.1ks, ,incl Ire
,crllfic, 11mlfllillll nl tl1c lrc111<·,
ol 111)~ ..urati,e ..ire ,till 111ini; and
<lou1gwell, ,1, "honr>red a11d11orthy n1c111hcrsol the \lctlrudi,t ~:prs<:opal <:l1111d1
•·
C/<1.<i:011.l•cb. (,tli, I S'lh.
rru111
~
-
tJ
['I;(
a\\
'""''''H!,>{the l.r/e of Fr('c/encknnu!!,l<l,S\1/Si>J
\h 111otho"a' 11,1n1c·d
llarnet B.1il,·1 Sh, 11~, t1,.,.,!J11;:hlc1ol l,.1
•"" llrlsc1 B.111~,l>otli c11furcd,u11<l1p111,clark \h 11111tl1t1
>1,1, ol
r•.ukcr cnn plc~ion than crllic, 1n1i:1u11JrnolherC>r~1J11dfJtl,c1
•
\h f.itl,er 11,r,
I t
~
O.,t
1,
rm 11t,1
l!bf.••
j
r
h'A- ' Lei.I
c
.i
Bui lo 1d11111,
nr r,lllll I In bc~111 \I, L11n\dulr:,cof 1111 111uilrcr"
\ell
,,.11111,lu1t 1c11 ,lr,tin cl lier pc t111.,l.1pp,·1r,111tc.111d
l>c.1111
g trc
u1df.icc·,1hl1~t.111pc·,l
lljKlll lll\ 111c11
nr\ Sl,c II ts I 1ll.,u1d ti11l ii rn1p•>r
t11111t·cl,
of clC'C('),J.,ck, i;lo"I cn111plc\l<:i, Ir.id 1c·~11I
11 •c;1t11res.
J11J
D011t;LASs
ors Ills ~lonn.R \,n lhs
[00
a1uong lht' olht'r ,laves. \\,ts r<>1n,1rk,1bh
,cdal,: 111ht:1 111a1111ers
There
is in ··pr,('/,r1,./",~a/11ral 1/i,tnrv of \l011," the head ol a figure -011
page 1,--the fe,1hnes of which so re,,..1nble those ot 111) 111ntl1er,tli,11
I often recur to 111,1,1tJ1
,0111e1hi11g
ol th,· feeling" hicl1 I suppo,e ulhcrs
e,-pt11c11,·eII hu, loo~111g11po11
thl' pid, ires of d..:ardepJrled oucs.
) cl I cannot ,.11 th:it I II as ser, rleepl1 ,ltldche<l lo nn 1nother; c-.-r1a111h1101so deeply .i, I should li.i,e been lia<l our 1d.111011>
111 cl11
ldliood been diffcreut. \\'e 111.·r,·, parnted, ac-corclrnE:to 1111.•
c·o1n1ntJ11
cu,lnrn. 11h<·1tI \\.1, b11Ian 1nfont, :111cl.
of course, before I kne\\ 1111
n1other from .1nvone el,e
·
l he i;enn, of affeetiou 11illtI\ lucl1 llie \l111ighil,111h" 111,dotnand
u1crq. ,u111,the: lielpk" 111f.111l
dga111,lIlic ,II, and v1c1ss1h1dcs
oil11s lot,
h.,d been duc,kd 111their gro111hlm1ard 1ha1lo\lng old grand,nother,
,,hose i:;entle h.uu.l a11clk111J,kpo1ltue11t ,t 11a, tile lirsl elfo1t of 1n}
111fo11l1k
u11d<:1sl.111d111g
lo ,0111p1d1c11d
a11clappr<xiJlc, \t·c<>1thngh,
th,· tcndc·r(',t Jffrt·t1on 1,h1,h a brn ..fic~nl E11hc-rallm,s, ,r, ,1 pa1hal
con1pens..1llonto the mother for lhe pJins ,111cl
later,1tions of her he.ul.
111c1dcnl
to the: 111,.1lc111al
relation. 11as,1u 1111ca,c, dffe1lcd fro1111t,,true
,ind n 1111r.1I
ohicrl. 111tl1c 011,ou,, gn·,ds, and 1rcad1<'rou, l1a11dof
,l.ne~. lhe sla1e-111olhercan be spared long enongh fron1 the field lo
t·ndu1c all tl1t•b1tlcr11c~sof a 111olher's,111i;ui,h. 1d1en 11add, .111other
11~n1cto a 1111,tcr'sIC'<lgcr,b111HQ/ 1011gc11ougl1lo rclli,t· the jo1ous
re11ar<lafforded I,y the intcll1gent ,n,ilcs oi her d11IJ I n.:1er th1111.
nf
1h1stt·n 1blc 111Krk1cncc:of ,la,er, 111Lh111,·infantile affections. and 1t<
d11ert1ng tl1em frntn thur 11,1l1u.1I
c:ou1,c 111lhoulfcdn1i;s to ,duc.11 I
can gtSe no adeciu.ite expres.\ion
I do not rcn1c111bc1
to ha,e see11111r111otherat Ill) i;rJndn,othcr'; ,11
an~ litnc I rc111c1nberher 01111111ltcr 1·i,1t,,to int al Col J Joyd's plant.i•
lron. a11d111lire k1tchen of Ill} old mJ,tcr I lcr 11"ls to 111ethere 1,ere
fc,1 111n11111bc1,
b11cf111dt.rullon. and mo,th 1nadC'111the 111
...,ht ll1e
pain, ,l,e look. .1110the 1mld11:C'11<l11red.
lo ,ee ,ne, tell, me rhal a true
1110Lhc::r\
heart wa, her, .,nd !lut ,la1u, liaJ wffirulll' 111p'1!.1h7ing 1l
\\ 1th unrnolhcrh u1d1iTerence.
/1.h tnolher 11;1, hired out lo a \Ir Ste11art, 1d10 l11cd dbo11I1,11,he
n1ilcsfron1old n1a,tcr\.
h<•111g
~ fidd hand. ,ht- ,el<lom h,1d k1,ure.
b1 das fo1 the pc1funna11ceof the 101nnc1 171c ni£d1t,J11<lLhechst,111ce
11tre hoth oh,tacle<. to her ,1srb Site ,1.Lsobliged to \\,ill,;. u11le" cl1,111ce
Rung i11loher \\a} Jn opporl11111t1
lo ride; ,u1clthe latter 11a, ,ornetnncs
he, good luck. But she ali,·a1·shad lo "al 011e11as or the-other It 11~s
a i;realer lu,11n th.111slavers could afford. to ,11los1a black ,!Jse-1111,thcr
a ho,,e or J nmk. 11pon1d11d1lo tr,nel l\1ent1-tour nult:,, S11te11shL·
could 11all- the dis!Jnce. Bc11dc,.1l 1sdee111eda foolish" h11t1for a ,Li1cn1other to m.1nife$l<.oncem to sec he, children, .111d,1110111:point of
ann.
F~THFR
IOI
1ie11.the ca,e i, 1T1adeottl-she can clo nothing for thc111.Slie has no
contro l 01cr thcnt; the n1asler is e1e111nore than the n1olher. 111all
n1atter<touching the lak of lu:1 cluld \\·l1v, ll1e11.should ,he gi1e her~df illll co11cern?She ha< 110 rr,ponMb1lit, Sud, i, llu: reaso111ng.aud
such the prachce. 'I he iron rllle of the plJntahon • .ih,a)s p,is,1unatel~
and 11ulenlh enforced ill that neighborhood, n1akes Aogg1ngthe prnalt1
offo1ltng to be 111lhc fidcl before sunn,e Ill the 1norning, tu1les, speu.il
permission be g11e11lo llte absc11l111g
sla,c "l 11u1l to sec 1111duld," is
no excn,e to the c,u 01 heart of the 01crsccr
One: of the s-i!.1lsof 1111mother to me,,, hile at Col l.lo1d·,. I remernl>ei 1er1 ,i11dl) . .i, .1ffor~hnga b11ghtgle.1111
of a 1notlier'; love. uud tlie
ear11~lne1, of .i 111olhe1
's ca1e
i had on th.,t d.1) offended "Anni K,ih:· 1cJlled \ -\uni" b, "al of
respetl. Lhecook of old 1n.1,1er\ es1.1bli,hrnent. I du 110111011
re1ne111ber
the 11alltreof 111\uffe11se111this 111,1.1nu.,.
fut n11offe11,e,,,ere 1111
1111:toll,
111that quarter, greath depe11d111i;.
lio11 ~,·er. Uj>OL tl1c 11100dof \uot
i-aty, 1s lo their hc111ou1nc1s,
blll she b.1cl,1dopted. 111.11
d,1), lier f.J\orite
1nodc:of p11111\hi11c;
n,c. 11.1
111d), 11uk111g
n1e go 111tl1outrood.111
da1 th.it is. fro111.1fte1hre,1kfa.,I.'I he first ho11101 two after <l11u1e1.
I ,uc-ceeded prettl "ell 111keeping up n11spin ls; but though I n1Jde au excellent , l,1nd ,1g,1111sl
the foe ,111dfo11ghtbr;11eh d1111n11
the ;1fte1110011.
I
knc\\ I llllt!.I be co11c111cred
al l.1'1.ll11lessI i.;ot !be ac<:uslmued rcenfo1c.:111cnl ,1sl,te of corn l>r~ad,al ,undo\\n. Sundo1\11came, hut 1w
bread,and, 111its stead, Lhc:1rt'at11ethe thre,11.11ith J sto\\ I 11dl ,111tcd
to its ternble in1porl, ll1.1lshe ..,nca11tlo ,te1nc tl1c life out of 111e!"
Bran
di,hi11t.;her l..11ifo.
she d1opped oITthe ltea1\ ~htc< for the other childrc11,,111J
put the loilf awa,. n1utlcri11g.all the-s\liile. her ~,a1;e dc,ii;11,
upon 111,self Agan1st th" di,;1ppoi11tnu
,11t.for I wa, expecting that he,
hec1rtwo11ldrcknt ,JI l.1,1.I 111.1de
,111c,tm cffu1l lo lllcl11tl<1in
1n1d1g11ilv,
bnt whi.'11I ,di\ all tht: other ch1ld1en around 1ne w1tb n1eH) Jnd ,ali~liccl faces, 1could stand 1t no longer I 11ent 0111hel1111<l
the ho11,c.,111d
1 \VI 1t·11l11edof tlu,. I 1etu1ned to ll1c kitchen. sat
tried like a ~nc follo11
b, the tire. and brooded oser 1111hard lot I 11,l!>
too h11n1,'T)
lo ,IL'tl,)
\\'hilc I sat i11lht cunic.:r, I caugl1t sight ol an e.,r of l11chJ11
coin Pll <111
upper ,belf of tl1c l..1tche11T i.,1lthcd Ill~ d1.111ce.a11dgot 1t. Jn<l. shell111goff a fc11gr,11r1'. I put 11h.1<l.1gain The g1a111s
1111111
hand, I qnickh
l'lll 111sotnc a,he, J11d cu, ered th('ll\ 111th<'n1bers,lo roa,1 tlic111 \II
tl1" I chrl.11tht: rbl. of getting .1 brut,il tl111n1p111g.
fo1 \i1nl Kat} could
heat, as well .is slane n,e . l\h to11111;1,nol lo11g111roJ,hng. and. S1ilh
111y1-een Jppellle. 11did 1101,nntter e\cll 1rth<'grains were not cxaclh
done J cJ4crls p11llcd tlicrn out .• u1d pl.iced IIH·1n011Ill) ,tool. in a
clescr l,ttlc pile Just as I beg.in lo lidp 1nv,df tu IHI/ \Cf) drs me.ii. in
cJ111c111,rlc-Jr 1110Lhc1\nd 11<>\\,
t!e.1rreader. a scene occurred i.hitl
11a, altogether \\otth hrholtli11g. ,111dto nte ti 11,L,11hlr11tl1\ea, 1,tll J'
1ntcreslini;. 'Tltc fn<·ndlcs, and hungrs lxn, in In, t·,trcn1e,l 11eed-,1nd
or
102
I 'REDfRICK
0ot"<.;I.\.\S
when he did not dJre to looL for suc.-cor-found hi1n..elfin lhe ,Lto11g.
protecting JITT\S of J 111othcr:., mother II ho,, a;, al the 111m11~11t
(bc111g
endowed 11itl1high po1,el'. of n1.i1111er
.t> \\ell a, 111alle!)1norc than a
match for all 111,c11en11e,.I ,h.;1111e1er forget the 111dl,crtb<1hkcxprc-.s1011of her co1111te11iu1ce.
"he11 1 told her th,11I h.id h,1<)no Food,ince
n1orn111g,
Jnd lh:ll ·\uni Katy saicl 1he "tne.1111
lo ,t;1ne the life oul of
111e•··1l,ere 11.,, pill i111,ergla11ce.11111c
. .i11dd fier~ 1nd11;
11al1011al \11111
1--atval the san1e h1ne: and. 1d1ilcsite took tl,e t·orn f,0111tile, ,ind gave
nte .1 l.irgc g111g('r
c-ak('.111rt, ,lead. ,he rc,1d .\uni K,,tv.1 lec-ture11ltich
,h,· 11e1crforgot. ~ 11 111otltcr1lirc.1lc:11cd
her "itl, co111pl.1in111g
to c,ld
111askr1111111
· heluli: for the faller. though lmr,lt and cruel lt11nself,at
h111e,
, cl1d1101sancuon the 111ean11e~
. 1nju,tice. pnrtiJlrl) and opprc,\1011\e11,1c-ted
b1 ,-\uni 1-.:ah11i
lite kitchc11 Th. it ni!;ht l lc.1n1cdthe fact.
lhat I 11asnot ~11lv a child, but _,,11wbod\'',
clu ld. I he -sweel cake 111)
11101hergJ,·e n,e ·11,b 111the shape of a heart. 111thJ nclt. cb, J..nng
gl.11.t·<l11p<J1t
the edg,·of 11.I 11a,, ictonou,. ,111d
well ofl for the 111on1ent:
prouder, on 1ni 111nthcr·sknee. th.in ,1 king upon h1, throne· But 1111
lr111111p
l1 11as~horl. l dropp.:d off to ~leep•• 111dwaked 111lht 111on
1i11g
011hto fi11t.ln1, 111othcrgo11c.a11d 111,~elfleft .it the 111erciof the ~.,ble
, 1rago.do1111
1rn11Ii111111old ,na,ter\ kite-hen 1d,o~c fien wrath was m1
con-a,1111
<l1ea<l.
I cln 1101rc:111c
111berlo bJ1e seen Ill) 1nothe1 afte1 tlti, occurrence .
Dealh soon ended the l1llle c·o1nn111111catto11
th.it had existed bet"een
u,. Jlld 1Hll1 ti. I behc,c . .1 life- 111!h;111~
fro111hc·r 11e:ir,, ,ad, do,, 11c.t,t
co11nk11Jncc,ind 11111te
dc111eanor-f1.1llof ltcJrtfclt ,orrrl\1 I II a, not
allu11ecllo 11\IIher during ,1111
p.,rt of her long 1llne,,, nor did I sec her
for ,1 long li111ebcfo1c ,lie 11a, t.1l..er
1 ill ,11,ddied ' I he hC'.1rtl~, and
gha,th fornt of slatt·rv 11se., bcl11t'e11111othc1
and cltilcl. Cl<'ll.1tlhe bed
of death. 1"11e111otlter,at th<.",ergC' of the gra1e. ,na~ 110!g.itl,cr her
ch1l<lrc11
, to 1111part
tu then, her hol1 nd111011it
ion1.• nlCI invoke for !l1c111
her rh1ng hcn,'chctio11ThL bondwo111c111
li1c, .,, J , LI\<.\ ~nd is left to
die a, a beast; often w1tl1 fc11erattenhon, th.111arc pa1<l In a fa,ontc
horse. Sc:e11cs
of sacred le11dt'n1cs,,around the deathbed, 11c,et forgot•
ren and II h1c-hoften arre,t the I icio11,,11,dconhnn the 11rtuou, durini;
life. 1111,~l
he looked for ,1111ong
the free. tl1<H1gl1
the, ,orneti1ne, oc-cur
an1011gthe ,l.11e,. It ha, been ., ltfe-long. sta11d111g
grief lo n1t', th,,t I
kne\\ ,o littlt· of lllV111ollte1;
.111dth.11
sn c,111} sep,ualt:d fro1n her
11,e tounsels of her lo1e 1nu;t ha,c hccn hc11cfin.,Ilo 1ne. The side
,1e\\ of lier fuce is nnac;cd011mv n1en101~.Jud I t.ike fc\\ step, 111life.
w1tho111feeling her p1escnrc, but the 1111age
ts 111utea11dI ha, c no
slrik111gwords of hcr's trea,11,etlup
I learued. after 1111111olher
·, death, !Ital ,he could rt·ad, an<l that ,he
\\as the n•i/J one of .1IItl1c1lu1esand colored people 111·ruckJ!ioe 11ho
en JO)eel~1atadvantage. I lr>11slu: acqu ired lhlS l.nowledge, I k11011
110L.
for 1'11cL1hoe
i, lite last plJce in lite 11nrlc
l 11he1c,he \l<lttld he dpt tu
I"'''
103
lind fac1l11Jc,for learning 1 can, therefore, f,,n<lh and proudh .1scnbc
to her an l".trne,t lo1e of knowledge. ll1at a "field hand" ,lio11ldlc;trn lo
rc,1d. in a111 ,la,e ,tale, is 1et11Jrl..,1b
lc; but the ,ich1e1·cn1enl of 111v
1nother. co,;s,denng the place. ""' \CJ'\ e\_lraord111ary;
and. In \ JC\\
ll1al iJc·l, I .1rn quite II ill111g.Jnd e1e11happ}, lo dllrthnlc .1111 lo1c of
let1e1, I po"es,. ;111dfor II l11chI ha, e gol despite of prc1ucliccs-011ly
loo 11111ch
cretlil 11111lo 111,aclnutlcd \nglo-S,non patern,l,, but to Lhc
11al1vegeniu~ of 111) ~ahlc. 1111protcclc·d,
a11cl111
w11ll1,.1lt>clmother- a
11<11HJ11.
11110 belonged lo a race 11ho,c 111e11t.1I
c11
clow111cnls111s. at
ptc'<tnl fa~l11011ab
lc lo hold 111d1sp,1ragen1ent~ncl<:011le111pl
of
•
sa, notlung ol {ttlher, fo1 he I\ \luouclcd 111 a ,n~~lel') I have 11C\er
ht'c:11.,hie to ptnetr., tc St1,c~ doe, a,1,11 with father,, d> ti doc, allJ~
,nth fo111ihcs.Sb,·crv lrns 110nse for eithc:-t f.1thcr, or fomiltcs. and ,t,
law, do not recog11i1etheir e,1,tcnce 111lhe soci:il arrange1nents of the
plJnlJl1on \,\:hen the1 do eusl, tlJC) .ire not lite outgro11lhsof sla,ei:,
hut are :111tngn111,tic
to that " ·,ten1 The order ot ci,1li1;itio11is re1cr,cd
he re J"I,.,
11a111e
of lhe child "no t expected lo he thnl nf its father, .ind
bis cond ilio11cl<>t:s
110111ece,,anh ,ufct l tlt.,l of lite c-hild I le 111.1,be
tl1c,Li,e ol ~Ir. Gros, I le 111a,be a /reernon: a11d,ct his chi ld 1ne11be
,, chotti?I He ma1 he 11h1lc
, glor}lng 1n the pun~ nf h1, \nglo-S:1,on
blood. and his chi ld 111,1,
bt>ra11keclI\ ith the hlacLest ,la,es Indeed, he
1no1 be. jlfd oiten 1s. ni,,sle1 and fathe1 to tl1e s,1n1ech,ld. He c,1n be
fatl,er 111ll1oul bci1Jg,1 hu,hm1d, a11dlllill ,ell h" d11lcl111lhont111e11rnng reproach. if the child he 111:1 won1.1nin "hose ,ein; ronne, one
thirll·-~eeondpart of AfncJn blood. !\h father \I.IS a II h1k 1nan. 01 nearl)
11bite. It 11Js son1et1111c·s
II liispctccl lhdl 111,nu,tcr 11;1, 1111
t.1ther
J
• • •
Front Lifr and l"i111es
of Fredenck Do11gl.i\,I 1~92)
•
•
\h g1a11dn1o
ther's fi,e claui;lttcr, were l111cdout 111this .":l) , and r11y
uuh recollect 1011,nf 111)01111111othc
r .ue ol ,1 tc11 h.1sh v1s1h111.idc111
the· night 011 f(){)I, aflc, th,· cfa1h l,tsks "ere 01·er. and ,d1c11?hl· \\,h
under tl1e nccc,"t' ol rct11n11ni:
111l1111e
lo re,ponu lo the d11\cr~ c.1llto
tlic liel<l 111lite c.irh n1on1i11g ll1esc l1Ulc gl11np,cs or nn ntolhcr.
ohl.11nedunder ,11cltc·1rc1u11s!J11c,-.
~n<l,1g;iin<tsuch odd~. 111e.1gcr
,J,
the, 11ere:,are 111eff.1<·eabl,
, t.trnpcd npon 111~me1nor, Site 11,1>
t.1II,111d
fini•h p1uporlionccl. of Ja 1k. glo," co111pleXJ011.
,11tl1tcgular. ft•aturcs.
,ind .i,noug,1 the sla1e, w,1, rc1n.1rl1b l~ ,ecldlc:and j1gn1fiecl. I here~u11'1icha,d, 'volur<1I lli.,tr,n n/ 1\/011.lltc l1cddof.i tigure, 011J)Jt;e 15, ,
the feature, nf 1d11t'lt,o 1c,c111i>le
,n, 111o
thcr th.it I ofteu 1ccur lo 11
10-f
flUJ)ERICI.:
IU>
Oour.l.\SS
\\ ilh ,0111<.'lhing
of the feelini;s 11l11d1I <nppo,c others e,pcnence \\ heu
looking upon lhe l1l.e11e,,cs ll1l'lfO\\TI dear Jcpartecl one,
O( r111fother I l.11011
11olh1ng.Sb,·en had 110 reeogrnlion of fathers.
;1, 11011e
of fduulics Th,1t the a1utl1er11~, ,1 sl.ne wa~ enough for its
deadh purpo,c B) ih l.iw the d11kl lollo11ccltht"co11<litio11
of 11,n1otl1t1.
The fothcr 1111gh1
he J IIlute nian. ~lor\'111g
111ll1c punl\ ot 111,·\11gl1>S,1,011blood .• uul the d1ild r,1nked,nl11 the bl.1ckcst,la,cs. father he
1111r;ht
lie. and not he husbanJ. a11dct.)uld sell his n11n tl11ld \\ 1tho11t
ncu1nng reproad, ,f 1111t>,ci11scour<cd one drop of :Vrican blood
or
Douglass on I Ii\ F:sc-ap<:
fro111 Sla,cryt
\\ hen Doui:la~,,uutc )t'I ;ig,,i;,of h,, life long after ,l."cl') l,.,d ended, he
responded In earlier rc.,dt·rs'c11uu"I\ about ho" h.- csc,1ped In the first
ed1t1onof the I 1/e
lime.\of Fr,·denck Dou!;la~\ Cl'lb I . rr, I flS2,. ht>
td l, 1111,
,tory \\ell, h11Ihe doc; 1101fulh suggest ho\\ \\tll lht c,;c.1pe11a,
ord1cslc,1t-Jb1 ,k•,0tc·da1111,
l.,,cn people operatim; tn "hat"•" c;illccl lht'
l l11dcrgrouJ1d
Railro.td ' I lu~ c,ircful coord111
11tton,., t11 ,.,.,clt11ccfrmn the
11111111tnt
Iii,:ta,i dn, er 1;othim lo the tr;un. ouh .,t tl,e l.1,t111irn1I<
. tliru11gl1
to the h10QuJker, bc111~n11h,uu.lto i;<-tthe 11ongl."se'outr> Ilic ,ta~tco;1d1
for lh(; l."I l<·gof lhc,r tnp Onh 1u 'e" \ork Citv. 1,l1cr(·h... 1,,,d t,ouhlc
li11d1111;
D.ind Rui.;gk,, ho,1,c-.did th,· pbn t.,ltcr hn.-H}I
,,,,(I
In tl,e fir,t narrJliH, of 1111 experience in 1!.1,cn·. "rittcn nc;uh fort\
,·e;irs ago , .incl in 1,1rin11,
11 riling, ,n re. I h.l\e i;iven 11«· p11bl1rII h,,t I
cnnMdered,en good rc;1,011s
for ,~ilhholdini; ihe 1n,111ne1
o( m~ escape.
Ju ,ub\ta11c,·thc,e reason; \\ere:-.fir~t.th.11,ucl , rublicJtinn al an1 hn1c
dnnng the c,"tenc,· ot ,1.i,,·n 111igl,tb,· 11s1·d
h, Iii<"111
,1'kr .1i;ai111l
th,,
,IJ,c. and prc,cnl ll1c fut11rccsc,1pcof an} 11'[10
1111glil
.1dop1lhc sa111c
n1can, lhJI I did lhe second 1ea1011
\\as. if po11ible.11ill1nore h1nrl1ng
lo ,1le11c·,•-torp11blic.1lionof dct.111,\I011ldcc·r1'1111h
h.1vcpu1 in peril
1hc pcr-0111and pro1J<'.rl~
of lho,c \\'Ito t<sSJ,tcd.\lurdcr 1tsdf wa, 1101
11101c
,Lcrnl}and ccrta,nh punished in the Slate of\ 1,lr))Jud llldn tlial
nl .1id111g
aud abcH1nglhc e,cape ot a ,Lt,e '\1'uw colored 1nen. Forno
oll1tr crin,c Llta11
lli.,t oi /;" 1ngaid to a f11g1h,cslJ,c, ha,c, like Charle<
1
T Torrc!. pe1,-hed 111pri,on The ,1bohtiot1of ,la,cn 11111n nahvc
State .111dthroughout the country, and the IJp1e ot tiine. rc,;der tbe
cJut,011h,tlicrlclob,cn c<l11<1
longer neces,arv But. even 11nce the ~bol,
lion of ,lJ1c1~.I ha,c ,0111eh111c,lhong l1l11w<'lle11011g-h
In bafflenirin,11'1b\' ,apng thJt II h,le ,la,eri e,1,ted there \lct·e good re-.isonsfor not
tcll111g11,e11w1111c-r
of rn1 c,e.,pe. and 1ince sl.1\en ltad ceased to exist
lhen: ,1a, 110rc,i"in frn tdh111;11 I ,h.11111011,hn11c,er, cc.1,t.·tu a,ad
nnself of this fonnula, and. dS far J < I ca11,c11deavorto ,ah<~ th" \t i')
1 ft:im f.if~ 1.111J,l11iC'4
Pf f.n-dn,cl:r~t,~ IJ,1rfft
•h . (..oon , J\11~r11llhl:ing. 1&'!12
2-t-:-ii.
1 \l.u,IJ11,.I .1111-.l~H:n1dn1111nIIC..I
<i-l~• '11 I I lfli-4-4
fit"~ wnkrtcnl tu p10011fo( Jlkmplmt;
lrJJ1J lfl Ifie ir,c-.1)Jt'r.,{K\u-JI lU,o E'.J.,forc'
11al11ral
c·unositv I ,hould pcrhJp> ha1e ~ ielcled lo t;1.11kd111f,, 0011 er.
had there been a1nlhmg ll'f\ lttroit or thrilling in the 1ncidc1111, tOII •
neclt:d willi 111\e<capc, for I a111,011110 >d}I li.11cno1l11ngof th,,1 ,ort
lo tell; d11d\el IJ,e conr;JJ;e th.it conld
ht:tra\al and lhe brn,er\
1dud1 ,1as •~ad,_to e11co111
ter death if need be. 111ptu,1111of f1eedo111.
wer,· c-sscnhdl ltalurc, 111LIie u11<lerlJl.1ng1\h ~11c<·.:,,"'" dut' to
Jddress r.1thc1than ,·011ra~e.lo good luck ralhtr tl,.111br,1ver1\h n1ca11,
of e,cape \\er,· pro1ided 1;,r111('bv thl' Vl ,, , ., en "lio "e1 e 111al.1111,
l.111,
to hold J11dhiud 11,einure ,ecnreh in ,b1cn II ,1,h lhe cu,ton, i11lht
State of fllard.111dlo requ11eal lhe fiee colored people to h,11c,d1.1t
,,ere c-,1llcdfree paper,. ll,i, in,11111111::111
tl,e1 ,1cre rc:l1111rc:d
to rc11e\\
~en oft<'n, and b1 <h-1rg111g
a Fee fo, th,, 1,11111,g.
cu11,iderable >11111>
[ron1hn1e lo tin1e 11crecollcct('d b\ th( State 111
these p~pcrs the 11a111e
,
.it;t. rolor, lte11;l1t.
.111dforn1 c i th.: free 111.,11
11crc d,·-<·ril,cd,tot;c:ll1cr
-.1lh ~11) \ca" or nth,r 111J1ks
11po11
h" pe1"'"· \\l11cht·uuld a,,i,I 111111,
iclcntif,c,1t1011
. This dC\JC'e of ,lJ,eliuld11n; 1nge11u1t,.like other tle\lce,
ul 1,1tl('d11~~s.111~0111,·
111
, ,1~11rc
dl'lc,1ted 11>df- ,i11c-1·
111nrt·tl,.111011c:
111a11
ronlcl he fo1111d
lo .111,wertl,e ..._,,,.
,_.i;c1,1ral de,ciiptio11. Hence
n1an) sb,e, could escape b~perso11Jlt11~the O\\ller of one ,et of paper,;
.111dlliis \\J\ oftt·11don<:a, follo,1,; \ \l.11t I carh ,11 sulfic·1c11ll1
,111'11cr
i11gllie dc,rriptiu11 ,d lortl, in Ilic >;ipcrs, wo11lclbone!\, or l,ire tl,c111
hll hl· con lcl hv lhe,r 111ea11,
1:,capc tu a free ,lak. Jud ilie11,b\ 111a1I
01
ntl1c11\ise.rc:lurn the111In the o,111crTh(' op,rJllon 1131.1 1;,u.1rdo11s
one for the k 11der,ls wdl '" 11,chorro\\ cr ,\ f.11l11re
nn Ilic p,1rlnf tlte
lu!;lll\t Lo,cnuh.l(k tlu- p.1pch 110111,)
1111pcnl111,be11eiador. and the
dist·o,try ol lhl· p,1pc1,in 1>0,5e1,io11
of the ,1rn11i; 1na11\\Oulu 1111ptnl
both the fug1tl\·eand his l11end 11".1, thtTcfor,· ,111
,Kt nl ,11prt·1neln1,I
on lhe part of a trcc1n,111
ol color 1111"tr, put 111Jcop.inh 111,0\\11l1b1:1h
th.rt .111ntlu:r11111;111
I><.·
f,cc. Ii 11.1>.ho\\c\cr. no n11frt'ljllU1tl)hr.11ch
clone. ,,nd 11asstldo1Hdl\Ct•iered I 11.1,1101,o lorhnul<• J< le>,11t"fi<:ic11lh
rc,unhlc ,Ill\ ol 1111tree Ktjll,llnt,11,c,·,.1, lu .11111cr
the de,cnplio;,
of thc11 papers Bnt I l1.1clonc fiicnd- ,1 ,..<1!01
-11 ho o\l 11eda ,.u)or\
protection , ,111,ch a11~\\c, cd ,01nc\l lul the purpo,e ,,t Jrc·c p;1pc1,clC'icTihini;
111~
pcr,on ••,nd certlh 111i;
lo lh<.·foeI 11,.ii he 11.".1 free ,\111enc.111, ..ulor. n1c ,11,t111nH·nt
had 11I1h head llil· \111c11lane.11;k
·. 11h1d1
1;a,e 1tII,c appc;ir,1nc·(·,1t011<·c·
nfJII J11lho11,cddocun,ent. 'I In, pr<1kc'lio11 did nnt, \\ hen iII n,, li,1nd,. dt,c nbc ,t, he·.,rcr I l' n .ice 11
r.11t'h
lndcccl ii c.11le<l
!~11d ,u,111
11mcl1
cl.irkcrihJ111111
,cH.. uul ch"c e,a111111
l•
tio11of1t \\'Ollldlt,nc· cau,cd 1111.1rrc,tat the ,t~,t 111",ckr to J\otd 1111,
f.ilal ,trutul\ 1111 tl1e p~rt of thc ra1lro,1doflic1.,I.I h.1d .1rr:111i;ed
\\1lh
haac Roll, .. , h,icl.nun . lo h1111g
1111bJl{g,1i;eto tl,t· 11.1i11
j11,t011the
1110111c11l
ol ,1.1rt111g
.u,cl 1111npcd
upon tht' L1r1111,,·lf
whc11lhe tra,n 11a,
.1headi 111111otionI JJd I 1,011,· 11110
the· ,t.111011
,111doffc,cd to purch.isc J
ticket. I ,ho11ld lw,e hccn in1l.111lhJll<l c,ut:fulh c-..1111i11,·,l.
.111d
1111douh1eclh
.ure\tcd lo ,hoosin~ llits.pl.111
upon 1d11chlo .1t·I.I ro11s1d-
'"I.
106
tre<l the 1ostle of the tra111.111dlhe 11alur,1lhaste of the c:011<lucto1.
111,1
trmn crc,,Hkd "1111l'·"'t·11gcr-. ,111d1d1c<lllpon ITlJ ,kiJI ,111<l
addr,·-s 111
pl.11ll1~lhc ;a1lo1 ;i~ dt",l'Tlht:<l1111111proteC'lio11,to do th<· rc,I ()nc
dcllicnt in 1111f.1,or \\,Js the l111dlcd111i;1d11d1p1t·1a1kd Ill B.1lt11nore,
and other ,eaport, ,11!lit· h111t·lo11,1rch• tlio,c 11-hogo clo\\n lo the,.,~
111,hip<." "f•rec li.idc and ,a,lor- 1u;ht, e,prc,,cd the ,e11h111cnlufll1<'
rn1111lr1j11,111,tn.1111111clo1h111gI ";i, t1£:(:ell0111111
,ailo, side. I h,1cl
on a r.:d ,1111[
Jnd .11,1rp.111l111
11.11
·111dhL1c-l.,·1.1htl,hed 111,a1lnr ta,h1nn.
c.1rcle,.1h-.md loosc·I, .tl,oul 111111c<:L.
~ h kno11led,;, ol ship$ 1nd s.,ilur·~
t.1lk t·,11nc11111c:h
to 1111,1""t.111ce.for I k11"" a ,l11p Iron, ,te111lo ,tcr11.
.111cl
fm111l..cchon to ,ro" hct,, .ind rould I.ilk ,;1ilu1 like .u1 · old ,all··
On sped the lra1n ,111dI 1,.1, 1n·ll 011lit<'" ·11lo I l.11IL'de C:rncelx:lorc
the co11J11ctnrc.1111c·
11th•tlu:'11cgrn car l,1 collect tlt'kch .1ud c,.1111111e
the papcrs
111,lil,,cl..pa"c·nger, l l11s11J, ,1 cnl1cal 1110111,·111
in tlw
dra,nJ '\ h II hole fnh1re depenck·cl 11po11
the clc-,·1"011
,,f 1111,
Londuclor.
\gtl,1tcd I 11,1,1d11il·tlu,, L'r<·1110111
11,1,pn><·ced111g,
h111,1111
e,tcr11alh,
.11 ,-.1,t I ''·" uppJ1c11th ,Jl111and ,elf poss('s,ecl I k \\UII Oil 111thIii,
dull e,an1n1111g«:1cr 11LoioTt·rlP·""'tH;t-r, bd,irc 11·ad11111.\
111e,He
11i- ,0111,1d1.1I11.ir,h 11111111,,11111
pt•r.·111ptor1111111,11u1c1
until he
1c·1d1<'tl11,c,1d1c11.st1.111l;ch.iu111gl1
. .1nd to Ill) ,111-pn,t: .i11clrd1et, Iii>
1d1ole 111,11111er
ch.1n~ecl Seeing th.it I did not rc·,1dih proch1cc·11n hc·<
p,1pcr,. ,ts th, otl1c1n>l(lrcd pt·r-011,11>lht ( 1r l1,1cldoue, 11<•
,.,i,1 to 111<
i11,1 f11c11clhnn1l1.l\11111hllt:1tuhs<:JH:dl<l\\ard, iht oth<·r,. "I ,11ppo,e
10111131,:10111·
ftee p.1per1'" ICJ1d11d1I a11s11crccl,
"'\o ,1r, J ne\er c,1rr1
Ill) !rte p,1pn, lo ,c1 11ill. lite·· "B,111011ha1c ,n111dl1inglo''""'
tl1.1t
1n11,Ill ,1free 111,111.
h,11L1u11nut~ ..,,,. ,11; I ,ltt'l\<:tccl... I li,11l' .I p,1pc1
111thth, \1nenca11 eagJ._.mt 1t. that 11,11c.1rn 1ne rountl the 11orlcl"
\\ ,th tins I drl'.11lro1111111J,·cp ,.ulor\ potlcl 1111,c,1111:111
< prok<.11011.
a, l>trllfCdcwnh,d !he ill•'tl'\I i:;l,itll( .JI JIil rayx:r ...,1i,titcl l1i111Jlld
lie 111,,l.nn fare a11d\l<:llt nn ahout l11shu,111e>' )1," n10111c11I
of l1111c
11" 011, nf tile 1111,
l .111,1011,
J ,·1cr c,pc nu1tecl I I.id tl,e co11dudu1
I ><Jkcrl
cl,hd1 nt 11,1· tpn he c·1111ld
nul ha1<·l.11lnl to d,,,·111er th.ti tl
c.1llctl for ,1 ,en d1ffcr,11IlonL111c;
p,"011 frulll 1111,clf.111d111tltat c·ast
11111>tiltf
It lit IJ<c11lu, <l11t1 to nre,I 111<'
,111 the 1,11t,111t
.,ncl ,c11<l
111c
I, 1cl In lt1h tt111
'"' frott, t I1c·firsl ,t .111,
tt1 \ \ I1t·11ht lefl 111c11ith the a"lf r
ute lhat I 11.i,all 11ghl.though 11111,·li
rd1c1,d, I 1cal11l'.dlh.11I"·" ,till
11,t:H ti d.,11i:;tr I 11,1 ,till 111\Ian I n,I. ,111dsuh1cd 1<1Jrrc,I al ,111
11 ,r 11 , ,I I • 1111111II ,c II,11II " 1 er, ii I" 1<01 , 11hrI \\<>II
ld h 1, c LIiO\\ 11 111e
111,111 otl"·' c .. the, ind I f, 11cd lltc1 1111
•I I 1tc·11gitt1t111c·,
cH n 1111111
ilor 11i: 111drerort 111,lu the co11dudo1, ,d ,u \\n11ld then <t1httLI
11, I , ,1, er C\J1t11111l1n11
1d11chI l.11e1111dl 11rn1ldhe ~,t.1Ito n,c
I , •Ii I 11.1 11>I.i 11111,ft
rtr flcc111._lrmu 11,lltc. I fdt perhap,
q111~ 11111c bit 1, 11cl11 er 111111.1!
1111tr 1111,1,rnn111,;: 11 , 1u,
1i.:h , t ol sp,-eJ r, r Ii I tin,e of, 11iinJd lr.n I l, I lo 1111an\1011'
111111d 11\I , IIHl\lttgf,tr to<),101\11 \l11111tes\\crclwur, .. 111dhuur, "'"
or
0
r
d,1v~during thi, pJtl of 111,l11ght.·\Ite, '\lanl.111d I 11.1,In P·"' 1liru111.;h
Del,111are-Jnothc1 slJ,e State. where sla,e-<:atcl1.:r, gc11eralh (t11,11lcd
then pre,. for 1111a, not 111the i11lcnor ol the Stak. l,nt on 1b bo1det~.
th.,t thc,,e ln1111,111
1101111,h
11<·rt·1110,111i:1l.111l
.111duc-li1,· 11u: border
I, nc, hell, cc 11 ,la, en .11,cl frt·,.,1011111erc Ihe d.11tl(l'.rt>n,011,·,, fo, the
lui;:11tves.I lie heart of no
or dce1.111th hu11gr1hounch 1.111h1, tr.JiI,
111tull ch.i,t'. could ha,e be,1len 1nore art\lOU,h nr noi,11\ th.111did
111111c,
frou1 the l1111eI left B.1lt1111ort>
1111I rc.1d1ccll'hil.1cldphi., ·1he
p,1",lt;<·11fIlic S11,11llch.11111.1
n,cr .,t I IJ111:,le c;r.,~c 11,t, 111a,kh, forl')hoal at thJl 11111c.1111 l>o.1rd,,f ,d11d1 I llld a 10111ui,olon.:d 111anh) the
na111eof \;1chol,, 11hu c,1111e
,c:-n n.:,H het1.11111g
n1e He 11a,., "hand"
on lhe ho,1t h, ti 111,tc,1dof 11unrh11g
111, h11,i11,,,,he·1u,i-kd 11po11
k11011111ginc, .incl .1sknii;111cdanv,t·ro11,q11c·,tiunsJ' to 11here I 11a, 1;01111;,
,11,d
,dwu I 11..is,011u11gb.1C'k.
et, I got J11,11fron1 1n1 old and 111con1c111en1
Jcqu,1111ta11<C
.i, ,0011 ,1, I t·ould deccnlh do ,o, .111d''"'''
In ,111othcr
part ot the !mat 011rt· ;J( ro<s thc· II\< r I L'IKOlll1t,rc·d ., n, 11 cl.11,grr
()nh I fo" cla1<hcfnre I had heeu al \\otk on J re1c1111c
Ulltcr ,n \Ir
!'nee\ ,hq>-)Jr<l. under the t·are t1fC,1pt.i111\kCn11,1n ()n the lllt'Cling
.it tf11spo111loftl1e h,u t1a111s,
1lu nn(' going ,onlh ,topped 011lhc lr.1tk
111,toppo"tl' to the llll(' gmng 11nrlh,ancl 11,n happc1u:-d tlrnt tl11sl:.ipl,1111\lc(:011.1n ,.11al 1 11111do11
1d1en: lie ,ould ,cc 11,c1,r1 d1,t111cth,
.1n<l11oulrl cerl.11nh h.1,e recoi.;111zcd
int· h.,cllie lnnk,·rl .11111,h111fm 1
seco11J. Fortun.itch. in th, l11im nf the 111nn1tnl,lie cltd 1101sec 111c;
.111dlhc l1a111,,0i111p.l"Cfl <'.Ith olhc, OJI tlicn r,·spcdilc \\J'- Rut tlus
11us 11111
the onh h.11r-hreJcftl,escape \ Cc1111,111
hhck,ntJlh 1d,on> I
k11e1111cll.,,~ 011the lr,1111
\\1lh 111c,111d
lnnl-,d ,11111,1cr1 111lc11lh,
n,
1f he 1ho11.,lil
., he h,ul ,cc 11 111c,nn1111Itt•rc hefore Ill hi, 1Ja1cI, I rc,1111
hcl1e11:he l.nt,11111c,b11lInd 110lteart lo bcti.11 111e \I m11 r.,tc l,c ,.11,
111,c"ap111g 111dheld 111,peace.
17,t l."1 pm11loi in1111111c11I
d 1111-:rr,
and tltc ()rte I cl1,atlt·d 1111.,t,
11n,
\\ il1111!l"I011
I !ere 11clcfl thc· 1ra1•1.u1cltook t(:t, ,k.11111,o,t for l'hiladcl
phll h1 111,1l.111g
lht cl1<111ge
here I ..11;J111
upp1chc1lll«I n,·,t l111t11<1
rn,e ,l1,t11rbcd111~,111Ll
I 11.1,,01111"1 tlic hrt•.1d,11111
l-c,11111f11l
l)cl,>111rt,
spl'.cd1nic;.11\.1\lo the Q11.1l.<:1
(,1h ()n rc,H hing Pl11l.,ddph,.1 111ti,<:
1!1<11101111
I 11111111rt'd
c>I.i «1lu1ed m.111ho11 l u,nld gd 011 lo 'sc1\ )orl..'
llc cl,r,dt:tl nit ti tl,c \\'111011,tr,d 1.kpnt, 111<I
tl,1th<'r I 11c11, lak111!!
tit, 11u111111.11111~h1
Ir, u l,cd \c11 '\u1l f11c«l.i1111on11111c
I, I\IIICcoin
pktc·d tlic 1011111c1
111le" tku 1\1<nh-lo11r liour, ~11, , 1, hn 1h 1ft,
111lllller ol I I\ ,,L,tpe frrn 1~l.11<:11Jll<I the c11,Ir,I 1111 \pt,r1.11cc J' ,1
,I.ill r) 11<·1
, l11pk1 11111
tdl I 1c ,tor1 ol 1111Iii< h I frccl11.111
ro,
~
\h f, e ht I" i;,1111111
ti" ti ,ii nf c'lcplt:11her ]!;'! ( )n I 1e n1ou1u1z
nl, u I,, I 1f
I ,_ ti uf tlt.11111n111li,It r II Jll\lO Jt ,I n n,t
11111111,)
I 0111,d1111scll111fl" Ii, ul , '\,
,, I.. {r,. 1,1n >II
•
rRLDf.RICt.:
Dort,I ,,,
1norLadck·clto rhe mights throns,:11b11:h.like tht' n111f11,ed,·"~' of 1he
troubled St'J. surged to .ind lro bC'tl,ccn the lufh \\ alls of ll1u.1d\l~I\"
-rhm1gh cl.1n:led\, 1th tl1c \\Olld(·rs \\h1d1 111cl111(()11l\C1\ I, 111d.Ill\
tho11chb ~oukl 1101DL'11111c-h
,11tl1drJwnfron1 1111,trnngc ,111:1la1·11.
For
the 11ionw111
Ilic drcJms of 111\·youll1. and the- h 1pc, ,;r 111·111.,11hoo<l.
"ere to111plctd1fullilled 1'hc bo11thth.it h,1d hdd inc 10 "ol,l 1na,ter"
11ere hroLen :\o ll!dll 11<'"had a right lo cal' rue ln1 ~!a1c or .1ssert
111a,kr1 01er 111tI 11:1,1n lhe rough and lun1ule ol an ot1tdoor'" rid lo
ld~e 1111chance 11ith the res1 of 1b bu,1 nurnh<·r I h.11c oltcn 1,c·cn
Jsl..ecl,hn\\ I felt 11hen iir>t I fou11cl111y.c:ilon free soil ,\11dIll} 1c,1r.kr,
111a~~hare the sa111t·t1111os,tvI lirre 1s,c,ircel~ a111!hin~111Ill\ c,pcnenle about "hic-h I conlcl not gi1e a ,nore ,atJ,fal'lnl\ ~11,,,,-r \ 11e11
11,irldh.,d opened upon rne, ff life" 111111c
lh,111hrt:,111;,
,,nd the 'q111ck
rounJ of blood; I Lvl'<llltOrL' 111ont· cl.111h,1n1n ,I \'ear ol 1111,la,t· life
II 11.1,Alln,e of inyo11\<·xciten1t:11I
II hich word, cJ11.b11llat11t'h de,..r,h, •,
In 1 letter \\T1lte11
to J friend ,uou arter rcad11ng~t·\\ 'tn1k, l sc11d·1frlt
a, Ont' ,uigltt led upon l'\tapc lrOIII d <ltn of· 111111~1'\
11:uis" /\111;111sla
.,11dg11d, likr darkness .andmin, rna, he <le11icted,but glJcl11es,aud j1.11
lakethe ra111bo11.
clel} tl,e ,kill oi pen or pccuul. D11r111gtcu or filtt"Cll
year, I la.id.a, •l 11erc.Lcc11Jra~1t•';\ J laca11ch.1111.11hid, 1101trc11i;th
of lllllll' t·onld btcak. I ~1,1\ not unli a 1l;11·e,
hut ., ,lJ1 e for life I uught
heco1ne J hushJnd, J lather. an .tgecl111a11,
but ll>ro11,;hJII, [r0111tl1e
uadle to tl1ei;ran:. I had kit 1111·,df
doo111('cl
,\JI dli,rh I ltJt prt11ou,h
111c1dr
to <cturt· n11h'cC'don,.h.ulnol onl>foil,·<l,
hut h,td ,c·c1nt·d ,,,,hlo
ri,et n1y feller'>the more lim1h, .tnd lo render nn escJpe rnore difficult
B.ifflc<l.c11LJ1,gkd.,111<l
<li,coLU"!Jt:tl.
I had Jl Lunt:, J;kccl 111,,eli the
q11c111on,
\la) nol 111)conrhllo11 ailcr ,111
hl Gncl\ 11or~.,111cl
01dcrt·d for
a w1,e purpose, Jn<l ,f ,o. \1,1' nol suhn11ssio11m, cluts7 .-\ e 1nte1l had
HI fatl bcccH,;oing 011in 1111nuucl for ct 10111,;
tnuc. l.,~twe~ntl,e tie.tr
con,ciousnc,, of right. ,111dlhc pl:111,1hk111dl..t~,l11fh
if tlteolo,:;:,·.u 1<l
supenllhon '[ he one held 111e.tn ah1ect sb1c:-.i pn,ontr for lik. pun•
1,hed 101,0111<:
ll.ll1,~re.s1011111
1d1icl1I laJd no lot or part. .111dthe other
c-01111rlcdn1c to nrnnll cr.dt:~1·01to ,e,u,c n,~ frec-<lrn11.
'I Iii~ ,011tc,t
lliti
11011 ended; 1111
d1am, 11cre hrokcn, .111dlhc Hcll•11 bro1wht ,ne
un1pl'akal.lc 101 But Ill) gl.1d11ess
was ,hort li1ecl, for I 11a, 1101~el o 11t
cit Ilic rc,1ch,HHIpo114•1
of the il,11chotcler, J ,0011founJ that :'\c,1 Yock
IIJ> not quite ,o free. or so ,.1fr· ,1 re-luge,1' I laad suppo,cd .• 111<1
., sense
of loncl111cs-.111<l
111,ecuntvag,1in opprcs.seclme mosl \.dclh I d1a11cecl
1<1 111c-cl011 Ilic strc'l'I, J fe11 lto11r, afttr 111rl.111ding.
,1 f~rgtll\e sl,11
e
\\hom J hacl(lllce l11011n11cll111sla1er1 1111:111fo1111Jtto11
reccr,·cd front
111111
Jl.1t11K-<l
nae lne tu£:ih1c 111qur\tron \\,1' l..1101111
111B.1h1111urc
,L,
~ \J_lc1~de1
'5 J.Jkt,"IJi_1_1
111i\e11 )ork he worr lhc nion: re,pcct,1hlc n.i111
e
of ~\11l1arnD1,on )dl..e 111la11\\JS the properts· of Docto1 \lle11Jcr,
and lolh \llender. lhl' sou of llre dodor, l1Jd nn<·e111aJeJ11effort lo
recapture ~Jr. l)n:on, hut had Jailed fm 11ant of ,:11dc11rcto support his
Dru"'
\S.'
o, Hts F.sc1Pr
I RO\!
Su,rRv
109
cla1111
. jJke luld 111cIlic circLn11sta11ces
of tin, altc111pl.Jnd ho11n:~rro11I\
l'.e escJped he111g,,·111l>acl lu sla1cr1 .111dtorture Ht: told 1ne thJI Ne11
) ort.. 11 ,1s Ihen fuII of ,011lh,·nc r., rdun11r1t; ti-0111th(· 11ateriug-plJce>
1101th;that the colored people ol '\/cw '\.orl..1\ere 1101to he lr11st<'<l:
th_il
tlacrc 11ere Iiired rnen of 1111u11n col,ll 1'110would belrJY 111efor J fe11
dollJrs; that there llt'f<" l11n·<l111(·nc1,r nn the lookout
fu~1tives,th.it
I n1u)I trust no 1nn1111ilh "') ,cc-rel: tlut I 11111,1
not 1h111k
ol go111g
dll,cr
upon the 11har1e~.or 11110JIIY colored hoardi11~-ho11,e,
for all such
pl.ll'e~ 11cn' clo,ch 11.itche<l. that lit' 11as hi,n,elf unable to help me;
a11cl,111fact, he sce11wrl111111,·
speaking lo rnc. i,1 lc,u ksl l 1111',df11tight
be a >p) and J hetr.iy<'r. l lnder lhi, ,1pprchcn,ion, a, I ,up])<l't. hl'
,ho11ccl signs of wi~hinc to be rid of n,e.Jncl111th II h1tewash br11shrn
hancl, 111sc·arc:hol ,101k. he: ,0011<li,appcarcd l ltis p1tlure, gi,en b,
poor "J,1\.e,"of \ic11 Yori., 11·a,a clan1pcr to 1111c111l111sia-,11
~II lilllc
store of 111011e1
would 10011 be e,hau,ted, Jnd since i1 ,~011ldhe 11nsafo
for n1e to go 011 llie 11!1.ine~for work, and J had 110111lroduct1ons
else1d1cre, 11,c p,o,pctl rm111t11a, faJ fro111chc(•rrul J '-1\\ lh{ 11i1do111
llf
kecp111ga11.i) fron, the 1h1p-varcb,tor, rf pnrs11ccl.~s I fell cert.1111f
would he. \Ir. Auld 11nulclnJturath seek n1e there J111011e;
the:-callers
l:..11,1)doo, ,ec11ied do,ed Jga111>l111l'l 11a1111U1c11111.ht
or Jll <><:t'a11
1Ji
"') fello11-111c11.
a11d1,:1,1 perfect ,traragcr to c-,cn one. I 11,1s111tho11t
hotnc. 1,i~1oul ;lC<Jllnllll,111ce.withoul mnne1, \lllhoul crecl,1. \\ill1out
11ork••,nd 111tho11I
a11yJefi11ile k11011le<lge
,i,, lo" liJl ,our,c to tdl< 01
wli':'re to lool f<lrsuccor l11,11tl1 a11cxl1ct111lv.
a 111,111
h,11son1clh1ng
l,"'"dc 111,11c11-bou1f1ccclon1to think of \\'l11le \\,111cleringabout the
1l1ceb of '-c11 )orl. ancl lodgi11gut leJ~l one 11ighlJ111u11g
tl1e b.1rrc:I,on
one of the 11lian·e,. l was 11,<lccdlrce-fu,111 ,JJ,cn , but fr1.·1
fron1food
,111dshelte1 a., \\ell I kept 11,1·,,·,rel lo lll),,-lf a< long a, I conld. but 11as
co111pdled al bi,t lo ,eel. 1on1r: one ll'ho 1hould hefnend 111c,111ll1oul
t.ik,ng advantage of 111y cle,hl11l1011
lo belta1 111l.Suc:h ,111one I found
111,1sJilor 11,1111ecl
Stuart . .i 11,1r111-hc.11ted
.ind gL·ncro11,fello11.11hofro111
hi, l111111hle
lao111eon Ce11k1 ,trecl. ,;n1 111c,lantbni: on the oppo"te
side\\ ,t II.. 11ea1 ··-111
c To111b1."
~ _\s he uppro.1d1e<IIIu: I I ell t11rc<"l
,1
1e11wrklo h11n11h1cl1.1I011cec1119'll:<l
lu, inletc,L 111n1e. I le took me Lo
h(l111c:
lo ,pc11clthe 111ghl.,111d111tht· morning wcnl 11ith 111elo \h .
D," ,d R11i:gl~,.Ihc ,euct,1 I'\ of the \:e11 ) ork vii:,laucc ~o,n Ill,ttc,·, a
ro--11orl.e1\\ llh ha.IL T I lopper u:11 i, aud \J tl1u1T.1pp,u1.Theodore
S. \\ 11,::ht.Sannrcl l'.ornl\h. I ho111J, Do\\11111g, Ph1l1p A Bell.' ,u1d
other lnte 111c·n
of lhc,r t1111c\II the1c isn\'c :\Ir. Bell. 1d10 ,11ll I",.,,
fo;
h,,
:: ,t-,,.,lfl,l
If.i/1(01?.
( :,h
p11\0:111h,11
acd111 I-:;;Ii~1111
h1,1lt1n. the .,h)t nt
\1.<1r11t
1:;_,t1h.111
.1rch1t('C':11~
1 J\.t\til Ruc.:1c.,1:,..1r~1~•N
•. ,e,·;.ihoq•
. 11--011 1~,1 l llopfJ('l ,- ... l~l:! \\lnh; Ql
~(:t
,l11l.i:1tl1rop1,s
\rth1111}-S(t-l~M ·:;~J
l.c"'!~.!•rrJ!I.~,..,_11.i-,,.
hn-.tlK'U....ahJ1) \\~LIit,;
,m11111w1r11 lhcl'k.lort.'!'-.ttl.1::"A1tl
\\1Jgl11 1 9 Jk-f I, prr1111mt11t
bucLclc,~m.in, S.uund
1 111 1 C(')lm;rllMJm,.,0,'Mnmg (~I'·'-191);
1 ( 11nuJ-1f I "1ti-Js;i..1,M.1.;:¼.
c-ddor .1111.I
clc:11:.,,
l
l1)JrL t,1ou,~1-t1u11,l1(111i-p
\
RcUd~II~
}""!1-9 hl.ltl ne"tp.:ipt:1~d1to1
110
and ,s editor .uul p11bli~herof~ paper called the Fle,·ator,111~an J.ran
ci,coJ h.1,e fini,l1ed 11,ci, worl 011 c,irth Once i11lhe lw11d<of the,e
brn, e Jlld \\ 1,e lllCll. J tell con1p,1r;iti1
el) ~e . \\' 1Lh\ iJ, Ruggle,. (>ti tltc
co111crof L1,penJrd ancl c:hurch streets. I \13> hidden ,c,·crnl clJ1s.during\\ hicl1 lirnc 111,mlcncle<l-.1fe l'JHlC 011 frotn R.1lt1more al 111)cJIJ.
to share the b11rclc1h
of life \\ 1ll1 111cShe was ,1 free \10111,111.
Jud c:.irnc
.11once 011 gt'lt1111;
the good nc11,of nn, <Jfetv. \\'e were 1narricd b, Re,
J. \\'. C Pc11nington; then .1 ,,ell-J..1101111
,111J rt<pcc·tcd Prc<h}lcrian
1111111,ter.
I lud no 111011e,
"1111,d11d1 to pa) the marriage fee, but he
see111ed"ell plc;1,ed '"lh our than~s
:\Ir Rngglcs '"1< the lir,t officer on tltt, u11clcrgrou11d
tJtlro,1d 1\llh
whmn I met after co11uni: North; a11cl"as 111de1:d
lhl" on!) one \I ith
who1111 liaclJII\ tl1111g
lo do. LillI bccan,c such Allofficer myself. Lear11111g
th.it n1, trade \I ,1sth,1Iof .1c,1lker.he protnptl; dec:tdeclth.tl llrc l>esl
pl.ice for me \\,1$in New Bedford, \ld». li t· told 111cthat 111<1
111,hips
for \\l1.1h11g
,o,agts "ere fitltu out there. and th,11 I rn,ght there iincl
1101
k at 1111
trade, ,ind n1.1kca good 111
ing. So. on the clayof the rn.irnage
cere1non~,11etook our little luggJge lo the steJ111erJolt11\\ R11:hn1011d
"l11d1at th.it lnuc "'a' Olll oftl1c l111t1u1J1
1111g
l>ch,ccu Ne" Yori:Jnd
'-:t11port. R I. Fort\-thrcc veal"'\ago c-olnrc-dlr,11clcr,were not penniltcd
111the cabin. nor .11!
0\\ ed ab.1ft the paddle-11heels of .t ,lean, \'essel
ll1ev \\CJC cot11pelkd. ,d1ate,lt the \\(:Jllter 111ighll>c.,d,~11ttr cold 01
hoi. 11ctor di). to ,pend lhc 11ighlv11 deck. lln1115till 1111,rcg11latio11
\\'as, 1tclicl1,ot trouhle us tnuch , \Ve had fared much hnrcler hefore. \Ve
an"td JI '4c\\ port ll1l IILXI1110111i11g.
a11<lsooll afler Jll old-fa,ltionecl
,t.1gc-coac-hII ith ";'\c\\ Brdfr,rd" 111l,1rgc. 1cllo,1 kllc1, 011ib ,id~s.
can1e down to ll1ewharf J had not tnoney enough lo pa1 our fore. ,ind
,tood ht·~1IJti11t;
to l.110\\11h.1tto do. l·otlt111aidyfo1 us, ll1ere were h\O
Qualcr gcntlcn1l·1111ho "~ rt· about lo lake pd,\agt• 011Lhe st.,i;e.l•nends \\'illiatn C ' L1ber and Joseph R1ckctson,1- 1,ho at 011ce dtscernc<lout true , 1Luatio11.
an<l u, a peculiar!) <111ie
l \\JI. adclressiug 111e
\Ir "l;1bcr,,1i,I."The,·gt'I 111
.. I 11cH:robt:)ed dll order\\ 1L
lt trtore ,1l,1cril), .1nd11ewere soon on onr wav lo 011111c11ho1nc. \\l1c11we reJchecl
"!,tone Bridge" lhc pa,seugers .uighted for bre.1kfa1t
.. md p,1,dtheir fare~
tn the clri1~r \\'c look no brcalfast, and "heu a<.l.edfor our fare, I told
the driver I ,,·ould n1ake 11nght 111111
111
111"hcu we neachcd '\ e" Red
ford I <·,pcctcd ..0111e
objection to this on hi< part. but he 1nade ,u,nc
\\ hen, howC'lcr.we n:,1cltcd\le\\ lledford he tool. 0111b.1ggage.111c:l11d1ni;three n111s1c
bool<.-h,o of thun colled.1011,b1 lJ\cr, nnd one b\'
Sha". -and ltdd Ll1en1nntil I 11as.1hlc to rcdee,n tlie111b) p.111111;
tu
hi111the 'lll11' due fo1 our nde, Tiu\ 1,a, won done. for \Ir. '\/atl1,111
C Pr.111111c''{11lf-.(F- L','"'0
). ,.r:t...OOvc:p-uujl:J1tonl
~ Mcmht:.1of a ptnnunc•1t, \l."".1Jth~
Qlult.r f,u111h.11.JfllL'1tdot lfenn, l}.niJ '1bott-.111.id1w
n llit- ,a;11h
1l M:•n 1110',,('tut'11I
Wll11.,111
C. T•ld, Qu.all!r 1noprrtlorOf a,~
Rt:<l
lordbnol~
dc•lt'. Jl-.olif=,J
dtJ ..Llar.;t::pmatt: l1hf.ln m Oul 1.:1hF.J,tori
4 J.in1n \\
I ,\,1
FREDERICK OotGL~>e~
llERE
TC>SPR~ \ll I.I<;Hl ON A\tl'IUC~I\
11I
St.\\ f R\
Joh11,u11•not 0111} recei1·cclme k1nclh and ho<p,tabh la 1I. on bt'tng
inforn1cd ,1buul our bacy;aE:e,,11once loaned 111e the lwo dollJr, "itli
ll'h1cb to square acco1111
1, ,villi the st.,gcdri,cr \lr . Jnd '\Ir, \'atlrnn
Joh11
ID11reached a good ol<lJge. and t1JJ\\ rest fro111tl1cir lahor, I an>
u11cle1111J11}
gr~tcful obl1g.1t1011>
lo 1he111.
·1ht:) 1101 unly ..look Ill(' tn
11h LI 1 a slrauger," ,111d..fed 111cwhen hung11," bu I t,111ght111eho\\ to
1n,1kcan l1onesl h11111;
.
n1us, ,n a lortn1ght Jfte1 111\11,ghtfro111l\'1.1nl.111cl.
I "·,1,
~aft 111Ne\\
Hed[ord,- .i c1ltzen of the grand old co1nn1011wcJlth
of \la"ad111selh
•
FREDCRlCK DOlJCLA~S
I 1\n1 [Jere to Spread Light on An1encan Slaveryt
[l11IS-!, ,J1nrth ailer lite publ1catio11
oi l\<11T<.1/11·e
ll/ the L.1/eu/ fo'rt'tlenrk
J)ouglu<>, tht- \m"ric1n \nti-Sl,l\t'f\ Soc,er. .,cnl Do11gla1,
to Grc.1tBril,1111
Oougla5>.111d
tl,e ,octet)\ ob1ecli,c \\J~ lo lurtlier t·o11,11lid,1le
lhe11all1.111cc
,11th lhc ,hll active ,1t1l1>
la,er, rno\cmt·nl (Pml1.11nc11
I h.1cl,·111.111c1patrd
,l,1vc:>HI ti,~ \\est l11J1,111
colome, 111 lifll, ) \l.111, 11f tlie le,ide" of 1lie
soc,el\, parhc11Lirh\V11J1.1m
Llo,d C.1n1so11and \\'endell Ph1lhps, "ere
espec1Jlh p1oudof Doui:b;s ancl eager to ha,c httn lnown 1nCte.il Buta111
Tl,~, \\ere ccrt.1inthat he \\01tlddo credit to the mo"ement Other:. such
·" 1\.1.in;i
\\ 'c,ton Ch.1pmao,111
ch,1rgeol 11r.1ng111
r; spe.1lmglour,, "ere not
,on, lo 11,t\t'h1111
out of lhe counln for .1 t1111e.
Dougl.1sshad ~.1medso
1nuch ,df-(·onlidt11ct·,1' .11
1 or.1101 .111d., "nk1 that h<· ,c.,nl<"dlo thcn1
too b11ifor .111>·
bbck 111Jtt\britd1.-,. \ II \\hik J111t,J.1,er.
people. ho" .-,er
ded1cJkd lo the ,·,111\t', \\t·rc 1101 f,"' of r.1u,1,1tt1111dt·,
Oou11lasswent fir,t lo D11hln1. \\h,·rc R1cl1i1rd
D \\'ebb p11hlisliecl
lhe
first I•.uropean Nlit,on of Ih,· 11
.,,17,1/ne \ \\ehh I'. Cluprn,111111+,
I l\c:1.the
\\CI\I ,0 11t
h to Cork, \\ Inch h,,d an ,1ttl1't·-1111
1'1.Hcr.,ont'l1. to gi,L one of
tlie fir,I of ,cor.-, of ,11ctt:»f11I
1,ch,r,·, 1l11011g
l1oul lrd;111tl
, S<:olwnd.and
F:111.\l.1nrl
l11.di of 111,!Jlk,, he tolJ ,1<,r1c,
.1l'1Q11l
,l,l\cn <i1111l.1r
10tho,e told
in 11,c/\urrc1tire, h11t11
,e,e , 1,,.1,·, ofkn cll\tlllC<lJ> he re.1chedto make
rhdn11L,1Ipo111h
.\, the cd,tm, ot the /J1,111<lu."
Pof,ero,
nokd. "On the ;tlternoon of I~
ClLtohu l!sf5, ,1pproxn11ateh
., \\l'tk nittr .1rn,11
1i:111Corl D011i:lass
dtll\cred an .1nti,hi,cr1lctlu1e u, ti,, "" cn11rtlio11,c ·n1c Southent Heporler
uokd 1J1al]0111,;
l,tforc the meel111r;
"~' 1d1ed11lcdto hl'i;:111,
ti,,. h,uldmi;
(1
,(11
\11 ~ •1d \ l u '\~1111.utJul ll"'>l1\\ct<' k :t-lrm.ot tl1,c ll1h,1 mtllilhl.Jd CC'l1t1111111ut\.
m
Ho! f,,rtl 111(Jol."v1111 1\fft' 111c,-t,4nl( 1',c11:rt, '\., lli.111 Jll111~011 "J ~ lht Mok ~1.u.l nic:mllt"I'1 i
L1hc,~)pnuk hht,U) Et!1tc••~I
_
.
1elcl1t
'Wi
,Jt11\l·nd,n ( .nrl lrel.i.11J.1mO~·lf,hrrl ·l 1~Ci f·1im1 :1-c.·
C.c:kSriutlN-mRtpt,·tn ,
Ot lolx:t I<,. I "i4::;,~ur1~l('IUC'HI ( ·,11::J
Ill Jnhn,, tll.t\\1t1.r.m11
. cl .11. etl'> Th,- ,..,,J~
•nd
\u
()1111.t:lt.UJP,,p,.1\
( \:<'1' ltnt'n
,.ilc-t'r. JQ79- \l11 I.pp . )(J_4~
fK£D£RIC~
Dtll 'ClA~S
I
'deii-<"hcrcmded 111 e,e~ part.' n,eg,1llcr11Va, ·1h101H;cd
'"lh IJ<lie,·
\\ho ,c,111c:<l
lo l.1kc tl1e 1,,d,L-sl interest in tl,e proceed111gs
. I he Cork
fY'1miuc, 10ctuhc 1 J ,. J'i~S, reported lh" prc,c1,c·c01 ·o,er 01w h11ndred
I 1d1,, Jnd a 'l.11gca11d1fnceof rc<pect.lblegc11lk 1nr11and e1bzen, • [\1.11
or
R1cl1drdl)a"dcn presided \ikr Co, k n·stdcnl dll<I .-\J11e11c-:111
,1hol1ttorml
James Buff11111
introduced a ,en,·, of ;111lt,l.l\1."r\ ,,.,ol11ttons. l>o11gl,1-<,.,
ad<l1es.edth<:a11d1ence,\ccordinf\ to the Sout/im, Rtc/x1rli'r Dou:;lJ"\ orJ•
loncal ,k,lh wew a matter ul .,dnuul,011' and ~\<:II 'aslon1Sha1e11I
.' llit·
\!Jrdand h1i;1tl\e1oi11ed'foC'ilit,Jud po\\Cf of expression \\Ith •., 1110,t
impres.si,e ,111
<1,·nergetit rkll\cn." II ,,a,. how~,er, Do11~l.1sss
exlre111cl1·
'hmnorot1' 111ttl1ll<I
or e,p11,111i;
tit<· II\J)(•CrLw
and duplttill ol \menr,111
sla\'eh1Jlde1,"l11d1 kq,t lite mccbng 111,J ro,11· "
w.o
• •
/\Ir Frcdcr1CkDmrllla,[, ] 1i1c11
cJ111eforward antid loud clteerin!(. I le
sa1<l- Sir. I ne,·er Inore tl1d11at present lacked ,1ortls Io e,pre,- 111)fee).
1ni;s. l'he t·ordial 111d
1n:1nl, reC"cplinnI ltJ,c 111<:1
,, 1tlt,J11dlite spint of
fr,·rd(lfH thJI ,cc111, Ir>.1ni1nalc the bo,0111$of the enhr< ,1u<liencch.i,c
lillcd1111· heart with feelings I a111incapable of e,pr('ssinq I , 1.111cl
befnre
you 111the 1110,te,traord1narr po~1lio11that 011t l111l11,111
be111gc, er stood
bt·fo"· h" r,1c-c-.1 ,1,1\c \ sl.1n: nnl i11the ord111an
, ,en,e of Ilic tcrrn,
not in a polittcul sense, but 111tis real and 1ntrm11c111ea11111t;.
I li:1,e 11ot
been slripped or one nf 1n, ri~hh and pn, ilcllcs. b111 of .,11 B, tlie ti",
of the co11111ty
\\henc·c I ('JIIIC, I wa, ck·p11,cd of 1111,elr-or 111)0\111
body, ,onl. and ,p1ril, a11r.lI Jill f,cc onh bec.1use I succec.'ded 111C>l,l[>'
i11gLiu:dutd,c, of the n1.1n,'110 da1111ednit• a, h" propr.:rlv f'lu:re urc
foqrte,·n Sl.1vcSl.1lt•\in \111erica,d11dI 11-.1,
sold .i, a ,l,111:al a 1en, earh
age little 111orclhJ11 sc\'CII ,c,11,, 111the southern part of l\,laryland.
\\ihilc there I cnncei,ed the idea ot es<·ap111~
11110
ont nl tht· l·rcc Stall'>,
\\hicli I e,e11hulh ,11t·c·t·t·dt"di11 ,icro111pli:.hii1g
. 011 tl,c ~rd Sept.,
l~~h. I 111ade111\c,capc 11110\la,sad1u,etls. a free state, ,ind 1t 15 a
plca,ing co111c1de11ce
!hat 111st,e,en \'ear, ;ifter l ,tnod 11piu the Ro1,1I
F,d1,11t~r· 111l)11fil111,
lo 1111rt1lil
to Ilic people 1f that g<x><.I
(;i 1, Ilic
\\ro11i;s a11d ,11ffc1111gs
lo wl11d1 111,rdt'c 111.\11,c:11<.:d
\\t,t~ c,po,cd.
\ ·\ppl,1u,c.l C)n escaping into \las,achu,ett,. I "t:nt to \\'ork on the
111rny,.
roll111i;
oi I c·.i,k,.' lo lld d Ii, eh hood. .i11di 11.1boul IItrt·c , cars after
h,"111gh<:c:11
111d11~cd
lu :illc11dan .inli-,IJ\Cf) 111t•t·l111i:
al Na;1iud,et. it
\Id' there announced 1ha1I should go front 10,1n to lo\\ll 10 .:,p,i-c th<:ir
nef.trt >11s\\skill. l•or fo11r,e-,us I \1,1; lhen c111;,1:;ed
111di,c:u,<ing the
slan:n tpics1io11,a11cldu1111~!hat ti111cI li;1J uppor11111it11·s
nf .1rrn11g111g
111)thought~ and la11guagc.It 11u, al last doubted ,f I It.id en:r het 11 J
\ la1e. ,11,d 1111,doubt be111gused to 111111r,
the ,11th,la\cn ca11sc,I \\Jj
in,lut·t·d lo sd the 111Jtt,·r,ti rest In p11bltsl11ni:
the 1~1rn1ti,eot 1111l1fo
\ person 1111dc
rial.1111;
lo \I rite .i h<1r•k"i ti 0111lc,1111ini;
"i II ,1ppca r 1alhe,
.
,\\ I
I ILRI
TO SJ>RI \I)
L1r.u1 ON
\\l~Rw,,
SL-\\'ER)'
11'l
110,d. hut ,nch .1, 11""' I i;a,,.,11In lite p11bl1c-(He<11,lte,u.) 11,e e,c1ten1e11tal l~st 1nc1ea,e<lsn 11111th
that 11wJs tho11i;htbetter for inc to i:ct
0111ol_the ,,a) le<l Ill\ ll1Jsler 111ii:l11
u1e ,01ne str:ilagen1 to gd me ha~I.
11110
his C"h1tc
hes I J111her,· then 111order to a1oid the s<:e11tofthe blood
hounds of ,\111cnca, and or sprcad111g11:::hton tht s11b1c:<
t of lier ,la,e
,ystc,u.1 ht:re i, ':oth 1ng sl.ncn didrke, h.11f,o rnuch a~ tht.:light It i, a
g1gdnlK's~ k111c,J 1ni411il\,tl1Jl feeds Jnd l11es in cbrkness. ,incl. like a
tree \I ith it, roob tun1cu lo lite sun. ii penshe<>
"he11 e,l)osed to tlie
lighl \ I n11<1
_c:hcer111g
l \Vt· 1,anl lo J1ou,c puhht intlignal1011J;;aiusl
the <)Sle1ncl , l.ncn· .111dto bring th, ,·onc,·ntrJtcd c,cuallon, of the
c1\1lized 11·orlclto he.11on 1I like:, thnnderholt 1Lo11drhecnng.) '[he
relat ,011of u,a,let and ,l.1,·c in ,\111ericJ,ho11ld be de.1rh 1111der,tood
TI1c uia ler 1, .ill.,,1ed I" ld1\·tc, hold hi, 1la1t· a, hi, 1x.i,,c,~1011
,111<l
propern, ,, h,c-1,rnc,111<tl,c rt~lit of 011en1an lo hold proper!\ 111h1,
fello\1 ' 111e 1na~lercan r>II\', \ell, bequeath hi~ <l.1\e~ well as .1n1·other
properT). 1 .1,.lie shall dectdt: \\IJJI ll1l' poo1 ,IJ,e i, tu eat. 11hal i1c 1, to
J1111I...
"he ,: a11u"hu1 lic ,lt..1l1
~pcal I le .iho dcu(k, fnr h,~.1ffccllons,
"hc11 dllO who111h, I\ to 1nal1), ;1ncl,\1h,1Iis 1nore enorn1011~.ho11long
thJl 1narn,1ge cn1en,1nt i, to e11d11re·rJ.e ,la, eholder ext·rci,..., the
hlooch power of lcJu11i.; a.1111<k1tho,c "ho 111 Cod li,,d 10111rcl
to.i;1:tlte1-oi ,eparal111i;h11,ba11df1orn \\ 1fc, p,ircnt from child, Jud of
lea11111;
thl' hul \JCanl. m1cllh, hc,1rlh de,olJte. ISensation.) llt., sl.l\e
holder, ot ;\r11eriea re,ort to e,er1 s1xc1c, or c1L1dl).but lht', t'JJl fll'\<'r
reduce lh:; ,l.11" I<>.1 "1 llin~ ol,eJ1c11,i: The 11Jl111.il
el,1\lici~ or the
l1111na11
,o 11repel, tl,e ,l11;;htcslattc,npl lo ensla1e it I he hl.u:I.,IJ,...
,
of /\111e1ic:;1
are 11011,ltolh without th,u ela>llnlj: ll1c1 arc 111c:n,
.ind.
be1ni:;so, the, do ,101 >11h1111I
1e.1d1li lo ll1e 101.c (Crc,1I d,cerin1;.) It,,
cas1 lo l..c<:pa brute 111the po,ilton ol ii brute, hut 11hen )Oll undc:rlJle
lo pl.1tt· a 111~11111
lht' sJtllL ~t.1lc,he lie, .. ine vou 11111,t
build 10111fences
higher. and ,our dmir, nm1c1 tl,.111lx:fort \ lnuh., )OIi 111a,mole!ol
,01netin1e, \\ilh 11np11nit1.hut 11e,c1a 111.111
\1cn - lhe hl.1ck ,IJ,es or
,\1ncri,·a-ar,· c.1pahlc or rcsc11t1ngau insult. or re,e11gi111;
a11ou1,.1gt,
and of loul.111gdeftanee al lhc11 111.1.,
lt:r, Appl.tu\<.,) Ofic.:11lin1cs.
1,hen
lhc poo1 ,Li1c.• 1lkr rt·co1en11gfr~,11the Jpphc:at,on of the scouri:e J11d
tl1c:hr,111thngiro11, lcx>I.,.1IIns 111,hl<:1
\I ,iii ,1 Lice 111dicJl111g
<lissal1'[dC•
hon, he is ,11h1ct·tcdlo fre<h p11111,h111c11I
'Jha( cro,, look 11111,1
he JI
nncc repulsed , ,11,clthe 111.11
ler \\l11p,. :1, he >di> "tht· cl-I 0111oihi111:"
for \\hen 1 ,1.1\Cloul., di<"1ti,tic<l,11th 111,conchllon, .,ccord1111:
lo hi,
crud ta,ln,,1,tcr's 1clca,ti look, .1; 1fhe lt;id the cll'I11111
hiu1, and 1t11111,t
be 1d11ppcclnut IOh. nh.) Tht· ,1.ik ol ,b,ery ts one of pcrpch1al cn1d1y \\ hen 1c1: young, Js I ,t,ilt•tl.1 "·" ,,1ld into ,la,cn. ;ind ,v.t<pl.teed
under lhe to111tolof a !tttk ho, ,d10 h~d ordc1, t,, ki<l n1e \\ht·11 h,·
lil.e<l.,d1c11c,er the 111
1k i>o, i:ot cro,,, lus 1nother 11,edto s;i1 · Go and
1d11p Frcdd, .- I howc,c1, ~0011hc1;a11to .,.:1,m1upon Ilic nutter. ,111d
fo1111dthat I hJcl as ,;o<l<l,1 right lo kirk To1111111
, as To,nm) bJd 111t'.
.
114
1Loud IJuglitc, and cheering) \h d1".1ti,f.tcho11w1ll1111)'conclit,011
soon ,1ppe,1rcJ,and I \\,1, mo,I lin11,1lhlrc.11<-cl
1 ,l.utll l,efo10· }<lll 111th
1lw n1,1rksol lhe ,hl\c-dn,cr's ll'htp. lltat 11111
go do,111111th1ne to nn
gra1c; hut, wh.11"11orse. I focithe ,courge of sl.n·cf) ,tselr piercing i11to
111yhi:Jrl, crushing Ill) lcel111g,,.111d,inl1ng 111e11110
the Lkprhs ol 11101.11
.ind 111lellc:C'l11al
del\rad,tl1<J11
(Loud d1ccri11i:,.lIn the So11th, lhe l,111,
Jrc t'\C'ecd1neh cntd. 1norc <o th~n HI the Norllit•rn States. 111c ,nosl
cn1el feature ~[ Ll1e>'skn1
in the ;,.;orlhcr11Slates is lht \IJ1·e Trddc
•
ll1e dnmc,lll' sla,t' trade ot \n1e11cJ is no" m the he 11:htot 11\prosper11\front 1hc \1111e,.11io11
of'( r:\:t<to our l 1110nlt1 tht>l\'orlhcn1 St.ties
lhev Jc-hialh breed \la, c~ uncl rear ll1e111
for lhe Soulhern m.1rke1>,
a11d
Liu.:cou,laii't dre.id of be111gsold 1soflc:11111oreterrible tl1.iu tl1e reaht\
1bdf J-krc·the ,pcakc1 procccdtd lo co1n111u1t
upou the h11ot \1ne11ca
relaiiH· to lhc p1u11,l11r1c11I
of ,l.11·cs.and re;1clthe following:"I{ 1110,.-Lh.insen,11slJve~ Jre fo1111d
together in JU)' road. ,,ithout a
,1l111eper;o11-t11t'IIII'/oJ,lw,,1piece For vi,itiug J p!JJ1latio11"itltout J
11nltcn pa,,- ten /,r,he,. ~,,r k11111g
loose J boat f1on111lic1c 1t " 111adc
ia,L-lhirh · rune la,hes; and for ibe second olfcnc-c. shall h,11chis car
cul off For l1a~i11g.111
,ulide for ,,tie 11·1tl1out
a ticket front his 1naslerle11/,1,hl!" For lic1ngi,11hor,cb,IC~w1tl,oul Lh<'1111lknpennis~ion of his
111a~ler-twc11h•
fll'e la,lres."
I ,,111ont poo, 110111Ju1co11t11111ed
the ,peakerl 11!10had her car
nJtkd to~ posl for dtlcn1pting tn ,un d\\J\, but tl1e at:ony she endured
wJs so i;real, thJI she tore m1,1,. ,Jnd lett ht , ca1 bcl11ntl. tCre,1l sens..tllon } Th,, 1> the JJw of Au1enc-aJfter ho.:1f),ddt,111011of J11dcpe1
1clcncc-lhe land 11111h1cha,c 111ill1011s
of professed (~hri,t1,1n,. and
,dnch ,upporls their rel11;1onal a co,L of 20 1111111011
doll.1rs.111n11a
llr.
,1ndyet <he has tluee nulliou, oi ltnn1a11hc1ng, th,· ,ub1el'I>of the hell.
i,h L.n,,I l,,11c r,·,1d \\'t· <1ouldnot ask you to interfere II ith the 1x,l1l1c,
uf ,\1111.:nca,
or invoke vour 1111l11t11,
;nd lo put do\\ n ,\111enc,1n<l.1,er).
No. II<.' Olli) dl'llldnd ~our 1noral ,111drcl1;1ou, t11flu...11cc011th~·sL11c
Iholder] 111 q11e,t1011
, and belie,e tne the cffoc-11,
of that 111Aut:n,ewill
I><:01erwltelt111ng1(:hccr, I \\!e \\JIil lo awaken the slaH: holder lo a
sense ol tl1c iniquih of his po,1hon. and lo J1.111hi111front his 11ei,1not1~
habits \\c 11,1111
lo e11circleAmericJ 1111ha girdle uf ,\1111-,.b,er~hre,
that will reflect lti:;111
t1po11the d.1rknessof the sla,~ u1,ltluho11s•. uid
al.1n11thei1 !,'Uiltyupholdcrs- {grcal Jpplause). It must ,1lso bt: ,talccl
Ihat lhe \n1encan pulpit is on lhc· ,idc of ,Jd,, I'). ancl !lie Bible 1sbias
phc1nou,h- q11oledin support of 11.The \1 uu~ter, of rdi~ion 1ctualhquotcd scripture in support of U1e1110,tcrud ;ind blwJ, 11111,.,g<:,
011
the sla1~ . \ h 0<111
111aster11as a \ lelluxu,t clos~leader ( Laughter, a11d
"()h ..,.. 111cl
he bared tl1eneck of a 1ou11g"0111J11.
1111111pre~ence. and
he c111her \\1lh ,1 t·n11,L111.lJe then went .l\\d) an<l ,d1c11he returned
to co111pleteLl1ec,htig.il1on, he quoled the p.1ss.ige."[ k that kno11clh
I
\M
[ lr1t1 l to
S1•Rl\D
L!GIIT
o,
\Mr RII .,,
St.\\ I· Rl
I I5
111,n1,1sler·,11ill ,ir,d docllt 111101,
shall be hcakll "ill, 111:1111
,tripe,- :
(L.iu~hkr f I hr: prc.tdtt.'rs ;.11lo lite slave, the, ,huuld ohc, !lieu 11M,le1>. hccau,e (~od <·01111n,u1<l,
11.,111dbecau,c thei1 happ11te" dcpe11clecl
0111t 1 \ l.i11gl1.
) Ht·ic lltt- Speaker ,1"u111C'd
lhc ,ttt1tudc Jnd drJ11li1u;
1na111ter
,o char,1-:lcrist1co[ the:A111rnc·a11
prc,1d1crs.. 11111cl
the laughter
of .tll present. ancl cont11111cd-Th11,do 1hc11:hyvocriles c·,tnl ·r he~ ,11'0
tc.:11
lht· ,la,1·,
!here 1, no h,1ppi11cs,but 111obedicuc«. and ,d1cre1er you
,er: ()<11crh.111cl
1111S<'
IY, he <11r,·11rc·S11lts
frmn dhobed1c11c:e, L1ughtcr.)
111onkr lo illu,trak· this they tell :1slon of ,1 ,l,11,·11.111111,;
been \t·nl lo
1101k..ind 11hcn lus 111a,terl',1111e
up. he found l>oorSamho Jskcp P1cl11rethe feeling,. sa, thc1. of that p1ou, nta,tcr. us .1ulhoril) thrown off.
.111cl
hi, 11orLnot dn11l·. Tlic rn,11lcrllicn g()(;, to the l.1" ,11tdLl1ell',li111oni,ancl he !here rc-adthl· pa~s.1g<,>
I h;11·e Jlrr,1cl1111101<-d
, .111dSami>o
1, IJ,heclso that he c-.1111101
work for J 11eekJfter "You sennnr;," c-011l1nued llie preacher, "To ,dial I\J> thi.!.wl11ppingtrJce.1hle, lo ch..whed1l'llCC, and ,f)Oll 1,ould 11othe "l,ippc<l . .111cl
if ,ou 11ould ba,L 111tlu·
<unslunc of ,0111m.i,tcr'.s t~1m11. let 111cc,J,orl ,011lo ob,·dwnce Yon
sl1onld .1lsohe grateful lhat c.:oclin hi, rnert, brought ro11fro1n.\friw
lo Ll1i,Clui,tiJn land ." lCreJl lauglitcr.) 11,e~ al,o tell the II reld1cd
sla,c, tl1at Cod 1uadl· tl1cn1to Jo the work11u;.and tht<1d111<'
111c11
the
lhinl.ing . \11d ,ueh i~ Inc 1gnora11eci11"hieh lhe ,l.tve, Jre held th.11
~rn11cof lhen1 go hotne .111dsa,. "\ le he.tr J good sen11ou Ir, da1, de
\lirnstcr nuke cl,en lluug ,o cleat. "lute 1L1a11
abon: .1'\,ggu ,1111
d.11"
I Ruar, of Laughle11 ll " pu111shdlilc111thcle,1lhfor the ~ceoncl.11te111pl
lo le8d1 a ,la,c I11,kttc" ,n ,\n1enca \ l.ond e,pres,1011of cl1sgnsl,. ;111<l
111that Protcst,1111
country lhe sb1e is de11iedlhe pri\llegc of lca111111g
the 11,11TI<:
t,f 1he ( :od Ll1al1nadc Iti111.Sla1er1·\I 1th all th hlcx>d1p.1r.1pher11.1li:1
is upheld Ill Ilic daud1 of lh,· ,·onn.ln \\e "ant lhent lo li.l\e
the f\,1ethocl1,bof l1da11d,pc,1k to !hose of \n1cnca. and ~JI. "\\'ltrk
,ou1 hnnd\ are red 1111lthlol)d, 1d11lcihc lh111
11h ,t1e11, .111dgag, ,111d
wl111»are \11.ipped 11p111Ilic po111tlical1ohe, of 10111Church, we will
h,1\'l 110ft.l1011,
l11p w1tl1~ou. 01 .1ek1101dr:clge
1·011 asJ C:hri>llan,•
1(:real ,1ppl.111,e.)
'!'here ,11e11tc11
11ho rrnne here JIIU preac-!1,,1lio,1'
ruhcs Jre ,·et red w1lhblood. but lhe,e ll1111gs
,hould not be -Ld these
,\111enc;n1Cltri,11.,11,l11011lhc:ir ha11cl,,lie too r<"dto be gra,ved h~
I n1hn1cn l'rc,h1 l,·1ian,, l•,p1!>eop,1I
1a11,.Cotu;reg,111011,Llish.
J 11dRo11
Ill11
( :all 101it,. sta11u fo1II, to Ihe II orld and declare lo lht· \n1cncJ n
('hurc:h, 111,itunttl ,he puh ,111.1}
,L1n:r), ,ou can 1111,cno ,,mp.1th, or
fcllowslup \\ilh thcn 1-r \ppl.111,e) Fo1111~,,·
lf I helir,c in Chri>b.11t1IV
.
I lo, e 11 I lo,e 111.Hrcl1g1n11
1d11cl1i~ Iron, .,bovc, "1tho11tpJitrnlil\ or
ll\[)llt·n,"'-lhal ri:l1r;1onh~,cd upon th,11hro;icl,1l1.Jl "01l1l-e111br,K111g
p11nc1ple."1'hal 1dt.1tc,e1,·011\\011ld th"t 111e11
~hould do to 10n, do )C
\\ •11~1TO
11!i
c1<:11
,o lo thun " ( Loud diccnng.l-ln
\n iencJ Bibles and sl.1,e-holdcr, go 11111d
in h,1nd 11,e Church JnJ the ,la,e p,11011
,tand togelhcr,
and while ro11hear the clnnt111i;of p,al111s111ont·. ,ou 1,e;u the cL111ki11!.\
oi ch.1i11,in l11eotlu,1. The l'H11\\ ho 111cklsthe cnw hide dunni; the
11ct'l-.fill, the pulpil ntt S1111d.1)-h,·re 11c hJ1't: robbet) Jll<l rchg1011
t1mt<:d-dc11I~dre,sc·d 111 anll"els'g.1rrnenh. 1l1t- ntJn 1d10,d11pp<·dn1e
u1 the" eel; u~ed to .1ttt-11<l
t(, sho11111cthl' 11,11of l1k on 1hc S.,hh,1th. I
can11ol µroctct:d 111th,,ut all11d111~
to a 111.111,; he, 1hd 1n11d1tn ,iholish
sla1<:n.I 1nca11Daniel (}Connell. Tren1enclo11,cheers.) I feel gr.1teful
to hitn, l'or ht~1.oice Ii.is tnade 1\u 1cn<:a11
, lJl'en. shale: to 1t, cc11tre.-l
a111detcunutt:tl ,'11t-rt-1crI go.. 111tl11hak1<:rpo,il1011I llld\ fill, to ,pc,1k
"1th g1dlcfnl unutton, ol '.\le. o·conndl's labour,. iChccnng. 1 I heard
h1<dennnc,ahon of ,l,l\'err. I l1eard 1nv
ter curse hin1. a11tltl1erefore
. 111,1s
I lo,ecl h 11111C:reJI cl1cen11i; 111Lu11clou.(\.Jr.O'()o1111dllou.- t•If the
1na,k or II\])(JC11s,fio111Lhl',1;11
c holtk1s. a11db1a1,<ledtl1c1nas lhc, 1ksl
ol the 1.ile.,111dthe n1o<Ic-,ccr.1hl.,ol the C\C<:'rahle,tor no nian C'~npnt
1101d,lo,;ell1er slron,;er tliJ11 \Ir (YC01111ell/Laui;hte, ,111dcheeriru; l
The ,p<'akt1 proct:cdcd at >OIIK leuul11 and related a11,u,111°
ancctlotu,
conne<:"tl'.'Cl
"1th hi, hi<tof) 111lhe 1Jntlcd ~t,1te,. 111one 111<td
11ce lie 11a,
lr~1cll11u;lo \ennonl. .111dli.1,111g.1rrived Jt J ,t.1ge. the1 tool,. in five
Ile'\\ p,1"l'ngc1, It be111i;
tl.uk at lite t1111t-,
llte) d,cl uol l..110\\the colour
ol hi< I the Sp<:"ak.·r,),kin, a11dfi,, 11a, trc.ilcd 111thall 111.11111~1
or re,petl.
In fact lie could not help 1l1111ki11i;
Jt the lime th.it he-110111d
bl' a great
1~1,111
ii peqxtnal da,J..uc» ,1<1uldonh IJke the pl.ice of 11.iyI I ,1ugh1er)
Scarce!) hm,e1er had the· l,glit i:;dckd the gn:c11111,,11nt.1i11,
of V1:n11011t
th.111he >J\\ oue of the d1Jp• i,; the co,1d1 I,1kea ,h peep al h1111,a11d
1d11sprrto ·11,othcr Ei:ad .,fkr all 'tis J 1111;i:;er."
1(~rc.1fl.111i:l11er)
I le had
bl., k l'.,ob for the rem,1111ckr
of !ht wa), a1ttl disrt:,pect I Ii.ti feeling of
prqud1t<' !tad no" ch,Jnge:d.. md he,c-oulu 110,111,tlktl11ou12:h
80,1011in
the mn,t rrlin<·d co,np,1111'Ilic ,pe,1ker co11d11dcd6, ~\Ill"
th:ll he
wouldagJin address lht:m 1lu1111i;
111,,ta, in Corl...
"
.
~
~
f•REDERICK l)Ol T(;I \SS
\\ 'ha t to lite Sl.-nl.'1~Lhe Iour tlt of July? t
[l"redenck Doui;I.",\ ")ih of J•il)" speech, .1s11ha, ,omc lo be cJlled, rs
perh,1p,_111,
1110,tl:1111011,.I 1,e '"" ,.,led hv 111,Rochester ne11;hbor,to i;11e
the trad1t1011.il
lndcpu,den cT U.11.tddrc-. 111Pi•Z. \, ,t l11r11c;,d
out, lhe
THE SL\\[
b 1111FOHRTfl
OF /trL\'
li1uitl1 of Jul) fell 011 J S1111d.11
th.Ii ni,,r .111d
celehrahons of 11,eliolida,
11ere, therefore, ITIO\td to iltl nc,t clJ1.Juh 5
DouglJ» 111atlc tlu, inn<xnoth ,l,1Hm d,1te, into ., P"" crf11I1111age
or
hlJcl prote,I 01hc1 \111e11ca11,
could cheerfulh celebrate their 111d;pe11
dcncc 111tl
1,1 gal,, hol1da1)Celrafter,,• ir . hut 1h.11md<•1x,nclcnc·e,
he po111ted
0111, 11,1,t!t,11l'tll,IJ(l ,\111eritans
. l l1e Fui;il1veSl."c \ ct, c11.1ctcd.1, part
of ihe Cmnpro1n1••·of 18SIJ,h,1d great!} 11l!'rta,l'dtll<' fo11<>111f 11ortl1tn1
\\l11k .a11ihl.l\'t:r\
people, 11111
Oo11gLts1look llit: oc:c·.1<1011
to tl11111<lcr
out h11
lulred 1101on!) of ,I.ov,·r)hut of lhl' tkni,,l of nghh tn fr<·• \frican \111erica11,a, \\ell,
·
Thi, '])Cech 1s • fin, e,, 11
11pk·of lltt.',d10lar,l11p"Incl, Dougla'5, \\ho
h.id no schooling. brought to his work I le gaq: hrs anchcnce an elaborate
cl1<e11<11on
of lht re.id1 fo1 111tlcpe11tle11c~
[>1lite p.1tr10L>
of I--c, StJII111ore
1111pre,si,e
,He the rheloncal heights ,duel , he adue,es. I
,\ Ir l're.,id~nt,l 'riend, unr.lFe//r,1,C'rll=en,. I le 11lo11
could ,tcldressiltis
aud1e11cev.,thout j qua1l11
1g ,c:11,allo11.
h.1s,lron~e 1 uen~, lha11I h,t\'t'
I <lo1101 re1nc111bc
r t:,c:, to ha,e appca ,ecl ,I> .i ,pcakcr before ;HI\ a~sc111•
bh n1orc shrinkingly nor "1th gre,1ter distrust oi my ahiltl}, thjll I dt1
this dav 1\ fedin~ ha, crept o,er ,ne. <Jttile1111finorablelo lite e,etU><'
of 1111l11111te<l po""" of speech 1l 1c la,J..before ml' i, on<' ,d11ch
req11ne, n111d1p1e11ou, thought and stuch for its proper perfonnJnce. I
k11011 ll1at ,1polog1c.,of thi, ,ort are gener:1lh cons 1clerctl Aat aud
L111
111ca11111g
I hu,t. h<•11t:1e1.that 111111e
1nll 1101Ix· ,o cu11~1dcrcd
Sho 11ld I sec111:11ea.,e. 111~.ippear.incc II ould 1n11ch1n1,represenr n1e,
l11ch1tle expenente I ha,<· h,id 111,1ddrc$.~111i;
public 111eelt11~,.
111cuu11tr:,c hool house,. a, ,uh 111e11011111
,,_011Ihe prc,c:nl occ:.1"011.
[ he papers :111dpl.,c·,trd, s.11.thal I a111to dd11cr ,, -Ith ,of] lnl} ora•
ho11 'I 111~
ccrl,1111h,01111dslarge. and out oi the co1nn1011w,1\. fo, 111c,
II 1s true th.it I h.11c oltcn hatl the p1111lei:eto ,peak 1111l1i,bc.ruti(ul
Hall, and to .1ddre,, 111J111
11111111011
l,nnor 111e111ththur prc,('nce . But
11c1thcrtheir fa111,l1.11f,1ce,, nor th<' pcrkcl ga~c I think I ha,e ofC:01111lhi.111I l,111,cc 1n, to free rile 110111
cn1b,111~1'stnenl
I lie l<1ct1s,ladit:, and i:c11lk-nu:c11.
tl,e disl,Hu.;cheh\L"UI ilih pl.1tfom1
J nd the sh1,e pl.111
lal1011, I,011111I11thI t:,<:'apC'd,
,, con<1clerable-.111d
the diffiC'11lt
u:s to he: o,c.-cmnc 111gctt111gfro111tire latter to the foJtncr,
,Ht: hi' no nwa11, slight. l'h,11I a111l,crc to-d.111,. tu 111c.a n1,1ttC'rof
,1,to11is
l1111ent,i, ,,ell a, of i:c.1l1lude. You ,ull not. therefore. he ,urpn ,ed. Lfi11111,1I I I1.1vt·to sJ\. I -,, n1c:e1111
c l.1bo1.,teprt:pa1aIiou, 1101
gr.,cc 111~,pcech 1\lth .1111 high ,ound,111;c,oul1uP1 \\ 1th httlc t·,pcri<:11c-~·
~nd w1tlt less le.111111
,~. I 11:1,cll<.'r11
.,blc to thr"" mv thour;hb
li.t,ltl\ and 1111perf<.:<
ti, Ing, thl·t, a11tll111,1t111;
to 1uur patient ,111cl
i:<·1u·r•
OU<11;cl11lgc11(<',
I 11111
pro<·ccu to hl) thc:n bdor( H)ll
'I11h, for th<· purpose of tlu, cdcbrJt1t111," ihc -Ith of J11h
• It 1s the
l,iitlitla1. '10111:s;,1tio11JI lndepe11dt·ncc,a11dof 10111
polihc.11treedo111.
.
1111,, t,1 \011, ,, \\h,tl the 1'.1"01c1 11u, lo the e111n11cip.1t1:d
people nl
or
'
11s
fREillRICI,.
1)01
!(:l
-1.SS
Cod. fl c,11T
1rs your 1nu1w.lxick to the da,. and to the act of your great
dcli,crance, and to the signs. ancl to the wonde1s,a$sociated"ith that
acl. and llwt <lay1 h1, t·clchration aho 111Jrk<
the beginning of another
,eJruf,u1u11dlwm1l life;and re111111d,,ou
that the Rqi11blicof A1ner1ca
i, ll0\\ ·-:-61C11r<
old. I .1111
glad. fcllow-cillzens. tl1al , ou1 nation i, ,o
1oung. Sc,enly-,1"'years, though a good olcl Jgt for .i n,an, 1shut J 111crc
speck u1 tl1e life of ,l nation. "l11ree,core ,cars .ind ten is tht .1ll111lcd
Li11te
fur 111d111d11al
n1en; but nalto11,n1unber their ,e.,r, by tlmu,ands.
\cc-ordingto th,s fact, rou Jr<: eH,111101,.onh in the beg11tn111g
ot your
natio11JIcareer. ,bll l1ngt·ringin the period of d11ldl1ood.I repe~t. I .1111
,;b<l tin, 1,,o 1l1crC'i<hope 1n!he thought. .ind hope ,~ n1ucl1nct'detl,
under Lh,·darl c-loud< ,1hich lower JOO\c the hori1011·1he c,e
, of the
reformer is 111et\\1lh a11g" nd,ht.~.porlcnclmgdisastrous lune.s; but his
hearl 1ua1\,di heal l,ght(·r ,11the lhougltt that ,\,uerica 1,,011ng.• incl
Lhat~he is ,till 1n the 1111pressible
stage of lier e,i1te11ee \l.1y he not
hope that h1i;h les,ons of w1sdu111,
of 111,toec
and nf tn 1th will I el give
d1rcclio11
tu he, dc,tJ111'\Vere the n,1tlonolder, tlie patriot's he,lll u11glit
he ,add<·t.ancl the reformer'shro,1 hea, 1er. It, future n11ghlbe shrouded
,n gloo,n. and the hope oi its prophets go out 111,011011
lher<' h eonso!JlJ011i11the tltuui;ltl th,11\111<·ri<'~
is 1011ng.
Cre.1Istreams arc note-asil~
tu11,.-dfrom channel<. 1rorncleer 1nthe co11rseof Jges. The, n1ay,u111e.h1ne<.nse 111qniet a11clstateh-111a1t'slv
. .i11d1uu1tdu1t:
the IJ11d.rcfre\h1ng
a11<l
fuhlu111gthe c,11tl1
\\llh their 1nvslt'rio11<
p1opcrtie, The, ma> also
11\t 11111Tath
and fi11'\,and bc.1rawaJ.on their ang1ywa,e<. the .1ccu11111lated \\'ealth of ve.arsof toil J11dltardslup. n,ey. ho\\e,·<.'r,grJdualh Row
bac:~tu tlic s<1111c
ol<ldia11nd, and no11on d< ,cr.:11d1 A, c,cr 8111.
11h1lcthe rl\cr 111a,not he h1rncdaside. 11111a,
dri up, Jnd le;ne nothing hehind but lhe \\'itltere<lbrJ11cl1.Jnd tlte 111tsightl_1·
rock, to howl 111
the :ib~,,,..,11
ccpu 11;"11,d, Lh<:
s;i<lta le of dt'p,1rtcd glol\ ,\,, "i lb ri,ers -'O
111thnation,,
fe.llow-cihzens.I shJJI Hot presu1neto dwell al length on the assoc1atio11'that du,te1 Jbuut tJ1i..d.11.The ,i111ple~tor1of it 1> ll1at. 76 ,·ears
,1go,the ~oplc of th1<<"011ntn11.:r,·Bntr,h ,ubjt-cl.s.TI1t ,t, le mtd title
of vour "so,·ereig11
people" (111,1hic-h,ou no\\ glorv1"as noi then bon1.
\ou 11crc.:
uuder LlieBnbsl.i CrowJJ.)our fathers estee111edthe En[\lish
(;01t·n1111cnt
,h th<.ho111cgo,<:riu11e11l;
Jlld England a, the-fatherl;n<l.
' llus ho1ne governn1ent. )'0\1 knm,, ,1lthough a co11,1dcrdbled1,t,111ce
from vour ho111e.did, in ll1eexercise of 1tsparental prt'rogah,e,, i111po_;c
11p<in
11,colninJI child1u1 ,uch re,lrJ inl!.. burdens and hn1ilal1ons.a,.
111its rnature 111di;c111cnl.
1ldcc1ncd "be. 11i;hl,ind prope-r.
But. your L1Lhers,who hJd not ,1doptc<lthe fa,hionable iclca of thi,
da1, ot the 111fallibility
of s;o,ern111enl,,ind the ,1bsolutecharach,r of 1h
acts. prcsun1cd to differ f10111
lhe ho111ego1ernn1ent in rcspecLto the
,1·iwom and the fll<hccof <0111c
of lho,e bu1<le11s
nncl rc,tr,1111\s.
The,·
,,ent so far 111 llieir excitement as to pronounce the n1c;ist1rcsof ,;o\en;.
\\'Jt\I
ro
IIIE. StAI 1.
Is
I H~ Fonrn1
or
l l9
jl!L\,
n1ent unjust, 1111rea,,onableand opprcs>1\C,and altogether such ns
Ollf,\lit not to be quielli suh1nittecl to I scarce!\ need sa\, fdlo11-uhLen,.
th;1tITI\ op,111011
of lhOSt'1neasuresfi1JI,,accords\\ 1th that oi \Olli father,.
S11chJ decl~rahon of agrt:<'1ne11l
011Ill} p.1rt1,ould not be worth n1uc:h
lo ''") hod). II 11011ld,
ccrl,11nh, prove uolh1ng. J> to "hat part I 1n1ght
hJ,·e taken. had I 11\ed during the great contJ01e1s}of I--(,. lo SJ\
run, tJ1at \1uerica 1,JS right. and l•:ngl~nd wrong, i, c,cccdingl~ ea\},
E,cl\hod, can SJ\. 11;the cl;i,t;ud. not less than the noble br.11c c.in
ll1ppantl) d1scant011Lltc 11rann, of En~lautl to".ird, the A111e11c:111
Colonies It i~fashionable to do <o;but lhete. "a, a tune" he11to pronoun<:e
ai:-ainstEngland, and 111fmor of the-eausc of the colontcs, lnc<l1ncn,
,uuls. Th~, 11lio did so 11ereJcco1111
ted in their d:i,, plollel'\of rnisd1icf,
dg1Lalor,,
and rehd,, da11geru11,
111e11
'lo side-,11ththe , 1ght.J£!a1n,ttlic
\\tong, 1,1th tJ1e\\eJk agau1stthe stroug. aud \'ILil the oppressed aga111st
theeoppre.ss<>r!
here lie, the 1nerit, :111dthe one "l11d1. of .iii others,
"~e1n, 1111f.1,hio11:1l,lc
111011rcl.i) '11wt..11tse
ofl,hcrl) n1a; be ,t.1bht'd by
the 111e11
,~ho glon 111the deeds of, our fathers. But, to proceed.
Feeling tl1cn1,elve-~
hJr-hh· Jud u111u,tJ,treated b\ tJ,c ho,nc go1crn
rncnl. your fothcrs. hl..c 111c11
of hc1111:,I\,
,1nd 111c11
of ,piril, e,,rnc,tly
so11i;ht1ed1es,. I'he, petitioned a11cl rc111onstrate-cl;
the, did ,o Ill .i deco1011,, 1i,,peelful, ;111cl
lo,al 111anner1l1e11conduct ""s ,,holh une,cephonab le. nu,. h0\1ever. did not ,111,\\er the purpose. 1111.:,~aw
the1n,ehes treated ll'ith ,o,cre1g11indifference. coldness .111d,corn )et
thc1 tJCr,c1crcd ·1lie~ "c1e nut tl1c 1nen tn loo!, b,icl.
A, the ,hcet ,111chortake~ J finner hold, "ht·11 Ilic ~111p
1, tos<cdby
the stonn. ,o did the cause of ,our t;ithcrs gro11stronc:er.JS ti breJ,ted
the cl1ill1nghld,l<of l..ingl}disple,1Sure [he greale<.t.Jnd be,t of llrili,h
,tate-.nien adnutkd 1h 1u,t1ce,a1td lhe loftJt>sld0<juc11c
·<·of the Brithl1
Senak can1e to 1lssupport Bui,\\ itl, th:it blindness 11hich sec111,lo be
tl1c unv.tl)nig ch;rmcltri,tic of tyr,111ts,
\1111.c
PharQ.Jliand Ju, ho,t, "e,e
d,owncd 111the Red Sea, lht B11li,hl~o,erninenl pers1,te<l1n the C\.IC ·
hon< cn111
plained of.
l l1e 111Jd11t»of this t·our,c, 11c hche, c. 1s.1cl111itte<l
110\\,even b1
c.ugland: but 1,c fear the k,,011 1, "holl} lost on ou1 prc,c11truler,
Oppre\\1on nml.cs a w1~c1na111n,1d\"011rf.tthers \\Cre \\ 1sen1en, au<l
1fll1c1did not i;O ,nad, they bcc,1111c
rc,tr,c 1111dcr
tl11,lreah1tc11l.
1l1ci
felt thc111sehcsll1cv1cl1111,
of gnt·,011,\\Toug,, \d1olh 111curahle111Lhctr
colo1uaJcupacitv \\'ith brJYCu1cn the,c 1s;h1a!, a r.:1ncdyfor oppre-<s,on. Ju,t lu:rt', the ideJ of J lot.11,cp:icallo11t>fthe colonies fro111the
cro11.nwas bornl II Will J starthng ,de-11,
111ud1,non, ,o, than \\e, Jl lh,~
(lista11er of ti111e..rega,d 1t. The 111111d
Jn<l the prudent (as h,1sbec-n
111hn1atcdl
of lhJt cl.iv.were, oi cour,c, ,hocked ,11,d.1l.1n11t.-<l
h, ,t
Such people 11\ccithen. load ll\cd hefore. a11dwill. pn,b.1hl},e,er
ha,e J place 011th1~planet, and their t'otir«·. 111respect to an} great
cl1.111ge.
{no 111atterho\\ i:reat the i;ood to I~ Jlta111ed.or lite \\rong lo
.
120
rR.E.DEJHCK
DouCL.-\SS
be redre~,ed by 11)n1:i) be cJlu1ldlcd ,nth dS 1nucl1prec1s1011
as cdn be
the co11l'!'eof the ,tars. Thc1 hate Jil changes, but silver. i;ol<la11dcopper change! Oft lu, sort of ~hange they arc .,h,a)~ slrongl} 111fa,or
fhese people were called torie, 111the dd)~ ol 1011rfather,, and the
Jppellat ,on, prohabh. con,cyed lhc sJ1ne idea th,1t1s111ca11t
b) .1 111ure
1nod{'rn,thongh a so111e,d1a
l less euphornous tt·n11,winch we orte1, !ind
in our paper'>.Jpplied to wine ol our old politic1,111,
TI1e1ropposit1011to 1111:
then d;1ngcro11s
lhought 11.i,e-Jnle,t a11dpo11erful, but, an,,d all their terror a11da1Tnghtedvoc1fer,1tio111
a~J111stit, the
,1lam1int:and re\'olutionJrV idea n-,01ed on. and lite toltlllf\ \\illt it.
On the 2d of Juh, ,-~6, lhc·old Conh11e11lalC:ongress,to the d,sma)
of th<'Jo,crs nl c,,~c•.1nd lhc wor1h1p1~1, of propertv, clothed that clreadfialidea with all the aulliorih of 11atio11alsanction The, clid \O 1n the
fonn of" resolulton. and a, {H ,eldon1 hit 11ponre,oluho11s,tl1a1\11up
111our d,11.11hose tran,parenc-v 1sal all equal lo tlus, 11n1.1v refresh your
n1iocl,and help 111}
storv if f read ii.
"Rcsohed. Th.it the,e 11111ted
t'Olon,esnre.• ,ncl of right, 011ghtlo he
free Jod Independent States; that the. ;ire ,1bsohed front .111alleg1a11cclo the 1311t11h
Crown. and that .oilpolitic,11con11eclio11
bet11,en tlten, and lhl State ol (~,cat Brit,1in"· and ought to be.
dissohed."
Citizen,, ,our fatl,er. 111Jdegood that re,olution 'rhe~ ,ucceede<l;
and to-dd, vo11re~r the-fru1h ol thctr ,u,·c-ess Hie freedo111gained "
yonr,; and )Oll. therefore, 111a}properly celebrak tbi, .11111i1
cr..1r1 rl1c
4th of Jul) h lhe lir,I gtedl fact 111your 11aLion
's l1i,ton -the I cry nu~holt 1n the <·ha,n of 1011rvet 11nclevelopedde<h11~
Pride J11dpdlrioti'1n, not lc<1th~n gratih1cle,prnn,pl ,011to celehrak
<111d
to bold 1l111p~rpetual r.::111c1ubra11ce
I liJH' .u ,d thJt the Dedara11011
ol l11ncpc11dence" the R1,1,;-so1:1to the chJ111ol ~our t1Jlion's
Ue51inv,o, indeed, I rci;ard it The pnn~iples c·o11la:ncdin that instrument Jre !i.l\lng p1111ciplcs.
Stand b1 those pri11ciple,,be ITnc to thcn1
on .111o,:ca11011,,
111.,II places. against all foes. and at 1'11ate,·ercost.
I ro111
tl,e round top of 1nt1rship of state. n,irk ;1nclthrc,1le11i11g
clouch
ma~ he ,t:cn Hea,) b1llo\\o,like mountJ111s111the cl1stanc-c.
disclose lo
the lee1hffdh11gelorrns of tln1h rocks! Tlial bolt drawn, that ch,1J11brokc11,.111<1
,ill i, losi ( ;/,11~let t/u, c/111
•- cling to 11,and tu it,. principle,,
\\Ith the grasp of a stonn-tosscd manner to a spar at mid111~l1t
'fhe co1mng 11110
being of a nat1ou, in Jn1 circ11n1stanc-cs.
is an 111terest111gc1·c11tBut, he,ides general con,1derJL10111.
there were pec·ul,a1
circu111stJ11ces
1d11chmake the ad1enl ol th,s 1epubl1c·an e,·ent of special altracl11encss
'l11e \\hc,le sceue, d> l look bJck to it, wa, sitnplc. dignified and suhl1me.
The population of the countr1·, al the tin1e, stood at the 1ns1gn11ica11I
\\'11~1 10 1u1
SLAVE
Is ntE
FotiRTil
o~
)111,1
IZl
1111111ber
of three 1111l1,on,.
TI,e coun lr) \\d, po11r111the n1unition~of
11ar 'll1e population ll'as "~·ah and ,callered, and the c,n111lna ,11lderllt\S unsub<l11ed.!'here were tl,c111101ncans of concert and con1bm.1tion. ,11d1 ds e\1~t n1111"Je1tlier ,tt,,1111 nor lightning had tl1en been
reduced to 01dcr J11dd1scipl111eFrom the Poto111.1c
· to the l)cl.l\\ilre was
,1 1oumc1 of 111an1dJv, l 11de1Lhe,e. and 1111111
111e1ahleutltcr disad1J1ltagc,, your f,1ihcrs declared fo1 liberty and 111depe11denceand In
u,nphecl.
fello11 C1t11e11s.I ,1111 not wa11ti11i:;
ill rc,pctt for the f.illocr, of th,,
republic. The signers of tho Decla1ahon of lndcpcnd~11cewere br,1,e
n1cn. '] lie, \\Cre greJt 111e11
loo ~real enough to g1l'e forne lo a great
.1gc It cln~, not nftcn l1.1ppe11
lo .1 n.1tio11lo raise .,t 011cti111c
, <nch ,1
n11111hcr
uf h11h great 111c11.
·1he po111tfro111which I .1111
co111pclkdl<>
\le11 then, ,, not. certa,n l,. tJ,c 111<)\l
fo1orahlc:and ~et I cannot conte1npl.1tctlteir gre.11deed, with l~s.,th.m .1dmiratio11.
The, were state~nKn
patnoh and hcroc,. anrl for the good tlocycl,d,,111(1
the principle., the)
contcuded for. I ,_,IIunite" itlt 1ou to honor tlieorrnc,norv.
·r1ie1 lo,ed lhcn countn helter th,m !heir 0\\11pn,ate 1~tere<t,:,incl.
though th,~ 11not the hie;l~cslfnn1, of h11n1anc,cdlcnc.::. all will cmlcedc tltal ,t i, J r.1re virtue, and that 1d1c11it ,s e,ltib,tcd ,t ought to
co111111a11cl
re<pect Ht \\ 110 will. intdligcnth. 1,1)do1111hi, life for hi,
cou11tr1,i~ ,, 111,111
"ho1n 1I ,s not 1n human nJhirc to de,phe \onr
wther~ stHkcd their l11e<,their fort1111e-.,
Jnd their saerc<ll1011or.011 floe
cau<e ol thc:-,rronnlT) l1111,cir Jd1111r.ilio11
of libc,l). the) lo,t <rghtof
all other 111tere~ts
TIie) wen, peace 1ncn. bul 1he1preferred rc,nl11tio11tn p(',1ccf11I
_suh1111,,
1011to bond,1g1:1··1,,,,.-ere-cp11cln1<"11:
but the) did 1101slu,nk lrom
agitating agai11,toppress1011The\ slio\\('d fo1bcatancc: but th,11the,
kncn ,~ li1n1ls.lhe, belie, cd 111order; but 11ot111 the order oft, rJnn,.
\\'it l1 them, 11othi11g·
"a, '\cltft,J" thn1wa, 1101ni;ht. \\'ith tllc,11,justice.
l1herl\ Jud liur11an1l\were "final;" not slal'Cr\ untl opp1csi.1on\on n1a1·
""II ;l,l·ti<li the 111crnor,of suth uicu. The) 11ercgrte,1tin thctr d,11and
generation. Their solid 111d11ltood
,t,111d,onl the n,orc ·" 1\c l'011tra1t1t
,1,1ththese clegcncrntc lune,
1
I ln11circu111~pecl,
c,,1ct ,111cl
proporho11Jle11ereall their 1noven1e11ts
Ho11 unlil..~ tlie pol1hciJns of JH ltou, 1 T lu:ir ,1.1tcs111.111,hip
looked
b<·1011dU1<·
pas,mg n10111e11l.
.tnd <lrctchcd a11a1· 111strength 11,tothe
di,tant future 'I lie) ,tciz1:dupon ctcn1,1I pnncipl~. and ,ct a glonou,
e,:1,np l<:11111,.,H deft-nee. \1.uk theu1l
_
F11ll1,tppreuahng the hardship to be e11countcrcd. hnnh l~l1c\lng
in th< 11~hlof their c,111,e,lto1101.1hh111\lt111g
the ,cnihn, ol .111onlooki11gII orld, re, crc:nth ~ppe,1l1nglo heaYen to Jtte,t their s111c-t·nl\
soundh co111p
1d1t·11di11g
the ,ole111nrespo11s1b1hl\the, 11crc ,1~011llo
a"un1t·. 111'<:h1nca,11ri11gthe terrible cxlcl, JgJ1n1Ithc1n, vo1u (Jther,,
the fJthc1s of th,~ republoc. J1d, 1110,td~lib<·ntd), under lhe 111,p11,1fln11
I
,,
~-
\\'~l\l
of a glo11011<
pat11oti11n
. .incl,,ith ,1111hli111c
fJ1th in tlic great pnnc1ples
of 111stice.ind frt'eclmn, I.I\ deep the cor11~r-slo11c
of the 11:iltonJl<uper•
,ln1ch1rc.,d,ich has ri,en Jud , till ri1es u1 g1,111de11r
around \'Oil,
()f this FnncL.1111e11tal
\\01k. tlu, dJ1 ,; the anni,ers.1n ()nr c,~·, .ire
1ne1,11th de111on,lratio11s
of 101011,cntlnhi,1s111.8J1111crs
Jud pe1111a11ts
11,11t:
e,11lti11gl1
on the brec7c. 'J he din ofb111i11e,,,,
too, i; hu1hed. E\'en
1
\lan1111on ,ecrn, to ha,c q11illeclhrs grasp 011tlu; dJv The ear-p1erc1ng
lif~ and LLesl.Jrrrllgdruru unilt: their Jcce111,\\1th the .rscendrni;peal o'f
,I lhou.1,111d
•ht1rcl1 hell,. Prd\s·n are nude, hy111n,.ue ,11111;.
ancl ,cr111011,
arc preachccl rn honor of this d,11-.,,lule the <puck 111artialtra,np
of a i;reJI and 111ult1Ludinow.
rwlton, echoed back b, all the hill,, ,.,lie,,
.ind 1110UJ1lail1.1
of J 1dst co11LJ11<.:11t.
b,~p11al.the:occa,,nnone of lhnlltng
Jnd uni\'crsal 111tcresl
- ., nation\ jubilee.
I 'rre11dsand cihzens, I n~ed not eutcr further into Litecause, ,, hich
led lo this JJ11111
er~n. ~latl\ of \OU u11d~r,ta11d
Lhe,n belier tltJn I do.
You could ,11,tn1t'I111cin regard lo thcrn. fhat is a branch of kno11ledge
in ,due h yo11feel, perhaJ}S,,1 rnnt'h deeper interest th.in ,our speaker.
TI1e cau,e, 11lud1 led to Lhc,epJrahon of tl1ecolo111e,&on. the Bnll,h
crown h.1,c nc1c1 lac~cd tor a longue. The) ho,e all been taught u1
ionr co1nn1on school~. narr.ited ,111our lire'1dt·s, unfolded Iron, your
pulpits. ,.111d
Ll1ur1dered
fro111your lt'gislJb1e h,1lls.• incl arc ;1s fam,l1ar lo
vou 1~hou,ehold word, Thei tonn the slaplt of }Our national poem
and cl1X1nence.
·
I rtn1e1nbtc1,.J,o. lh,1t. a, J people. American, ,ire rcn1,n~abh fon1il1.1r1>ilhall tacts 11hid1 rnakt· ,n tl1e1r0,,11 fa,or. I his rs estee;,.,erl b,
~nme a,, J n.1tron.1IIT,1il-pcrl1ap, a n.il1011alweJk11es, It i, a fact, that
11hatt"-cr111.ikc~
for Lhc 11ealllror for the rcp11talionof \n1c11ca11,,aud
1,, rll be found b1 J\nrericnns. I ,hJII nol he cl1,irgcd
c~n he had c-/1e,1p
wrth ,landenng \n1cn.,rn,. 11I ''" I tl11uktl1c :\111erican~i.le of ;in,
quc,lro11111a1be saieh left in .-\n1erir,1nhand,.
l le:nc._tlicrdore. ti1egreat deeds of yonr fa1herslo otl1cr gc11lle111e11
who~e d.,nn to ha,c bce11rq;ufach deseendecl "ill he le,~ lik<'h to be
d,,puled tJ,an n1ine!
•
The Prese11t
\h bu,!ncs,. if I ha, e an, here to-da}, ,~ 111ththe pre~e111.l he
a<·ccptedlrme 1,1thCod a11dhi, cJ115eis the e1cr-li11ng11011
.
"Tru,t 110 fulurt:, ho"e,er plc-Jsa11l,
Let Lhedead pail h11r1,t; dead.
\ct. act 111the li1ing prr1enl,
Hearl wilhi11,.,nd Cod o,e1hcad."~
TO TIIE SLA\'l
Is
TIIF. FntlRTII
or
Jt,Lt?
121
\Ve ha,e to clo \\-ith the past only as ,,e e,111111Jl..c
ii useful lo the pre~ent
,u1clto the h1t11rc.To JII in,pirrni; 111oti,
·e;, to nobk det'th \I h,d, cJ11'>e
ga111eclfront the past. wc Jre weko111e. Bnt no,, rs thl· tJrue 1h1:
i1nporlant tnnc Yo11rfall1c" l1u1ecl11etl.diecl. and lia,e done their ~,ork.
and hc11edoue nurch of ii wc·ll)ou IJ\t and 1nu,l die .•u,d rou 11111,1
do
\'Ourwo1i...You have no right to enjo, 1 child\ share 111the labor of 1our
f.ilhch, unle,s 101irchildren are to be blesl b, rour lahors You lrc11~11
0
right lo wc;ir out and wask tl1t:harcl-eJrned fo1neof 1our fother, to co1er
1 tells us lh,11111e1t
your 1ndolenc-e S,dnc} S1111lli
scldmn euloi;iLe tire
1,15clo111
,rncl 11m1e~of their fnlhcrs, hul lo e,c1tse \0111efolh or 111ckl'd1te,s of tl1err01111.I 'hi~truth LSnot ,1 cloubth1lone. There a·r<'1llustr.1
11011,of 11uear and 1e111o
lt:, anuen t .111d 111oder11.
II w:is fa,l1io1111hle,
h1111d1eds
of) ear, Jgo, frn llrc d11ld1e11
of JJtob to lio.1'1.11c lrJ,e "-\brahmn to our father," when Lhe1ha<l long lost ,\brnha111\fullh a11dsprnt
1l1Jtpeople co11te11tecl
lhe,11,ehe, 1tncle1the ,h:1clo11
of -\br.1h.1n1'sgre.11
1Mn1c.,dule lire) rcp11d1atetlllie dct:<h \\l1td1 niudt· hi, 11,11110,
i;rc.11
'\eed I re111111d
you llrill a sin11larIlung 1sberng clone all over th,s c11u11rn•_
t~ay? 'iced I tell ,ou tl1at the je-,Vi.ire not the 01111p,·oplc \\ho
hurl! the 101111,,of the propheh . a11d g,1n11,hccltl,e st:p11ldirc, of th..nglrteo11Q\111a,h
1ngto11could not che till he had broken the chains of
his ,laves. Yet lus ,nontnnenl is burll up b, tJ1eprice of hurn.111bloo<l.
and tlu.>traders 111lht· bodic, .rnd souls nf 111c:11,
,ho11l- "\\c li.l\c \\a,lrini;lon to ,,ur {alhiir.· \l,11!th;1tii ,ho11lclbe ,o; ~t:I \O ii 1s.
"The c, ii tltJt 111
e11do. Iii.:, .1ftc1then1,
'l l1t·good ts oft' inlcrrc:d "''" lhc11hone,." 1
Fello"-c1Lize11,.
pardon 111c,,rllo11111clo ,rsk, 11hyarn I rnllecl upon to
,peJk I1t:rt:tu-<l<1y'
\\!hat ha\(' I, or lho.~e I represent. to do 111th\ou,
nJUonal independence? Are tbe 14realpn11c1plcsof politi.-,11frec·dom
and oi natt1ral 111,tice,e111bocued111 U1JlD.:ch1rntrn11
of lndcpentlence ,
c,tendcd lo 11,' and dlll I, llicrefntl. c;illed 11ponto bring our hu111blc
offenni; to tJ1e nalronal altar .111cl
to confe,, lhe bt:nclit., anJ c,pre,,
t!euiut s;rn1rt11dc
for the blessi11gsresulting f,0111,our 1ndepcndenrc to
us?
\\.'ould to c;ud. holli for ,onr sakes .ind ours. tl1at Ju afli11n,11he
,111\'l•CI
co11ldbe lrullr!ulh returned lo these tJUe,uon,i lhcn ,,oulcl rni
ta,l- he 1,ght. and 1111h11rclenc.1>'\ a11dddu;litful for 11Im i1 there so
cold. tl1at J nations s1111patll\cvu lu nol 1\arn, him' \\110 so obdurate
.111dck·.1dlu Ilic clA1111\
oi grJlitudc. th;1twould not tlrankfull~atkno,11cdi;c sud, ptit·ele" he11eliLs'\Vho so stolrd Jnd ,clfi,lr. that ,,011lcl not
g1,c hrs ,oice to >\1ell Lhc h.tllel111,1h,
of a 11at1on', 111b1lee,
\\ heu Lhc
t:hJn1s of sen·11t1dc h.,d hecn 10111
f10111
Iii, l11nhs'I am not tlut ui.u1 In
~
\n-:lil:.111 111111•,trr
,mdIUJ..t.-.:rLW~•~•Jlad kl lllt('l ( 1•;1-H\4,J .....hose1-l1ll1 \\t.1e c:111p
lr.nl-.iJ
c~lliol,...c-1\1.lflnp;.lh<11 ond p:u1u11,c-11lJI"\"
rcfom, (E:d11,Jt.\
1
S:,1:1l~pc-.m:,
/uLu~Ca.6:Su,
l.2 -'(,_.;7jl JJ11un;
UI tJ1t LJ11t('\ (If
12-1
FRl"DFRICf.
DOl!C.L..\SS
\VHAT TO Til.E
Sw\\ E. h 1HI fDtrRTI I OF )1,Y'
~-
] _)
a cai.e like thJl. th,· d11n1h1niE;hlcloqncnll) ~peal. and the ..l.1111e
111.111
kap JS J11hart ··'
Rut. <11rhi, nol the ,tale uf lhe ca,e. I -..iv
it \\ith ., sad '" ' "" of the
disparih beh1cen us. I an1 not incl11ded\\1ll1111111.:
p.1le of thi, glonon,
an1111t'r,dn!)011Ch1f,h independence only rel'eals the 11n111casllr~hlc:
d1sta11t·C
bcl:\1ecn11, ·111eblcssj11gsi11\\htt ll 1011 tl11,da, n·101re. Jre
not enjoyed 111co111
111011.
The rich 111hentant·t·ol 111,ticc.hhert\. prospenh .111<l
1ndcper1dence, be<jnealhed h} your fathers. 1sshared bv 1·ou.
not hr 111<.'.
1·1it• ,1111lightth.it hro111;htlif., .ind he.iling to ,ou, ha,
bro111:;ht
,tripes and death to 111e.1hi, Fou1th ol Jnh 1sH>lllll. 11ot11111w.
fou 1na, retotce. J 111ust1nou111lo drd!!,a 1n,111
111fetkrs 111lolhc grand
1llu111i11Jkd
l<.'111pk
of l1hcrtv. ancl c-allnpon ~11111
lo 10111
,ou 1n 10,·ous
anthc111,.\\('Te inhuman moclel') aud :..Jlnltg1ou, HOii\ l)o 1011n 1e:11
1
ollzens. to 111ocl 111e. b1 .isJ.,ng111cto sp,-;ol.hHla, 7 1r so. tlu:re " a
pJrallel to ,uu1 to11d11c
t \nd lrt 11
1c ,,ar11 yo11 th.it 11i, tL111~erou,to
cop, the cx,1111pk·
or ,1 n,1lion \\·hose crnnes, towen11gup lo he,11e11,
were throw11do\\·11b, tl,e breath of the \l1111ghll.bur1111gthut nahon in
1rreco,ernblc 1u111I
I can lo-d,11t~l.e 11pthe pl.1intivcl.in,,·nl or a peeled
and \\OC·SlllltlCnrx·oplc1
"B1 the n1er, of 8,1bdon. tl1ere \\'t: sat do"n )cJI "e \\cpl" hen we
re111e111ber.:d
Z1011\\i : lid11gcdour h~rp, upo11the 11illo\\1111the 1nitlst
lht·1c·nf f'or th('rc. lhc1 th,1t c-amc-cl11, al\.11C:Jpti,e. reCJUlrecl
of 11sa
,onll: and they ,du, 1hc,teclu, H:,4uiredof us 11111th.
sa,ing. Siug w. one
of llie song, ofZ,011. Ho11r,111\\t' ,ing tl1<.'
Lo1d', wng 111
a ,t1angc l,1nd'
It I fori::dthee.() Jcrns.1lc1n.let 1ny ni:ht hand forget he, cunning If I
do not re111en1lier
thee. let 1nv lo111;ueclean'. to the roof of 111,n1011th."~
F..-11011-c,
l11en,:ubo1e ~vur nat1011,1I.
tu 111ul
tou, 101.I he.ir the u 1ou1111
f11I\\a1l ol 111illion,
ll'ho~c rh,1111,,hc,11; and grie\011, \t:,tc ,da,, arc. lo<l:i\'.re11dered1nore tnlolcrable bv the jubilee ~houls th.1t rearh them If
I do forget, ,t I <lonot fa1thfulh· re111c11d.>er
tho,e bleedi11r;cliildren of
,011011 tlu, cla\ "111.11
m1 nght hand forget hc1 Cl11111111g.
Jnd 111Jy1111
tongue clea, e lo the roof of 111ymonth 1" To forget 1hcn1.to pas, l1ghlh
o,er their 11ro11g,and lo ch1111ei11\\ilh the popular then1e. \10111<1 be
lrea,on n10,t sr,1ndalou, ,111dshocking. J11d,1oulcl111Jke111ea reproach
before (:ocl an<l the world. \Ill s11h1cc-l,
then f<.·ll,111-c1lilc11,.
1s A~lERl·
cv, St ~\I R\ I ,haJI ,ee, llus dJ~. Jnd its popubr d1ar,1rter"tic,, fre1111
the ,la,e·, point of \'ICII Sld11ding.tl1ere. ide111.J.lied
with the .>\n1cnc,,1n
bo11d111a11.
111ak1ni;
hi, \\,Ong< 111ine.I do 11othe>1lalC:'
lo cleclare. "1th
.ill 1111soul, tl1Jt lite d1Jcacler .incl concl11ctof this natw1111t:1erlooled
hlaC"kerto me than on tl11,4tl1of Julr! \\11etl1er \\e turn to the declaration, of the pa,t. or to the profo,sio11sof lhe prese11I.lhe conduct of the
nation seen1>equ<1ll}hideous and re1olting. A1nc11cats fol~eto the pdsl
lal,(· lo the pre~e11
l. a11d,o le1nnlr binds herself to be false to the future
Standing 1v1thCod a11
d the cru,hed and hleecling,IJ1e 011this occ,1sio11.
l \\~111,
1n the nan1c ofl 111
1l1J111
h "'luch 1, outraged. Ill the 11<11ne
oflibert\'
which is fettered. 111the n.1111e
of tl1c constolution dlld the Bible, "h1th
are di,regarded and trnn1plcd upon, dare lo call in question and to
clellounce. with nll the e111p
h,Hi, I c-nnco1nn1011cl.
C\'Crl thing thnt serves
to perpetuate sla,ery-tlu:: i;real '111ancl ,hd111eof A111erica!
"I 11ill not
cqu11·ocale;I 1\III nol e:1.cuse;'' I will use tl,e sel'ere,I lauguage I u1n
con1111and;and ,et not one word shnll es(·ape n,e that ,111v1nJn, "hose
jlldge111e11t
i~ no t hlinckd Ill pre111di(!e
, or who "not ,1t heart ,1 sLl\'eholder. ,hall 1101collfess lo he 111:ht.111d111
st
But I fonci I l1ear s0111eone or 1ny .iuchence say. 111s 111st111this
circu1nstance that vou
.ind vour
brother aboliltonisl, fat! to nialc ,1 fa,or,
,
.iblt· 1111
prcssio11on lift· pt1bhe 11111
1d \Votdd )OIi ,H{;lle 111ore
•. 111cl
dcno1111cclc,s, 11eJuld,011 p<.'r,nau<.c1norc. a11dreb11keless. )Our cause
w<>u
ld be 1nuch 111orelikeh lo ~uccecd. But. I s11b111
it. "here .111is plain
there 1s nothing to be ,irgued \Vlwt poinl Ill the· ,1111t-,la1
c·r) ('rttd
\\oll ld vo11ha\·e 1ne ,1rg11e'{)u \\Ital hr.11,choflhc si1hjecldu the people
of thi~ co1111try
ncc-<llight?\ lust I 11nde1
t.11..e
to prove thJt the sla\'e is a
111
a11?TI1atpoint 1sconcecled alreadv ~oboclv doubt, ti The sl:i\eholclers thcn1sel,es .1ckno\\led,;e 11i11tl1ecnathne 11t of hJ\\•S fo1 tlte11i;ol'er11111c:nt
. !"he, at'k1101
d rclge 11whc11they p1111i,h
cl1~obed1ence
on the part
of the slave. I here .,re ~c,enl)-1\,o rri1ne, 111the St.ii<' o l \ irgi111.1.
,d11eh, if con1n11ttcdbv a bl.1ck n ,an. (110 111:1lktho" 1g11or,
11
1t lie be).
sub1ecl hin1 to the p11noshme11Iof death; wlnlc 011I) two of the san1c
<·rin1cs"'ll s11h1ec-t
j wl1
ilc 111Jn to the like p11111shn1cnl
\\'h ,11i, 1)11,
b11Ithr acb10,dedgen1en l that the ,l.11·e1, a 1110,.il
. intdie< 111;11
.ind
re,ponsihle being? The 111.inhoodor tlw ,IJ,e i~collcc<lcd ll 1sJtl1111lled
1n the fact that Soulhcrn ~lat11tcbooks a1c co,ered 111th cn,Khnenh
forb1dcl111g.
under severe tine, ,ind p~naltie,. th{' teaclii11s;ol the ,IJ,e lo
reacl or lo write \Vht.>ll1·011 C.11
1 poi11tto .111v 111rl1,~'"· Ill 1eferel1CC'
to
tl1c beasts of the field. lht·n I 111:nc-011sc11
I to argue the n1onhood of the
sl~1·e.\-\lieu Ilic dogs 111your ,Lrcels. when the fo,ds ol !ht: .11r. when
the callle on vour hills. 11hell the: fi,h of the sea•. ~1111
the 1cpliles th,1l
crnwl, ,hall hr uoahle to d1sll115;111sh
the sl.in: froll1,1 bn1te. then" 1111
Jrguc-with yon lhJt tlit slJvc 1< a nu11!
For the prtcse11l.111, enough to afr.rn1 the equal 111.111hood
of ~he
llC!,rfO r.lle. II L, 1101
~slon1,l11ngthJt, wl11le\\'(' drl' plo11gh1ng,planting
J11d 1c.lpll1g, using all k111d,ol rne<.'h,1111c.il
toob. erecting houses, co11~trucl111gbridge,. hu1ld111g
,hips. \\orking 1111nc!Jls of br.1~,.1ro11.cop-
.; l.;n..ah
,; 6 f:d,t1,nJ.
- I , 0111 tl'Jt'
hr,1 IHtie of 11~ r ,/)(.r,1tor(jol..11u.u"
I, l)\,ll 1, 1•1....!mh \\ 1IJ~m Uohl C.am..ou
JHt•lmKJ. · J ,111111 t:.Lrnot-11~,ll 111>1~tt""oc.1te.- l v.,11uot e,cu'i-C-1V.lH not H,:lJ\:Jt J
1m&lrmrh •,mdI w,11be hc,ud~[l:.J1tvnl
6 11m u.d tit('
i11~ll4UdtJHQn Iii
tlu:p.u-AgtApl,bdo\A,
.uc lrnllt 1\.&lu, 11- l-6 lf-drtm1
I~<,
J'RCOFRICI(
per. ,1her aud gold; th.1t. \\hilc \\e :ire re.u.hng. \1ril111gand cypheru1g.
,1cling a1 clerk\, 111crchanl~and ,ecrelarie,. hc1v1ng,among us Li11,·ers.
doctor,. 11unister>,poch, author,, ,.,J,to~. orators ,ind teJchcr,. that,
\d11lc l\c .ue c11gagc<l111all 1nan11crof en te-rpnses co1111no11
lo other
n1e11, cltgg111g
gold 111CJ!ifomia, c,1pt11ringlhe 1d1alc 111the Pacific.
feeding <heep J11dcattle on lhc hill-\l<lc, 111111g.
11101111g.
acting, thinl1111;,
pl:11111i111;,
lil'iu.i;:in f.unihe~ .1, husbJnds, w11cs.incl children. and.
.,ho,c ,,11.confessing .inti wor,l11pp111g
lht Chn<li.u,·s Cod. JnJ lool111g
hopefullv for l1ie and 1n11110rta
l1h bcio111Ithe .i;:1,11e.
\\e ate calle<l upon
lo pro,·c th.ti we:.uc 111e11•
\\'011lcl11111 h,f\C 111cargue lhal 111.111
i, enhlled to libcrh' tltat he i,
the nghtful owner of 111,
01111bod,' You lt,11eJl1e.1chciecl.ired 1l. \lu,t
I argue th<·\lroni;lulne-s of ,L11en? h that .111ue,110;
1 fo1 Repuultcans'
h 11 le, Ix: 11:lllt·d b) tht: 111)e,of logie Jllcl Jrgunienl~hon. a< a n1attcr
be~et 1:1lhgreat cl1fficulh. 111\ok111ga doublful appltc.iho11ol the pr111c1plc of 1u,tKC, h.,rd to bc u11dcr,too<I? l-1011,ho11ld I lool l(Kla,. 111tlte
p1c1c11cl·of \111cnt.111>,
d111tl
111i:.~ud ,11lid111th11g
a d1s~uune. ·10 1ho11
lhJt n1e11h,1ve a na1nral rii:hl lo freeclon1' ,peaking of Jt rel<1ti,d1. Jnd
pos1l11elv,ncgah1cl1. Jud .1fhnn.1hvch. To do
1,ould h(· lo 1n;ilcc
1111,df1ulir11l<>n1,
,111cl
lo offc1"'!111,1111
lo 101111111deht.111cl111g.
lhcrc"
not a ,nan beuealh 1he canop, of hea1en. th.it does not kno11th.it sLnen·
i, "ro111;f11r/rm,
\\ l,JI. .1111
I lo .1r~11,·
lh,1111i, 11ro11g
lo 111.1lc111e11
h1utc,. to roh th('lll
of the,r liherl\. lo 11011 lhe111\\ 1tlto11I11age,. to lecp the1111g11or.111I
of
their rdJIJ1111<
to thur kilo" n1en, lo beat lhc111\\ 1th sbt ls. to Ila, their
n.,,1,
II 1th the b,h. lu lo.,d 11,~itl1111h,
1111hlfOlb, lo h1111ttl1t1;, I\ 1th
clog,. to ,ell lhe111di auction. lo ,under 1l1dr fo1111ltes.
lo lnock onl tlteir
lec:Lh.to burn their tle,h. Lostane then, n1to obedience a11u~11b1111"mn
7 \111,11 :ir~n<:tl1al ,1 \\'\len , titus marked "1th blood.
lo 1l11:1t
111J,ters
and ,tan1ted \\Jlh pollution. " 11·ro111f'\o! I 11111nol I l1c1,t·better
c-n1plon1,cnti for 111,L1n1c and slrengtl1, than such a1g111nc111,\\Ould
i111pl).
• \\:h'.tl. theu. re111a
111,lo be ari:ucd' hit tli.,1, l.1,crv i, notd111ne, that
~-odchd 1101cs1.1bli<h1t. tl,at 0111dcxtu ,.,,uf d1111111\
,,re n,i,t.ikcn? 'Jlie re
"bl.1,p!te1111111the ll1011ghl.'T11al,, h1d1 1s1nhun1,1n.cannol be di,ine!
\\ /,o c,1n re,1\011 011such ,1 p1oposil1on' I he, th.11can. 111.iv;I c,11,1101.
1 he tune lor such argun1e11l " pa,1.
Al a lune like lhis, ,eorcl11ng irony. not c-011,incini:argtnncnt, is
needeu. 0' had I l~1eah1li1v,and could 1reach the natJon\ ear, I would.
t<>:<ia1.
pour out a heiy slleam of hi ling ridi,·nlc. blJsting reproJt h. ",thcr111~,.,rc,;,111.,111d,tern rebule. for ii " 1101light th.it " needed. but
fire; 1! " 110Ithe gentle shower, bnt thunder \Ve need th,· slonn, the
11 hnh, ind, Jnd the ea1lht111,1J..c
ll,c feeling of the nat,01111111,t
be q111
c~cncd, tl1e conscience of the 11atio11111nslbe roused: the propr11dvof the
nation 11111<1
be ~lartled: the hypoc11s1of the n..ihnn 11111,t
be c~posed:
~<,.
Do11C
t.ASS.I Ht
0RAl()R
,111d tis lrll tle> ai;ai11,1 (:od and 111~111n11slhe procl.11111cd,tnd
cl1:11ounc-ed
\\'hat, to the ,\111encan51.1\e,15vour 4th of Juh? I ans\\0::1
: J cl.n that
1e~c.1I;.
to hnn. 111oretha11all other davs ,n the ,cJr. the gross 11,,;1,hce
and c111elt) lo 11l11C'h
l,c i~ the ('<111>
t,111t\Hti111111lti111,vonr l·<"ld>r,,Jion
is a sha,n; _ycn11
hoa,tcd lihc ,iv. ,111 unholv l1l:<'1lsc;)Ot.., 11allo11ali;1cdl•
ness. S\\ell111gvan,tv; 10111,01111tls
of 1e1oici11g arc c111phand he.ulles,:
rour denunduhon, of !\Tant<. hr.1ss fronted 11npude11C'e;
,our ,hout\
of liberh and e1111a
l1h hollo11 111oc-kcn·.
,our pra1cr, .111d1;111111,,
10111
,cr111on, J!ld tha11l..,i;i1111gs,
11ilh all your rdii;io11, p.uadc, and ,nle111nih. a1c. to h1111,111c1~
bo111b.1>L.
fraud. deception. 11np1el\,~nd l1111oc
ns, -a thin ,eil to co1cr up enn1es 11hich 110111d
clis11racea nnhon ol
-.wage,. TheR· 1' not .1 11,111011
on the c,1rlh i;uilh of pra( hcc,. 1110H·
,hocl;ng and hlood}. th.111~re the people of thc,c l i111tedSt,1t.:<,al th11
,·en· hour.
Co 1d1c1e)OU n ,a), ,ea1d1 \\'here }Oil 11111,roant throui;h .111tit(• 1no11ard11e1and de,pollsn1, of the old world, tr,l\cl through Soul It \1111:nca.
,c,irch 0111 C'Veryah11se.• 111d11hc11vou have found the h1,t. Iii\ 1011rf.ich
hJ the side of tl,e t!lel)ddv ()1,lllJCesof th 1, 11,lhOll,.u,d \Oil will'·" \\ill,
111e,tl,at, for re\Olt111gbarb,1111\,111d,h;11ncles, l1rpoc·ri"· \111t:ric.ireign,
\\1lhuul a 111al
• •
•
},\:'viLS \10'-l ROF. GRl'<.C;ORY
Fro,n Frederick Douglass, the Orator t
11111S9,. Prore,,01 jJIIIC', 1'-lonro~Crego" d pr,1r(',,01ol I.tin, ,ll H,,,,~rd
ll11110,11,.\\TOiel'rcdvn,k Do1iglass, t/1e C)ra/nr (\\'hcu Doug!."' died 111
1895.. , rcvhctl ed111m
1 11.,,
printed 11ithJdd1ho11.1I
rlupter> 011Do11~).1s,\
deJLh. I," funeral sen·1c<s.,111,
I h" ob1t11.intnh11tc,.1-\,, " ,111dcnlof the
d,1,..ic·,. Crcgot\ "a, well•cq111pped
to J11Jh/c Oo11g
l .1», oraton .,ltl11111gh
heh 1d tiul hcJ 1d lun1 111 111,p111ne
.J
•
•
B1 \\ halt',cr ,tandarcl rudgecl \Jr Dn11glJss11111
take lugh rank ;is
oratnr Jnd II ritcr It 11w1·Ix: tn1li ,.1id of h1111
tl,;1(he \\J, bon1 .11101alv1.
Jtld. ti ,ou.;h he 1> a 1na11of supeno, intellectual f.1c-11ltic,.
he ha, not
relied 011hi, n,1tu1al 1K111ers
aloue for ,uct:L'" in tlu~ In, d 10,e11,ocahon He" c:allecl.1 ,e li-n1Jdc 111Jn,b11tfe1\ rollcge hred 1nen ha,e heen
n1orc d1ligu1t ~t11dc11ls
of logic. of rhetoric of polthc·,. nf hi,tur) .• 111d
126
)AMESr..tor-RoI
GRF.GORY
gener.11liter.1lureth.1J1he He l,11)011!1'lo that cl.is, of orators ot 11l11d1
fo, of 1-:nglJudand Ht:n11and Cla1 in our O\\ n countr1 ,ire the 1110<1
1llu,1t1ousrep1<'~tnlat11cs111'sh.le, howe,cr. 1spccul1arh h1, n1H1
Ciccro ,~,, ... The best orator i, lie tl1Jl ,o <peaks a, to in~tn1ct. to
delight, .,nd to 1no1etlie nuud oflu, Iicare-rs."I\ Ir Dou~lds>is J st11kmg
exa111pleof 1111,ddi111lion.Fe11111cnequal hnn 1n lus po11erover an
duc~ence. lie po<sc~,cs,,it ,ind pJtho'i, h,·o qu.d1l1c, "h1ch charactcr11cd Cicero ond wh,ch, 111the op1111011
of thi: rhetorician Quintilian.
~.11e1he Ro1nJ11or.itor ~real ad1a11ta,e,c
over 11cmoslhenes.?Judge Ruffin of Bo,1011.'111hi1 111tro<luc-lion
to \Ir l)ougl~s· JutobiogrJµh,. s.ivs:
''DouglJss 1sbri,nf11Iof humor, -at lln,e, of tl1e d11eslJ..111J,
it i< of ii
quninl k,nd, vou c-;111
,ee 11co111i11i.:
a lung wa, off 1113 peculiar hl'1lch
of hi, 111oulli;1t 111crea,csund broc1dC'ns
gr;id11allruntil it beco1ues irre'"t ,blc and all-pcf'\.1d1ngwith his a11d1ence" I he liuu1or of !\Ir Doug1tit<:gceal actor, ,,ho nc,c-r
Liss,s 11111ch
liJ..eth.it of \Ir. Jo,epl, Je!Ter,011.
111.1!..e,
au effoct to l,e fun11;.but his hu111oris of the quiet, supprc,sed
!)pc L1l..e\Ir Jefferson, 1101\ he e,cite, tho,e en1otion, ,,hid , c.iu,e
tears. Jnd 11011he stirs up !hose ,d11tl1 produce !Jugl1te1 Cricf and
11111
th llld} be ,a1<llo re,i<lc111
JJ101111
11gJpa1line11L,111the -..i111c
edifice.
,1nd lhe pa,s1ng from one ,1pa1lml'111lo the other" nol ;i difficult thing
to do.
I he u1og1Jphc1of \\t lJ,lt·1• g11e,the follo11111g
a1n111111g
J11ecdotelo
,ho" the s1mplic1l\of c,prcssing thought tor 11h,ch lh"l Colos.us of
An1eric~n11,telleclis cl1sling111shecl
111his speeches: "On the .irri,nl of
lltdl ,111gu
ld1geuiu,, DJ11dCrocl..tll.'' al \Va,lu111;to11.
lie h.1u.in oppor1111111\
of heannt; \ lr \Vch,tcr A ,horl tune afltn,drd, he 111et111111
aucl
.ibruptly .icc-o,t~clhin1 as follows:'Is thi< !\1r. \Vcbsler"' ')es, sir.' 'The
ga:~l \Lt . \\'cb~ler of \la.,s.1d1thclb?' c:011hnuedlie,\\ 1th ,1 "g11ificant
tone 'I a111!\Ir \\cbstcr of l\la"dcltu,elb.' 11a, the c:alin repl)- '\Veil.
sir.' continued the eccentric Crockett,'[ h,1dhc,ud that ,011\\ere .i great
l I (r-r•n Cl.n CI~"'T JSi? , \\'1,1~ :w:n,,,,,{!, ,m kurut l,, 1n tltr dtt.i,ln bdort llit" C1-.·1l\\Jr.
CJ.n:b.xamt' iwmrnh~ 1111
or.il,>r and <omrnos111.,c1
m we Ii lci:uLtll\-tt'\<cnb J.'\ ttl~ \.1t,'i<llm
C,0111111,111,1-.1·
Ch.1dr"J.111tn1o, 17•-N-l~li61, l.1~11.J11t.,h.imJn. pol,1rc.u11
, .md1ew1"1-.ccl
1, \ ucm1;1~tatosn.m ,md out,,r, one d 11,tnuht 111Hutott.1l
o~,1.,, n11tKl lJt11n· ( I "'3fi-1"'9?
pola11n:m,r,f the Rc\1,I 111,,n;H)• t'ra 111111111\I
f.m,ou, "'"1d1lo tlw Conhr1cnti1lt:orn,eu i.n
\brl.h ,,j 177S ..c,..r Ill(' litJt'"rh, 01 '!h~ lllt' Jc;ath 1Edtum
2 Ccltbutc-d \tht11011 rn.th'.Jr a_c - l!: 8G ,J ....hornCtt('T().ld11111cd
Cu:('IO ( 106 ac-B
o~.;
BC.. the QC'o!fnj
ol lhe Rn111
..1,oro1t111 \ I U\•h I ,1li1u t Q,111111111111.1, \.U ~i?-,o ll7'J, tdcbr.ttc.-d
IUJ111.m
rl,c-ti-.tt1.11•1n tl,e )h tt: of C1trro Iu/11,,n
~ C,;c
,Ht;tl..c:\\11Rufh11
t P-1;-J-l~~). bornol \Jnc.111
,IM<t'Ul
but "I (rt'~p;arcrit.agc
. Ru.J6n"itud1<:<lI"-' , CTJ<l!J.ih.:d
lrrm1 lb.r.-.ml.uHi 111l~".il:"•• 1ppo1111tJ
10tl;.;.e
ol .a 80'lltH111111mC1p.d
4 ourt tJ1<'011h hl,1cll\hl1« IQ holJ,,Aiccin :\le-,.,~.ngl1n<I
u11i1,uL111t/F'tl,t
..r,)
1 f',um,u, ~111¢ucau4..jor · lb? 1 l'XJS
•"ho br1ll1.1111h{ii l\'('11 ·• nu111bt:t
o 1ult'i. for O\.cr.IC\Cnf'i
\t.ils w ll1e.ih:1comµ.uuc~ m the Urnt<'d
SIJtt-.,E.n~J1KI••md An,tr.1l1;a
[Fd11nn1
; 0.1mel\\, l1\t1..f (I .. t.?-1~~~ 1, \\ lu:;scn.1t'>I trom\.buac h•l t"tt", f.111100,. or,1l•JC,though001 m
1t1cnn-.c c•f<mliJJ\'.C:r\J£d:ton
!
6 Huuo,.11lrnnhrt•,1,1,m fro111
Tetmt:~c l;~~,~~"'· CrocWt re-pr-nellkfl'll'111•'"-..et
u, tl1e
•l.~lt--l~1\l.,1t11r-1m)111lht l l !> Cougre1.,.l1c l,1terhtt.m1c- ;, ltt('fl<l Jfter 1mhnoac dc-..ith~f
th'-'\u:{1 () 11ln.t, Ed1t,:inJ
I-REDERJCI..
001'(;1.ASS,
THE
Oil~roR
129
man. hut I dn11'1think so, I henrd )Ollr speech and 1111dcf\l1K1d
n·ery
ll'ord You ,a1c/' "
l'rc~ident I .inc-olnga, e 1111,
reph lo the que<tiona1~cd,to,, h,1t,e~rel
he o\\ eel his ,ucc~ 111public debJte· "I jh1 .1~, ,,,11111,II1:ii 111,,111cl1
c11ces<1re1n rnany things 1~i-erll1,111
1 a1n. aucl I sa, the 1110,tscns,blc
tlung, I ca11 to lhe111.J 11e1erfouncltl1;11
tlic\ did nol understand lllt'"
The po,1e1 of ,nnplc ,t,1lc:111c11t
"n11c of tl,c thief d1arncleri,tiC"lof
i\.lr l)ouglass· side of speaJ..111g,
and 111th,s respect hl' rcsc111blesFox.
1l1ei:re,11Brili,h stales111an.,,ho. Jbo,e all lus counlr1'1nen.\\.I\ d1,h11g111shetl1111
a<T<>Ulll
ol plai1111css,
.111d,,1, I n1a, c.>xpress
il, ho111ehnes1
of thought \\h1ch ~d\C hnn great power 111persuading ,111cl
1nod11ghis
audience .
\Ii l)nught,s' 111Auence
111public speaking 11due 1.irgeh to lhc foct
that he toud1c, 1l,c hl',1rtsof hi, hcare~-lh,, t he 1111pre,scs
thc111,, ith
the belief of h1~s111cc11ty
.111dc:dr11e1h1cs,
HI\ heart 1, 111,dial he "'"'
"Cleames.,, force. ,1nd ea111eslnes1,"sa), \\ebster, ",uc the qualities
\\h1cl1produc·e c·o11,1d1011I rue eloqucncc. 111cleed,
cl11csnot con<i-1111
11:><:<·<·h.
11ca1111oi
lx: hr<111ghl
li-0111
far, ldbor J11dlcan11111;;
111.11
toil for ii.
but tht·y ,, 1lllo1lfc1111111van, \\'ord, and phra~e, 1n.1}be 1nar<h,1led
111
e1er1·,.,,,,, bu1 the, cannot co1np,1,,1t;1t 11111'! e\l,t 111the man. 1n the
,11hjett,anti in the occa,io11."
I here l,a,e been thu,c 0Cb11!11J11l
111111d,
"ho li.11ega111ccl
,01ne rtpu laLion a, ,peJker;; the, liJ,t' bec11,ucccs,ti.11in plea,111ganrl aniusine,
tho<e the, addres,ed. hut lhl'ir ,11cccs,,toppc•d hen: '11,c, could 1101
re;ich tlic depths nf the> he;irl. bec·a11,c!heir 0\\11 hcarb \\ere 1101
touche<I I he pnct J loracc • .1d1111r,tbh
e,1lorce, this thought ,d1e11he
,.ns: "lf vou ",sh 1ne to \\eep, 1ou 11111,t
first,·nur,clf be dt·tph t;r1c,ccl
·But t~ bt full) .1pprcciatcd \ Ir Dn11i:;l.1ss
11111,t
be seen ,11,dht-.11cl
Thi, "~' al,o 1n1C'of I lcnn (;)," ()nc could lorin b111,, f.1111t
concef>'
t1u11of hi~ c:-loq11e11ce
.,nu g1a11deu1
b1 rcaJi11gIii, 1pcccl1c,.. u,J rd,·"
reported. the1 \\Cle both logic-al.111d
.tri:;t11ne11t;t11,c
I ht· fire .111d
'"11011
of Ilic 11w11
t·ould not he tr.111,ferred
lo paper \h . l)ougl.i<, 111 s~aking
doc, 1101111;iJ..c
111,1111
i:;c,111re.,.
uul thost he ll'>C\ ,1rc11,it11rdl
.111d
,1x111l.111cou,, f h~ 111a1111er
1s,unplc and c:raceh1I ancl titer<"1> 1101111111;
.,bout
hi' sh le arllhc1al or tlccl,11naton
• • •
hLlZABE'fI I C•\ I) )' STt\.Vf'ON
Diaf't Entrv on l)ouglas~\ Death] t
[Of lhe 111.111~
tribule'i pJul 1·mll'flt i [)011c:L1,,
on 111,deJlh. pcrlup< the
<111<
111.1
1b,:,t caph art>dlhe c,,c 11,e oflhc: puhlii: 111.m
"a," I1,1!111,old fnt'nd
and foll<Jwhu111.111
rii:ht, rcfo1mer f:,h1,1hdl1C.1,h Sl.111h:in(I 81~ 1902I
"role; 111h.-r (li,tr) the-d.11 .,ttcr 111
, dc.111, $he 1,J<lli101Hl Don~l,1<~
,111ce
lhc I S-lUslhe decade of the '-urralin, a11dlhc l1111e
ol th<'speecl1 that ,he
r<·cull,I
N f\\ ) OR"· /.'ehn111n21 I 8951,
L1ktn~up lite p.1per, lo-<1~1·,
the:fir,t wo,d that cJught 1n1 eve tl1nllcd
1111\t:I) ,oul. frc,l1:11d,Douglu,s 1, dead1 \\'h,11 111en1one,of lit,· 10111;
1c:a1, ,,nee: l1c:,1nd I lir,I n1cl cha,cd c.1d1 othe r, lhicl, and f,1,1.ll11011gh
111\1t11ncl
,11111
held 111cspcllho1111d.\ graduate fro111
the "So11tber11
lnsht11ho11;·he w;Js11c:lllit1t:dlo 5land l,efo1c ,l Bosto11.111d1encc
,ind. \\ tlh
l,i, bu111ingdo1ptcnc·e. portra} 111,,nffcrin~• 111 lhc bnd of hon,L1g~ l le
,tood there hke ,In \fn c.111pn11t·c, nmwshc iu hi, \\ rJlli . ,ls 1111h 1111,
-.Jtirc, ,1_11d
i11du;11Jlt<>n
lit 1;;
1.ipli i(;.ilh dc,cnbcd the lnttcr11es;of ,l,11etJ
Jnd Ilic hun11l1.
1l1011of ,ub1echon to tho<c 1\110,1n ,1l1ln11ru111
\ irh.1c,
and power, 11trc 111lcno1lo h1111,df.1h11,it" '" thJI I first s.m foretlerick Do11gh" J11d""'nlcrcd th~I a111111ortal 111an,ho11ld li,l\c c1cr tncd
I(• ,11b1ui;,1leJ hcuu; 11ith such l,1len". i11tcn,11ic:d1111hth.: lo,e of l1b-crh \ro1111clbun ,.11lht· t;rc.,t .1111t,laH•f\ orators of the d,11 c.1r11e,1h
,,a1d1in1, !he cffcd of hi, clo1111cnccon llial 1111111c:11,c:
,111cli<'11t:c,
lhal
l,1u~h~d.ind 11ep1 P\ 111111,.co1npleteh <:JII icd J\\a\ b, tht: "ondrnu,
~1th ol hi, p.111,os ,111dh1111101( )11lh1, occ,hton • .ill the olhtr spc.1kc1s
<<:c111cd
t.intc 1flu l•rcdcrid, IJou~la,, . In 1111it.1lin11
of the l\lelh<Jdt,t
preachers ol tht South he 11":dto delncr a ,cnnon front the tc,I. ·scr,anb, ohc) 1011r111,iskrs,'·11hit 11,on1e of our l1kmr, cr1hc, p1011ouucccl
fl1c linc,1 ptc:u. of ,,ilirc 111lhL Lngli,!1 l.1111,11Ji;t
" I he I.isl li1nc I 11,1ttd
bis horne al \n.JCo,tJ [~ffl, nca 1 \\.1,li111glon I a,Lcd hi1n ,f iiC'ha<! tl1c
11Ttlk11le,t ol 111.11
,~n,1011 He .111S\\C1ed,"l\o, nut c,e11 notes of 11"
·t:u11ld 1011 g11l· 1t ,1i;.1i11?"·I .i,kt·d "'Jo' he replied. "or at lea;I I could
not hnng h;1ck the old fc·d111g,c1cn if I tried. Ilic hks.,1ng 11I l1bc1h J
h.11~ ,c, 10111;
c1110\cdh.1\111g.1l1110,l
obliterJtt<llite p,unful memon(', of
"" ,.u l c.11h <l.
•1,"
lm11
llm.do,
,c-v.
,rrl
St.arl,n
S1.11tu,1 P.1.,,1,n1
l'J~~• \ol ~ 1p HJ I~
ml ILlmcl
II rpcr,\· B tlct!I
1111
l.f,.u'•,lh Cuth ,t,11t,
'"'\ t
CRI..fICISM
\VlLl,J.~f S. \l e FEr:r ,Y
'1 he \\ 'n tin~ of Lhe .l\iarrative J t
I110\, Ll,t \arrahn c-an1<>
lo he 1<told ,n 1 recent lHographyof Douglass.
No ,1cco111I 1, l-no\111lo c>.tst Lhal describe, ~xacth "here h<' ,11ole the
boot...how 111a11> drJlts he prcp.1rc
d . 1111d
olhcr dC't.HI<
tl,at \\Ould ilh11111nate
lhe 1ncC'p
llu11of Llu, re111.1rl1lile
work ]
•
•
I le \\ a,, 111f.t;,t, tletennined lo he ,01111,:thing
for be}on<la cunos 11\
when tn 18-Hhe bega,1 lo'" ile ,1 ,lory of Iii, life th.it "ou ld 111
:ikc· 11,c
world pa, h i111true Jltention. l lis hool... he and h,s f11enchfelt sure. not
onh 1,0111dre;1d1render<;1,ho h,1dnot heflrd h1111,
hut would Jl;o rein•
force the p1th11e 111the 111111d',
C'}' l" the ~011orn11~
sound ,till i11the eilr,
of tho,e "ho had. \\ 'cndell Phillip,. 111p.irhcular, urged h11nto \\ rite
hi, ,torv, ,,nd 111 the spring of 1845 was telling Ins a111.l1ences
to be on
the lool..oul for ii 1 lie·l\orrcJill'Cn/ the L.1/eof Frec/('ntkl)oughi .,~ \\ould
be a po\\e 1ful an l1~la,e1, lracl, hut it \\o tild also be far n1ore 1lrn11111.1I.
In Ins\\ nllng, Dougla,s outran be,ng a runa11a,. Ne,er sati,fiedw1ll1
the de£;ree to 11h1ch ,1 n1neteenlh-cent11n " lute world took the e,-\ l.11'<'
,enou,h a, a11 i11h:llcdual , he \\Ould h.i.c l>ec11
profou11clh~ratified by
lht allc11ho11 p,1id l11,wo1k 111the h1ent1elh century Read 11011011h
,econdanh for \\h,111h~ td l us about sla1en, hi, 1\'<1rre1/11('
ll'i-15) and
\/ , 13nndogeone/ ~1v J.reeclom11855) l1a1ec~n1ccllhc l('t;,1rd oi t11lic:,.
<11C'lt ,L\ \,Villi:i111
L. -\11drc11>
, -. ho see then , as l\,o 111the se11c, cl great
· 1· narrdhYe>of th.ii 1110s1
ren1mkableof all decade;
\merican letkr. .
Tiu: Narrut,~e c,1rr1es 11011c
of lhe poeln of \Vl11tn1ans hnt cdihon uf
Lec11esof (;rcJss r 11,:;5 h11t 11loo i, .1 1011~ nf 111y,df·1lic1c ,s 1101 tl,c
epic trai:cd)· of i\ lcl111lc> \ luhr I)1ck, If,:; I 1, and I el 11,s a ston -no t
11holh un lil..e hl11n.icl's- ofsu rv1,al 111,1\\orld .1tsea \11th t', il ()11the
other hdn<l,"1th tt> 111e"agcof ~ro\\ i11g,df-<:011fidc11t·t·of sdf-1cli.i11tc,
the !\arra/11'<.'i, ktn lo En1er,011's c"Jy, . Bui pe 1hap, D011gla%\telling
of 111, tlfij-.;<e, i, closest lOus ,11 to T horeJu s ,1cco11ntol his .titogether
,.ifce<c.1pe lo \\.il<leu Po11d. 'I h.11411iell~co111.1111c·d,
,uh,c·r,i1c t.ilc lid,
rel'erhera led ever ,i ncc 11,tclli11~,11th J nu:,-..igc:of rJclic,1I1ep11d1alion
of coirup l ,0<:1cl\ l l1orca11heJrd a \\.endell Phillip<lecture descnhmi;
Dou~I~,-\ ,·,od1 1,-and
rcpotltng that a 11ritte11 ,1cc-11unt1-.1, <>11ih
11a\- 111the spnnr.;of 18-+5
,1> h..-,,a, pl.111111111;
hi, ,njo11r11
0111,1de Conco rd Robe rt D. R1d1.1rd~on,
Jr, ,d 10"role 'I hureau\ 111tellccluJIb1or;•
rapl11. h.1, ,,.11
d lhJt 1t 1, not ".111 acc1denl lli.1t the earliest ,t.1gc<of
or
1-tvm \\·,Hum S \hlcel~·. ftt\Kr,,( lJ01r~(tt,.;. l '\:r\\ foil, \\ \\ ~toll11n
Col•}tiglilC 11191
h,:\\ 1ll1J10, \l,~1-tth Rt:pn 1tft1I I':' pt:11111,w111
l'Nl ) lli-1"'
I,4
\\ ILIIAM
S \lcF1 :1L\
Thoreau·, 1110,elo \\alden co111cidcII ith . the publication oi Doui:;1.i-,., tlJrr.111,e of l,o\\ lte ~a111cdh1< freeclo111
. \I aldt>tlis about 5elfc:111J11c1patio11."
In JII three of his autob1o~oph1e,. Douglas, tJnt~h,es 11511ith the
rn:111v
thing, lu: le.1,e1out: nut the kJ,l of these 1<rlisc11ssio11
of 11ll\ and
hu,1 lw ,1101<theui. 111scurre,pondencc is ec1u,1lly,oid of r<:k1<'ntcsto
11 h.1111111,t
ha,e been a co,npclhni:; e,erc1,e for hun \V~ l.11011
th,11Phillip, Jud otht·r, 111the •\t11t-Sl.11enSoctt:ll urged hin1 lo put his stor1
11,topnnl. h111111111111
did he l,tll. 10,tbout the pro1ecl. who !telped. ,d10
11Js it, Cll1tor?Hts l.11t-rquJrrels 111thhi< Rnhsh publ,sher 111<11..e
tl dca1
that he cJred nol onh .100111the colllellt-he re,1,tl'd a11, ccnsonng
ol 1u,1tcn,1Ithmu;ht lo he offellsi1e to Chn,lla11,-bul ~lso almul the
.tppcar:ince of the frollt 111Jlt.er
and tl1e co,cr S11chconcern, 1nu~thJ,e
bec11111lhD011gb~, C\CH ,11lhe ti111eof the lir~l prilll111gof the lirsl
bo11k
13111
perh:ips1101 loa ren1arkdble degree \urr<1l11eofthe l.,feofFrcderick Douei<J.~,
doe, ,eun to h.1vcsilnpl, sprullg fro1n ,1 111.111
,,ho hJd
bcc:11tdl111gthe ,.unc, ,tor) i111nuch 1l1e,o111le IJnguage frou1 the Jnh,l.l\l'r) pl..tfnn11for four year, \lld 011cehe l1ad cn.·alecl."1th h1, ,01cc
and then 111,peuc:11.lhL frcdcncl Douglass ol the i':arr.itn•e,the .1uthor
nc,cr ,1lkrt·d c1thc1 the cl1,1r.1ctcror lite pint ,ig111fic,111tly.
'1111,.u1ore
than the fact tlt.11,pea~i11i; tJn1e e"d>JerthJJJ v.nt11lg for Douglas,.
e,pla1ns ,d1~ he 11roteuo book, other thall llu: a11tob1ograplue, I le had
h111011<·cl1,1r;1clcrto rr.111,one ,torv to tell ' flit· t\\(1 fok·r hook;, ,\Ir
Ho11daecu11d\ h J,reedom .111cll.,{c and 'I 1111e,, of /'redt:ric-kl)ouglu.~~1c1eal 11upo1Wllt,l11ft,111approach .11,duel.ul. liut the rrcJerKl. l)uugla<sof tlw \urrc1/n·e ren1.1111\
11111ol,1t..:
I he \.irr<1l1n,i, ,horl a11dclirecl, fro111lhe ··r11,1,horn·· ot 11>lirst l111c
lo 11'clu,111c,
JCl ount of the J\.111lucl.d,pcedt. dc,,nlnng l1m1T)o11glJ"
-1clt ,trongh n101cd lo ,peak" ,ind \1,1> urged to do ,o a, 11ell."It ,h1, a
,e,ere cross, and l lool 11up reluctanlh. 'I he truth \\JS I tell nw,elr a
,IJH'.. and lite idea of ,peal.111glo 11lutc people \\ eigl,ed 111cdo,,11 I
,po~c but ,1 r.:\\ 1110111cnl,.
"hen I fell .1do,greeof frecclo111
·• I he pcrsoll
11eco,ne lo kno\l 111 these bnef pac,e;.is unfor~ctt.1ble. fron1 the ."ic1rr<1
•
Ill'<' di 1d tl,e 111.tn)ulhet accu111lbuf nll1,111.11,
publtshccl in Dougl.1s.,"s
d,1). right do1111lo Toni l\lor11,on\ f3elo1t1d111our~. there ha, l>ecn no
e,c-ape frmn the ,l~,e 111\1neric.111letters \nd for the rift\ ,c,ir, followtll!; p11bl11:al1011
of tl1e :\urrall~'I' 1111h45. ll1crc 11J$no e,c,1pe for ~It:
author from lhe ruua,1a1
he l1.1d, rc,11c,l.
•
It 1seas1 "hen re.id,ng the ,'\J<1rrulive
lo 1111,1udge
lhc 1caso11fnr tlic
author\ 111JJ1)
u1111\\toll,-lhc n.1h1re ol his relJlionsh1ps 111thhis brother, dnd s1,ler,, for e\,Ullplc. Hi, fn, 11,cdcr111cc11tr.1t1on
on h1111,elfdoes
in, ite th<' charge of 1n,e11>11J,11\
lo other~ 8111there ,,ere other, deeper
reasmis for sLtclt,oid, \\.'e get J lnnt of the111,,hell he tdls oi , 1.., •.,, 011
a \\~e House f.tnll ,inging ··11lostl'\llltingly" when ··1ea\111ghmne:
Tnr
·\UTOOIOCRAPHIC-~L
or
\\ RITINGS
~ RfDf Rlt:i-.
Dc11C.l ~,~ 135
the\ would sing, a, a chorus, to words 11luc:hlo 111.m,would see111
u11111ca111ng
jargon. hul ,d11ch, ncn:rtllf.:lc", ,1ere fnll of 111ea11i:t1g
to
lhe1nsel1cs." 771ere were: 50ule sound, of sla,er) ~1al Douglass could
not render 111,1or<h that h1, readers ,1ould h<.:ar, pn,alc tom1e11ts.ind
horror, too deep in the well to be dra\\ n 11p
' l'he hool,. w~~ p11bhshed h1 the "'\111t-Sla1c'}Office" 111Boston in
June 1845 and priced at fifty cents. 'I he l.1beratorIt.id .1nnow1ced its
publ1cdl1011111,\.LJ}. Jtlu Phillip, .111dlus JIJie, 111lhe likrari ,,orld ,,111
tu tt thJl rc,1ew, appca1cd p101nplh B, tall. 4. 'iOOcopic, h,1d hcc11,old
in ~te U111tedStales: <;0011!here 1,('re three Furopcan edihons. and
wilhin "" ·' year; ,o,ono
copies were in the hands of redden 111e lilt\ j.
tJble charge Jppe-.tred th.ti ~ ~!Jve bo, could 1101h.1,c wntlcn the
hook- L)dta '.\Lt11.1
Child 1 (ahu fal,el, <.:reu1led111thha,ing 1,-ritten
lc!drrt<:lJacob,, l11c1de11t,
111 Ifie Lr/eof c1 Slan1 Crrl) \\JS olle of 1na1t)
su,pcclccl of ha,ing been the ghosl \Inter. But Ju,olle 11ho ltaJ hea1J
Dougl,1ss- and hv l!H, lhousau<ls of 1:><:opkh.1d-l.11c1, lhal the lang1uge or the \<1rrul1n! wa~ Lhe><1111c
a, that of the n1an who Sil p.1ssio11:1tel) tulcl lus lule fron1 the platforn1
PETER RlPLF.Y
1'lte
Aulohiographical
v\'ritings of l<'rederickDouglusst
[t li,,lorian J'cler Riplc". J dast1ni:111,h<"<I
antl,ont\ tlll Jbol1tio111,u1.
ha, IHII •
Le11uf doubh ,d11d1both Fredencl L)m1i;I
1" ,111d,on1c of lu, lelluw 1boh1tonish had Jbout the pubhcJhon of till' \/r1rr<1l11·c
()ue <:011ce111
\\,ls llut
Dour,la~<.,o recent I) J ,Li,e Jnd \I 1tlmulJ forn1.1ll'ducJhon. would 1101
be believed to be the lroc .111lhorof tl,c hook l'hc:\ c,pedtcl ch,1ll,·11c;c,
lrmn pro1>uncnl>of ,la,cr, anJ lhe) got tl1<111
011(
ol these chJlleni;e, . h}
\. C C. ll1ompso11.di,e11s,edb, R1plc},appears ,1ho1e,on pp. Sf>-91.
Doug!Jss\ ,ebutt.111s.11>0,c,"" pp. 91-96 J
•
•
•
The N1.1rrr1/1l'e ~1gn.1lcd Do11iilJ,,~ e111cri;cn<"c
.1~a cont1u1tkd abllli·
tionJSl and ,uggc, ts lu, lk·,elop1llg 111tcllrch1.1I
,I.ill, duriug tho1c earh
,em, or lrc·c•clon1111, ri1stabohho111,t,pet:d,, r,1,cn 111I\ l,1,,.1cl111,etb
1n
the 1111n1ncrof l'i-11, \\hen lw 11:1,ju,t tlucc ,c,us out or ~lanl,111d
,IJ,cn, 1,J, rc111cn1bercd1>1\\1111.1111Lloid (~,1rriso11.i., ,111a"l.,,~rd
.1ff,11rCalkd tort!t to add,cs, Jll .inlt,la,cf\ l;Jll1enlllj. Dougl.i,, look
1 \\(ull."'•"
1·n~mcl.1holttion.M m<lJ11.t.l1(1ftl')(~:-I:'\~
btl\lof!<'O l"' i i 111,l
l~i(lffle1A.roC<'
F:-1..l,
c:..-d,k.-d.
u 1,1 ~111h11,lu,I
111.itH~>nli, 10011 ~h, a1k.lUl..lf,,lJ'11lel o,, th(' .ilio!1lui11ul sl,;\cr~
,,,,,
l
I
r 1,1111\.JUtf. tll
1111flhc·n
Suld1t1;4 I , s,m11~ l'J~SJ ~ ~
'\r,1to11 Ct1IM:.1l
l 1l1hofl
rc.fc,to ti o
Kq1,u1l('<I
.I\pctltlb:'11'11a,11lt'kt
,,age
136
PFI ER
ill f. ,\l•1fl1\IOGRAPHIC\L
RIPLCT
tl,e sla~c _.,th '"hc<;1lannone!embarrJss111ent. After apolog17111g
ror
hi, ignor,1nce. ancl rerninclini; the <1u
d1e11ccthat ,hnery \hlS a poor
1chool for the h11111.
111i11telleclu11dlieart. he proccedcclto narrate borne
of tl1e facts 111Ins O\\ 11lnslon ,1- a sla,e
" 1 Doui;IJss, pre,entJt 1011
tl1c fullO\\tllgda1 111a nr1ghhoring lowu pro111ptedthe f'-l.1ssach11sells
!\nh-Sla1cn Soc1etv
. to enlt,t hi111J; J lecturer For the nc,t fo11r1car<,
he crisscrossed-'"" E11i.:IJ11d
a11utl,c '\orthwc,t 1h1mp111g
against sla1er1. 111cre,h111g
both hi, orntorical ,b)h and hi, Lnowledi;eof rcfonn
1,sue, \n1h1llolls.ind intcllee:!u.i11)t"11rio11-'>.
D011i;
lm,sedutJtcd h 11n~t-lf
hi' readini; refonn literature. 1>1p<1rhc1pJU11g
111 disc111s101u
. .incl b)
ab,orlnni.:ti,e ledures of Ius iJ"Ottatcs on tlir to11r.
Dougla,-\ role and po~11ton,n thr anti,l,nerr n10,e1nent dwnged
s1gn1ficanthclunng those e~rly ye<1r,.l11iti,1lhrecru1ku ;,s a kduu.:r
bec:au,e lie po,se,,ed h,o parl.Jt:ul.ul, dppc:ali11gquJl1llcs-h,: \\'1< a
fug1tne ,la1c-~,,d a c.ip.iblc:,pc,1ler-Dougla<- typified the "awful!
c,an1ple" not long out of sla\'el'\, 1isibleon the platform and effecti1e Jl
tire letk·ru . lie rebted Ju, experiuru,, 111a clr.11.11arrati,c,tile arid 111
~ 111Jn1ut1
noi ~t·Ifree ol "ph111lat1011
dialed·· But Dougla~,sho\\cU ,1gn,
of discontent Jt simph- clisc11ssrng
h,s per1onal experiences as a slave.
I Ii, lt>clure,soou i11du<le
d 1uterprelalro11
arid anah,i., of sla,ery. Jbol1lm11.a11dother 11:for111
11101e111c11G
Douglass \\Uulcl nut 1011~1e11rn111
the "awfulle,an1ple." I lis gro,lth was too rap,d for that. 2
I·ne11d,c::aul1011ecl
tLJI au arbcu l.11c,re,po11s1ve
, re.1.,or1111g
lectnrer,
\\hi) cl,umt·clto he a fui;1ll\t",la10:,would be u1rc·o111i11cuii,:
to lhe ise11eral p11bhcand counterproductil c to the crusade,;Their fc,1r,\\ere 1u>h·
ficcl.Publil ,J.cplit·i,111kepi pace w1tl1Oougla.1fsns1ng rep11t,1llon.1111
rcluctanrc· lo tb,c·ln,c· sp;;c11ic111fon1tdlJ011
about hi, sLr1eri P·"',ts .,
111eansof confirmmg his fi11;1t11
c st,,tus encouraged thl ,kephc::s.111
an1
of \\ h0111clJ1111edhe had ne1·er been 1n11dethe peculr.u rn,blul1t1u.
Doni;lass,11hol1i1dcha11gctl111.1
1wu1efro111Frederick n:iile1, wornrcl
abqut revealing his sla,·e nan,('. or tlK narne of hrs nu,ter. or tire scene
of his bo11<lage
for fear 11wo11ldresult 111h,s arrest aucl 1een.,IJ1e111e11
1
Tcchnic-.1lhhe\\ a, ,Lill~ sla1e aud ~ubjecl lo c,1ph1rea, tl1eproper!) of
Ju, last owner Ille issue11,1spcrsiskul a11d1n11><ntJ11t
e11ou~htor Douglas, to g1,t. JI oue pornl 'probabh 1841 lo 1842,. the e1scnli.rl foch to
the officer, nf 1h1·\ la~sachu.1clbAnti-Slaver,' Socicl',.
The co111b1ned
issues of Douglasss slave p;isl and his .1nhsla1el'\ skills
1\crc 1noH· i111portanlthan <impl) cerhf1111g
I el ,111other
,r11ti
sla1erylectnrer l)or1glassC',uncupon the ~cene at ,1ti111c11hen he-or ,01ncone
like hnn -\\ as needed b1 the i1101e
111
enl, perh.1pslor lhe "ell-being and
co11Liuualio11
of lite c-ru,ade Pro,la,er} apologi\ls insi,ted that ,Inver)
11J, J Jl<l;alt~c
good for ih c111
li71ngand chn~l1a1r11
ing u,tlncnc·e ,111d
.
l. I.Joup,.",,..,,,,.,.....,_
' I I4 I
2 ~ct.: TM Pc1/Jtt1
t,{ hedcnct Doul')\.l!1 Scnei I, \f,I 1111i-I Spt·•-clta,Dch.11.a .ind lnlt"f\'IC\\\
I ~4 t 1' • 6, )ulm II' Bw-m~•me,cd (',,., H.ven, 1'>7'1)
\\'RJll:S<.~l• (.)~
f Rfl1fRJCR Dot
GU.sS
I Ji
the, durged that re
.....
if .tll), .1bolitron1\t<had c,pc11c11cedtlte 11Lslitu-tion fro111,HI\' cun11:ns1011
'' [l 1oscarg11111enl<
"ere hca1d regularh and
,1crc-gaining ,111tborit,111the \/01tl1d> \\ell J, the South \\hen Dougla"
took tl1e lectern, and with his own experrerKes dllU"l11p--,c:1rrecl
b,1c-k.
challenge:-cllhe111111wa1, that no white or free bL1cl.abulitro1u,lcou ld
Yd he coukl du tlwl effecti,el) onl) if he 1,asbd1c,cd
Co111111c-1ng
111,friends was one tl1111g:
per<;11ad111g
the publrc-wa,
another. l)ougb~s was troubled. I Ir kue,, thal doubts ahoul 111111
11ere,
111h1s words, "being used lo 1111111c
tl1,· an1tsla1e11CJu,e.· [ le could
backsl1deJnd return lo relating personal stones and anecdotes: or he
could conh11ut:a., a lecturt:r of ,upeuor qu,111~but nKre,1'ingl) In\\
cred1b1lrti: or he cou ld 111,ike
publrc tire fach of 111,p:t;I ,111dri,k hcrng
retun1ed to lhe Eastern Shore of~laryt ,ntl 111di;nns. Re1edn1gthe first
,1ltemJti1e.:ti person.ilh 1111.1cc:cptable
,111cl
ret11~111g
to unnpron11>chi>
11,efulne,s.Dongl.,s; t·lto.,e 111,le,1d
to wrilt' ,111dpuhli,h Iii, ,l.1,e e,,pen•
t'IICt"., "g111ng11:11ne, . ,u1tlplace, auclclJic,." • I le de1otecllhe 1\1nlt'1
of I S+I- •,; to that enterprise
I ncn(h ,lwr,·d l)mu:;1.1',\ <·mwern \boht10111<t
Vi1.·11cldl
Plrill1p,
rccallcclthat. eail\ 111their ,1s,t,c1at1011,
l1t,,tc>ppedDonl\la" front re,eJI•
ing hi, ,lJ1e 11.u11e
.inclhirlhpl.rct'.- 1JJ preferred to rc111d111
1gnor,u1tof
1l all," \\ role Phil hp,. I le \\,ts equalh 1111cas1·
about rlr1.·/varr<1/11< 11
1
H,• 'i \\ hen Dougl.1,, re.id ii tn hi\ fnc11clhelore h:t\111g 11printed.
Ph1llip, propo,cd that Dougla" "tl11nwthe 111a1111\l'1tpl
111totire lire
because no1thern
would not protect 111,lreedo111
.'
The preface of 'f Ir,· '\<1rratnv. r11adc·up ol ,L1k111e111\
hi \\ 1llr.1111
Lloyd (:, rrri,orr .,ncl\Vc11dclll'l111lip,,1011,hc,011the i"uc of Dollg),!!,,\
c·reck111i:1
l.1and l1111ts
al yet anotht:r p<itcnhJI proble111 11Dongla,s w.i,
doubled .1, a lecturer, 11hi· should he be hd1C\td :1,,111.111ll1or'
Plull,p,
Ll;,urcd rc,1dersth.it tlto,c wlr<l k111·11
Dougl.," l1.1<l"the 1110,te11tru,
confidence i11hi, truth 1.,111,lor,
;111<l
,11,i:c11h
." arid he pro111i,1.·<l
th.it
the book \\011ld
11.>:1de"
"a fJH spec1n1e11ol 1hr 11holc ln1tlr
\{"('Olll])Jll\'llrg
Phill,p,\ lesh111011i.1l
1111
/'/,(' \'arr11/i1('\tr1r1hr1,h1cs,and
foirnes, "'b Cm11son\ J\Strrnncc·, !Ital ti,, book "a' c:11tuel)Douglass,
"o\\ 11 produc-hon" l)011[1l,1"
Juel ·,cry proper!) cltosen to wntc his U\111
na1wt11c,in hi, own ,t, le ,111d
.1c-cc)rd11
ri; lo hi, ill',I .,hilitic:,,rather tlt,r11
to c111p
lo1 so111e
one d,c''
I he pro,pt:cl.s of \\'11lian1I.loydC,1r1,,011.incl\\"enclell Ph1ll1p,s <·011hrn11ug the tr11thr11lt1e,,
and !,one~~ ol Freclenc·kDo111:;la,,
nril,tlt:cl
,ouie ,ktp11c, l\lr. \ . t'. C 'I ho111p,011
wa< 011~· nf the n1<H<:
.icl11e
la,,
I;""
; r11,' 1p s I o 1;cr f/1•• '4t ,md fimn ,,Jl·r~J~7u:1r,
Pou.t;1m, \ \c:14 ,1,._~ IG.r;iJ!
, l ;S-411 ~
t n•cJql{l.\1.i~ l111Ho11.J
fmlcru.l Pu1,gfJtu lhc (il,Jvrt1I o,~rl,>r '\(W ,nrl lS/ IJ 1-1. lfnl
LmUh.,JDC(t;o.$ lu 1~11 ;;,Lr,l
'l pm.it'"p.11w:a
,md 111lt"1C-"(....J
}11111
\\h1k-wr1t111
g the.hu:,~uph v.
•
\\ ;1-,h111ulo11,
J ttdc11, l· l).-J11~fit~ CIQ
, ( I 1k 1 \\ Cl1t"\1nut, fm/CTK l: Uo..
.1.J..J~~
~,.,1,~11
46 .,uppt~
lfU' ,,t,,, '"" I OH., s,,1.tf1cf'I Htpv:t ,. 1(1( X h,h('t l s,.I
S
, I 1t·1-k11<l l>o1~l.u\,:\um.lfn, , ,,
f I n-du1d,I ~m!;l.h~ . \<Jrr..it•1L, ,,
1
•
I 1.N1Jnr1h1(/Wrv:J. I"'J.11a
:1.1ryJM11
1,
1~~ 1
PfTf R RIPLEl
cnli<:;, bul hi, ,k<:ptic-i~,n
p10\1dc<I J)ouglas~u1th the foil he s0ught to
,ulicl.itc l11,c-rf'denli.,1,-to still the debate o,cr h" slaver~past and ha,
tugiti,c ,L1t11,
l11mnp,on had lh ed on \l.111I.and\ E.1>te1
n Sho, e (" hC'rc Douglass
"~ held bo11d,1ge
l and "'" a 11c1g'1bor
and <1cq11J111tan,c
of'I ho111a,
,\i1ld , Douglas,~ o\\ ner\ F,111..:,1,onstl-1Jtar<: u11,·ertai11,l11on,p1011
ch~llenged l l,c ,\urratn~ ,1ith a ktkr lo a l01::1
I 11eu,pJpe1,Ilic \.Vilnuni:tou L)ela11·areRep11hl1ct111
. winch "a>" 1dch reprinted. partacul.irh
'" tl1ca11ti,IJ1'eT\
pre,,
, lhon1p,on off"rcd tlic , tanda,d pro,la1e11 d1c1llc111_;e.
Dougl,1" 11a.,
not the .1utho1 ll,e \arrt1/l\'e, proposed l hon1p,011 "a> "11tleu b1
1on1e"e11I dc"gnecl per,on or per,on,..
fro111the statenaents ol tlu,
n111,1\\a1
,l,11e.. I lis proof? -~\bout eight ,e~r, ago' he h,1d l11\>\\ll''the
recenl slave b, Liu:11.1111c
of Frede11ckB.ulc, .. .'' 'I homp,011described
tl1Jt,Ja,e J\ ,1n"1111lcan1cd
.11ulr.11herordill.Jr} 11l.-gro not capable of
"nl1nc: 1hr '-!arrt1/1,<', ".\11d al~1ouglathe 111,11or
figure~ mcnho1,ecl
111/ he -:-arr11twc\\CIC ,n<lced re<rdeut, of lht' arcJ, and tl1<:1did h,l\C'
!Jaeprofe"1011sand occ-11p,1
tion, .11trih11kc
l to llat·111 b, lhe J11tl1or.,111d
the, did 11\e"here lhe .111ll1or
pnl the111,tltl') \I ert: not the sort of folks
Dn;agla,sLW1111ecl
Lite,wc1e, \I role 1·1io111p,on
. lhest• peopk-. hc co11ti11ued.1\ere nol ,J,l\t•l illi11g,lar11ih-1l'p,
1rali11g.:-.:cgro-hn·.1l1111;
h,1rb,1T1a11,h11I\\('re "g00<I 11al11rccl
and h.1n11lt',,·and "honorable ,,nd worth, ..
citizens, lhl', \\ en: Cl111shJJ1
farmer,. lcJd1er,, pla11ler,.Jnd pohhc1..111,
Thomp,011 c-oncl11dedthat h<· "·" "1ll1ng lo ",11h111i
l llu: f.,ch In the
111clg11w11l
nf ,1111111p.1rt1
al pnhlic."l)ow;IJ.>swas dd11;htccl I le <e11c<lthe opporlu111t1lhe l hon1p,on
letler pre,e11tedand re,Po11ded\\ itl1 ., l011g.p11hlit reph nougl.i"
lll'gan philo,oph1c:all,\\i lh J gener,1I sl,1tc1nenl.,houl , l,1,cr1 ,111danti<IJ,·cn Loche, lhJl 1> 1u11ug,Dougt,s, for ,ts 111,
1gl1tsJll<lcl,,nh aud for
11>u11,tJtetlco111111c11t
on tl1('folh of Thon1pso11·s
offer to let an impJ1t1alpublic 111cl!;c
lhe i"ue· 'Sl.11eholdersa11d,J;11~·-tr,1der,
11e,,r bctra1
Greater111<liscrclio11
lh,111
"ht'11 lhC}n:11llnclo dcfcn<llhc:rnselvr,
rn
,Ill) cor11111u1lill
th,111,1,l,1vchnld1ng011e Shl\el') hJs its 01111
staudJrd.
• 'l'necl IJ\ Ila.JI,t,1ncl.ird,it 1, a <v;ten, of th<:greatest k1nd11cs1
to U1c
,la,,. . But. tncd b, an, oilier. 1lts don111ccl
to c:nnde1nn.1t1on
.. Oo11gl.1" kne11tli,atthi: 'I honapson ch,11lengcwould ha,c little cffed on him
or The-,\arralll'e) in ,1debate 011ts1cletl11:,la,chold111~Soutla
\\ 1tl1~ lt>t1cl1
of 11011,th,11charJcterized ,o rnnch of l)ougla.s 's writ111g,.he lh,1nkedTlu,n11),011for the "full. free. and nnmhcatcd tl',1.J.
111011),
111 rt•g,ucl lo · Ju,) 1dc:nt1t1."
,\ gr,1tcful Douglass wrote that
' I hmnp,0 11 la;td st illed tlac "quc, hon h>r<:1cr
" Ji, atL110\\ledging th.1I
-
J')rlt1•'1J'•'IV°p11bbtan
11lhfl btmto, 12f"lt1nn1t·t l"'-4'1
:11c-c.A!M:Jlh~LJbft.u,1r.
~flirt,,,
m, l!i-H1ll"Jf
u 11-pmdlrnrn ii l' \1.bJur
l'uln-.>l ol ,1tu1l11t-rhompwmdfort ~,,,, l'·uutJ i,\
l!.1m1~, kna."11111-,,,
ot' 1t"r M.ml.1111,I
ctr 1, • 11~
"i
n,.•U&r,,.,,,,,
:t·ic-f,11"1i..+i1
1'111 \ 1110810GR,\J'HICAL
\~'Rn l"Cl> or
FRHJERICI(
Doucuss
I ,9
Douglas, WJSI\ hnt he had cldiu,ed all alon11,Doni_:
1.i» l1.id 11u111e<lllial
north, m defender, ol sla1e1~"nught ha, e persistc<l. . 1n T<'prcsenllug
ILilli d5 . • Jn in1po,kr -a free \:egro," 1d10 la.id ne\er s~-en,Ja,<'n
and \\JS but au 3111lsla1cncrc.JhQ11 sent out to revl\e the t'au<e. Douglass lnc-. thal Tho1npson, 11ho was associated ,11tl1slaveholder,." ould
he bclic1ccla\ lie. Douglass, 11t'1erwould he. nnd he 11J<th<111J..ful·
")ou,
sir, hnvc rchc, cd llll' I 110\\,I.ind before both the \ 111er
ic:l11and B,itish
puhhc, endorsed b) )OU ,,, being jt1>t,dadl I l1.11e represented rnysdf
tu be-to wit, Jn A111cncan~lui·e." Dciugl.1,s\Ids equall} d1eerec.lthat
·n10111p,011
c:011fin11ed
lhe idenhtl· of the ,\lanl.1nd "h1tcs 111
The .\'urra
lil'e- '')ou tlaL'>bru,,l1awa, the u1iserable 111111
,uJllon, of 111v
'\:orther11
pro-~l<l\Cf\,·11e1111e,.
llaat I ha,e used lictil,011,.not reJI 11.1111e,."
Douglass proposed that "1110111p1on
·s k iter h,1ddone ,dial I /1<•
.\arralin! nc,er contd IJ;11er.lo11e
,1< ll'ell .,lone" -al cst,1bl1shed
Douglass Js
a ge11u111e
fu.;111,e ,l:11e.
Dougla,-; lunaed to the second es,enhal l\Stle 1J11ed b) 'I lio111pso11au lh,irsh1p of 1lic :-..·11rr<1/ne.
Thon1pson had J1s1111,;ed
the bondsman
"Frederick lt11l1;,.. ,as "1111echw.1ted
.ind ralher ordin.11y
.. and i1w,1p.al,
le
of \\11t111i;.11l\th111gl1le I he N11rraln-e. Douglas.~,1i;iced. Ilic slJ1't:that
had bo11ed hi, head 11he11!J,l seen b1 Tlao111p,011
011,1 dirt rC1,1d
111
l\.!Jn I.ind u, 1, lhcn 111the hand, of a '-:ei;ro-hre;1kt·r.,'110, ,Hole Dot1t;•
l.1s~.l,,,d \\0 1ke<l'11111
s11lwacl,he:ilcn l11111
,o oflen. foci'11111
"' lattle,a11cl
h,ad ,o hrolc11 hi, spirit that he could not hdve 1111lk11
Thr '-:11rr<1/11
c.
Douglas; 111
,derslood Tho111p,011\doubt ·1r,anyont·h:adlold nae, ,.·1c11
rear, Jgo I should c1c1 bc· :ihlc to "rate: "'~Ii.1 one-. I ,ho11ld 1,,1\e
do11htt·d,n ,hnugl) ,h 10111101\tin." I J~ co11ti1111ed,
"1-'recleuc-k
Douglass
tlae free111a11,
,, J 1cn cliffere11t
per,on fro111
Frederic~ 8.1al<:1• " Douglass dis~rn1ed the cl;Jrgc lh.11he lictduol ll'rille111lw "iarr11l11'<!,H1tl. in
:.o doing. ,u~e,ted llaedd,ili t.ili11t;<Jllillihc,of ,l.1,tn .111d
the re1111e11.1
hon that a<:t·o111pa1111.:d
labcrnl1on.
The cxcl,augc 1e11/iedDougl.1ss's pa,I It ,dcntdicd 1l,e :111thor
.as.111
cxsl.i,c J1td <1Fug1h,e:it ,·011hn11,·dtill' .111thl·nl
inl1 of the 11a111e,,
o,:cupations. and re>1dt•nt·t·,-ir 1101llac di\Jx»1t1un-of nu,kr,. rna,trc,,c~.
overseer,, \lq~ro-hrc;.1~cf\,,ind ,1ssorted"h11es th.it p,1r.1dc1liro11r;l1
1lie
;\.arrt1f11<
! I lae \\'1l1n111i::ton
lellcr 111m
lc th,· pri111,11\
nhiet111eof T/11:
i\arralnc cstabl1<h1ngDoa11;la~,s1dc·nhh ,111dp~,t-an ea,~ 01,,· ,111d
q111tl..lrended .adch,1k that 1111gl11
h,1,e dragged 011 t"11d
le~,l1,1nd1111laoul re,0l111ton
1lw '\<1rrati,~. 111its 11.n,\c11II )oni:lass011 :a 10111
tif the lh1ta,h hie,
,d1ik doing ,en ice al hu11w.\ 111
11
11hcrol Dongla" < abohtamu,t assoct•
,alese11co11rni:t:d
the trip. lnr the, fe,11cdth,11,once I Ir.:\,1rr,ll1n· i,k111iiierl Doui:IJ" ,1<,1r11g
1nt e. it \\Ollid be unsafe tor l11111
t,, rl·111,1111
111tl1c
, talcs [)n1w,I.
,~, ,1ppeared dlllCllShlc .1fkr .ill, ,I 11,it!ShI I'll 11a,,J s1i:n
po,t ol ,n,·ces, ainonr.: alx1l1tio111,h1)11111:ld,,
11c:ko111ed
the 11k.11,I a
1~c 11f
rc,I .after ii111,l1111g
l11,li1,1111.
,jnr "n l1111;
rhore I le 1ok111i:h
s1><
0
T Ht
l~O
,1,itiui: the ]Jud of h1>·'pdll'rnal ~1Kc:,lor, ..- J reference to hr~ Jlkgcd
(l.11tl111u<lenhf1~d1
1d11tclather But Do11glJ~>- 11on11all1,1lcrl to the
tbrl'l'llof ,J,11ccatchC'rs.
,een1eclrel11clJnlto lea, e l'1c11though the notoneh generJled b, I he Narra/J1e ,houl<l ha, l' ,cnt h1n1on his 11,1} \/ot
until 111,
i;ood f111:11<l
aud ai>ohho111,t
collcag11e).,mes Bufliun suggested
llte, t,1ke the IO)·d!;C logc-thcrd1clDo11gbss1nake.Lrr,utge11
1e11b.'1
Douglass IJndC(I m l~ni:l.inclw1tho11I,pecrfic plan, t~ccpl to elude
\ 111e1icJ11
,b1C'.<Jld1er,. )et, on Ju, a1111alLil \ugu<t 184;, he found
lhal Jhe \;arrdtrn• dll d his tl'p11taho11hdd preceded him. Sales in the
l1111lcd
Sl,1tes Jlld Engl.indfor those fir;t li1e n,outh, 111unberedin the
thousands. Bn,tol. bngbu d. J!oue acco1111led
for 150 l'Op1c, e,c11before
1
.i , "11 Iii the Juthur. · 1here,,., 111
c-1!) ,1fter c:11),.
lie lodged 111the best
ho111e,a11d,tcppcd to the lectern aflC'rintrod11cllon,by local d1g111tancs
.uul 1111111,ci
pal oflici,1ls. Reforn1-n1inded ~-11r;la11
d lun1ed oul lo greet
fur;1ll\e , la1c a11llw1 a11cl lct·lure1 uf ,l.1IIand au1lit, ·1fi11
d I d111li,1rcll}
black c11011ghfor Br1tJ,ht.i,te " lie \\lole 111earh IS46
The \arr<1t11·c-blended with lht• tour, one contnhuting to the suecc,,~
of Ll1eull1er B, pro11J111g
athu11ce pulilinl), lhc bouJ.:hdpcJ la1111d1
Dougl,,~\ tour of the 13rrti,hl,lc,. a11d,ts ,ale, ,ush1111edh1111,dn le
there "I realize eno11ghlro11111
to 1nec1n11 t'~)X'll\es "I. Stro11gsale
pru111pkda11e11ll1u>1a,l
1t· IJour;la,- lo \\ rile fro111Bdf,1,1. lreb11cl, 111
Dt'<'C1t1l,t·r
18-15,
".,, all 111,Bo,,I., \\ent last 111r;ht
al one l,lo\\ -I want
more ,1 1\\,1111
n1ore" \\'hen Sllt',C'~,fulDub l111bu;111e»111an
and (;a rr1-.0111d11
JJbolt1Jo11i,1
Rid1ard D. \\'ehb. ,1hn printed the lnsh edition of
The '\<Jnutnc, ofk,cd lo ,end fiftvcop,e, . Donr;b" re,po11cledtltJI the,
would ,d i ea,111'.11 the nc-,1 Ice-lu re. The fi,,t I11,I, pr 111t1ng ,o ltl 0111
bcfo1c tire cud of I !i-1~.ka,,1ni: a11,l\t1011<.1uthor l\illtlng for cop1e, of
the scc-ond.\\ \·hh. ~pu1i:111
g" ,eel 1011,lie co11s1dt-rcd
offcn,i,<· to \ 1cto-ri.111t.tstes, 1\·,1,.1pp,1rc-nll~
r<'spon,1ble for Ilic dd,1) In earl} 11.1,ir<"h
18-16Duur;IJ~ reque,let l .111the hoo~, rc,1d1 for sl11pp1ng.up to fi,c
h11ndr('d.111J11l1c1p
JI.Jrn1
ol (lood s.tle, d11nnr.;.111 upc<nning ,1s1tto Clasgo\\, Scotbncl. On occa<io11,-D011r.;
IJ,\ hJt! to ,l1Jpt: 111,·ITil\'C
l111ga11d
,peal-111r.;
,d1edule lo fit lhe ,omchrne~ 1d10,,ncratrc publ"l1111~ro11ti11
g
of 1 he ,urra/ne. · Our ])11blinj ,t.11 is protr.rckd Il l t:onse,111enccof
the publ1cnlion here of Ill\ na1rati,e."'
1-ltt·st:e11arioof lht' writing and the pulilicat1011 of I he ,arr<1ln-e is
the ,111flor r.;ooJa11trsla,en speeches. nnd Douglass hJd an en, for ,uch
1n.itenal, 11\\a<
doubted l l1.1d e,er been .1d,11c,"he told an eJger
•l"l".,1
l..1,t IOI•~. Bc:t11Jm111 Q• 1.1rlcl (7\it\\ Yu1
l ]1)(19 hr ,t,nd~ /).11Jg•
!an, ;;
Boo~crI \\ J:,.Ji,1~1011J tCth.n(
i l )oui;lusa,Lill,i.Ju.ub, t·udn«-l f>r>tt.J..m.
'1i~~6
Z I trtk·mk ll.11101.M tn f1J1K1t1 J,ubun, :ql.lm1.;1n 1~6 \\ 1llt-,11 l hwd t;.H0\1) 1 \1SS. 808lon l'ubhc I 1bnn IM"rC1Jr.alk1
utcJ .11 RPI.
~ I r«lcud, l).mg.l.11oi
to R,dlJJJ O \\'diL 6 DcccJJ,l)('f1s4; ; Oc,.:cmbcrl"Hli, 2 \1.ud1
l~-16,illl t:JtlU(fl' \1~':'tnn.,},,,.. II P,·,tlJ'
,sad\\ ,IIUJm,, f\,;,1.,,tJlrd\\1tl1cJmII I't,l\C. [hn
q_ •\111a8o111c-1P" I
\\ IJ.J "<Juldl3c·fr«. Hl,u·h St•mtI, /1Jt F,uJ..-,,.1.
J1~ 30 J '6J \ Xr:v.''foil 14,.'41. '41,•·redt'IH"l
OoLi~l.os10 \\ 11111111
I CJnt'<ln, 9 Sc-1lle-1uhe1
1~-4~,fu:,.k11d I )c,uglJts\ 1SS I,(•
1
,\VTOBIOCR:WHlt:-\L
\\'RI llfsGS
or
FREDJ;:IUCK
Dol'CLAS.<,
141
audience pacl.ecl 111lo the Corl. Ireland, c,t, hall the fall of Jl,-1~."d11Cl
thi<doubt being u<cd lo i11j11re
the .11t11sb,cr1·c;111se,
I
set the 1ttdllcr
to rest b1 publ1>h111gthe 11anah1cof 111yltfc • \ ftcr apologizing for the
idea of a persou "w1tl1out learning" "nllng a book. l)ougl.i,s ucLnowledged the "c\ 1·ilen1cnt" 1t produced in \ n1erican. and, he co11h1111ed,
'the exc1le1ne111 . i1KrCJscd,o 11111t·h
that it 11a, better for n1e to get
out of tlte WJ\ lest 1n1 n1a1lcr1111g
l1t use ,0111<:
, tratagcnt lo get me b,l<'I.
into hi$ clutches" "I an, he1e, he conc luded. "111 order lo a,oid lhc
,cc11t of the blood hounds of \111e11ca ." The crowd loved it, a11d
Dougla,s often rct11n1cdlo tit,, thc111ccl11ring hi, tour
Dougla,~ ,hared gc11u11
1c a11\.1elie,"ilh hi, a11di,·11c-c,01cr thc-cnn<equences of pubHshing Tht 1\Jarraln c. \Ian, Bnti,lt refon uen, s,1\\ the
s1luatrou
a 1111\edble~s111g.hoping to con, 1ncc i)oug lJss to ,t.i, 111
Fnglau<l Jnd It, ro111it111t'
hi, work 11ilhthc-111I he-re'"" C\CII .1ncflurl
lo raise 111011ei
lo bring Douglass s fa111ih o,cr. hut Douglass did 1101
,-.int to abandon h,s work 1n the United States u11less necessary
He \\US
•
cautiou,. co111inced that the old 111,1,ter
wanted "to feed 111,rcvtngc" b)
captunng ht< no\\-famo11,escaped sla,e "I kno\\ he feels kceul} about
111)e\posurcs '111'The \arral1Ye]. and nolhu1g would affortl h,01 1noce
plea,urc than to h,1ve n1e 111 his J)O\\Cr"confided .1worried DnuE;l.1«1n
the spring of l S·16. 1
\\ 'hilc Douglass riled old cuc1n1e, on l\1,1n·IJ11d',L~t Sho,e and
made ue\\ fnends 111the Bntish hie,, he ,1bo alienated 111,
111, of hh
Carru,0111
JJl C0\\01kcr, ''llic s,1c-c-cs,of f he ''<1rr<1tn·c,inclthe lour "ere
1nitd11ls
Some c.;arri;onians ,ee111eclu1Ko111fo1tJbk,,1th Dougl,1,s\ lncrca,111g
lv i11depe11cle11I
posture . .i ch.inE;c tl1nl ,Kc-on1p,1111cd
with hi, personal i;ro,.tJ1 Jlld \\,1, ~('ccleratccl h\ l he ;-.;arruti,·c
;u1d the tour
(;Jrn,01 1,1 rote a11111t
rod11c-tionlo /'/,e Narralire. dlld lie rel're\\ed ii 111
the L1/:,crator. b11t the renew wa, pc1haps sv1npton1.1t1<' of thini," lo
c-01nctor 1t 1s J reha.shoflu, O\\Jl 111
lrncl11ctor1re1nrrk, in J'lic ,'-:urru/JJ·e
more tl1a11i i i, J 11:vk-11of the 1-x>ok.'
\Vl11lei11E.11gl,111d,
Dougl,1ss
1Jd11
11
rc1>a11dsupporlers raised 111011e1
to pu,chJ~C hr- l-reedo111
<lo c-ncl
lhc tl1tcJI of reensb1 ernenl). \ l lir<I mnhi\al~n l .1ho11tt,1c1th acl-110,dt'dg111gthe right lo hold proJJ<:rhin mJn, Do11gl.L,;s
evenluJ II) cn1brnced
the protect, 1d1rch 11a, s11cc-essi
11lh conclucled Dougl,1s.,behc:,eclhe
coulcl he a 111orceffe~hn~ al>olrliom,t ii hcc \ Ian\' C~arri,onrc1
11s
oppo,ed tl1t common pracllce of p11rc-ha\111g
r111,i~"•'Y'freedo111·!ncl
111.ideno e,tcpho11 111doctrinal pun~ 111 D011cl,1sss case. Ca,nson h11111elt ~uppo1tcd the e11lerp11sc
and c:ontnbuted lo the Dougl.1,~lund.
.i,
-4 l-iedtutL. l).n,1;L1~,.
1,, \ \ 1llum I lil'f(I C.1t11\C111 1(1 ·\pnl l\·Vi 1-rnlc-riclDoug.l:.1.~
"-''" t.C
" Sec \Vi1l~m11 p~ JIIJ J,111("11 J'c.bt., lwtitouC,11111.tll!I.II~ .tt"-1 lht' rwt,ltlll nf l·rcdcuck
l),,u5;l.1$5.
• C:<C111ndw,1
J....
11mal,,{ l-11~/ot'\11 Sq,kmbrr 19<,7),:Q...1,;f11fd1~he!•iL1tena-.nt 0t1
11,t,l)Ll
6. /11~l.1lt1111tM, 9 M.1\ Hd'i
P 1"JrR RIPLEY
()ther 111c1denb
011the tour irntat«I so111eCarnsoni,1ns nnd lunted
that Dougla» ,-.1,sl1pp1ngrro111the fold. Rumors cirrul.1tcd111E11i;lJnd
a11tlll1e United St:1te1thnt /he \urralll'e n1ade hi111111011c,
"hand o,er
hand." ,1 prospect ll1al troubled 111a11,
of hi, ,pJrtao ab,;lihonisl colleague; ll1e rnn1ors,,crt I.cpl rurrenl by \\ ebb. although he ~11c11
that
s;1le~,net Douglasss c,pcnses and allo11cdhim oc-c-,
1s1011,1II}
lo ,end
111Ullt') to hi> l,1n1il},
hut little else. \Vcbb reacted strnni;I, lo Liu: hlos,0111ingDo111;!Jss.
,d10 regular!\ di,n•g;irclc·dthe l1i1li1na11\
ad,1ce, aud
\Vebl, made hi, recl,ngs kno1,n in Boslo11.Fncllon ben1een ,111tl1c>1
DouglJ" and p11hla1her\Vehb h1n1ed to ho,11l1t)o,cr .,c1cral ratlu:1
0111101
dispute~ concer11inc;I hr \arratire .,nd n1·erJ l.1n;cr crisis that
l)o11g!J~spuffed up b~ dc1na11d111i;
From \\/ebb a full slatc1nent of
al'cou11l>fo1 111,li.111dh11i.:
ol the publicallon .u1<lsale~of the ln,h e<lilJon
l)ouglas, kne" or so111cof the ,umor, and snsp1C'1ons-hc 1nade
111011cv;
he tulLi1Jlcd a per~on.11tollo1nng ou the lour, he con«1rted
111thanl1-G,irrison1,
111
s. he had bpses 111pl11lo,opl1icJIpi 1111)\\hen crit1c,1eclfor .,ccephni,:J lcclur('.Ice fro1na I .ondon ,1nhsl.ivc~i;roup tliat
ll1e Car11,0111<1ns
lo11ncl 1d<'nlog1c~II)ohjectionablc. Dougl,bs
rt·,pondcd thal he 11as "nol yet brou~hl up." and he ,ought lo 1cas.,ure
lus friends that l,e 11as,1 C,1r11son1an
aboht10111s
t and proh,1hh wo11lcl
re111.1il1
u11c-"Jt ,111),ate po1c-rnsh,11
1not clnve 1ne[,I nor money allure
111cl,from 011 present rn\rllon ,"'
In ,\11i;11,I
Ibl6 Carrison joined Douglass 111Loudon The two 1ncn
loured the B11t11h
hlc,, dc1nl111g
p,1rllc11l~r
1ttcnhon to Scotland," hf:'re
1hc1 1oineclin the "S,·nd Bae~ the \lo11e\" contmvers1-an inlen,alional di,puk 1nvolv1ni.:
tlu: Free Chu rch of Scotland's acceptance 01
lund~ r,0111the \111c11car,
,la,e So11th C,irnw11 reh1n1cdto \1ncnca
.,fter lhrec month, of lcrtnring ,,nd organ11ing'Aith Douglas,. \.s .1p3rl•
ing girt, the a111t,la1
ery w01ne11of Ed,nburi;h E;a,e Garn,on a s1l,er tea
scr11cc.''l11e follo11111g
111011tl, , 111011c,
11,h rai,c<lto purcha,c Dougl&>>>
frccdmn; and fonr month, artcr that. ,1s Do11gl,1,,prcpJrl'd lo return
hon1e, lus Bntish friends raised .i leshnion1al fi,nd appro.1rh,ng t110
thou,and doll,irs-a heath conlrasl to J ;ilver tea ,c111te.
11,c final hr.-.,k hcll1ccn Oo11gl,1"and Gdrriwn tdn 1c ,o,ne 1uo11ll1s
later. ' l7te prec1p1ta11l
was the \'o,th Star, the ne111p,1psr
lloug l;I}>c, tablt,hcd 111 Rochc,tcr, Nc11\ork. 111LS·!~/with the t110-tho11,nnd-doll,ir
fnndi dcspitr (.;nrri,on\ oppo,ition to the cntcrpn,e. !lie newspaper
dispute""' onlv the 1nosircc<'ntof 11,~n,·1r11t,1nb~ Jane aud \V1llia111
Pca,1:note 111.111e11duriru;arllcle. the breach""' in tht· 1nJl..111g
rroni
- Pt"-4~
.,,d Pi:.t~ 8111<'.b
Sc1.11clt
61; hcdcnc.l l>uu.:l.ulo knh.m:In \\'c-1:at,
( J,-.,'\1:.1
,1 l~..U,.
~n lp11Ih-16], ::6 lpnlIt,,!<
, all<-•"'"'" MS, BPI
' f1t"1lrtw.lOrn1,d.n
,,.to Cl1,1p11,.mJ&,'\u;m.t 1:-.-+61.
\uli Sl.t\'.t:n
\I.SS. hffirnt L Oo11gl1• lo
Rldt11.1d
D \\1:hb :9 \l.ud1 JMCi,C..trnvm\JSS bothBPI
~ \\r11df'JIl•I 1ll1p1
G.IHlkHI \\'ii/Jl;•1,f1uV1/Carnum fhf'Sforvrf"" L/1 Jn/d 8,• H•\ ChiIJ,t'fl
'\,-. ),.,l t %'11. Ill I Su-;<! , Q•utl.-.. 1,,J,:,,J. f)ou(l.w, Ill . I".
I llE Aln UBICX:R,\l'H ICAl \\ RITlNGS 01
FRCDEIIIC:K Dol'GL,\SS
1-n
the L1111e
Douglass 10,ned the rno1eme11t-111any1n the Boston ,lique
lrnd proble1ns de.1li11gII ith black!. JS equ,11s.particularly a hl,u:k a,
as,erlr1e an d 1ndepc11dcnta, Douglas,, \I ho was ,trong 1\1lledand co1nbat11·eal tunes.
Baek 1111845, 11hen /'lw :V1.1rr<1/ll'i:
11asfir,t p11hhshcd.tht' H~r(l/cl o/
Freedom, ,111.1bol11to111s
t ne1\spapc1 hostile to the Garrisonian wrng ot
the 1110,cn1e11l,
offcrtd a prophetic. ,rfratricidal re,ie11. \t ficstread) to
pnt 'f/ie 1\arratil-e dsidc u11to11l'hccl.b111hn;1II>reading ii 111thplea,urt:
and Jppro1al. the 1c-.cwcr liope<lfor Don~bss·, s;1kcth;1t"it 1,ill\ 1dd
hi111J co111pe
tent 1nean, ol liviug"-sou1cthing that lie ad, 1sedDon~
la,, "to IJl..c proinrt rncan, to ,cc11rc." "He 111a1
." wan1ed llte re1iewer.
1
"'b, and by feel the 111stahihtv
of p,1tron,1gc
"
\\h1le the break 11asprobably i11ev1tableand cine to any n111nbcrof
causes, '/ lie \JatrC11n
e plc1vcuJ 11wjorrole. Doui;lass·srefusal to c:01npromisc the qnalil) of his lrctures forcrclh1111to rc1cal l11,backg,onnd. I-le
did that \\'ilh '/ he 11.iarralne.which sent h11nmto lr111111pha11t
C'<1lc
,ind
111adthuu llre best lno\\n bbc k abolitio1115l
on two continents. l he
resulting allrnt ,on ond prestige c,cntuJII~ separated h1111fro1n Ins
fnc11dsand mentor, .
J'he Ncuratfre is an important 1nd1calor of Do11glass·,~roll'th Jncl
niatunh,. It is J person.JI,tale111entw1tli1na111nnplicahons. To Carn,011i,urs,ucl , as \\'t bb 11suggt-;.tedLI,at Dougla,, could not lil· 111aw1gcd
For Douglass pcr..onc1llv.1t had c,ithc1rt1cq11aliticsof p11l1ingsb,cr} a,
an 1nd11icl
11al e,-penence heh111cl
hin1. In a 1·er1real \\JI. tlus. the first
or hi, J11tobiographicalsldte111cub,reprc,cul> Douglas5 us of 1S4~.
11hen lie ,,a, 11101
i11gbc1onu tl,t· 111tdlcchwland soci.11poshrre of
"c" l.11t·"Cari11011
1,1n lcct11rcrand was mah1nng 111toa capJble, 1ndepcndcnl, .ind strong-11illeclrefonuer 'lhe debJte gm1er.1tcdb1 '/ he l\<1r•
rafne. such as ll,e n1ou1pso11
lctltr. csl,1bl1shedDoug),"' J' ,an <',,l,11c
Jbol1tio11is
t 1d10could speak 11,a[h
<'011\IClton
hon, of experience. After
1846 D011gld\Shad his antislavcr1 credenti.ils, and e11eq,"prt:11t11.t,I)
spent 011 fending off skcpltcs was lbeu ,pc11lon a11Li,l.1,el\.
The ,\'urraln--e-perliaps Ilic 1110,ln1nuc11t1,1l
and best reeei1ed
c,,ia,<: Julnhiog1Jpl11oflhc ,1ntcbclh11
n cr,1-attracted the 11idesltnllc,1I alle11l.ionof Douglass·s three a11tohiogr.ip
l1ies. E,ccpl for Jl1 ()('CJ·
s1onal dLssent. such .1s tlie 011t:fro111\Vil111111~ton.
there 11as no
prolouged tleh;ilt' 01er ih l111thfulne,,.Reiicws Jnd critics one: Jfter
,111olhcrc<.hocd a Q11al.er1ournal. the Br1l1sh1-ricnd.tb,ll "truth ,(;en,,
,t.i111ped011e,er1 page., :· 2 I he Bo.,1011
J ra11,~r1ptga,c ,t cqu,,11,high
,nark,
thi; little boo!. bear, tl11oughoul
inddtble n1;1rksof
trulh,."' \ gcncr.,I co11,e11s1"
e111en;ed.e:--ccpl10 the Sonth, th..1tDoug-
u,.,
I
Pc-l-< .11KlP<'.i-.i.
, ' fi<•tori ( :am'll'lm;uu
t,j 11,._-..-Join
io \ ,to, I ~4~
J1ultht·I 1f1\h!1,
nl
,~-¼
ni:rBr,tnh ft1rod , .:..., NoH!Hiht·r lS-f)I,
l &.,t, n lrf1n'll(.·npt
III fht.· l.ilttr~tr,r 6Jnnt JCHt
2
nt
Frfficnc.t
Oou.d4Ui
." !'j...• '' • f l,·ht!J
IH
P~.1ER RlrL£\
las~porlrJ)cd s!J,cJ1 honestly Jnd fairh Tl,e Bos/o,iCourier concluded
lhal Doui;lass offered "ab1111tla11t
and 111t·onlro,crt
1ble evidence of the
n1iser\\\hich the n1eretond1tio11of s)J,~11 cnt.ul~ upon it, ,1cli111."•
\V1b,dnAuu,ted. uullior of ;\ [ributc /or the '\egro, fell no need to re,orl
to h, pctbole· Tile Norr,11,ve ··presents no e:wi;gernted picture ot
sIa,·en....
L, ~n reviewersUlli) 111pathetKlo auti,laH!r} .icl.no\\ !edged The NrJIrc1u,c's pc1s11as11e11e,,
. Ltte/'s L11111g
Age proposed that no less than a
n1ill1011
people.-in Engl,1nd ~nd Ireland ,,ere ke,r:ited b1 the bool.. ·t I\
Britishupper-cl;issor,::-an.the I.ondon Lea,:uc.althou1jl1not l'nlh11s1ast1t
Jbout l)ougla,, ', tr1tahne11t
of son1e 111d11
iduals and 111,t1tultons,
nonetheless found tl1e bool. p<.>rsu,1,,,cThe reviewer concluded th,1t Tlte
\/arr<1ln-ewould convince ··a111in1pJrtial reader that the ari;u111ent. ..
"hith v.oukl upholt! ,ia,t'n 011tl,e ~rouudi of the s(J1es 11alu1dl 1uferionh lids 110fou11dat1011
,h regard, such 111en
a, llie \\TIier, and there•
lore, tot,11lvb,ls in its s:;encr,11
,1ppl1<'atlon
..:\o t surpn,1111;1),
tit~ "-:uiiuna/. \nii-Sla1·en·Sia11dt1rcl,
oificiJI ort::"Jll
of lht· \n1c11c~,1,\11h-Sla1el'}Svc1ch, lidd lu!;h cxpeclaho11sfo1 ·7lie
\/arralt1'e as .1 d1d,1r
lic piece: 1l would ··connncc·· all p1o~la,~rv 1nen,
"conlin11' Jll aboliho11t5ls,
and "Jntpl\' ~,tisfr" those ,\110\\ere ind1nere111
. · ' fh< I ~•111
Piorwcr,u1pd"cd tlie Anli-Slt1,·enSir1nddrd111prai,111~
the potential 1nlluenrc ol lhe Nc1rr<1/11•e
Publ1\hed 111 the \l;i,sachu,elts towu \\here Doui:la" li1ecl1,hen he v.rolr Tl1r 'J<1rr<1l1n
·, the P10•
11cerbk~,cd 11\\llli 111ag1cal
pt:r>ua,11e<11.w
lilles: "Ith a 111,"lthnlling
worl \\ hich the Amenc~n pre1s 1"Hed-u11c/ the 1111>sl
1111porro11t.
If it
t!oe\ not ope11the e,es oi thi, people. the} n1uslbe petrified 11110
elenial
1
,lcep :·•
\la11' re\ 1e\\ers sa11The· ,\urrulne as au ach ,.,,e,nenl for either
hun1ma'11ature.
for Doui;bss personally, fo1blJrk people. or io, .111three
\11 lri,h llt\\\ l>apc11eporled tlwt a rcJd1ngor·1he l\!11rr<1/n-edeepened
lour con11chon of the pow~, " luch lrne 111e11
e,e11"here possess for
l11u1nphingover the most fonnidahle obstacle~- • 1 \ Q11al.trre, icwer
regarded The \<1rrolnc a, J per.onJI victory for Douglas.,.a 111,11
1 lx,n1,
2
raised, and trained a~'\h,1llle" fsic I
Tl1c nonpartisan northern response /iftl1e1"\\d~ ,ueh .1 tlii11g11118-1>
rcg.trcli11g
d bool. dboul sla,e11·) came fron1 lht> .'>c11
York I r,h1111e.Not
an acll\'e aholit1on1\lpap<:r,ne,ertlieless ii liked Douglassand l11sn.irrall\e Hd,111gtlie conrai:e "to na111ethe persons, l1111c:s
,111dplaces" and,
4 W ihon ,\m1,qt"J. \ Tnl,uN Ju lhf: \:r;r11l.\ 1 11dit>,tc-r
. I ~-f~ • I ;4
; !kM.tonGc,1m<r m lfh L1hctt1!111
6 f 111t- I Mi
!> L,11,l, l.,1·1,u: ¾;,·, Y 1. H \v1 II I~
.. Lot1du11
Ua,;;ut m lhr l..th<rafor
, l& "l,nr111l>et1~4S
•~)
, \'.'1.SS
. I~ lu~ lbH .
Q Lrnn P10 11ur in Tl1t L,hcrat,,,
. lll \1,1\ Jf)•H
1 Co,kSooth,rnRrporta m Ow I.,& rdfor. l9 ~f.t\.t:lhbe..t U;+S
, llicJfotuhJ,rund, Ill lCJ,,,\e:1ulw:r
1~4S
l'n1. \t
lORIO<;RAJ•111cA1 \,\ RJTll\GS
Of
FREOl:.RICk
0ol'C:I
\~'!;
l-1~
IJ1,o doing, n1ak111g
h1111,clf
I Ltlncrableto ,Im e-cattbers earned Douglas, ]ugh praise and generated .i "deep con,ic:tion·· tl1dthe rdated the
··,d1olc,truth·· Dollgl.1,,\ 11orl..de,c11l>edJ5 ·•si1nple,tn1t, t·ohereut,
and 11ar111
"ith genuine iecl111g." \\'1S pn1<>da; ..,, ,peci1ne11of tli.· po11•
ers ol the Bl.ttl. R.icc... · (;e11cr.1lkf.11or,1h
le ron1pan,011,were 1nadc
lo Iii<: \\Ork of two Fre11d1autlwr,, D11111a,
and Soulic. but Douglas,s
w11hn1?,s
II crt 111ore11nprcss11
c l>etJu,e his life. "being one or Jctio11dnd
res1,la1Kc.~ was Jes, <"
onducive lo l1krJr1 lra111111g.
'
·n,e1'ribu11ere,1c,1er spoke for others ,,1,o foll all u11eaS\11eedto
,q,.ir.,tc: Doug)J;s fro111ht5 Carrt50111J11
as,oc1atc\ Carn,011\ 111trodut•
ho11-11rittcn "in h1, u,ua l o,e , e1nphatic mle· ·-was 11n,1cccptnble
11hile Pl11ll1ps'
\\a, onh a bit ks, off<.'ll\l\C Yd Dougl.,s,s prose passed
n1u~te1~ "JLJ.51
and ten1porate." "We feel th~t DouglJs,\ '. ,ic", <:1<.11
of
1
tho,e 11.110
hd,c 111turedhirn, rntl~he relied upon:·
l\phrain1 Pc.ibod,. pa, lor of Bo,to11's Chnsl Church and author of :i
renew e,1;11on fi,e c,sl:i,c .1utohi01;rilph1c,
for tl1t Chn,11011£,an11111't.
,hared ,o,ne of the J'nbu11e·srr1io;gl\1ngsPc,1body'snbser\Jh<llh \\CIC a
bit 111orctl1ou~hlful."\1nent·a lut5the rnournfnl honor of addini; a new
dep~1l1nc11tto the l1tnJlurt· oi u\lltzal1011-tl1c .1ulobiograpliie, of
escnped sla\e~:· he 11·otc 1n l'i-19 Pc.1bod, "~' 11ot,u, ahol1t101\lst
,
5
.ilthone;h his wife gJ,e Done;lasshis first 10h as 3 free person. and the
p.i~tor l.11e1,Josi.iii I le11,011,~Juolher iugit11e ,la,e autl,or Peabodi
J1,urcd lu, rc.itlcr) lhat tho,(· c,,l,11.-1 d1t! 11,cu01111,,rit,ug, ,111dhe
found the II orks truthful and factu.il hut eaut1onerl that the fil'e d,d
"not e;1,ea full and co111plete11ewof tl1e whole •mb1ect.. I le \\orned
pa, ticul.1rh .1l.>0ut
lhc u, et11ildn1111ghHL·gat,,epKlurc Clrtit(·South ,1';'.I
slaveI\ thal c·1ncrged fron1a collective readmg of the ,1utoh1ogrnph1es
.
Pcabod1 11rote that Dougla%'s,\Jarrulfl'c ··cont.1111s
the hfe of a superior m,111·
:- doqnenl. percepll\c aut! i11tdl11;ent-p.irt1cularh''lli1L•1J
11ec-011.11der
that 11i, but J fc" 1cars s111rche \\JS a sla,c." \\·,1fllinghack
and forth, P1tahutljass111edDongl.1ssof h1<sympathies but cl1JStised
hun for lhe ··,node of .,ddress 111"hid, ht' ,01ndi111c-,
indulge,
." not
w.u1t1ngto <"011cle111n
.in e\SL1\c "fo1,cc111i;
ooh the c11lsof sla,er\ - the
p.1,lor \\:II 11e,e1ilreless trouhled h1 Do11gl.1ss'sl,,cl, of "n.1h11:
il rrwh~w111111i
t, · Pc:abo,hfe.1rcd e,en 111orethan tl1e lribu11c\ re,ie1,ct tl1JIth<·
"c,tra,agant" writing stvle of Douglass'; Jbol1llo111,t
fnc11d,had .1lre,1d,
cnrrupkd lht· cxslc1,c.111tlto
1 l\ut parhc11la1
h .1nt1hi.lcl..
or ,1nti-DouglJs,
(he nflercd l1011e;
la,s an ,1pulog) of ,ort; in ., foomote). l'e,1IJOd1
', co11
c·t·iII Cl'J1lc1etl
c,n Curnson1.111
ltJlou,11e-,. but c1e11his pa1trnlilcntic,11
it, 1cwfoult, Dougla.,, onh for .u,•
111co111pletc
pnrlra1al ol ,outh"rn hie
and nn ,1,:;gre,\lvc,Ivie .11,dlone.
;
!\.:,r1,1
) o,f fnbtil,'- J! Julll lh·f'
-1
11,,d
5. l·re-dc.ndPou.,;l , , !\11irrdf1u·
_ lul
-!O
fr'
6 l-.phr..iu11r(·;.1hod, ,,uull\t' S.,rh .,e1h\t! SIJ\I,_
,._ Clr.•11t11
,m Ll"1"''m,·,•
, , ( \ 11'! I, 61• II'"!
7 lh,J . Pc:.i'I.("
1,111
P·-,t!IC Al.o1h'S.,1r,ft
, iJ
RoHf R'I B Sn pro
l4h
The Belfast \orlltern \\'/11g pC'rlwp, l~\l c,prc<,scd tho,e fec:lt11g,nf
c.111housacLnuallo11that cl1aradc11lcd n1J11,re, IC\\s. "if II,._,
\',rrralive
L, re.uh uuc . . a11d11ntn11d1cd
b) an, 011c, l\e I)ouglass h1111,clf,
11i,
J , 111
i;~ldi book ,1nd be i, a 1110,t,111.e;11lar
111,111."
S11111larl~.
the rc,ie" 111
the /lerald of l•recdom 1sone of tl1c 1110,t111tere,ting11hc11cuu"derl·d
.,loni;side the rCJSOlhDongl.,s., fell con1pelled to write 11,c \urrut1:·e.
Douglas;, ,k 1ll, ,ha lcc-t11rer-cl1aracten1eclI" "ahlc rcdw11111g.
gen111,
\Ill and bolrl and stirnng apJX:al<"-wcrc so 1111pre1s1,e
that the co11\lct1on rose tlut no c,sla, e c-011l<l
he-,o talented . .ind that \kcp11l'isru11;1>
respo11s1blc:
fo, lhc book )et the /-Jcruldas,ured its n:adcr, tliat 11l1ad
110 ,,,crv,rtion, ahoul Douglass\ Jh1lil1 lo write such a hook. for ,1111
rc,c:r..1t1on,were ea,i11 p11shccla,ale hy D1n1gl,1'>
s Jh1lrll as a s~,,.ker.
For IJouglJs,. lltc:book ,.1lirbtccl the ,peeches: tor tht f/1.,,.ald
11/I rcedom. llrt ,pee( he, 1.11icl.ttecl
U1ebook'·
rhe \arratn·e u d cl.1»1c·sl,1te111ent
011<la,cl) It 11ndcrscoredDougbss·s 1HcreJS111g
111tcllcd1111
,kill, .n \\ell ,I\ l11sindepc,>ndencc.ind ~dfco11lidl'11tt·;
11forcc,dh1111
into te111poral\C\lle, ,incl 11.1u-clcralecl;1 proCC'- that C\'cntuJJh CdUSecl
,l hrcdch \\Ith his c;.Hriwni,111
r,1c11d, l/ie
\'arraln·e 1> Dougi.1,s's first 11nporl;111t
"nl1111;Jlld. in n1an, \\a\S, hi,
1110,t,,gn1fic-;r111
• • •
R()Bf1:R' l B. S'f'EP'T'O
'\/arralion, ,\uthenticatton, and Authorial Control in
Frederick L)ougl:iss' 1\Jarrat1veof 184-5t
•I he slnclent, 1110m
1 , 01c·eof tlrc: fo,111er,la, e rcl'OUnl, ng. l'\l>o~II,g.
appt'al111g,apo,lloph11in,;. ,ind ,1ho1c all. remember111g
hi< ordeal 111
hondagc 1<lhe single 1nosr 11npres<111e
ienture of .1 ,lave nJrr.th,e 1111,
,·oice is sinking 1101only l>ecJuse of "'lrat 11rclatc:, but bec,1use the
,la,('\ Jcqurs1ho11of that 10Ke 1, qurk pos,ibh hrs onh p,·nnancnl
ach1l·1cn1cnlonce he csc,,pf'<and ca,t< hin1,clf upon ,1 nc\\ and larger
landscape. lu U1eir111ost
ele111e11tary
forn,. sb~e 11arrdl1\'es
Jre, lio\\e\'er.
full of olli(:r ,01tc, tl1al.ire f1e4ucnll) ju,l JS re,po11,1blefor a1llculatiu~
.i ndrrali1e·,talt' ,1nd ,tialcg), The,<' othc 1, oicc, n1dvht· lho,e of, ar,011,
"character," 111the "story," hut marnil- they ~re tho,c found 111 the
lol
I
lklt.u.t.\'orthrm \\'ht~
Rt.-p1111kd
~
Dc-Hmbcr1-...+~llffafd
,4 ftrolom .. I
I') rerun ,10:i of Ilic:\11.>tJcm
l-m,;u,.i;t\-.),}II,.Jhtm
\11go..tl&--fi;
fo1111llntu
F,sher.a.udRotk!n
8 Stcptu ~ . Af,o.·\mcuranLt.:rarurc r1,~ Rt·corutrudrono/ Jmtrud1,m '.\'C'\\'Jori \lodl IP
J.om~;u.t~\.~uJ,on , JQ-q 17& 91 81o1d<"lc~I
pa,;t.11Umbtrt
rd1.·rto tlu ,urto11 Cntinl
l•hho:1
Jppended docun1e111'111Jlk11h1 ,l.11cholders and ,1hol1lto11i,hali~tTlie,e doc11111t·nh-,111d
\OKc,-111J) not ,1h1a,:.be stnoothl} 1nlegi,1led
11,tl, the fc11111cr
sla,e\ tale. but U1e, arc nc,ctthde» parts ot th<'nJrra
Li,e Their pr1111J11
fnnchon i,. of tourse, to authcnt,c:ile the fonncr
sl.r1c·sJcco1111t,111dmni; so. the) die ,,t lea,! parliall) rcspon,1hle for the
11,1rr,1li1t·s
being accepted as hi,toncal t•11de11c-e
. Ho11c,cr. 111hler.11}
ter11ts,the clocumcnl> tollect1\'eh cre,1tc ,0111c:tl1111g
clo,c to a di,1
logne-of fonn, .1, \\di J, uf 1mces-which :.uggc,h thal 111ib pri111:1l
,tJle or fir,t phase the:sla•.c narrat1,e 1, au eclecllc n.1rrall1e fon11.
\\'hen the \Jrious fonn~ llcttrrs. p1cf..ttt!>.
guarjnfec,. t,11,..,J
.ind then
dCco111pa111ing
101cc, becorne integrated 111the ,la,e narrathe le,I, \\e
arc: presented I\ 11banother l\ pe of b'1.srcn,1rrall\c "b1d1 I call JII 111lcgrated 11arral11e Thi, h pe of 11arralhe r~re<e11rsthe second phn,e of
n;1n,111011
111I.Le,la, e narratn c and usualh 11eldsa n,ore sopl111llc:,1tetl
text, ,d1('rc1n 1110,tof the hreraf\ ~nd rhcloncal f1111cl10111
predcHhh
perforn1eclh, ,c1e1JI te,b J11d,uice:. Hhc: appended preface,, letter,,
J_ncldocument\ a, \\ell a, the t.ilel are nu1, rt:ndered b, ., lno,eli unified
,rngle le\l Juel ,01Ce. In th,s scc-ond pha,e. the a11the11tic.1ti11g
<lnc11111e11ts
"c:o,ue jli1e" in tl1efonner ~lave\ l,1lcas speech and e,e11nchun.
Jnd the fonuer ,la, e-uflen 1,hile :1ss11111i11i:
a deferential posture
toward his,, h11efncncls, editors. anti guarantor,-canics 11111ch
of tire
burden of introducing ,ind aulhenhc.it ,ng 111,0,111l,llt: 111,liort. a ,ec011d-pha.1oc
narratJ\'e i, a 1111ne
,opl11sl1c,1tcd
narmt1,e bct'11nsethe forn1er
,la1c', 101C'ea,,u1ne, 111a111
111or~re,pons,hilrhc, 1l1a11Lh,11
of r1:co111lli11g
the talc
Bec.111,e.,n 111tcgr.1teil
or second-phJ:.Cnarrall\c 1<le,, a collcct1011of
te\.b .uul 1no1eJ u111ficd1wual11e,11c111.J\sm th.,t, in ttcnth ol n:1rr.1
t1011,lhc i11tcg1akclna11Jlt\l: is 111
the pr<x:e" ufbect.1111111g-11r1:,pccll1c
of autho11al ,ntcnl c1 generic n.1rr,1t1,e.b, "luc:h I n1e.111
J n,1nab1c of
<l1Scen1iblc
genre su<'h ,h 111,tor,,fictio11,cs,.11,or .111tob1()gmpliv
l h"
pince"" no ,1111ple"gourd ,ine" Jcll\11). .\111n1t:i;r.1k.'<
l 11.11t.1l11c
Joe,
not heco111ea gene11c 11d1ra
ll\c "o,err11ght."and. 111deed.there are no
,1Ss111ances
that 111bccon1111g;i nc:w tvpc of 11arrali1c11is 11.111,fonncd
Jll 1011
wlica lh i11to.i d1,1i11din: i;c11e11c
tc,t \ \'11.11
11c di,co1er. II1e11.1'
.1llurd pha,d lo sLl\C nanah,e 11arrahu111d
,ere1n l\\o d,:,dop111enh 1na~
ocu 1r: Tl ,e 111Legrated
11.111.11J,
c? , Ph,t>c11)1, don 1111alcd
erthei b1 1t>ta le
or bl' rls authenltcahng , lr,1tt·i:1l'>. In tlu: lir,t 111,tJllC(',
lht· ti 1rr,ll11c,111d
mor.11energ1(•sol tl,e for111crsl.11e·,101cc,111dt:ile <o re,oluld} clo111111atclhosl' ,,r 11,c11.1rr.1fl1e's
.1uthe11hcahngn1ach111er\l\01ce,, docu
111e111>.
rhclQncal ,traleg1e,) th.it the narrah,"e beco,ncs 111tl1rihl ,111d
purpose for 111orcn1etaphunc-al thJII rhctonc.11 \\'hc11 the 1nlt~r.1ted
narrah1e bc<"o1ne, 111thi, ,,.1, .t lig1tralt1eJ.:u,11111
of ,1tho11. l.11,d,cape.
,ind hcrn,c ,clf-tr.1n,rorrnatio11,it i, so clo~e gcnericalh to h1slOI}
, fiction, .111cl
a11tob1ogr.1ph}
that I tem1 11a generic· n.1rr.1h,c
In lhe ,ecoud u1~lan,c, thi: ,111thC'111lc.Hi11g
r11.1chi11cn
cilhc1 renw111\
148
Roni
R1
B
StFP'TO
a~ unportanl as lhc l,1lc01 artualh hcc:01nes.usuall} for wn,e pu,posc
residing outside the tc~t. the clon1111.:111t
J11d 111ob,,1t1111;
feature of th~
nJrrah,e Since thi, " Jl,o .1 !><>plusticaltd
n.1rral11
c pha~<:
. lig11ratiH~
prest:11tatio11,
of adio11. l;1nd,capt: Jlld ,df lllil\ al,o O<:C'Ur,
hnt ,11th
dc,dop1nents ,ire rarc and al"avs ancillarv to the central thrust of the
te,t . \\'hen the a11thenhcahng mach1ners ts do111i11.1nt
111tJ1isf.!sl11011.
the 111teqr.1ted
11arr.1t1,e
beco111es
dll .1uthc11t1t·.il111g
1iar1ati,c.
\s the.." 1e111.1
1I..,sugi::csl,onl' 1ca,011fo, 111,
eshgating the pha<cs of
,J~,c 11a1r,1ti,, n;in,111011,, to g,1111
,1 clearer ,·,e" of ho,, son1e s!J,e
narrnh,e t}11e,heco1ne generic uarrall\e ., aucl how. iu tun,, ge11enc11Jrral11e,-011u.• for111ed.,haped. aud set 111111olJ011
b, c:l'1la1nd,,hncth
-\fro-,\111erica11
cultural 11npcrall1c, ha,e rooh 111the •I.I\<.'11arral11cs
.
'I his bears JS \\ell on 011r,1b_1ht\
to clistingni,h bel\1een n,1r1,1t11·e
n1ocle\
Jud fonus .111dlo des<·nbe ,1hat "" sec. \\11e11.for e,,unple, a l11,lo11e111
or lit.:ra11c111iccalb a ,la,~ 11anJt1,eJJI autoliiug1,1pl11,
1d1,1lhe see,"·
1110,thkeh, ,1 narr.1live told 111th,· first pl'rson lh,11po,s~,l', l,teran
fcatu1e, dist111i:utsl1111g
1lfro111
the orcl11.1r1docun,ents pro, Hling h"ton cal and 1<•dulog1caldata But J ,l.1\'t'1wrra11,
e is 11ot11ece,sariha11J11lobiogrJph1. \Ve need to kno11the r.ncr shades bel\H:en the 1nore ea,ih
diste11ublecategories of 11arraho11,
.ind \\e 11111st
,l1sco,c1 ,1hcll1cr these
,top, ;l lid 11ge till m,cht, ll I prot;rt's-1\e. CO}ItrJp1111I.
II. (}I d1.1
led ic r.1,h
ion-or \I hether lhe1 pos,c<, a111aira11ge111ent
al all \, the: ,clie111c:
dc,(11bed Jbo,e Jud cUae;rJ111
111edbelo\\ suggc<ts.I bd,e,e there are al
lc,1,1four 1dt·11l1fi,1hlc
111ode,uf 11Jrratio11
\\ill1111lhe sl,11c11.1rr,1L1,e,
,111
of 11h1d1ha,e .1direct l~.iri111;
on Lliede,elop1nent of ,11h,e1111c11t
\fro\111c11ca11
na1£ati,c forni,.
l'hJ,c
ba,ic· n.1trat1,c la): ·'edect1c 11.111Jll\c"
- Jull1c11hcJtingdoc•
u111enlsand ,trnt<:i;1eshon1elt1nes 111cl11d111i:
one IJ\ the
author of tJ,e tale) appended to the tale
Phn,c· II basic llJrraln e ( h). "111tcgrated11arrat11c"
-:;111lhenhc,1hng
docu111c11t,
and >tratei:;ie,i11kgr,1kd mto the talc and fur1nall1becoming 101ct:sand/ or d1,1r,Jckr, 111the tale
"l~RR\110'1I'-
l"REDUUC~ DoUCIA~~•
\J4RR1THE:
Of
[845
149
Ph.i.,c111
f bI "authenticating narrah, e"llie tale ts suh,umcd b1 the
aullienhca1J11gslraleey; the sh11c
nairJtl\C beco111csan aulhe11t1cat1ng document for other, 11,u<1ll}
geueric, le~ts, e .g., no,cl, hi<IOI')
(11) "ia;enen('narrnt"e"-uu lheulicaling do<'11mt>ntsand slrate1;ie,
J re totally ~nbst1med b1 ll1e l,1le:
tLe , la, e narrJhvc bccon1cs an
identifiable generic text, e.g..
.iu tob1ograpli). tctt.
II
\\'hJt "e obsel\e in the fir~tl\\'o pha,e, of ,lave 11.1na
li,e 11arrntio11
i,
the fornier ,J,1,e', ultnnate lac~ of contro l over h1>o\\ 11 narratl\e o.:casioned pr1marih bv the dc111,
1nds ol audJcnce ,ind ,1uthcnticat1011Th,s
d1len1111a
i, not u11i<1ue
to the anlho" t)f the,e 11,1rr.1hve~.
incleecl.111,111\
111oder11
blacL \\T1le1s ;till do not control then personal l11;tor~once 1t
assun1e, hteran fon11 for this reason. fredenck Dougl,1ss',\!arratsveo/
the Life of FrederiC'kDouglass 11n Amcric"" Sl,11·e\Vritten In Hin1self
(16-t5) ,ce111sall the: 1110,e., 1e111.,rlable
lite 1.1n .ich1c::1e_111enl
Because
11c-011la111,
~e,eral ,egrcgated 11arrali1ete,l'i-; preface. a pre(.ilory let
ler. the tJle. an appe11d1,-1t ,1ppe,1rsto be. i11lcn11; of lhe 11,1rr,
1tive
pha,es, ,1 rJlher pri1111hve
,laq: 11arrati,c Bui each of lhe anc11lai, te,b
sec111sIn be dr,11111
to tlte talc h) ,orne sort of e,traord111ang1J1·1lahonal
pull 01 1oagncl1c allract1on. I here 1s, 111,horl , .i d\11~11,i
c e11erg}
bel\,cen the tale and e.icl, supporti11E\
tc,t: the Do11gla"n-irrall,e 1, an
1ntegrnled11;11rah\'(
! of:, Vtr\ ,pec-i,11
ordc1. \\ bile the 111tegrat1ng
process
does. 111J \lnJII ""}· p111,11c
lhe co11,enhondl patb of crcahng ch.,r"cter,
0111of aulhcnticahng te,ts r\.V111Lloyd (.:arriwn s1lenth enter, Duu~Ls~· Lah:at the ,ers end 1. ii- IIC\\ .111d111ajo1
thru,t i, the creJ1!011oflhat
,1fore111entionecl
cncr~ lltJI b111dsthe supporting le'<l> lo the tale \\hile
,1t lhi- ,arne h111crcnlO\lng then, fro111p.1rhc1p.1l1011
111tl,e 11arratl\e's
rhetorical ,111<l
Julhcnl 1t·ahng , tratt·i;ic,. In slio1I, Dou,:;fass' tale <louu
nates the nanJllve and dot'">,n hccat"c ii ,1lo11c,J1tlhe11ticdlc\
lht· narralnt .
111l' introdnc lon te,L> lo the l,1leart· l\10 i1111111111,cr.
a Preface 61
\\'111 I lo\d G.m:1>00the r.1n1ou,.1holihc1111,1
.111<1cd1tm of fl,e L1ber<1
tor. and a "LctlcJ J'ro111 \~cndell Ph1ll1p<
. v.sq.." \\ho ,1.is e<p1:il1)
reno\\ ncd .is .in ,1bolitio11i,
I, a c,u~d111gl.1\\'1er,,111d,1 j11,h;e.111theon.
e:idt vr these 1ntToclurlorsdncn111enh ,hould he ,1 c·l.1,s1c:
gu,uaotce
111iiten aln10,t exchtsJ\eh to ,, "liitc rt·acluigpublic. concerned prn11.1r1h and rituahsLicallv with the ,'11111:
, Jhclatton ot J ne,dou1,tl hl.icl
,~Ke. and rl'1110,cd.fron1 the t,Je tn ,uch w.11,thJt lht· 1lU,11a11tee
and
I.tie \le silent!~ and ~nrrepuhoush· tor t'Ontrol of lhc 11
arrat1,e as a
,1hok. But lhese entries sunpl) are nnt fa,liio11e<lthat \\J\ To be ,nre .
(;,u,1>011 offers a conve111Jona
l g11arn11tee
"ho.:nhe \\nte,
l so
RORU~'l
B.
STEl'TO
\Ir DOl (:L\SS has ,en r,roperlv cl10,e11to "rile l11sown ,\a11ali\e. i111111
01111
~l)k. and according lo lhc: best of h1, .ibil1tv ralhcr
lhJn to en1plo1 so1nc one cl,c. It rs, lhcrcforc. t:11l11el1
lus 01\ 11
lr0<l11clio11,
and • . 1t 1s.in n11Jticlg1nc11I.
l1ii:hh creditable lo his
1c,1<I
J nd hc.1r1.I6 I
l
i\11dPhillip~." Jule addres,111gDougl,"s, n10,I cerlainh offer, d guar,1nlec to "another" Judiencc ,1swell.
Even one ,div lid~hcard 1011spc,1khas felt. dltd. I <1111
c-onlidcnl.
e, en oue ,d,o re.ids vour hool \\ill feel. persuade{! lhJt 1ou give
lhern J Cur,peci111c11
ol lhe "holc ln1th '\o uuc-,ide<Ipo1tr.1it.110,d1oksJlc con1pla1nh,-hut ,1,ict JLt,Liccdone." hcne,er indi11dll.1Il111tll111tc»
h,t.snculrJhztd. fo, d 1110
1nc.:11I,
the cleadh 5',te1n
111th,duch 1t\\JS .1tr.1111:e
l1 JIited 11I
·
But th~-seJ)d»ilgc, do1ni11aten<·ithcrtht- loue nor tlte ~11h,tanc-eof their
rt,pc<·h, e tc,t,
CJrruon i> f.u 111oreintere,ted in "nlillg l11,torv[spec1f1calh th.it
of the l!i-11J\Jntuckel \nti Slu,cc) Co111cntion.md the l.111nch1ng
of
Do11gbss'career a< .1lecture ai:;e11lfor 1-:u1ous.1nh,lan·n soc1ehe,) Jnd
record111g!ti, 01\11 pldce in ii. llis dec:lar,1tion."I ,hJ ll 11e,t:rforget l11s
IDougla» fi"t ~peed, Jt Ilic <'011,c11hon.,, fol1011
ed ,horll~ thereafter
h1 ··1rnw, ,111,I
<lcc-lJr;'dthnl Palnc-l Henn of re,ol11honnn fame. nr,er
11wdea spec,h 111oreel0<1llenl111the cau,e ofliherl) ... / n!mi11d,·d
the
auditt11C<'
of the peril ,d1Kh ,unoun<lc<l tlu, ,clf-e1n,111tipJtedyou111:
rn.111 / appealed to lht"1n.\I hrther th<') W1l\
1ld ever ,1llow hirn to be
(·arricd bacl, 111!0<l,nen,-lJ11 or 110la11.con,tih1tion or no ,onst1tnt1ort"11Iahc·, Jddcd I l41.H1, Prefani i:nd,, 11ot" 1thJ reference to Doug.
In,<or lo 111,tnle, hnt "1th an ,11m,trophr ,en. rnuch lilt ont: he 110111d
use to exhort Jnd arou!ie.r11a11list11t'T1'
- as,emhh. In short 111ththe.-fol
ln,1rng C'n G,111
1\011hardl~ guarautees Dou~IJ>s tale but reen.1ct<h1s
01111
,1holit1oru,1 rar<·er 1n<tcad
Rt:,1dcr'Jrc \Oll "1th lhe mnn-,tealers 111SI ll"lp,1th1
,111dpurpose. nr
on the 11dcof thc11do11n-trod<lenncl11H\~ff" itl1 lhc fonn~r. then
,ire ,011 the foe of Cod and 11.un.If \\1th the !Jtter, ,dial ,ire ~ou
prep,ncd to do ,1ndd.1reHI U1eirbehalf? He faithful. be \igila11L.be
llllt1nn~ 1n vo11reffort\ lo break c1try yoke, and let the oppressed
go free Co111e11hat111,1y-cost11l1i1I111a1-i11,cribc on the banner
\\h1c-l11vu uufurl to lhe hrce7e, .111our rcl1g1ousau<l political
n1otto-"-.O CO~ll'RO\ IISE \\'ITII SL \\'ERY' t-,() t 'II()'\
\\ 1TH Sl..\\'EH()I .Dl•,HSt" 9]
In the light of this tlo.1111c
and (no 111attc
r ho" ha,d 11eln to ignore
it) the lrictio11lhal de,eloped bch\een CJrr1wn .rnd Oougla,, n1 Idler
icars, wc r111i;ht
Ix: te,nptcd to sec Ca rrison, Preface at \\~r 111thDouglass' tale for authorial cnntTol of the narral11c a,, a ,d1ole Cert,111111,
~~RRAIIO'<
1'- FRr l)HRIC~ Dot·<,L\SS
there 1, a ten,mn. but th.it ten"on
lor Douglass' talc:
1,
J\' uuu111·E OF
l !H5
151
stunted b1· Carnson\ c11thus1a,111
·
ln1s \arrafi>e contain< n1.1nvaffccllug incidents, n1.1nvfXi'-1uge.,
of g,eat eloq11t11tcand power: but I tlunk the 111cxt
thrilling one of
lhen1 .,11i\ thf: de!iCri/}tw11DOl !Cl. 1\SS gi,ei. of his feelmg,. as he
stood sol1loq111L1ng
rt:,pcct1ng 111,fate, ~ncl tire chances of his one
day hc1nga free n1dn. .. . \\ ho can read that pu;sage• •u1dbe 1nsen,1ble ro 1t:.patho, and s11bl1nutv?l1t,1l1c,added) [il
\Vhat Camson dot1, probJbl) subco11sc1oush, i, nn 11n11su.ilJnd
e.-.tr.tordinarything-he bcc-otn<·Ilhc first gudrdnlor we l1.11e,ccn \\ho
not onh directs the reader to the talc but also aclnowledi;es the tale's
s1ngulJ1rl,doneal pv\\cr. 'fh11s,Carrison enters the tale b) being at U1e
f\anh1c-let Con,enhon 111thDougld,s 11
1 18-11.ind hi ,111lhcnl1c,1hng
the nnpacl of the talc. not 1lsfacts.I le fasluons h1, 011 n apo,trophe. h111
Gualh lte re111J1n,,1 1nen1hcror Oougl.,ss· audic11ct far n1ore tha11he
dSSun1esll11:poslu re of a <.:01n1'lt:t
111
g 01 111per1or\·01cc,I11 th1, ",11C..,,rrison', Prt'face stauds outside Douglass' tale hut 1s sleadf:isth hound to ii
l'hi< ,seven n1ore so the ca,c for \\ 'c11dellPlull1p, ''Letter It co11
1.111L,
pa'-,at\e, 1l1at,.,e111to l,e .1dd1c,.1cdtu crcd11lo11,rc.iders u1 need or
a "n'lh le" a11thontv',g11ar;inlee,but h, .,11dlarge the ··Letler" ,s directed
Lo frcdcnd, Douglas, .ilune. JIopens" 1th··r,..1~
Dear f nend. and ther~
.,re n1an1 c:,trnhteran rcJ~o11,for 11ondcri11g1111l1<1lh
if lht' fncnd 1,
,1clualh ~rc<lericl. Sl,or11)thereafter. lio\1e, er, Ph,ll1psdedare,. "I .nn
gldU tire b111ehJ, totnt 11hc11the '],011,11nlc 111,tori. .111d11beto111es
den, that he not 0111)Jdd1e,s5 Dougla,; but aho write, 111n:1ponse to
the t.ilt ll1cse feah11c" plu, Plullips' specific relcrences to holl' l)ongl.1,, .1cq11iu:dIi" • \BC" ,111dle,1111ttltJf'\drerc Ilic \d11tc ,,111,uf the
C:he,dpcJle 11crc hound." senc to integrate Ph1ll1ps "Ldtcr" into
Dougla'>l>'
lale. :\hove all, we 11111st
st'e 11111hat tenns the "Letter" 1s.r
cultur,1I ,ind lt11g11i,tiC'
c,c:111I ill· lht (:Jrrl\OII doc11111c11t.
rt prc,f:nt,
th anllror d, ,1 111c1nhcr
cif Do11gb~\·audience. hut the Jct of letter\\Tll·
ini;. nFl'011t',pondc11ce.1111pl1e,
,1 rnornl Jud l111gu1st11:
panl'I between ,1
" lute guarantor and blJek JL1lhnr th,11Ill' h.11c 1101<ccu he fore :111d
lhal
11edo not ah,.11, ,ee 111\111ericJ11
ltk1,1rv l11,tor1
• a/ii:r1815 In short.
the ll)n(' and poMurc 1111l1Jle<l
111C:Jrn,01;•, PrefJ~e ,ire cornpleted ,incl
ronfinnc:d i11 Philhp>' "Letter," .111d,~h,k thcst· due 11111cnls
.ire 111tegrJted 111toDouglass· tall.', the, r1:n1.1111
,ci;u:i;att·d ouhide the tale 111
U1e.1ll-1111p,1rtr111
I ,c11seth.11tl1c111eld 1)0111,:l.iss
s11ffic
1ent narrah,e and
1heto11cJl~]),lC't' 111 ,'11ich lo render per,or1JI 111,tOr}1n-.11ui ,1,-,1 littrar, lom1
\Vh,111nJrk, Dougla~· narrntwn and tontrol of ht, l.1leis his e,traorchn,11)abilil) to pursue ,c,crJI l\pe~ or \\nll111;111the,"c: Jncl "1th ,1
del;fet' of s11nult.inerll I'he pr11u;1palI\ pcs of \1nt1ngwe di,cu, er 111
the:
talc JJt: ;111trchc phrasing. ulfrospecti,c ,1n,1h,1,. intenul11t:d doc11-
152
ROBERT
J3. Sn.PTO
mcnt,1hon. nncl parhc1pa11t-obser\'alio11.
Of course, each of these l\ 1}es
ha, ,t, acco1npJ11yi111;
dulhori_alpo,lure. the result being th.it e,,·11 the
tellini; of the Lale(as di,linc t fro111the c:-ontcnlof ll1e IJ!t:) 111:ldsa portrait of a c:-oniplc,ind1v1cl11al
1nan.eloush f,;c·1lei11the tones. shapes, and
d11ncnsion,of hi, ,o ice .
I
Doug!Jss· S)11Cre!Jc
phra>111g
1> often d1scus,ed• .ind lhe p,1,,ai;e n,ost
\\tdd~ quok<l 1sp1obabl1,'"\h feet hn\'c bec11so crJckecl 11iththe frost.
llrnt the pen 11ith11hich I .1m"riting n1ight be Li<l in lhe gJ,hes'' 261
ll1e remarkable clan I) of tlus l~nguage need, no con1n1enl,H\.bu t what
011eaduures ~ "ell is Dougl.is; abtlit1 to , tartlingl, conjoin pa,t .i11d
prc,en l and to do so 11ithimJges th.it not onh )land forcliffere11tperiod,
111his personal h 1ston. but ~l,o, m their fusion, speak of lus e,o lution
front ,IJ1en. to freed0111.fhe pen, s11nbol1t1nglite quest for liter.icy
fulfillt>d.
actualh lake< 11,easurcof the \\011nd, of the pa,t. and thi, mcas11rini;procc~s hccon1esJ n1etaphor in and nf itself for the artful co111posillo11of tra,a1I lrau~en<led. \\.lule I a<lnure tlus pa,~ge, the sn1crellc
phrase, I rtnd c1·c11111vre
111trigui11g
.ire lho:.c that pur,ue a kind of acrid
p11nn 1ng llfl(l11 the names of Oougl,1ss' oppressors. ,\ minor C)(a111plc
appear:, carh in the l.tle, \\he n l)ouglas, defth- sums up an o\'erseer's
chai.1cler b1 "11li11g.··\tr. Se,ere "J'> nghlh 11a111tdhe \\.J> a cruel
n1an" I lcre. l)ouglass is content \\Ith "glo,sing'" the nJITu:: but late 111
the tale. 1ust before atte1npt1ng to e.,cape 111 1835, Oougl,iss I.i i..~
dnother oppres,or's na111e.ind doe, not ,o 11u1ch glo,, 1lor pla} with it
a, 11urk11pon1tto <uch ,1n c,tcn t th.it. ncldk.J "1th 1ro1t\,1l LS de,01d of
1b onguw l 1nea1ti11g:
.\t lhe clo,e of the ,ear 11>3
+. '\Ir Freeland Jgain hired n1e of mv
niaster, for the ~e.ir l!135 8111,b) th,~ lune, I bega11to \\allt to lhe
upon free fund a:,,,el l a< w1//r Frft"fo11c/;
a11dI ,~J> 110louge r contcnt, thcrcfon:, to li,c \\1th h1n1or an~ othe1 sla,d1older [56)
Of cou1>e, tlus 1, t:ffecti,e 11T
iting l,11 1nore effectne than ,, h,1l is
found in the a1·1:ragcsla1t! 11.trrati,c-b11t tlte roi11t I "i,h to 111ake1s
tlrnl Doug l..1.ss~ee111slo fa,111011
the,e pa,s.1ge, for both l11
s n,•aclcr,hip
and l11111>df.
Each e,.1n1ple of his \\II an<l 111C'reas1ng
focil1L1\\ ith language ch,Hh h1, c-,cr-,horte11i11g
p,1th to literacy; tl1u,, 111 then Wd},
Dou~la,s s1•11creticphrn;cs rc,eal h1, en1crg111i,:
tt1111prt·hens
ion of freedo111and 111<:rat,.1n<lJre ,1nother 111tro,pecl11e
tool b~ which he 111.11
benchm,irl hi< pcr,onal 111.',
ton.
B11tthe celebrated passage, of 1ntro,pcc tin: ,11
1ah,is .ire e,cn 111ore
pitll\ and direcl In these, Douglass fashions l.uu;u,1ge·" hne l, honed
<111d
halanc-cd a, an aphori~111
or Popean couplet, ,uul therclll order~ l11s
per;ona l hi~IOr}111thneat dist111ct.,incl credible moment, of transition
\\1 ien 1\11. <\uld forbids \1 rs '\11lclto in,1r11ttDo11gl.1"111the \BC, for
exa111ple
. Douglc1s1relc1tc,,
f ro111that 1110111ent.
I unde r,toocl the pJlh11.1,frmn sh1,cn lo f1ecdo11L. \\ l 1iht I ,,assJddent:d b, the tltonght of losing the .1idof
Ill) k111d11
1is1reM, I II as gl.iddened by the invah,~ble instn1ction
1d1ich, by the me rest accident. 1 gained frmn ffi) mnslcr [29
lne c:-laril\of Doug lass· ,c,elaho 11 is a, unnustakabk a, 111s n·111ark,1ble.
/\s rhetoric, the passage 1~ ~ucccs,ful because its ne,irh c,tr ,t1ag;inl
beginning is finally rendered qu ite acceptuble by Ilic 1n.1slerl} balance
and inten1JI rh,111111g
of "s<1d<le11ed"
J11d"gladdened," 11 l11ch1> persu.ibecdlbe il i, plea,anland becau,e it offer. th.- 1llu,io11of .1 r.:aso11~d
conclu,ion
3,11.inceis an important feah1re of n,o other equalll' celebrJ ted pa,sages that ((Uite significa11il~ open .ind clo,c Dougw>'· klli11gof11b rd.ii.Jou," ilh '\ Ir Co,e,. a11odd 11.wcausehl' \\Orkcd in the lield, ,1long,ide
the ,IJ1ei.) but ,1ciou; o,cr<c.:r Al the beg1nn1ng of the episode, 111
"h1c-h Dougla<s finall} figh~ hack Jnd draws Co,e,·~ bl1,ocl,he "riles·
,.,e
) ou h.1,e see11ho\\ u 111dt1 wa, 111.idi:a ; l,1vc; you ,h,1II ,cc ho11,1
sl,11
·c was n1acle J 111a11. 4~]
And a l the rnd of the episode, to bring 111.ilterslingu1shcalh ,ind n.11ra
lheh full c-i(c-lc.[)0 11i;IJ.>~dcclJre~:
I no\\ res<1heclthat, ho"e,e r long I might re111J111
.1 ,l.11
·c "' for111,
the da, has passed fore,er "hen I co11ldbe a ,la,c 111fact. 1 did not
hes1tJle to let it be kno,nt of 111e,that tl1e "l11lc rnan 11ho ex-pee-led
lo ,ucc-eed 111\\ hipping. 1n11stalso ,ucu:ed 111l.1ll1nginc 5(1-511
TI1e sheer poeln. of thest ~tatcment, is nol lost on u~. 1101 ,, the fact of
\\hi thc.>
poelr) 11'35crcatecl in the fin.I pl.ice. One 1111ght
suppose th.11111
,1nolhc.>r,1ge Doug lass' deten11i11alio11
Jlld 1c1ge111,ghtt,1kca 111oreeffusive expression. but I C"annot1111,1g1nc
that to be the c.i,t: 111the first
plac-e,his linguistic 111odcl"obvionslv scnplura l; and 111the 1eco11d.hi,
goal 1, the, presentation of a hi,toritJI self. 1101 the record of ten1por,II)
l11;tena. Ti u~ latter point persu.idc, 111cthc1t Dougl.1ssis about the::hu,1n~s of disco, ering lto11personal hi<tol) 111a,be tra11sfonncd 11110
autob1ogr,1ph1 Dougl,1'1° pas,ages of inlTospech1e anah11s ,1lmost
si11~lcl1andcdl)ere.ite fresh sp.1ce for the111,el\C.'S
in the ,\ 1nericJ11htcran. canon .
·111ste.1dof rcproduc111gletkr, and other doc111ne11b\\llllen h) 11h1tc
guJr,111to
r, w1th111the tale or transforrn1ne; ~ua1anlor1 into ch.1ructcr,,
Dougl,1« 111tcr11alites docun1<"ntsthJt. hke the svncrchc and 111lro,pccl11cp.issJ_gc,.order his per,011al 111,tor),For C>.,1mple,Do11gl.u, d1~11~
sion of slJ1e songs bes1ns ll'1th phr,l\t'S such as "1\lld sone;," nnd
"un n1ea11111g
1,1rgon" hut 1:oncludes. quite !\ p1calh fo1 lun1, with .1sh1dy
154
RonE.RT
B
SrEPTO
oi ho" he gre,v to "hf'<1r"the wngs and ho\\ the hc.1rin{:afford, 1cl
.1110U1cr
1ll111ni11ation
of lus path from slan:n to frccclo1n:
I d1clnot.,, hen a slt1~e.t111dcr,ta11<l
the deep 111carnng
of those rude
and appJrenlh 111cohcrentsonl\s I Wd> 111,scltw ith,n the circle, so
that I neither sJ\\ nor hcJrd as those" 1tho1Jln11ght;ee ~1l<Ihear.
'I he1 told .i tJle of woe \\h1, h "'L'thc11Jltogethe, bevond 1111
feehie ~0111prche11<ion. E,en lone \\,1\ ,1tc.,lir110111
agau\\t $la1cf\,
and a pn11erto (;oJ ror dell\eranc-c from r:hain,. The heJring of
those ,1ild notes Jh1av, depres:.cd Ill) sp1nl, Jt1tl filled ,ne 1,1th
111cllahl<'
sadness. J have frequent))' fo11ndrnrsclf 111tc,11,11bile
hc.tring then, ' I hL· 111cr~,ecurience to Lho1csongs, e~e11no,,.
afA,ctsnie; and ,duk I ,1111
w111111g
these line,, an e1pre<sion of
feel111g
ha, altcad, found lri way clownHIV cht·e~. I I9]
111ctcar1of the p.11tand present u,terAo,,. Jnd Dougl8ss not onlv docutnenls hi1 SJJ;Jof e11,IJ,eu1t:11Iliul ,1110.
,qlh typical recour1e Lo,yncrelic
plUd>H 1~a11J 111
tro,pccll1<:,lnJh ~ i,, ,1d,-anceshis pre,entallon of'" If
Dougl.111'other 1ntemalrzed<locu111ents
are c111plo,cd\\ 1th comparnhle efficienc} a., we s~e iu tJ1e q>isodc ,1here he at1e111pt1
.111=ape 111
IS35 In tJ1,sepisode, lht' do<'Ulnentreprodncefl is the pa~ or "proktllon" Dougl.11;"rote tor h11111elf
and Ins cmnpcitnols1n tire esc,ipe plan.
··1 h11i, to c-erli~ that I, tht 1111dcr,1g11ttl,
h,11ct:"·cn the hc~n.:r.
n11·1en.111l.full lilierh to go to B,1lt1111nre,
,111dspend tl1e I .,ster
hol1d.11,Wnttc11with 111,nc0\\11hJnd, &c. 18,5
"\\'II LI\\! I 1.\1\111.
J'O'\.
"'\ear St \ l1cl1,1t'I',.
111'I alhot co1111t,.,
l\lJl")-1:ind"I5~j
The-protc-cho11
e,l11b1tsDougla,f inrn:.1,111ghrcfiucd ,t·n,c of hov. tv
111.inipnldlc:
lang11,1gc-hc hJ, 11idccdco111c .i lo11gWJ\ fro,11that d,1>
'\Ir. \uld h~lted his \BC le5,ons-but even more 11npress1ve.
I belie,e,
" the art of rcprod11c111g
ll1e cloci1111enl
ihelf \\ 'c k110,,fro111the tale
that 11hc11lhci1 sd1c1nc \\J\ thwarted. c;ith ,IJ\C llldllcigcdta tlc,troy
his pass. ,o Doui::lassreproduces his language from n1..:n10,v,
and there
"no re-JsonIn doubt .1 ;1ngle rot of lus recallechon. \h po,nt hc1e 1s
,nnpl~ that l)ougld» c-.111
tli,I\, ,o c.isilyfrorn lhc \\dl,prings of 111cn1on
because the protection " not a 1nerc ,crap of 111en1orab,li.1
but r,,ther ,1
,ent,1ble ro.1dsign on l11sp,1lhto freedon1and l1teraC1·In tl11~sense. his
prnlc<:11011
,i"11111cs
,1plal'C in \fro-,\1neric,1n ll'tter, ,ha ke} antcccdcn.l
to such docun1c11lsa, the fast-}cllow111g
notes of J.1111cs
\\'eldon John•
son's Ex-Coloured \Ian .ind "The \.oodoo or Hell\ 1:-1.<lf
\ere" in Ri('h•
arcl \Vnght\ Hl<1c-k
Hov
,\II ofthc hpe, of 11arrJti,cd1sco11r,crhscusscclthus f,ir rc,cal features
of Dougl,1ss'p,Hllcular po~lure as a parlic:ip,u1t-nhscf\·t'rn.irr.1tor But
1he s~ncrct1cphra<es.inlrospectt,e sludie,, Jnd 1uten1ahzed docnmcnb
:'-JARRATION IN FRf.I>~RIC1< DoucLASs'
N.wurrn;
OF
18-fS 155
onlv exhibit Douglass ;1sa teller and doc1.and part of U1e~reJLeITed of
his Laledepends upon what no\1glas, docs 1101tell. what he refnse, to
ree11J<:l111print. Late 111the tale, at the beginning;of Chapter"· Dougla~s1,ntcs:
I IJO\\t'On1eto that part of tn) hfe during which I planned, and
finalh su,·ceedecl in niaking_.tny escape fron1 ,l,1,cri 8111before:
11arh1l111g
a111of lhe pc,cuhar ci1cu111;la11c:es.
Lclec,111
it proper to
niake kuown 111,·i11te11hon
not to stale all tJ1efuels connected with
the trJ.1lsachon.'. I deeply rei;rct the neces~ilythat in1pels 111elo
~upprcsS,Jn, U1ini;of 1111porl.111ct•
co11nc,·tc::d
,, itJ11111
cxpcric:ncc
111sla,ery It would Jffo,d me gre.it pleasure indeed, dS ,,dl as
111alenal
l~ acltl to lhe interest of 1T11
narrati,c, "ere I ,it l1bcrl}to
gruhf} d cuno,,t~. \\l11d1 I l.11011c,1sts
But I mu,t de;pnvc
1111Iclf
of this pleasure, and the curiou, grahficotion II n1ch ,11cha
,t,1tc11
1cnt 1,011ldafford. I v.011ld,1110,1n1y,elf to ,uffer uucler the
greatest 1n1p11t.1t101L,
,duc:h e\'il-n1111ded
111e11
1111,;ht
,u~e,l, ratJ1er
than cxC'ulp~tctn\'Self,:ind therebv run lhe haaird of do,ing the
,I 1ghtcsl,1vcm1cb1 which a brother slave 1111ght
dear hi111self
of U1c
chains ,1nd fetter'i of ,la,el) [6S
It h,1, been .,rgued tlijf 011t',,a, to test a ,la,·c 11Jrrutivc·,.iuthenticil} i~
b, ~,111i:;111g
hcl\\ nu1cl1,pace the narr.ilor g1,cs lo rebting his es<ape .JS
oppo,ed to describing the cond1hons of his c.1pli\'1t;.lf the ad,cnture,
exc1teme11l,,ind perih of the escupe ,ee111to be the iaison d'etre: for the
nJrrati,c's coniposition. then the 11d1rathe1squite posMblyJn exc:eedingh Jd11lternledslave's tale or a bald fiction. Ilie theori doc; not
alwa\'s work perfeclly· I lenl') "Box" 8101111
s 11d11Jllv<·
and th,1tof \Vilhan1 ,ind Ellen Cra ft ,11e preclo111111a11th
recollccllons of e,trnorclinan
e~,1pc,.1 and vcl, 11, far a\ \\e c,111 tell. Ll1cseare authentit talc, But tl1t'
tl1eorv11c,erthelcss has great n1crit1 and I hJve oflc11,,ondcrcd to I\ hat
e,tc ,i't it den,es fro1nthe cxm11pleof Douf(la,s' talc ,111d
ernotionall), if
nol absoluteh rJlion,1l1},fro111111, fuhninalton< ag,unst those author,
wl,o un\\ 1tl1ngl}c,c;i1~le the nndcrgronncl railroJtl and c,p,1,c it to
the morJlh tlun 1T11d-111netcc11tl1-cenh1r,
\11,cncd11
an OouglJss' t.ile ts
~pectdct1ld.i
l, free of suspic,011.hecau,e he 11c1
er tell< a detail of lu,
escape to '\e\\ York.• 111dit 11th,; 111,tlvdCIU\II'
rhetorical Otll">IOnor
"knee thal both ,ophi,ticak-s and ,1uthe11t1catcs
111,po,tu,c a, ,1p,,rhc:Jpdnt-observer narrator \\ 11"11.-111,11
1Jlor \\te,ts lhl!, kind of preentinelll
aulhonal control Fron1th(· annlb~ voice, ''c11cling"his 1rnrral11e.\\(
n1avsar Lltalhe cont1oh the presentation ol his per,011JIl11,to1y,ind lhJI
his ·lak 1,bcf'nn1ini;antobiogrjplnc<ll ln this light Litel,ht Jc,,sentence,
nf Douglass tale take on sped;1I 111c.111i11g:
l Rdt>rr«JlrJ l1t1< ,lJl: two c,tl,c-rr.l.nc:11,1::t;1tl\.N \c..l'Tah~l'
of I frnn· &, 8rmm \\"~o fite.:Jptd
fro,..,Sldwn· F•,du,,J ,n..,
fr, t J .QU( iJttd1_\VHfc(\ •H9l, 111d \\ al1.:am:Jll• I f llc-nCr,tt
Rur"1Pl~U rhc,qw111J \f,IC-$forf.,c~Jrml I l\t,l:I J.:.danr-.J
~1•)
I ~6
RoBERl
8
[FR£DERl(;lo.
STCPTO
Bui, 11hilc:11tencli11g
Jll anll-slavel) convenhon at '\antuckc-1, on
tl1e 11th or \11g11st.18-+
1. I fell strong!, 111ovcdlo speal. . . It "as
d ,e,ere cross. and I took 11Ltp rdnctanll,. T ltc truth \\d>. I f~ll
1nyselfa slave.• ind tltc ,dcJ of <pealing to "hite people ,1t,1glu:d
111cdo\\11. I ,poke but a fe\\ mo111e11b.
"hen I felt a degree ot
freedcnn, and said wl1JII dcsrrecl"ilh conside ,able ease Fro111Llwl
tin1e until no\\, I l,,1,c been l.'ng.1gedin plcad111gthe case ol 1n,
hrcthre11-w1lh wh,11 success. ,ind wit.ti de,u tion. I lea,e those
.1cq11aintcd'"'h 111, labor, to decide . 174-~5
\\'ith these "ord!>. the 11Jrrall\C',a., 111.J.11)ha,e re1n,1rkcd.cornc< full
circle. tal..111gus bad,, nol to the !x,g111n111g
of the tole, hut rJther to
GJrr1so11·s
prefutor, re111arks
on the Convention and l)ougla,s' fi1<tpublic addre,, Thi, 1.:lum n,a, he pleasing in tenn, of the sense of <vmmeln 11afford,, but 111<also a remarkable feat of rhelo1,cal strJteg) I la,ing
tra,elcd 111thDougla.,, through lus account of lus lite. \\e .1rri,e in 'lautuckel 11118• I to ht'a1 h1111
spc,1~,ind, in effect. to beco111c, along" 1th
~11.Cai nwn. his audienc-e.·1he final effect 1stJ1alDougla!>Sreinforce,
his po,t11rc a, an Jrl.Jculile hero "Jule supplanllng c;arri<on a< the
defimb,e h1,loria11of lus j),t>l
E,en morc 1111port,1nl.
I think, is the linJI 1111age
Douglass bcsto"; of
~ daH~ sheddinE;hts Li,Lfetter Jll<l becouuug 3 1na11b, fir,t finding his
,·mce and Llien,a, sure a, liglrt follo11,da,,n, ~p(·ak111g
·with considerable c,1,r.· In one bnlhant stroke, tlte quest for free<lo11
1 and literacy
rn1pl1edfrom the start e,en IJ1Lhenarrab,e's LitleLSrcsoluteh co11su11irnaled
•
111e tin,11 text of the narrali,·c. the ,\ppc-ndix. " a discourse b, Donglass on has v1e11of Chr1>ha111lv
and Chnslian prachce a, opposed to
11hat lu, e,posed 111lus tak- lo bl' tlt<CbJnl.rupt. 1n11norJ.!
faith of sla,eholders. \., rhctoncal <trntegv. the discourse is effccti, e gencralh
because ti lend., 11e11;1ht
and substance to what pa%e-;for a con,enhonal
co111p!J111I
of sla,c: 11.irrall\t!nanalon and becuu~e Dougl=' exhibition
of fo1thran onh cnhanre hi, alread, con,iderablc poslt1r,· as ,111articulate hero 8111111orespcc1ficallr. the disco1ir5c 1s mo,I cflil'llCIOllS
bec.1uscat rt; heart lies J , ilriolic poetrl "r illen b, a \Jorthern I\ lethodi,t
1111m,tcr,
" l1ich Douglass 111
troduces b~"nt ing ,
I conclude the1e rc111arl,h) l'OP) 111g the folio\\ i11gporlr,1itof the
rcltg1011nfthc south, (,d1i~lr LS, U) co111111unio11
a11dfello\\~hip, the
rehgron of the north.) "h1ch 1sobcrh affinn is "true tn life." and
\\1tho11tcanc.iture or the slighte<l e,.11::gcrahon i81
The poe1n L<strong ~nd nnbu~d 111th1."011s1deiable
ironv. b111 ,1h,1t"e
11tu,t appreciate here rs the effect of the white :--orlhern~rs poern co111oincd\\ ilh Douglil!i, JulJ1entic.1t1011
of the poem The tabl~ are cle.,rl}
re,er,cd . Douglas, ha, con trolled his personal hislO'} .ind at the san1e
time fulfilled the prophcc) suggested 111Ins 11npltc1t 311thcnhtatio11of
[)oucl.ASS
A.'-D TilE AMhRICA.',
JER£~JIADJ
G,uuson·s Preface. lie ltas expl1c1tl,aul lrenhc-atcd "Ital is con,ention nlh a _'dllte l\o~thcn1cr\ ,Jlid.iling te,L Douglass' n,iriah,e thus offer~
,d1Jt 1sunqnest1011abl)t11irhe~Iportr.111111.\fro-,\menc.in leller, of tbe
requisite ,tel of ,1ssun1,ngauthorial control \n author can go no furtht-r
than Do111;la"did" 1Lhoul"1iting JJIthe te--.t,con,titul111gthe n.1rr,11t,e
h1111;clf.
References
\\ 'ILLIA\1 L. A.'\1DRE\\ 'S
[Frcclcricl Douglass .ind the An1crican Jeren1iad] I
• •
\,\ hen _he ,, rote his N<1rr<1/1,·e
in I S-15, F"re<lerickDouglu» n1.1<lea
senous effort to appea l to wh1tc rn1ddle-clJss rcadc1s of the '\(J1th b1
fa~l1ioni11g
his J11tobiogr.1ph;into n kincl of .\mcrit·an jeremiad This
genre cL[er, fro1n that ,duch \\ iho11J \l use, ha, l.1beleJ Llit:black
icrcm,ad 111 one C'rucral,cnsc: "Jule the IJtlc1 \\a, prcoccuplt'd "1th
A1nerica\ in1pcnd111g
cloon1 bccJ111eof ii< r,1crnl1n1usticc,. the .\111c11•
can 1ere11uJJforetold A111e11ca
_..future l1opefulJ~, ,usl.1111e<l
b, Ll1eco111ict1011of l11e11aho11·s
cL,111chJppou\leJ 111i»1011
1l1e p1acltlto11e1>
uf
both lrlerdl) had 1t,ons tended lo <cc tl1cn1\d\CSa, 011lc,11h.prophrh
c" 1ng ,n the wilderness of the,r own alien.111011
from pre1:llling error
~nd pe"ersit,,. \\ 'liile the ,d11lc Jere,nrnlts detf\ \J11e11L.1\
de,,1JII011
frrnn th ori~i11.11
,acted 111b>1011
111LIIt' '\le" \ \'or Id. II1e1 11;11,11
ii t·dcbrale the national drean1 111the proc~ oF l,1mcnhng its decline . ' I he
An1cncan 1eren11,
1d ,1flinnsJ11C[
su~t.1111,
,1 n11dclle-cl.1«
con,en\l ts :ibout
An1<.'nt,1bi both t:\c011.1li11gldpse, fru111rt aucl rl1clo11c.ilh t·ouph11
f>"lc:nit.,Id1.,llcnE;es(s11cl1a, those offered Ii, P'redcnd, DouglJs.<\ to 11
\\ 1th I lennan \1eh illl' .,nd I lenr\ D,1,id ThoreJ11.~c-011te111poran
1
illf.uu I \orlrt"Y•"
• It J~llu. Frt:.,"' 11> lh c F'mtC.ntu,r vf ,f,r, \mt'tl,'111\1,t 1>,o.r,r.1(>11,, ...60-J"it,i l'rlM1w I "' 1111
101$
19b6tIB - 112 Rcp11111ed
t,.. l)C'rm1,oon o{ Hit'
l 11U\cr,1h ol Hlmoi,Pre11. lh.Jtldt:Jp.1~ ni 111IK"1rrtr-rto th,~'\nrtoo ( ~,,h( 11t-Ct oo.
hum\\
r
\\. 111011I ~1,-,;n, ll!,11.J\ku,~1hi und I 11,c/~ Iu,,u l lnt\C-f1oth
· ~nl Pc-mm
km,; St.d(! l11J1\Cf
d) Ptt-)Ji I W1~I, 111>
.-fS,.md S , \ 111Her~()\11,I,, th, \1•1~1tc..rn}t ~lfflhtd t \ Lduon.:t •rmer•
1, h 1.f \\.i"( 011,111 Pre-n,IQ-1' p I\O \h 1Jn,c:un1
•u rdthe \im:w JII Jul llJt.j,I .ii .J s.:,cmcrs
,.kp,:1..J1:111
on Hth..o, 11,lt ·, C'\ttllrnt,tud, Jr.J dr.1",l1lt('r.1lh
lrom I
2 \ ld,1llc-( l"il9 lh'l,II .mrJ l11orcmtll-.l- - lM-~l\lC'fclhc: I ,th<i1">1frC'\pcd1u:h "•do~, ~
I tRI)) aro~
ll'ulcl, n I f~q, ~,/,J, "''
,o
o,..
156
\\ 11.J IA\I
L..
159
U-DREWS
Jeren11ah,"ho also ,1ddrc,st>dthe 11,111011al
s111
of ,lavery. Douglass confronted ;\J11enc-,1"11h profo1111dh
polarized c,noflons t!utl p1oduc-cd111
lii,11d d,ts,ic cJ,e of Du 801s1.1n
double con~cioL1S11ess.~
\; a f11g1tr,e
,Ja,c:u1ato1111the eJrh !8+os, he denounced the 111~t1lltl1on,1lizecl
racism that penaded i\n1enc.1.111t!pene ,ted ,ts n1uch hcrJldecl blend of
l,her1},dc1110<
rdt'\, anclChii,tia111t~rollo\\ 1ngthe (:arnso11w11
lu1c, h1,
'JX'.cd1cspo1ired co11ten1pton the Con,htution of t!1e U111kdStJk1 J~
J compact \\Ith s!J1erv and c.011dc1111
1ed 1101ther11
as "ell as southern
Chnsti.1111
for being the slJ1e·~t\ r.11,ts."ou, eusla, er~" 1The '\/,rrratne,
howc,er, goes to 110such political 01 religiou, extremes. In thJt booI.,
DouglJss depluv, the rhctot1c of the 1erc1111
.1CIlo d1sll11i;u1,h
bdwccn
true ,111tl
false \11wrrc-,111i,111
,11,dChrist1a1111\
I le cdtl,rale, lhe nat,onnl
drea111l.,v t.'<l11cludi11g
111, ,lo;) 111th,1 cont~,! between the thr11,ng seJco,1,t101111
of ,ew Bedford. l\lass.tchusetlS- where he 11a,"s11rro11
11dcd
111ththe ,trt111ge,tproofs of 11calll1"1-2-a11cl the n111-du1111
Ed,Len1
ShcJ1co( \1.iryland. ,d1c1e "dll.ip1datedhuu,c,. 1\lth po,ertv-,triclcn
inniatc,," "half n,1leclch1ld1e11.·•
and "bJrefootcclI\Ol11Cli" lcsLilicdto .111
unprogres,l\e polit). Appt.·ndcdto Dour;l,h1\ ,to') ".111app,1re11
t upoloi;v foi 111,11,1nah1
e's "tone ,111<1
1n,,11ner.1e,pt:cl111g
rel1g1011,"but Liu~
11111c~I)
g11e,11a1lo a liu,111e1e1111ad
aga111,1
the phans.ucal ·1i,pocntcs"
of' the slavt'lio/d,ngre/1g1011
of tins l,111d"1-,, "I lo,e Lite pure 1>e.1ce,1l,lc,and 1111p,
11t1.1IChnsl 1.11111\
of(:l1n,t," l)o11gl,1>,
procl,111nedAll the
11101c
re,1'011,therefore, for hi111to approp11Jtethe la11gu.
1gc of Jere1n1ah
6:29 for his ult1111at<
11arr1111g
to torruptcrs of the faith "'Shall I no\
11111
fo, tl,esc ll1111gs'
saith the l.ord Sl,all uot 111, ,oul be ,II cni;ed 011
,ndt ai nJhon d' tlu,>' " -8] . ·1lie \t1rr1Jt1,·tbuil,h a co111·111ci11g
ca\e
for Dougla,.,'s l1Lcr,1ry
calling .111dhis ull1111ah.'
sdf-appo,nhnen t ai
A111enca
s hl,,cl Jere111i;1h
Douglas,, ac~ount of 111,11,e fron1sla,.:n to i1ectlo111
fulfill, c-crta111
fc-.ituresof the 1erenuad\ cultural n1ylh of \n1crieJ fhc /\arralll'~ clr,1n1ah1<·,a "nhul ol soc1.1l11ahon"
~1.11
Sa,·,.in Bcrco, ,tch finds often 111
late t1ghtee11
th- a11clearh 11111elt:euth-<e111t1r1
jen·111i,1d,.
Ilic rt·belliou
of a frJclious 111d111dual
agJ111st111s!ituled
~utliorit) 1, trn11slJtcdinto a
heroic acl of sclf-rcliJncc, 3 rce11acb11e11l
ot the national 111>th
of regener.,11011
a11dprogre" tlirou~h re1ol11lin11.
1'1\\'great rhetorical ta~kor the
jeremwd ,~ Locli,esl self-cletc11n111ot1,c
11uh1iduali~111
uf its threatc11111g
""ocwhons with Jnard1, ,ind anhno1nm111sm.
the excessesof the unbridlt:cl self. III A1neric" tl1e jcrc111i,1d 111Jdemud1 of the d1shnchon
betl,een rebell,011anJ reH1lut1on 11,c1ehcl cli,nb\·1,out of self-interest
.ind defiance of the good of the co1nn1un11}
and thl l,1\\, of Prov1dcnC'e.
Iii, ac-t parJllel< l.11cifcr\pn111alact of d1sobed1ence,"h1d1 produc-ed
only J1,cord a11cla ( le111porory)
lhw.ullng of the d1nne pla11.') he n:n1l11honan. on the other l,a11cl,pro111otcs
111th<'secular sphere the sa1ncsort
ot up"ard sp1rdllo11ardperfcct1011Uralc;od d,•111.111<lcd
ot e,1clt1nd1,td
1ul ~oul in ih pr11ateprogre~ to11ani1ed1:mpho11.
' l'ho: A111cnca11
lt're1111ad
oh11.1tecl
lhe dilhntbon bel\,een secular .incl s,1credrc1<llutionin
order to enclo11the fonncr "ill, tl,c ,.111clio11
of the latter, the better to
,,uthonze the naho11al1111th
of lite A111cJ1ca11
Rc1nl11t1011.
<\111enca
was
,1trulv revolutionan soc,et,. 111the s<:n<ea11dto lhc c,Lcul that 11\pc<r
plc-lha l 1, to s.11, tho~e "ho had been acco1ded the statui of pet,onhood H I 11,,,c:on,hl11lion-rc 1na11"·dfaithful to Cod\ pl.in for the
progress1>eco11,c1>io11
of their l,111di11tna 11c11
order \rncncans 11cre
therefore cnlled to Ix· re,0l11tio11,ir1e,.
but re,olutionJries ,n the 1en ice
of :111
c:,oh 111,;
din11eor<:lerwithin ,, l11ch,\n1eri,·,111s
could ach1c,c corporate sdr- 1c,1li1.ahona, <.:od\ l'hoscn people
,,\; &e,eralen lies ha,c 11nted,Dougla,,\ \,irratfre ,ec111,to hJ1e bce11
ton5C'1oushclrm,n up along structural and 1nctaphontal l111esfon1ihat
1
to re.1dcr~of ~p1nl11;1l
:111tobingr,1ph1e,.
'I he roung Frl'dcnck" 1111ti:1tecl
into a knowledgeor the clepra,il, of n1dnII hen lie ,vrl11esscs
tire hideou,
Hoggingof his aunt Hesler. "It" as tl1eblood-stained gate Lhcentrance
to the hell of ~h11er1,through 11h1chI 1\,11abo11t to p,1".. I 5J I hough
see1ningh rl~n1nc-cl
In this southern hell. tl1ecight-ic:ir-old bov 1, dcli,crccl bv •., special 111terpos1l1011
of cl" i11el'ro, 1dcncc:Lil nl\ f,11or"from
tl,e pl,u,t.ilion of E<l11a1dLlord 111Talbol Count\ to the ll.1lhn1orc
hon,e of Hugh .\uld Fron1 that tin1c for11arcl,th,· hoy is co111inteclthal
lrecclon1 ..this lt,·ingword offa1th ancl spirit of hope·· 1281-\\0Uld be
his ~mne<la) I he thoughl ..re111.ti11ed
like 1n111i,tc11ng
ani;el~ to chc-cr
me through Lhegloon1:· L)ougl.i,s\ faith in Jin, 1nhuh1l'll felt 111.:a,enh·
pronllst' of libcral10111111dc
rgoes a sene\ of lnals in 111,boyhood and
ea, h lce1"· 11hen he 11 first led onl of hi~ ..111cntJ I <laI k11es~"
b, Soph,a
Auld, "ho teaches hi111hi, lc!Ler,. ,ind then i, thn"t b;.1ck111tn"the
horrible pit" of enforced 1gnorn11C'c
hy her h11,haocl."ho fc:,ir,n 111en
L1llyenlir;hte11ed~lJ1c
.
•n ,e nuddlc chapter1 of the :-.e1rr<1/irc
retounl the \l111e1outlt s 1;1nw111gtc-1npJ,1tion<
to despair of clcli,cr,1nr<'from 1Xl11d:u;c
Returned to
the n1ral rc:g1011
\\bcre lie 11ashon1 Do111;las,
cli,co,crs !he h)pocn,1 ot
(:hri,11Jn slJvel1oldt'1>"hose prelentions lo picl\ 111.isk
their cruelh ,11,d
lict•nt1011s11c-,s.
I le rc,1che, u <.Lirk
111g1Jt
of tile soul 1n J',~3. "hc11 the
hJrsh reg1n1eof F.dwardC'..o,e,."the ,n,1~(':·hr<-.1k,lii1n 111bo<.h.
soul.
and \J)Hit" And ~el. ht>undergoes "a glonou, resurrection. from tht.·
10111b
of ~1.1,ery.to tire hc,11cnof freedon1" I 'iO) b1 ,1olenth rcsistir1~
Jl\,lh>L" lld\A1.dl U11cpro\ l:S$ of1.: •n,·tr 1111,,111d 1h-,tol hbcrJ
l.l~Hitu Ilic-;\.~""tnvII I'ml\lfltn('U.n \uf ,J1111tz.r""'"
r,... rn ph.•tu:'\l. .Jt.•( \11,ltef\ll '111\t:'C·
,h of ~b~s.Kln1<:'b Pre,,... 19""91p ;,; Sc.·e.-hoIlou~f<•I n.1Lr1"'ofttef\ilhf'III Ill l,11tt~Hlad.
St11111Ch:a:Sottrs.,
1llt l 'nncr~Jh P!'""ol \ ,r~uu..a tu-~ 1 p ·5, ().1, ..,la\1 v.nrLu .a i,.pmt~I
) C: Tl nm.1t ( :on~t"tJt~~"' tht
1 I I Tl1t Suul, •J JJ/au F"1k l'l!13J
\\ E. B Du Boo,, )>,Is',-) %l rl••cuCl th< <on<'<pl<>I
-\l ~h \111C"HC,-.11 "'du11l1lc"1.vu,c1,u1h110) EJ,tor,
• ~t: Thm&I
..-.~·~'-.IJrn,, Southern~l.ncn ,md ~orthcrn Rclu;:1011·Feb. 11, )1!>+] in Bl1$.\i-Ug:imt, ,d ()o.,gfo'-> Pup,11,l l>
\111n~.m .milinn .,_ Coltun \lAlu:, ,
1-1~ 1o;r.1pl1~~,l1111111h1.""IJJ~ ,I wcl1 11ukd"1111c'
Hu1~m1111
l·r.ml1111,1rullltun-- \<l111'1..,
•
\\ 111JAM J
160
\/\ORF\\'~
[FREPfRlCK
Co,cv\ alle111ptto apprehend hun, one -\ugu,l 1110111mg,
for a110Lher
mlraC'honof the rule,. TI1us, ··,e,urrected." the sixtC'en-vear-old1·outh,
"J sbH~ u1 rorm" hut no longer ",i 1lu,e 111
facl." begin~ to put 1111
rc11,·ecl
fJ1tl1 in trccdom nnd Ins '\elf-confidence" 111tc,
p1,1ct1Cl'Hued 011Iin
J'\14 to\-\ illia111Freeland. he start- a '·SJhhatli ,chool" 1n 11hicl1lo
teach slaves ho" to re.id Ilic l1il>lc.11,d"to i111buctheir m111<l,111tl1
tl1our;hts ol ln.•tdo111"56 "\Iv tcndcnc~ \\as upw,1rd,"1tute, Dougl,1>s,
fiJ1nh t'Om1n1l1erl
to follow111g
the road lo lrccdt1111
.11rnlo1;1zcd
111the
\'arratn._.. in 1111
agcl\ 1c1111111>rent
of P,lgrim's Progrest.<·The lirst_escape
allen1pt. appropnatch t11ncdfor ba,tc,. 1sfoiled, but l11sscconcl 111Scpk111hcrI8>S,succeed,
The last pages of tl1c ,arrc11tve dc,l'nlx· the 11e11free1na11\c·all lo
\\ih1ess for tl1<.'
gospel ol lree-do111
that laad prt!,cned, rei;encrntc~. ,111'.~
po111lcd111111nortll\1.ird \ s11bsuipt1011
to the L1berc1lor ,el< his soul
on tire for ''th<!c.1u,e" or aboliho111,1n.\t JII .n,11,l.11.:r,111cd111g
111
i\.111tucL.et
n1 \ugu,t I ~41. "I tell ,tro11i;h u,o,cd to speak. but Doug
ws,"1c,11a111edh, a ,cn,e oi 1111\\orll1i11es<
before 11h1tepeople Still
th~ promptings of the spirit cannot he re,i,ted, <.'1c11
though it i, "a
se, ere cross.. for the ne\\ C'on,crt lo talt 11p ·1 ,poke hnt a fe"
111or11c11h,
11hcn l fdt ,1clei;rcc11ffrcc<lon1,
J11cl said 11hutI desired ,11th
consrdernblc ea,e. 1111,lihcr.1tionof the tongue d11naxc1the l1fc-lo11g
quest ofFrcdenck 11ougl 1,, to\\,Hclhi<cl1,111ch
Jpf><>111tcd
clc,h111in tl,c
,1nt1,l,11en 1111111\lf\
·11re <pcc:ial plan of Pro1idc11cc " 11011f11[h
r<:-,caled.1t the e11dof the ,\iarrull\'e FrederiC'l Doui;bss 1s n chosen
n1Jll as 11cllas a lrcc111a11
1-hstn,11, of the <pint ho1c been ,1 lest .uul J
pr1:par,1ho11
tor h" 11lt1111,1le
1n1"1011a, J hlack )crl!111ulilo a ,·orrupt
11h1tchracl r711s.1utolnoi:r.1ph1.J; Rohert C. 0';1.lealh hn~ e111phas1lcd. 1s,1 te,t meant to he preached
Like all \11wnr,1111crc1111Jcl,.
thl' 1'1t1rr,1tfrei, J poliht·.11,cri11011
Dougla\l>'> ,clf-rcJl1.i:alln11
,L, a fr,..c111Jn
.111da cho,cri nl;l11talc:, place
11a a proC'essof ~ut\1ard and wr~chrnes 11olent re\'011111~11
as 11ell as
mncr e,ol11t1011
ot eon\t:1()l1\1IC"·f he ,tratcg1·ot Dou~la\S' 1ere1nt.1dI\
to clc:pic:lti 11, 1c\'olt1tio11
JS ,l "process of ·\rnenca11iz.1l1011.·
lo 11\eonc·c
again a k<.'1phni,e 111Berco11tch'sanahsrs of the genre \s Bcrco"tch
note,. the:jcr<n11,1d r1.•,po11s1ble
for r.1ho11.1l11111g
,111d
ch,1nnehng lhe
rc-,nl11tio11Jf\
i11dl\1cl11ah,t1c
i111pulse111 \111cric,1'° ,r, lo rcC'oncrle ii
111ththe 111,lhof :\n1cnca·, corporate dcst111,as a cho,cn people. This
111C"ant
dishni;111~l11ng
fim1lv ber.,e-cn the trull \rncncan re1olul1011ary
r11di1id11alis111
.ind the rchelliou,. 11n-.\n1crica11
111di11d1ul1,111
0£ the
"·I\
6 \n E11(!lhh,-pintual1ller!Of\pubh~ht:J"'1f1>lm81111,a111t1
16 8 fddofl
? Roben G O \k~n,. ·1 r«lcr«:l Oo,,d.os,!~4, \anaill'I'
the 1,-, ,~..
\lc,n
'" 1k
Ptc:.K.l..oJUJ lki.ttr l' ...tu:·r;ind Rt1bc-rt
R S1c-ptneds, \fn1,.J\mrrtc,tnL1tt:,'-l!1Jrc. l h,ifRn:on
11'114.'/IQ•It'J/ lrhtrtJClt< n ~,<:\Iii \orl Mockm Lan~~t
\.~nhon.
('r'l-i pp 19:-211
O'Mulh t:c.>iu.:4-."I
tf;a(e\tm tllt': rd;;.UOnsl11p
ot tl,c ·''llmJtn..- lo b.LiclKrmomc fr.1J1tm1u fot .a
ot l.lt111el.1iU al1.ti.1.1lt:\fKOCll<-C~ • p:ud,cr, ~t<: \\ ,lh.amI Wrni.-s. fredc-n,1
O(.)•JdlS),,
Prt.f<'l,e,,
• \mf'rtt,m Utrtr.iturt'S4 ID« l')'-;~1. Sil! 11""
J1iC'11~ofl
l)ot•GLASS
A'Jl
IHI:. UICRIC.~
fERF\IIAOJ
lol
nlic11and sc<litiouslndi,1n. Negro,or r~n11
111st.1710,e111ar~cdb, r.1ciJl
hcritag<' as otl1e1had to prm·e that the1 were ol "the people." the >\111er1
can cho~n. b\ de111011,ITat11
11;111their 01111
l11t«<
the:rituals of.\ 1nenc,111LLJho11that had con\ertcd then, front 11011-perso11,.
as 11were. 111!0
u1e111ber,of the r111ddle-C'bss
rna1ont,. "131.1cks
and lnclrJns ..... could
lea111to be I 111cA.111eriC';111~.
1d1c11in lht>lullne1s of ti111ethe} \\Ould
.idopl the teuels of hl.1cl..,nrl tc:dcapit.1li,111
"~ J)o111;l.1"plcd~c, ,1llt:giancc lo the eco1101111c
tcneb of the 1cp11bl1c111hr, autob1ogr.1pl1v,
enl1tled. ;1ppropnJtely enough. the narr.1llve of "An -\rn,,ric<111
Slu,'e."
Dn111;la,,goc, ht:,011d111,pn·decc,,ors 111the slHH.'11arr,1h1e,m using
tl11s01thodoxv to 111,tif"hi< rc,ol11t1n11
aga111SI
<lJ,CI) and its perverse,
un- \111encanprofit 1nothc.
Joh11Seelye has pointed out some of the .1fn111h(.'<;
bet\, een Dougla,s\
'-it1rraltve ~111(1the:tultur.il 111,tl1
o[ \111cricaJ\ dra111.illz<:<l
111 ~r.1111.1111\
1nc1no1r. Dougla,, i, "Ben FrJ11kl111·~
,pcc:,ric ,hJdc;· ,1rg11csScc:l1c,
thouoh the e,-sla\e·s story 1s "not a record of essa,s to do good hllt
,1tle11~pt<
to be bad. {)011gbss like t\ ltltou\ Sata11• Ill\c11tingvirtue fro,u
.111 evil 11(.>c·c,,ih
~ 1 It " 110\111allpart of Oo11gla"'s rhctoncal c1rl.ho"
c,er. to trJ11,late his bacl11cs,111l01t:1ol11hona1~
11eceS-s1h
of o kind h,s
,~h,te rcade1 could ident1h 1,11h. L1ougl.1ss·slirt, like l•r,111l..ln1\
dc1c-nbe~ a n,i 11g:1re fro1n c-01111
I ry lo e, I\, thcII iI folio\\',,I clo1111\\,1rd
c-ur\'cof c, 1)Cdalions v.hcn the tow11,lave ts reh1111cd
lo the pl:intat1on:
but ii re-.ohes upward once n1ore. nfrer the fight 11·1thC_o'<.'\.carrv1n'-i
the blJc-L.)·nuth f10111l.1lbot Co1111htu 8.1lh111ore
.11,dfr11all)to \ic11
Yo1k ~nd New Bedford \Vhc11g1'C'l1 the oppo11111111\
fenself-1mprrne
ment in the c11\,young Fred 1, e,e11 llll ,1,ent<'rpns111g
as F,1lhcr 8<.'11
,\.-.a ho~ he on:rco111cs,1d1.:r,1t\to le,1n1reading .111d
11riling 011111,
01111
D1sco1en ol an cloqnc-ncc ltandhook entitled ·1/u, (;o/r1111bw11
C)rulor
£or~,h.1dow, the da) I\ hen lie will b~co111eone But first he 11111,l
become 3 1nan. !'he b.tUlc "1th Cove, h,1lh hi, regrC\'1(111
11110the
sla,·e's "beast-like stupor" and "re, i1cd 111thi11
111ca sc11,cof Ill) O\I n
1n.1nliood.." "Bold d<:'h,111cc"
repl.icc, ··c:01,ardicc": sig111hcanth.thr
,plte1e, of tl11, dcliance are i11tcllc:ctualand ccono111i(' \, ,1 S.1hh:itl1
,chool lC',1chcr,11I 'reel,1nd's,Dougbss uses a, h1sk,t tl1c Bible. a11cl111,
,1in11scon,istenl 11ith \Jncnca\ n1idclle-clJ~<
civil rcl1g1on.He encour•
,1i:es l11s,l.i,e pupil- to bcha1e "like 111lellecluJI.n,oral. and ,IC<"01111tahlc
beiu~" rather than '\pend ing the S,1bbath 111 v.restl111g,lx,,11ig. ~nd
d 1111
k111gv.hisk1" I55 . lJougla,, dt1111c,_t1c-al~
:1greater gc, t11reof _cl~fi
ancc. hi~first e,c,1pe alll'111pt,b, :111ulogi11ng
rt lo tl1challo11edcleu\loll
of Patncl. Heun ( i101ucJlh·.a sl.11eholdcrl for libert'I or death "\\'c did
16~
\\ II.I Ll\1
I
,\',llRt
I\S
FRt DERICK
mo1e than P.1trickI Jenn the t11i;1ti,c,1<l1an<·t-s
of h11n,elfand h1, fol.
ln,, n111:t\\J1,.hccau~c their liberty"·" 1nore dubious and their dcatlis
1nore certa111if they failed. B1 unplication. then. the1~dJu11tlcs, hl.1cls
11crc111orcheroicall) .\nitrtcan in the1rstn1gi.:lctor 111dq1ende11cc:
lhm1
11,1sone of the mo,t prorr1i11e11t
dtlc1;,1tc,of the <:0111er1t1CJn
of 1776.
\ficr Doui;la,,\ ret11n1to Baltu11nrein the ,pnng of 1835to be hired
0111111
,ariou, cn1plo1111c11ls.
the l\c1rratl\'e conce11tr.1tes1ncrca,111gh011
the econo1111c
l1111111liat1ons
of an 11p11arcllv
.1spinni; ..,IJ1c 1n fc1ri11
hut
not in foci .. \Vhile apprc11liccclas a ,hip's carpenl,·r. the slan: i, attacl.ed
a11dbeale11b, four "l 11te worker, 11110felt 11"deg,ading to the111to
11orL111thinc" \1anfulh, L)ougl.1,, return, the hlo"' in kind <l<'sp1te
the-arht·rsc-oclcl, I~11i;htthe calk111i;tr.ule h<' "wa, Jblc, to cn111111J11<l
the 1111:hcst
11agesg11e11to tlie 111osle,pcnc 11c:cdc:.ilkers."$ ] 50 J d<1y
Tht: n1011ev"\1.i, rightful!) 111~
01111,''DougL1<s.1rgue,; • I l·ontr;1ctcdtor
1t; I can1crl 11; 1111.1\paid tp 111e.. Yet Clef\' week Hugh ,\11lcltook 11
"And 1d1y?Nol bc:c:a11se
lie earned it -1101 bec:atL<C
ht' had an, hand 111
e;1111111g
11.-not bcc.1u,e I 011eJ ii lo hi1n,-11or because he pos,e;seJ
th,· ,IIJ;\hl,>st
, l1.1d1n1
of ,1rigl1t to 1t but "1lc-h bec:111,c he h,1clthe po,vcr
lo co111pel111cIn i;11c11up" !(151 \\1th (;ranch, L.1ne, and Henson.~
Do11gl,1ss
,1ppcal,;lo h1• 1e.1der\ respcrl for contract au<l rescnh11enlof
,1rlntral) pc111cra, ,1 \\J\ ol preparing h1, c.i,e for the linJ I break 111tl1
sla,cn·. I he: ru;l,t at 1>s11e
her,· 1spr.u:;rn,1hcand cconom1c, not ab,tracl
or ron1.1nt1c.00111,Lis,J11.1l0<,;i,-e,
,\ulcl lo a "grnn-1isagcd pirate" and ,1
•·rnhlwr"-.1111111tlJ\\111olhc1 word,- lo han1>hhi111fro111
a co11sub,ta11li.1lrelah<>11'l11p
111lliIlic 11orllicrnreader \lean11hile. Douglass qualifies hunse lf for acceptJnce .1, .111 <:co110111
ic rc1ol11hon,1rv1n the best
\1nenca11trnd1lio11. Ill· \\Ork, h1, 11,1~up the eco110111ic
!Jdder in the
South fron1 co1111
tri ,Ja,c lo n ly apprent ice to the quasi-free st.1tus of
one II ho "l11redhi\ t1111e"
Hin11i;hi, li111er,·q111rcd
J)ougfos, lo nieet ull hi~ Ii, ing ,·,pens,·, out
oi the 111co1nelh«l he could 111,ike!or h1111self.
wink still p.:ty1ngh,s
111.tslcr
a fixed return ofS, pc1 \\('ck. rh,., 11as··,1hard l,,1rg,u11."
bu! ~till
"a step to11.11dfrcedon1 to he allo11ed lo bear the rcspo11,1bil1tie,of J
free111J11
" 6~J,
I Jere ,,i;a ,11 l)ouglass slre,sc, ho11lie qualified hintsclf.
<kph, ,tcp, for Freedon1,111dih "re,pons1bihtics" ,i; 11cll.i., its "rights."
"l benl 111,,dflo tile 11orkof n1dl.111g
111onev,"
.1drl,Dougld», by 11n~of
pronng 61, dedicaho11lo the q11111t~,entialrespons1bililie<of au ,\ 111eric-,111
free 111.111
"] was re«clyto work it 111ghl"' "ell ~ dav, and O}the
111,1,l
u11ti11n!,;pcr<.(',erance a11drnclu<tr\, I made enoui::b lo 1nect niv
e,peu,e,, dnd b> up a lillle 111011e,
c,e~ week" [67j. TI1c s.t\1111;,wer~
used, presu111.1bh,
lo lielp Do11glass111his f11ghllo freedo111,for les, tit.in
,1 month after ,\uld halted the ,l.111:\hiring out ifoaring that too 11111cb
Dot·,.1.As~ ,,,,u rnt
\l'.1cR1c,,,,JFR1 ,11,.nl
16>
freedo1n 1\Qul<li;o lo the bl,1ckn1an's head). Dougla" retali.11edb, taki11gthe ultima te "slt:p lol'a1clfrec:clo,11."
()ne of th,: mo,t UrKon1en IlonaI re.1t1nc, of tht· :>.arrulirC' "a, Dougla,,s refusal to encl h1, sto11
or tl,c slafc
, 111ththe ,tock-111-h,1decl1111,1,
uarrah,e \\atch111g th,· panll11gfugit11e~eile hi, freedo1n 111~1,,he.idof
,nnpping bloodl101111d,and d11lt11111g
,lu,ecatchcrs leit 1d11t1:re.iders
111tha, 1cano11,,en,e of the Jiu ill or tlic cha,e a, 11c-ll," tht relief of the
\11tce,;,ful esc;ipe. In the ,la,e narr.1l11e a gener,ition of 1eadcrs fount! a
factual p,11alld to the: c,1plnre-fl1E(hl•a11d-p11r<u1t
plot. of then hnorite
ro111J11ce,
b, Jauu:~ l·c111111orc
( '.ooptr \\, ill1a111
Cil111ortS11n111,.
and
Robert \1onl~o1nen B11d' Yel Dough1,, left 0111}a l1ia111,111h1, ,torr
1d1rrc:th(.'c11,to111,1n
d1111a,,hould ha,e been, 1nsisting,qtttle plau,,b l~.
th.ii lo 1cco11n1111,111odcof escape would ,ilert sl.11eholclersto 1t and
thu, clo,c ii lo others '1he condusinn he l ho,c fo1 111, ,\;urra tin · indicate< that 111h1~1111nd
the high po1nl of J fug1l11csla,c's career 1<asnot
h1, am,·al 111the free ,tates hut hi, a1,1111
1plion of .t ne11 1clcntitv,1<,t
frl'e 111.rn
a11clhis inlc1,r.1lio11
11110
thl' \111l
·ric,1111r1,1111,tre,1111
l)om;IJs~ note, grnphKall) tlic 11111lal
terrors of the ,,olJled fug1t11c111
a ,tr.1nge and often ho,llle I.ind, b111h1, e111phasi<
11011how <Jllltkh.ind
h;ipptl) be .1ss11111l,1t.:d,
I le: 111arr1es
1,ith111h10 11eek, of 1111.,rri101Ii11
l\C\, \ork. I le ancl Ins "1fe \nna 1110,e1111111c:cl1alch
lo Ne11Bedford,
11here the 111on11ng
after Ins Jr11111
l he recci,c< frorn h1, '>egro ho,t .1
11e11ttJ1ne to Je1101c111~
11e11,cknll" 111frc<·rlon1'h10 cL11,l,1tt·1,h<'
take, h" fir<lJoh sto11111
g a ,loop wilh ,1 lcr,1cl
of rnL "It ,,a, the lirsl work.
tht: rc\\,1rd of wl11d1was to he entirely 111~01111.''"It 1,,1, to 111ethe
starling-point of a 11e11e:1.1skncc",~4, F1cnth111gf.ill, into pl.1<·cfor
Dougla» 111l\c11 Bedford. 11l1ere the \1ncnc;111drt·a111of ".1 11e11
C\JSlc11l·t" ",1h1m, po'-1hle tor c1ery 111an,hl.Jd, or 111i11e'l.c,1 Bedford
f11lfills lhe e,-,Jaye\ ,ociocc:ono1111c
q11c,t,here c1cr:, n1a11p11rs11c,
h1,
work"" 1th a sober. 1el cheerfu l l·an1..:,tness,\\ h1d1 bctokl·ncd th,· deep
inlcre,t II ILid, he fc:It 111wh,1the "a, cloi11g, a, 11cl I J, ., ,c 11,<:
of hrs n11n
d11;111h
J, J 1na11
.. \Josi 111af\elo11, of Jll. the black pop11latio11
nf lhi1
paragon nl 1ndn,tn ,ii c-.1pit
J lrs1
n Ii, es 111"finer hou<cs" ,111d
l'll jo,, "11
tore
of the co1nforls uf life, tlwn the .1,erai.;cof ,la1cl1oldcrs in \L11)l,11al..
True l)o11glassadnu6, "prc111dicc,1ga1nstcolor.. ,tlong the clock, of 'le\\
Hetlfo1dI.cpl 111111
[ron1 rc~111111
111;lus tori11crhadc ,h n c,1lkcr But a note
lo th<.:le~I 1c111ov~e1en Ihis blc1n1,h from the i111agcnf tilt' town ,i- tlie
ep1lo111c:of progres, Jud 111>IKL"I Jtn told that colored pcr,on, c.111
1101> get c111plo\'t1te111
al L',tlL111g
111'\Je11Beclford-J re5ult of anh-,1.in·r\
effort .. Peilidt" Ihh 1, the re,1so1
1 for tJ1c u IIId 111.111111:r
,111cl
lhc a b,enl c
of iron, 01 l11llcr11css
111thwl11chDou,:la" hring, 11pth 1, lone 111,IJnce
of ra~1,111111tbc- l\011h. ' l'hc ttfusJ.I of '\;c" Bcclforcl'5cJllcrs to work
"1th hnn 1110,c.·,
ti 1c11,1rr.1lo1
to none of the n1oraloutrJge th,1tJC<·ornpa•
1('4
\,\ Jt.UA\J
L
'\NDREW~
uies hi, r<:callof the \Jlllc: kind oi lreal111e11!
that he recch·ed from Balh11101e\c.iU,ers '\o\\ Dougl,Ls.!>
J\ 1nore tl11ck-,k111ncd
,ind n1.1tler-of-f.tcl,
lus narr.ilt,<: business 1, not to co1npl:iin :1bo11ttlte b;irriers to lii, pro~tc" hul to ,how ho,, lie. J,Lc:111,.1cloptedcit~. o, ertarne lhun. No\\ 1s
the time for 1111der,talen1e11t
"l•'inchng1111trade of no 1n1r11ed1.1tc
bcnelil. I thre\\ off 011 calkini::habilunents . .ind prepared 111,selfto do an,
L111d
of "orl I could gt'I ltl tlu" ~-t
h11 the ne,t three I ears. Douglass had lo ,11ppo1Ih11fonul~ via 11hale,er n1anual labor 1obshe co11ldfind. 1nclud111g
,mnng \\OOd. sho,ehng
tn.11. '"ecp111g c·l1i11111('1.,,
,111droll111gr,1sk~111.in nil rdinen Yet tl,e
\/anuthc strehcs uni) tl1c h11ghl,i<le of lhi, c,ptric:11cc-Do11gl.",\
.\111en<:an1ngent111}
a11cl1ndust1J,-nol the 11gl, side- '\cl\ Bed_iorcl:S
e,·01101111c
rcpn..,sinn ol ., lra111..-d
bl.1cl.tr,,des1L1,1n.
01111 1n l i:.st, 111lu,
l.1/e,;nJ '/1111e,.1d1e111)011,;l.h.,111ilo111\Cr
had 1hc ,:i111c rl,ctont·a l ,t,1kc
JJI a dra111,1ttc
<:011tras
t beh1ec11 Norlh '111d So111h,\\011lcl he Cdll thc
1d1ok h1111111i.1hng
episode "the test of the real ci1il12ahon of the cornrn1111ity"
of \J<·11Bedfcnd,whid1 ti,,- 101111
pl.111111'
fmkJ.• In 18-15Ne11
Ilcdfo;d I1,1dto serve J\ Dougld", ,l.111d.1rcl
of ..rc,1I c i, i\i1"tiou of tru t
\111eriean1~111,
\IJ tl1<1t
lie .is .1 1ererniad II riter con Id h,1vcMn11cll1111i;
b)
11l1ith to 111eJ111re
tl,c So11ih\ fall 1n1111
11alion.1lgr.ice
Like earl1e1popu"11l1le1an r;e11resfrrnu 1d11d1\fro-A,ncrican .111
tob1.
oi:;r.,phv soui;ht aulh<:Hllt·.iliond11clotlu:r rl1clo1ical .idva11
l.1gc,, the
\r11cric.:a11
1ere111i:idprovided ,1 ~trut·ture for Dougla~s, v1Mon of
\1nen,·a tltal \\Js both c111po\\er111r;
.111cl
l1111ili11g
,ti the s.1n1et11ne.The
1ere1111.1d
i;a1c the e\-s],1\e hter.1n licen,c to c:,coriak the So11lhprelt),
111ud1.1, lie plteasecl,o loug '" the ideal, .ind \'alues b, " l11d1he 111clgccl
that rcg1011'stra11>i;r~s>1011,
re11,.1111etl.\111encan t hus \\hilt biuerl}
e,0J.:1ngthe n1glttn1,ucof ,la,e1}, Do11gla,s', c,~111plc1111oked1nsl as
1-,1erc:11tl1tJ,.,
drea111ol -\1nt·ric,1as a land of f1ci.:<lo111
J11dopporh 111il\
In ,1kttc, lo Douglass ,e,er,11\\tc·k~bt·forc tile Narrutite \\'JS published,
\Vendell l'h11lips.one of tl1t:1nostfortlirii;hl .1bolilio11istrrit1cs of rac1srn
in ll1c '\ortl1 ,1, 11ell ,1s sl,t,el) 111the SoulI1, 111i;cdthe a11tohtographer
to include ,1 co111pa11so11
ul the >l,tlu, of hl.1cksin bot!, sections of the
tountn. ''Tell u~ 11hellttr, ,1fle1 .111,tl,c half-free colored 1nan ofl\ lass.1d1u,dt, i, 11orseoff th,1n lhe pan1pc1ed~b,c of tht• nee <11a1nps!"
I 11J.
Phillips 1equt·skd. ,11th 111,11,u,11penchan l for iron~. In l)ongla"'; 1cre1uiJd, ho,,ever , ~ud1 a topic \\.J\ 11<)1
tc:11.ibleIn Ifie ~p,nlual a11tobio~rnpl11and the ,ucces, ,ton. of,, h1th Do11i;
l,1ss\ •\anut,ve 1san amalgam,
doubts about ll1e ,1ch1e1·en1cnt
or signilica1K·cof ,,1huhon aucl success
are clear cvrdcnce that tl,ty han, not been attained Dongl,H,\ ,ton. by
cu11lrasl,1sclett'nn111edto lleda1c \ c_.,Bedford as n1ortethan ont' sldl'e\
alld111ablesec11l.ir s,1h,1tto11
Ill 6-n1cuca.Such ;t dcd.11;1Li1e
act hrouE!_hl
IFRFt>rRtCK
Do11ctA~sI\NL>
I HF
A,1t.1u
c.-v- )CREM JAD
t(i;
into being Ne\\· Bedlorcl a, l)ongl.is, needed 11lo bte-n sv111bol of his
belief Ill An1e11c.ia\ a free. prosperous. :ind progre,1i1e ;o<:ialord~r llldl
lhriYed without caste:!dL'>
Linchous or the exploitalJon of h1lx11
Fo1 the
sake of th,, 1rn1bol 111his \JSiou of _\.inerica. Douglass could male hi,
1)1111
e,ploit,1lio11111th<· New Bedford J,1bor111arkel~ee111like a 11>ef11
I
lc,,011 i11the schoo l of hard kno('ks, the sort of ad,l'isil\ that self-uiacle
men gene1all) glory 1n. For the s1mool'< 1;1kc,Oo11gl,1-s,~ould ce11\01
h11nselfand s-.11nollHng of 111ori:,
lltuniliJl iug Jim Cro\\ cxpenenccs thJ I
he had been· sub1cctcd lo 111tl1e l\orlh, ,1ltl1oui:li he It.id been
recoun ling s11d11ncidcnt1 frotn tl1e abolrlio111>l
plillfon11for lht pa,l
three \'ears.'
171; 1\u1enca11 jere11uadsln1ch1re<lIJouglass 111to3 fixed bipolar set
of allenrnlivcs 111tl1 1\l11d1lo dd 'jue tl1e e,perjeuce aucl .isp1r,1lionsof
"Jn .\1ncnca11,l,nc ." Th~ I 1d11d1w,1,1101\n11o11ca11
11J, conc..,11·cd
of d,
an absence. un-An1enca1111n1,
false '\mericanism. An1crica ll'as constao1.I\ beiug Jnall'zed ,m<l 111e.1sured
.ii;auist its oppos_1
te. wl11ch\\'as
0111} ll1e 111e1;ati,e
fu11dio11 of Ll1t'111k1p1el.J1epo,,1bd11.Je,.ortlu, >\111bol.'•To get outside tl11,sell-enclosed dual ,s1n. one had to liberate _?ncself fron1 the symbol oi .\n1c-ncaas a self-valori11ng ple111tucle
and Iron,
the b111.11:
opposiho11, ilwt 111aiutJ.i11ed
tl1e >)lllbol w1th111d field of
111can11119of 11>t)1111111al..111g.
lic:1lr) Lou,, Gales. Jr. has argued con, 111c111o
lv tl1at 111tire first ch~pter of the "i<1rr<Llire,the buiar,· oppos1llous
tllal 1nf~nn and enforce the e11lt11re
of lhe ~b,otrat:\ are "11Ltediakd"b,
the 11;1rr.1tor
,o J> to "reverst' the 1elal1011s
of tht: oppos1l1on"and r('vc,11
th,1t "the opposit1011,, dll Jlo11g_,
11erc on l~ a1b1tral'\, not hxecl." For
111,tance, a, both the ,on and ,la,e of hi, father-111a,ler.the 111ul,11tu
Doug la1s d<'constructs lh<!fu11da111e11
l.1loppo,1l1011l>t·h,~cn "h1te _people a11dbl.irl .111i111.11'
0111vl11cl1
11111ch
of Iha r;11lo11;1le
for sl.1,en "a~
bascJ 11,at separat1011b1:t11cen1d1itcand hl.ick c.111noth~lcl becatise it
i, culiura ll}, not n.1tur:ilh. cle1ernnned. ll\' 1'1-,hruc "e lrlll,h the last
chapter of tlte '\'arraill'e, '1011eve
1. 1lhcco111e,ct11clc11t
Ihat Douglass 1,
not beul 011 tl,c "1111e l1nd of ~·nliquc ol lhe b1n~n oppos1hoJJ>tliat
gPv<·rna11d l'alitlale the s1111bolof -\n1criea. The ;\urrallH' tu,n,. slruchir.illv ,ind the111.
1hcnlh, 011,11cl1dualitre, d' ,ouH1c111d,1,el\ ,ersu~
northern freedo111,",l.1:d1o ld111grd 1gron" \er,u, ·'Chn<tiani~ proper.
B.iltin,ore l'Crsu, !\,·" Redford. c·on1puls1011
ver<us contract, ,L.1g11,1hon
,ersns pr<>grt:,~.
depri,,111011
\t'f\ll\ 11e.1ltl1,,1olte11tte,erstL, order con11n11111h1c;rsus caste s1slc111 \ud ,el} l11ile 1ned1Jt1on t,1kes place
l lot,,,I<>~.\. B,1<
1:.R.JR.
l1'11r Ec0No,11c~ or DDl'GL\.,~·s ~ 1111u111E\
bth1 ccn thc,e fi,e<l.,hall we s.1r"hldt~•ilncl-11hite," Jnhthese<.~ lndce<l.
Douglass ,uggcsls th.it the ~"P bll"ccn the~e poles of true a11dfohe
\ n1enca11is1
11 i, ~r<"1111g
"itle r. ,1, , e11Beclior<l\progress ag-.111
1,t rac1JI
ch,cnn 1i11.1t
1nn st:tlll\ lo tt-shn
I h 11
s a, an \111cnt·.111
jer~1ni.1<l. Dougl~ss s , arrat,rc deco nstruds
l,inOr) oppo,1llon, 111.11upho ltl , lavcn in the South wl11
le recon,tnrcting
the patten, ofh,s life aro1111
cl other sets of oppo,ition, 11hose suppo1t of
the 1111thof ,\ 1nen,J l,e 111
1ght a, rea<lill lia\'e qt1c<t1011cc
l. t.oo. In 18+5.
ho1\C\C:r.D011gh1"11,is ,t ill e,p lon11~ the rhctoric.11 poss,bilitic, of
1>1
n,1n oppo,1iln11sa, a 111
e,11"of e,tabl ishini; Iii!>OI\ n i<lt·11
tI I} rcl.itn t to
'\111CrK,I.
South anti 'lortl 1 It asth roni;l1111,01111
c,-pcnmC'nbl\itl , rhetoric tl1.1
t 11c:,ee Dottgl.,,<'_,p.1rtic11l,11
h1a11dor ·opj)iliing ,elf" at worl
.-\s.1 1ere1111ad1t
,1t1tohio1;raphc r. lie ha, more than h t!>01111
,tor, to tell
I It· 11111,t
prcad 1 111, uch a ,1.11a, tn cl1scred1
l the Lihc oppos1ho11
< a11
d
liicrJ1ch1e, of 1alllc tllilt h,11,·,111,t11.i, J co111equcnc-c
of sahel) ·~ pene r!>
1011,of the !rut oppo, ilic111<
lretwee11good and evil. the nattual and the
1111nah
1ral.
den•~ "qu1k a lernptation lo lht• l11u1gr}
,11.1n11>of OO)S, a, 11ell a, the
older ,la, c, .. . fc11 of \I horn had lhl' 1ulul' 01 ihe I ice to rc,i,t 1t"
Ip ,,1[20J
ltm
•
•
•
I IO l JS'J'O N A. BAJ..J
,:R,
1 J'he
JR
Econo n,ics of Doug lass·s Narrative]t
'
()ne oi tl1e 1110,t, tnl111g 111,
1111k,lahons of the eco11on1
ic 1oice of
Douglas,\ l~4:; \ r,rrcJ/11·,
i, th<' clcst·npt1on of the 11ealth1 sla,co \\ llCr
Colone l i .lo)d\ "finch c11lti1atedg.uden. ,~hicli afforded al111ci,
t constant c1nploY111enl for four uien, bt~1dcs the chief gardene r. (t\.l r
~l'Dur11\0nd)" Ip '!11 l~Oi 'l n1<gJrdcn. 11h1ch1s found al tlie outset of
d1aplt-r ) 1 " • • i<codC'd in .1 n1.1nnc r thnt 111,1kc,it tl,c rno<t , ignilir,1nt
eco110111ic
,ig11111!Le 1nil1al chap ter, of the l\ cJrrali>e. Tl ,e t!lll1re, tore
oftl11: ,l,1veholdcr\ "Job-hl.c (p. )>) •~l l nc-hcs "11naged b, the g.ir<lcn, 11hid1''·" "proh~hl) the greatc,t .1ttra<'ilonof the plac-e the-l.l01d
estate'" (p .>3) [~OJ -\hounclin~ in "fcn it of eve'} de,c ripl.Jon,'' the l;Jr~
l),•.u;;Lu:
n · \ppn ,d" .. d~
1-14eic1io11
d.J,nn<ti.ombch\--rcn
Chn>;ta;amh·
m the-So111l1,11ttl1hc-
,nrlh ll11;:1ua:,h
-J,.lt"mtnbl·\t I <.lll ,("t no rr--~-;Ofl,ht1Ithe n1,-<tdc..·tC'1th1l
<>nc..·
. fnl c.,llluetl1c:
rd1~'lt11o( thn L.1<l(;J1tt>tt.aruh"In tJ11,rttpc:ct. lki,tt!lJ.u•.1s toJlo-Am.i:::
rbc<..::1m.ilffl1
.m 1,nc:
of .Jltatkm.£:
A.IJoord1ctr1d,11u.lic:1th.11n1•mto1.u1eJ,,1,mton c,J dc:tton11ria11011.11
I muon 1,1,lfh
,l,i1\chc,ltlt'n.
" ff™C\tf, 1h1s h,p,ocu,.,of the 01.1rthcrn
cliurtl,\\)1t 1, ltukc-d"-11'11!11:
coma~
lion or tl,c wulhcm ~.nt: 11c,u~l.&."~
.ill the more 1a~11 111"'"tc
,u ;a Jc:tcult.11Lum:111J11i:
11JcdC'"Cli1t<·
,i pft':',tnt.dJ) rd1gtPn ....ht'11co11tr.ti,t('d
I~) th " f'JX)\Ul'
, '·r.hn 1h,.u11I)PCDVC'I
.,
4 rro((I ~futf IJu-~ogl. ,mt! .'\fro-.\111t'T'Jt:dn
L,tn11trm.~ 1Cluc-:1.g
r, ti u( ( httl~ P, II.I~-,t H ~o
Rt:pr1t1kdUy pl lJIU•bll•U1,f!IJt:llu,\1:fut\ cl Cluc-2,o P1cu 8tJ.<.ltkdp.1(:('n111nhrn,r-ftr to
1h11 ~,1rh)11 Cn,,c 1' F-'11•100
•
I6i
• •
111the c:.iseof Colond Llo)d's ga1dc11the fr11ihof ,l,111,l 1hor .ire c1//
rc·ta111c:d
b1 the 111
a, ter. And ,1n1·Jltc-1npls1,, ,lJ1e, lo ,h,irc ,11cl1fruit,
ar<'not ouh dubbed , 1eah11g,h111also ,e,ereh p1111
1,hcd . l!.1c11
~<1. "the
colonel h~d lo rc,01! to all l111d, uf , tralag""" [h'-')Olld111t·n·Hogg111g
lo keep hi< sl.1\~ out of the ga1de11"i p 111 20J.
·1he i111,1J::e
of v,l\t ;1bund.1nct· pro<lt1cc
d b) ,ta,~,hut dc111edthctt,
tl11011gh
the hn 1ldl1I~of tl1e01111er
nft l1c r11t:.111\
nl prod11c-l1011
11c . lite
IJod) , uggc,h a p111el1' eco11011
11
c t1a11,for11
1ailn11of ,1 tr:1dit,01ul i111:1gc
oi the b1hlic-11l
g.1rtlc11.111J11> k111pt.1l1011s D011gl.1"he1gl,k11, tl1e
1111por
l of th,, cro1101nicc·od111g
through 111
1pltc1t .,ncl110111c
deta tl111g,
of the tlelt'r11111111ho11
of 1;c11e1.
1I c11lt11r.ilc:n11sc1otl\11Cs,
/n· u,mmerc·c•
Tl,e folklonc:apl ,on,111 th;1t a ,111glct1111d
1oi tht· "t.11h111,h.. defile, tl1e
1d1olc" 1n1ol-ed 111the \/cJrrcJln·ca> :I lnunoroth anJlogue for Colonel
I .lo, d's 1dcoloi::1c1
I ,1nd n11,ti II Ing dt·,1i::11<1tion
ol those ,d 10 arc dc1ucd
the fr11
1h of tl1t:i.;,11dc11
,,s 111111·c,r//1r
'[he ('olo11cl /<1r~
tl1c fo11ccaround
hJSga1dcn, ,111d ~111 ,h\c '\·.tu~ht 1111
11 ta1 11pl>llh1, per,011
\\dS
se1ereh 1d11ppedI>\ the-c-h1t-fgurdcucr" Ip. 'l'!) !211
j
l he pro111nhn11
of lur 1nr .1 /,ft1ckric•" "' still.I .111dc11t,111i:l
111i;for
\111l·nea
11Cllll\l'it·11t·I.'
tli,11lht· ·1:i, H,lh) ,lnl) I
.\i nc,lll JH01e11:1nce
hn, hc,·n au cnd111111g
tu llur.il tr,1nspl,11
1tI to ,t nrJrk ot lo" ,talus, dcpn •
, ,1ilon.ancl u n11orth iIIC\\ " (·nn1111rntctl 111
)(111
h~ the 11,11r,1tur .1, 1;,11,1,"
.. , hi: ,l.11c, ht·c 111wa, lc.1rf1il nf t.11.,, nf the 1,1'h. ll1c1 ,cc111,·dlo
rc.1111:c
the 1111po"1l>1lih
orto11cl1111i;
tt1r 1\Jlho11tbeing defilecl" f p ~, )
[201 81Jcks,tl11011gh
the ge11l'111to11cl1ol the t,Lrhru,11th,,t 111,11..,·,
thc111
people ol tnlor. ,ire .111to11utic:1
lh i:nilh nt Ilic· p.iraclo\lt·:ilh L1hcled
"u i111t" ol «:t•ki11gIn e1Jic11
!ht fnu l> of thc11 ow11l.1ho1
I h~ "111c
rea,c in , tu,c" of a trad1tio11
,1I \ n1e11c.111
l11,tnr1t.11.t~1111
c111iteothe r di111
c11s1011s111 light of Dougb~,s 1ct·o1111
t 111tl1<·gank11 i11
d 1Jpt.-r ,. L.ite1 111 lite 1\arrt1lnT, lit· 11nil', of lht· life ,,r ,b,c, 1111
Tltmn.i, \ 11ld\ f.1nn: - \ i;reJI 11td111
tunes h,l\c lie poor cre,1lt1re, bct·II
11c,1rl,pcri,h 111i;111
th h1111
i;c:r, 1d1cn tnod ,n ,1b11nd.111c,
· L11111011lcle
_r111t:
11
1 lhc s~tc and ,111oke-ltou,c.,111
d onr piou, 1111,
tre" 11,1,,l\\.1r,· o! tire
fad. ,111d\e l uu, trc,, a11<llnr h11,h,1ncl
\\01il1l k11<:dc1cr1 1110111111~.
a11<l
pr.11th.11 ( :ocl 110111d
hie" lhc 111111 ha4,ct a11d, tore!" lP 66 • 1<)_ l he
l.ee11h l1k1,1tc ,11111
scc·nl.u J11toluogrnphK.1
l ,tlf th.it so t·,1pJhh hg,11e,
thc• cconurnic-, of Llovcl\ i:ardc11- ,11111n1111g
111Ilic prrn:c" built lite 1111
f, 11
a 11
u,,I g.1111ol bl.1cks. and thC'1rpl.1c·c·111t·11l
111the kft-h.u1d, or dehit,
col111n11
of the lccli;er~of ,\ n1c11c,111
, t.1h1s-i, the \Jill<' ,dt encountered
or
Ilit,: t,,._t l 110"11 , ,I th, k~ull~ 111 ·\(nc..m \1111't11 111 illllll• 11 £,hln
( h.111d
lq I I.mo 111l :,,.ft R,•nrn~.I h Sun~,cmdJfrt \,1, 1,•r1( 1-.~1
hnl
popub11t\il h~
~ d,tun·
J1>C'I
168
( I IIE
llousro" A. BA"~K.JR
when the narrntor return, ,1, J tee11agerto ,uuth.:rn, agr.1riJ11
,l.1\cn .
1\1lhe f,1rr11
of \Ir Lch1ar<lCo,c1, \,here he Ii.is bec-n lured 0111for
"bre.ik1ng," the \<1rralnc pirt11re, four cn,la1td hlatk 111cnra111ung
1d1cc1tDougla,, <·0111p11sC',
one of then m1111hc1,
··carr}111g\\heal to the
fau" rp. -- ) f-1 The sun pro\t:s too n111d1fo, the 11n,1td11n.1t1£e<l
Douglas~.and lie collapses, 0111}to bl' beaten b1 \lr Co1c\ for lu, la1l11reto
scr.e effecll\eh as a 1111ndlcs,
("th.- 11ork''·" ,1111plerequ,nng stre,u,th
ratlR:1lh.111111tdkct"1
cog 111U1e1nacl1111c
of sla,·e produc-11011
Seeking
n,drt" iron1 h,, 111,1;ter
t~li Thon1as \uldl 11!10h,recl h1111to Co\CV,
Do11gl.11s
fi11<l,
that tiH profit n1olnc drl\es .,IIbefore1t "1\1.d,terThom,L,
... ,aid . tb~t he could not tlu11kof tsk111g111efront
l\lr Co\eyJ;
th,11,ho11ldh., do 1u, lie 11Q11ld
lo<<"the 1d1ole)e,ir\ "age<" (p -91 i4i,]
111osl
h11,irr,,profit accn1111g
to the fl\\ttcr, 111the (:01e} ep,<ode,
11111\{'ll
r, 1<not ,Ia,c "ag~. but ,l.1\c olhprurg. lfColouel Llo,d ,,011ld
t,1kethe fnut ofU1t>,idl<'\ l.,hor. l\lr Co,c1 1,0L1ldl,1ketl11:\el'\' fruit of
the ,laH·, "omh I le p11hJ blJt-1.n1a11"to stud"" 1th 011cC1fhL, ,1.i,c
\1C1n1e11
Jnd procla1111s
the cl11ldrenol thi, c·o111pellcd11111011
l11spropem 'Tiu, i, ,1c·o11fi,c.atin11
of ,11rpl11,,,1l11c111thJ \'enge~11cc It 111.1111k,t, tl,c ,11prcn1e .1bcrrJIIC) of rel.1tionsh1ps cond1hn11cd hy the:
<011tl1cr11
trJilic 111hu1n.111"ch.1ttd ·· \t (;o,e1 \ f.1n11.prod11ce, lJbor.
11 .tges. J11dprofit c-rc.,tc., t r,,1, lh.11Dn11gl."' 11111,t
negollate 111the best
~,,11t,hlet;1,h1011I le rc,ol,c, ph,,1c-.1llito c:on1bat!\Ir Co, t1, the ·11~111
111the 1111d<lk."
In co11tr.1SI
lo .1 rc">h<:d1·cn111g
Du11,;l,t,,i11Cl 1apk1 l O L!itl,e \;urratrre ,t.111cls
S,111cl,
Jcnk111,.tlic slJ,c 111cntio11ed
e.1rl1er 111th,s d1scu~s1011
"ho ha, J lice 111feSand, offer, !)011gl.1ss
J folk 111e,111<
of 11ei.;oh,11tni.:
hi, c-ri"' ,,t Cui,·,\, pru,ichng 111111
,11th"d c·crt.1i11
ruol," "l11ch. c,11r1ed
~a/11an <111
thcl ni:ltt ,,cl,:.IH11tldrc11dc1ii 1111po,;1ble
for l\lr Co,e,
01 ,u11 other ,1h1te n1~n" to "hip the ,b\e {p Sil) ff9J. \.\h.,1 IS represcnlcd 111tlw i11lr(l{li1d1<>11
uf S.11uhJcnl-111\ i, ,1<l1,pl.1cc111e11t
of Chri,h,111111c:t,1pl11's1.-,
b) \i10-/\111~ncan '\1111(·r,tilto11
." llhunJteh. lhis
d,,pl,,cen,ent re\ eals ti ,e 111efocac1
of lrustoni;,oleh to an\ fonn of e\tra,ecular did fur rrli<-fIor rclca,el fron1,l.1\t·n
I lie root docs nol \\Ork ·111eph),ical co11lro11talloncloc,. 'lhroui;h
ph1'1c,1lbattle. J1ougl,1ss1:;.1111,
a ,nc.isurC'of relief fro111Co,c1, hJras,111c11hjc11k111,,111odcof negoti.illng the econo111ic,of sl.t,el}, the r\<1rral11e 11nphe,, i, nol "111<111\ ua\ , ,incc lhc· 11arratord.111n, thal h ,,
co1nhat "1th CoH,1 co11H:rtcdh1111,
ip,o J,1cto,11110
<1111<111In the \amc
c-h.,ptcrin 1\hid1 ihe i11efficac,of Jc11k1ns',\\J\ i, 1n1plied,the tc"t aho
,111:1;c,htli.11Jc11k111,
" the tr,11torwho rc,eal, lhe pl.111nede,cape of
DouglJ" and fello" sl.n·c, to thc1t n1.istcr \1 r 1,rcdJncl Sanch seem<
to repre5ent the inescapable l11nihngcondillon, of •\fro-.\111enc,1n
en in 11,cSouth ; he 1' the pure:. 11q;at"e p1oduct of ,In eco110111ic,
of
,l.1\CI'\ S1.111drng
111cle.11ind n1011u111e11tdlh
J,re,e11tc,en to the c\.lcnt
of ,1 foregrou11<l111g
footnnt, ) ,ontra,t to lhc Do11glJ" of ch~pter 10.
·n,e
,I,,,.
f.<":O,o\llC'i
Of'
Doi Cl
,,,
s ,\i \RR.I f/1 r j
169
S,1nd}represen Is the "rt 11,1
I ,1111>0~,,hil
11\ol .111
c,c.1p<:lro11I ho11d.11;e
on
the lcrnh unphed b) the ,1tte111pted
esca1>cf,om F1edand's .
-\1 ih 111ostde1<iloped.sQ11then1e,tens,on. the literate abol1t1on1,t,elf
of the ,\,1rnrf11•e engages 111.111aC'tof ph1's1calre\Olt. form< a Chnst,an
hrolhc,hood of fcllo" ,la\t'\ tloro111:;h
a S.• bb;-1tl1
,d11)t1I.u,d tor11111J.1te,
a plan for a colledi.i: c::,c·apcfro111b,111dc1gc.
But ti11, p•o~rc,s to" ard
libcrahon 111the agrnrian South 1s foiled b) one \\ hose n1incl i, so
"l :i rrcd .. hi the cc·onmnic, of ,la, Cl) Lhatlte betr.i,,IIll' (·ollcch\e ' 111c
poss1b1lol\of c·ollect1vcfrccclo1ni, th11,foreclos(·d ill tf\',Khcn 111111111
the ,l,1,e co1nn111111t,
.\ co1111111111alh
dedicated Douglas, (''The 11011.
of
in<tr11c:tingIll\ clear fello,1-<l,11e,11,1,the ~,~eele;t eng.1ge1nent with
1d11cl1I w,,s c1·cr ble~ed.'' p 9(1 I'i51) finds thJI rl",c>h, rdigm11, J11cl
litcrac, u/1 fail. J'l,c sla1c doc,, 111dccd,unt~ his "0,111pa" · and tlie
passes of his fel1011,,but the Sabbath ;chool ,1,sen1blcd group " no
,natch io, the encn1\ ,11tl11n
\\'h~t rcc-011rse,then ",l\,1il.1blc for the blacl. 111,1n
or talc11I11hu
\\011ld he-free? 'lhe ,\<1rralfrr dll>\\er>in a11ccononuc ,o,cc ,i,ntlar to
Llwlfou11din The Life o{Olt1ud11h
Cq111<1110 · Rctun1eclto B.1lt1111ore
incl
the ho,nc ol \Ir Hngl1 \n lcl ~rter a ihrcc--\'c,irah<cntc, the tcu1,1gcd
,la1<. i, bir('d 0111lo "\1r \\'1lli~rn (;.ird11er,.111extcn,"e ,h1pbu1ldcr 111
Fell's 1'01111I 1\as put ll,ert lo leJ,n ho,1 to calk" (p 1.)91161 l11,h<irl
space Uou.r;la.ss'-' abk ·to eo111111;111cl
the h ,ghcst ,-.1gc,g11c11
to Ilic IIHhl
experienced ca Iker," ( p IO, ) 164J In line, thal echo \'<1~ \\ ith rc>on.1nt
t!Tc::c
l. he 11ntcs "I was 110\\oi ,0111e1111portanceto 1111n1,1>kr I \\,I\
bnnging l11mfro1n si, to ,e,c:H dnll,11,per week I 10011din>l''IJT011ght
h,m nine dollar, p<.:1\\CCk 11111\,1g,·s11erc" 1loll.1r,11,da li,1lf.i d.11"
( p [(1~) l(r~
I Ha\ ing en tcrt"cln worlcloi real w<1ges,D011gl.1ss" rq111,,1lent to tht V,1s<,1
\I ho reJliLeJ 1,h.il ,1,tnilll ",enture" con Id prod11ce
.
,\nd l,~e\'a,,µ, the 1u11ckt'11thcentnn ,l.i\'e re('ognizc, lhc1ttl1c ,urplu,
,alue his 111.i~ter rec·e11e,•~but stolen profit. "I wa; co111pelledlo del1'cr
cvef} ct11tof tlwt monc, conlr.itted for, e.1r11ed
. .inclp.ud tor <·:ilk111i;to
\la,ter 1\11ld,\nd 11hy' \:ol beeau,c h,· camccl 11
hut ,nlch hccau,e
he ha<lthe power to co1npcl 111cto i;"<' ,t np" p I(H1 6'i).
L,k,· \. 1\\,1, DouglJ" h,1, .1rrived Jt J full\' con1mercial \It'\\ ol 111,
s1tu.1ho11.1le, too. cuter, au ui;ree111cnt,11th hi, 111.1,tcr
tliat 1t·"1lh 111
1Jee<l0111
I IJ1111ggained tht n!(lil to hnC' 111,01111tune ,111dto keep a
po1tio11ol h" \\Jges, Dou!jlil" C\cnhull) co11,crl\ propem , through
propcrh. 11110
h11111a111t,
linpdled by bis con11ne1<'l.tl
cnclca,01, dlld tl1c
opporh1111h1:,
re\u ltin!I tron1 Ju, free to1111ncrc-cht" t.1kc::,lc,11cof \Ir
-\ultl He lhus ,~11101
c, «i11111,011n person I tl,e 11wstcr·,properh ,111d
pl.ices ,t 111the ranks of a 110,thern h111n.111ih
"~\c·corcl1ni::
to 1111rt<,0111tion, 011 tl1c th,rJ tl.11of Scplen1her, l!i~b. I lert 111\<'11.1111,
.111dsue; I I~ lntJ:ft:llst-! \.1'7utih
I I~~, Jl.<i,1""
< l tl1t' l J/1
u/ ( )/m,dc1hEq1111mt
r C1J,tu1u:, \
&1\~1.,
1/t<'·\JrK"4Jt,
171
ct:tdc<l 111re.1cl11ni;Nc11 )orl.." Ip. Ill) [69. B~ ·,tcaling U1\J1;·
Dougl.iss not onh ,kal, the fnnl, of his 01\11l.1bor{nnt 11nlile lhc prodt1<·eof Cul1111dI loJ<l', 11,.1rdc11.
h11I.ibo l1ber.1tc, the IJbo,c.:r-lhe
thattd 11howorks prolilk"h 111lht g,trlle11.
1l1c necessth for D011gl.1s,to efled 111, hhtMtio 11 through Bii;ht
rc,ull, fro111tht complete 111tia11si11,enct·
to chJngtc or ,outher11 patn•
:11c:l1>.
\1r -\nld.• ts the 1n11ng,l.1n· l-11011,
,1ll too 11cll,c1n11ol p<hsibh
conccl\c of 1l1ednkl of 111,· f.n111h."
of the nigger·· fitted oul to ll'ork
onh for hi, prcilit. a, si111ph ,11{cco11rH111<
111\e,hucnt. l1Htc.1clof
.,,cl1,111ging
c,1pital, llteu:fu1e. Do1111,l.1's
.tppropri.ile, 111,own l.1bu1and
Ile-cslo the c.1111p
ul those \1ho will ul11111ateh
be ·\11l1l's.1cl1t'I\Jt1e, 111
uvil \\Jr.
l'hc 111"·ribeddocuu1u1l 111.11
t·ffcdl\d1 111arl..s
l)ouglJ.S,s liberation
1n the \<1rrahvcis. I Lh1nl. no less JII cconon11csign lh,111\',is-..1"s
eer•
hh<Jlt: of 111.111111111,,1on
This 111.:11ccrtth. that l join('d tni.;dlu.:r111hvl~ 111Jtr11non1
Frederirk /01111,011
and ,\1111a\hirrJ\, ,i, 111.111
and wife. 111the presence of
\Ir D,11idRuggle, JIit! \11, \lichaels
J.unc~\\' C Pe1111111gto11
I\ '''I')'ork Sepl I ; . If,1S.
\\lwl Dougl.1,s\ ccrtificdle ot 111c11ri.1i;e,
11hid1 i, lr.u"c·ril>cd111rull iu
chaplt:r 11. ,1g111lic,i, th,11th,· bl Kk 111;111
h,J> re(l<•-;.w.,,cd
htnhelf in a
111;11111c1
111.11
,•n,1hlt·~hin1 lo cukr 1l1ekind orrclJtron,l11pdt-rupkd, or
foredo,ecl. In Liteeco11c1111ic,
of ,l.11..-n
L nhkc Sand, k11k111S-cloo111t·d
lorc1cr to p.1s.11cJC(Jllll-S<.ence,111d
11t·l'k,,nd 11,1l.1ho11
- Doui;la,s c11kr. ,t p,odui-til e rebt1n11,l11ppro11u,1ng J ne11hornluu:;of -\fto- \111c11c.111
l111111nmtl.
\, .1 nu1rr1cd111.
111.1\110
understa11d,th,· ll<'(e,.11t1
!or 11u/rnd1111/
w,tl(l'<·,1n11111;
I i.e., a n1Jsk" of
the 111t11111
liencic, of III c cl·11110111i1
, of ,Lt\en l, Dougl.1,s 111.1le,lI ts 11:.t\
111the co111p<lt1\ 111,IICII btidt' 1<1J "\It-\\ rngl,1ncl f,1ctnn \ 111.u;e··
\\here ht· q111cllvhecornc, .1 l.1borcr al "the first \\ork. ihe rc11,1rdof
1d1itl1""' lo he c11111cl1111,
m111"(p. I IC,) -4
l he 1c.:p1c,e11tJlio11
of'\c11 Bedford thJI the '\'urrr.11,re
pro\lde,-111th
OouglJ" a, 11a~e-e.1rningl.ihorcr-,ecrns closeh akin to the cco11011nc.
11lopi.H1
\b1011 that t·lo,c, \a"a\ :Kt·o1111
I "l\cn1hi 111;looked demi
nc", and hc~11trfulI ,.111 fc\l 01 nu clil.1piclJtcdhn11,c,. ,<rtlt J'X11c
1I)'
,tnckeu 111n1ate,.no half-n.1kedd11ldrc11aud bare-footed \1un1c11.such
1, I had l1e,·11
acu1,10111,·d
lo ,tc in
f 1\1:inland!" (p I 16) 7 'i] Ships
of the lx·,I otdct J11d fi111,,t.,i7e, 11an·ho11,c,,towed lo lhcir 11lmo,t
cap.rntv, and ex-sl;11
e, ··i., 111gi11finer hollses, anti c, itlenll~ en1oy1ng
111orcof lhc t·onilorh of life, th,111
the a,crage ,h1\chuldc1, 1111\'1.1n
l,111d"
c·on1pklc lit<·,plc11cliclpa11or.1n1aSnch a l,1nd,c,1peh f;\dincdh, tree.
d1g111tied,
Jnd 1nclt11duahsl1clahor-lhe '\e11 1•;11gl.1nd1clc;1I,o lrc·quenlh appe,1n11g111\iro.,\Jne11ca11narrJlive,. (One lliinl,, for (";~111-
or
pie. of lht' D11Br;1s1,1n
11,ion 111Tl,~ Soul, of B/<1ckl'olk or of 1l1lph
Ellison's \lr '\orion ')"
.\nd presiding 01cr the contlud111g\1\1011111
both 11arrJl1,esis lhe figtire of the hlad,. ,1bol111011isl
spol.,-s111.111
-the
man II ho ha~ansen, found l11,"voice." ancl secured the ,·0111ide11ce
11>
address a "gener,11public."
\\ !1JI one C'-perirncc, 111the conclus1011sot \ a~s.1\m1d Douglass"s
11.111,1l11cs,
hu1\e1t'r, 1, identill ,,ith ,t difference: h1r lhc:c:-,prc"i1t·,111.tt•
ricd. econonllcallv a,htlt! self al 1l1eclo,e of Do11glt1,s\11orkreprest·nl,
.1ton, cri;enc-eof lhe voices that 111Jrkthe 1.11io11s.111tobiographic.1l
po,
lures of tl,c Nurralin· ,Is ,111l11>lc.
ll1e or.itor II hmn 11e set' st.1n<l1ng
at.,
'\,11t111clel ,1111,·c11lio11
at the close of Doui;la,,, 11or~1<111111tc<li,1tch
to heco111cJ •11/aricJ,pol.cs111a11,
cu1nbi11i11g
htcr,ll\. Cl11hl1,1111I).
and
re,olntionan zeal 111Jn 1nd111dual and econo1111c,1ll1·
profit.able 10b of
work. DouglJss's Jutllor,lup. orator\, anti eco11on11c-s
co111<'rg<111the
hi<h>r}·
of the ,vr.1rraln-c\p11hl1c·-1lin11
mid tltc cou rse uf .rehot I tls appe,1ra111.'~
1na11datcd111the life of the autho1.
Since his 1denhll .111dpl.ice of rt>\1de11ce
were re1i:.1lcd111tlw 'Yarr<1•
Inc Do11gl,1".1d10 \\,<S ,till .1 f11g1li1t·"h, ·11his 11ork,IJ)J)l,1tcd,\\,1,
forced lo Ace to [·.11glJ11d
111the U111ledK111gdo1H
, he sold c:op1e,of h1,
hook for prolit. cJrll<'d lecture foe,, ,ind aroused ,ufliccent ,, 111pall1\
Jnd
fiuJncial support to purchu,e l11sfreeclo11111
ilh \(ll1d(·11rrt·11C
!· \\'hile hi;
(.;arnsoni.111
.. 1bnlil1011i,1
1·011lc111por.1r1c,
wc1c (u,plc.:Jsed
h} DouglJS>>
con1111ercialtrallic 111th,Ja,cholders. the .ict of purchase \\'a, s1111pkthe
loi;ical tand "l1ad1l1011.ill\'"
pred1ct.ible1encl of hi, 11ci:;otialio11
of tltt·
eco1to11Hcs
ot ,l,11crv
\Vhat 1, intng11ini;ior J prcscnl-1.l.1}
1c.1cl1ng
of the \urrutn·c\ hi,ton
rs Jhe rn.111ncrin 11h1ch1dcologic,1l,1nal1',1<re1e,1I,the hl:tc~ ,pvkc<,.
person's econouuc condil1011111~-1hat
"· hrs 11ct·cs'<!t1
e11co1111ter
111th
eco11m11ic..,
11gn.1lccl
b1 a con1111crcial
1·01cc.111dlhe i111pl1cahon,of th1,
e.ncouulcr in lhe clon1Ji11of 11,1rr.1tJ1c
t1a11,Jctto11·rhe 1111wll·t11th-1.·c11•
lurv sbv<', tn ettect, publ,c/1 1dls his l'oice in ordc1 lo ,ccu1c f111rc1k
ow11cr,hipof his 101cc-pcrson 'l he 11lli111,1lc
<'<111,t,gcncc
of the ~,1rr<1•
trve\ hi,ton 1, l>chlC'\·nn1<111e1
and lhe nar1,1tt1esr~n L•
.,d1,1ni:;ini:;
worm bccoi 11csho!I, a f1111c
l101i of co1n111crce ,111da cc1111111crcrn
I funt··
1io11,ldcolog1cal anJ!y,i! 111~tle
;11J1!.1hlehv the archaeology of kno11J.
c<lgc, thu,. re1eab 111t1iguin1;l)co111
1ncrt1<1l clitnen~ion> of ,\lro' \1ncrica11di.sto1.11
,e
D01·cL...SS A.I\IJ
DEBO RJ\H E. l\lcDO \-\'ELL
Jn the fi rst Place: [\laking 17redcrick Dougki\s and tlie
\ fro-A1nc:rica n t\ arrativc ' l'raclitjon I
1t11,m..u1 ,hall be.·1t:n1c..111hcr
ed
\\~lh h\.c:~~ro,,,i out l 1t hb hfe. tht
h,.:~s
tlc~lunl!tu~<lrtJJu
of lht: ne('rlful lx:Juhfullh111g
-Rol>rrt II 1111'
11 l'r«lc11<l-l'lo11,;l..n
"
a,
Studc:ub ol the 11->-I~
\arrctlln: co1n1nm1l~de,ignale lite follow,ni;
jl, l-L·1,cnt, ·nce ·•\ou '1.1,e·,een ho" .1,u.111
11,isnuidc a slave. )'OU ,ball
1
,ce lto11a ,I.no: 11J, 1111dc.1 11u11:· I lie clJu,c that follo"' llial p1101al
cm11111J'\011 ,h. ill sec ho11a ,la1e \\,t, 111.1<le"
111.11i"-capt11rcs
with
c;r,·al prc,ncncc the focu, of 111ucl1
c·o11lc1llpor
a1, ,d1ola rsh1p or~ sla1cn ll1Jl fo('u, " ,t11d1ou1I~
u11111a~111g
the ,l,11,:.1 rna11.Jcco r<ling lo
culturn l 11onn, of 1na\C11l1111h
'I his acco1111h111p:irl, a, I 11111
, ho11
lx:ln11,for "111DouglJ" is ~1 p11ot,1I
, ,o 1111
tltological a figure I am
nol oul lo a1g1tt·fo, an, d1,ti11dio11bct11ee11Dougl,h~ "the 11111
11" a11d
00111:l.1>,
"tlH·1na11.'but 1athe1 .ind ,nnph to v1l·\\h1111
.1, J µroducl of
hrslon , a co11,tr11ct1011
of a 'Pl'td ,c hr11c .11,
cl place, de1dopcd in
re,po;,,c
,anct\ uf Ml<i,ilco11l111,;c
11tic, .111cl
ind111du,1l
dc,1rc~
111c proc-c" ,11,clp1od1Kt1011,n hterar1 ,tud,c, of Dougl,1s, :1, "the
fi,,t'· lo,nc par.1llded a11dperh.tp, hcc1• p,1rll1 h1elecl h~,d ,.,t 1e11s10111~
l
h11toriJ111
h,11cn1Jdc of lt1111\\'c 111igl1
l i;o c,cn further lo a,gue th,11
111,tnn.. has opc1.1lccl'" 11,
111~l11e. 111lhe 111,11.ingof Duugl,1" .,nd h1,
'\arraltre . \nd ,o 11ef,,ce con,tructro11, up<lllco11,tr11c·
f1011,.\\ l11lelhe
1111t
l1olni;1z.1ht111
ol Do11i;l.is1.1111I
thi, lt·,t 11cll .111tccl.
11
e~ the 19(tfh.
I <J-0,.J 11d 19~1),, Ihc,c clec.1des;JI e '"]x:c1alh crucra I 111effort> to
under,tand th1, process.
I he,c , t .,rs v.ere d 1c1r.1tl<.'ri,t·dh1 re, i,io11i1
l 1111th t 1ul.i nt:, t 11ud1of
11prmnpk<l h~St.11ilc1 l·.ll-111,,t:o,;ho1c1""I boo( Sla,cn" ,\ />rob/em
,,, .-\mcncuii lrrstitut1011alu11d lntcllec-tual I 1/~ ( I959\ l need not
rchc.,rst· in dd,1il Elkin,\ 11011-f.1111,lta
r S,11
11hotitt'SI\ ..,,11pha,i,i11gtltc
clkl'h uf hlu<k n,alc < ""'"uL,hon 111,l.11·cr\. 1 Hl\tori,111s.an11cd l'i th .i
ti,.,
\J.dnvi
,, cd
I ron, \\1tlum l
c:nt11,, r-~.n1 (HI F'tcdlrit.J./)t,,,~l(l:t
I Rn hm· (,,.,;;
ll.t l
l 1H-9 ... 20 1-"i RtJHWh.:d 1,.,. ptnm .s~1,1nul th(' J11tl1or:B1J{htcd 1.1;11;C
m1111knrdv
I NI
t,, t!t 'i ~ri1fou GI 11.tCJ u.111011
I ft, ·J1fl lk Dot ~Io i., \:an,tt• tu/ tli~ I i,'t·oJ 1-rrdcrl(if),m:,laq, '\11 \mtr1.ut :i-1,H,\\ ritl~tl b,•
lfmrtel/
\u1l ~,..,oc:-tF.\(
1' \i.1tu1cA11 l...il)t.a.t\
, J%i.11,~-- StthJ.l'<.JIJ('I • n:fLu 11,;1.'.liU\" .,
,,C"'
:
lh1.i rdih11n ~md,..,,11
be 1·1dl(":..t.t.
'i! H p,1u•11tla'S<'"\
in the tnt I ·AII;,ilmm ..l~ rth IC'll(' C Ill \h
A,crid<1
£6 .,,,J\r , ,., 1·tfum :\n~ Yvfl nm.c,._
"JJC)(,(J
I .111JJ ,(<,wt! ,
fm/(:nd nnu.,luu..
\\nflc,1
H1rr1
~ I/ '" ",\ \ork JL.ith"'.i)Prr~ l<N-IJ
l'rrh.1~ .,, mfl11r•nt I"' 1h, F.IL11 ho1L 111~p;ulm~1n 1u u"!hwor~ 11! l.;i\~t\Yia\ l"l-,1t11d
P \fo ~mli m t INrtJII\
t11111111~
1or1ed \Ju1ruh..H1 Rcpt ,t II~ Ci.t<rt'fr.Jr,ilfom.:.f \J-1011
'"''''I/
m
""'°"h111fu\ h h 11t11h
1hng d t! f.ulinr nl
hJ.u.lrii..1.C'\ l\1 h ln~ t:..nwolu,oJ I 1..i pJtcmal1"ti.lk b,1 ~, lt111 ii, I 111f..i11hl11c<l
tl,cm \llJ'\
m 'l .111JS! 1~1lJ hl..111,r
lo I u~1 \,\00,('11 f,11 ht•wglhc pn-dnnurw,1h,.1.d1,
,if ti(}ll'lth,,ld
d Q6,; \\ lulc I·
luH
,1rtu-llh
1~1,, a•1I hl.RL.
lHI.
\HlCJ - -\Ml ' IU~' \',
\\RRATJ\'E
I RAon·10N
1~;
n1011n
l,11nof ,upporting d.11a. t'ame forth to refute Clkn,,, dala and
Ins thesis A1no11gthe 1110,Ipron ,inen l of these re11,1on1sts".u John
Bbss1ngan1e. \\lio,e 'f/te Sla1e (.AJ1111111
111ill'
rii;htl} celehr.1tccl for
11>Jl k 111
pl lo write h1Slorv fron1 the pc1,pec t11e of ,la,e,. 1101 pl.111ters.
Bla,,011ga
111ere1eC'l,Elktn,·s Sambo th('si~ as "intin1Jtch rel.ited to the
planters\ p1ojell io11,,desire, •. 11,d hiJ,es." ' p,1rl1cnl,rrh their de-arc to
l>erelie1·cd of the "an"e ll of lh11,k111gaboul ,la1e, a, 111
e11• 1
B!JsS1ng.111
1e sci> out to correct the record to sho11thnl the slJ1 t: ,~a,
not li.ilf-111.111"
"half-cli,ld.''- as lire Ell.ins thesi~ tried to sho", but a
11h!lle 111a11Bbss1nc;a1nt: clocsia'I,1111phlap~c 11110 11,e refle\l\t: u,,e ol
the gcnt'nc "he." hut throughout 111,,t11d1a5'11111e,
the ,IJ\e Lobe literal!) 111.,lc. a11.1~l1111pllou
1ct11e,peei.tllv 1n l1isd1,1plertolled 'T he Sl.t\'e
l·anuh·.'' ' I here l,c vpe11, 11 itlo the ,1r.11chtfor11,
,rd oh,cn .1lio11... 11,c
Soulhe1JJ pla11lalio11l'as 1111i,111e
111the Ne11\\.'orl.Jbec~11,c1lpcr11111tetl
the dc,elop111e11l
of J 1uo11oga111olb
,l.1,e fa1111h
." ,d11ch 11a,"one of the
1110, t i111porta11tsurv11,1I,nec lt.in"nis for the ,l.1,c" I le conllnue,,, "the
,1~1e fJcetl al1110,
1 i11,urr11<)1J
1tlahle ocld, i11h1, effort, lo bu ild J , t1011l(
, table r.11111
11 •.• "" autho11t,,11J, re,t11cted h1 h ,, ,naster . The 111a,ter detenn,~ed when both I,~ and h11wife \\O;tld go tu \\Ork land 1d 1cn
or \\ hetl ,c r his 11ift·t·nokcd lu, 111cah.. "\Vhc11the ,l.11c li1t!d ou the
,a, 11,·pl,111
I .1tin111111
h lo" 111,1khe eo11ltlI arel) e,cape frey11enlJe111011
staaho11sof h is po11erle,sness'' "L111der ,uch ,1 1<'g1111c.''
Bl,1s,111g.1me
Jdd,. 's!Jve f.ttl1e1' often had lillle or no ,111thori
t, " Despite that, Lhe
,l.11 e ,,·st<.'11
1"rceoi:ni,cd the 111
.;)c,'" lht· head of the f,11
111
1~ ..,.
Blass111g.11nc"clea,h not J louc 1111e11song the lu,ton of sl,l\<'I"\to
de,11011
,trale the propen,,hc, ol ,lave, to,1.,rd ,h.1pi11i; theu l11e,
acc-01d111gto 11nnn.1l
111·· c:11h11r
al p.tllcnl\ or 111.1r11.
1gc and fJ1111hhfc.
But I lie Slml (Am11111,,,,
1y 11111st
he seen a, J ,tud, of the 1n,t 1t11hon
thnt rcAl'<'h.111dreproduce, tl1e as,u111pt1011sof ,1 rnuch 11idcrcl1,cur,J1e
11eh1or
l-- ,c holarh and polthc,11-11ith111,d,ic-11 the 1,1.uJ,nwlc "the
rac1al ,ub1cct
l"ltcrc hail' ht•('11fc11d 1allcngc, to 1h111\10-dccild~
l011gfocn, 011 the
pcr<onahh of the nJJle sla,e 111lier boof.. \r'n't I Cl \Vnman? (1'111ch
n11ght l!J1c bec11n1orc .1plh litkd. ·t:,111.i sL11ebe .1 \\O~nan: can a
wc>1
1ld1t bed slJ1c>··1 l)chor.ih \\ lute c1LlJq11es
the en1pli,1-1,011neg.Jt11,gS.1n1ho1,1n.wh1cl1d1Jractenre, ,o 111uch rcc-clltl11t'rut11rc011,IJ1e11
She ;irgue, th.11 "il1<'111ale,L11
·c's ·111.t\n 1l1111t1'
1u1, re,tor~d b, p11ll11ll\
hl tt I, wo111en 111lhctr prnpt·r 'fc1111
1111
1e· place " 7 bell hoof..,oiler< ,in
even sllo11i:c1c11liq11e
oft l11,l1ter.1hire,noting eloqucnllv il, 11nderl)1111;
J,,11111
pt1ou tlut "the n10,t cruel a11
d deln1111,11111i11i:;
i111p.1ct
uf ,J.i,cr1
,,a.,
\ J,,111
u 11 me, '7tl Sl(J~y{.,ttnmmuh t~C\\ )ml <htmd I nH n h llrr ~. 19~
1 l\l,1;
81.d111;.AlhC J/1 Slu1, 2\0
~ Hl.1:G-mganic.
. IIN ~110, \I
(t . Al Hti!;,UOC' u.. \(.z\,
I "'Z l li2
I
,,
l)d,c-,r-.iht:1.1~\\l11k v·n ·ttt1\\r,,na,; '\('y, \,,1~ \\ \\ ,orrnri
'IM - ..
•
\l
Dr BOll\li F \ lc.DOWFU
the l"e' of black people 11"' Iii.ii hl.1tk nu.:11were ,tripped or thc:,r
Jll,ht'Ulilltl)·· hook, continue,. "'lo ,11gi;e,Ith,1t hlJck 111euwe1e dd111•
n1.111i1cd
,olcl1 J\ J r<'\1111
of 1101bei11i;,1hle lo be palnarch, i1npl1e,
that the s11h111galto11
of bl.1ckwon1en 11,ise,,enhdl lo the hlack n1Jle's
de,dopn1c11t .;ra posth,c sdl co11ctpl. an 1clcalthat onl1 ser.e<l lo ,upport .1 ,e,isl <uci.11
order· '
\\'lnle I would 1101Jr~uc thot ,tudcnh or \fn>. \111er1c,111
ltkralurc
ltJ,·e c;on,c101ishrt1111ed
r<:,isio11i,1
111,1011.11"
1111.he1reffort, lo debunk
1111
· Ell.ii" lh<'"'· lhl'i1 \\orl. ca11,·c1tJi11hbe >JJclto p.1rlk1p.1tl'111Jll<l
rr111forcetl1cscn:\1>1uiu,1h,,tone; \ncl 1drnt belier 11a1lo do 1111,
th.111
Lo replace the Sainho 11n·1hol cltildlik~ p.1s,1vah11111;
an e,a1npl<' of
public d<·rrmi;-do,111thIlic 1111
. Iii orthe 1nall' ,Live J, nnhtanl 111;1~c11
ltne, tlo11111w11t.
a11<ll1111111ph~nt
,n both pri,ate ,lll<lpublic ,phert·,?"
But tbe L·.lk111,
tbe,1,, and the rC\ISio111,t
h"l01 ic, 11cn,;endc,red, .tre
011h p,1rt of .1 l.1n;crcliaill 111lt'doc~i11i.;
e1e11h th.ii l,a,e worl.cd to
1111iliolo~11c
hcdcricl- l)ongl~s,. ' I he,c mcludc the cle1na11dfor Alrican
:uHI \fn c ..111•
\ tnl'nt,111 Studies course, 111111111<"r,1ht·1.
tlit p11hll\l1crs
11 ho r.1pil,1lt1.
cd c111
tla.11
clc111a
,1d,,111dthe .1c,1<k1nic
,tl1ol,1r, 11hoco1nplck·d lhc ch,1111 .\ ,er11,, of 111di11d11al
;laie n,1rr,1t11e,ha, Jppeared,
alo11gw1tl1.u1tholog1t·,,u,d t·ollcd1011,ol lc1,-pop111Jr11,1rrJh,es rl,c
,nor<·pup11lar the 11.Jr,.J11vc,
tltc !IIIHt' fn.:,111cnt
llu.:cd1liotl\, and l)o11gb,s', IS-!5 \arrulll'<' ha, he,1declthe list "nee 1960. Schl}larl, 1nk1e,t
1n \lri(all· \11~crt~llllhtcraturc lt,1, .,ccelerntcd corre,po'.1d11;g~and.
,1.;.1111,
il1c 1'1-1,N.irra/ne l,a, hc<·np1t·1111cr \ltl1ougl1111It" 19~ ''",1 1,
",\nunal Fann Unbound." 11 8111cch,111kh11
nn,ld l"l 111,t foirh ,111,~I
p.11,1gr,1ph
cr1l1c·,al
arhd(•, on the H,45 "lt1rr<1tll'<1.,carc:el1 1nore ·thJ11a
Jcc-adc lakr the hook h.1d,1i11111Li1<-d
,1\llllll 111d11,tr.
of s< hol11r.l11p
011
11,own. 1l11u, Doui;l.i,,, Jsstuntcd gc11111,J, a liic1J1}lig111c "tht work
of ., d11er,c .1nd In leracIII c c-ollec11,
e th.1I include, pll blt,l1cr,. e1hto1s,
and lilt·ran c11lics 1'110l1.11eltdpt·d to ton,trucl 111,reput,1t1011und to
niakc it pn11,.11y111\!tc>,\1nt-rtcJJ1l1tc1al111e.
. A 1na1c>r
d1..1d1ro111c
sluth oJ the prod11ctio11,rcc<:ptinn. and t·irc:11l,1t1011111,loriof l)o11gl.1ss, 11\-!5\<1rralin ! i, 11rgc11thnc:cdcd; but c1c11
011
•
.
.
or
111orcurgent 11the need for a thoroughgomg a11al)s1,of ilw politic, of
i;encler .,t "ork 111that proc:e,, One could sirg11ethat tltt: t)<Jlilic, of
?..11de1hJ\<' bt•t·n oh,t·11rccllx1lh hy iltt prt:clotnin.111ccof nonfo111111i~t
111terprdaho11,of tlte l\'urnrlll'e ,J11d ii} Ilic tc,I ,t,t·lf In oih('r word~.
II ,o,c 11ho lt.11ee,;1111ined 11hJ1e tended, 11 itlt fe11cxc:cplion,, In 1mtnlt'
tltl· 11orkol l >oug,l.11,IHm,elf on tile c1ue,tio11of the fc:n11ni11e
aud 1l!.
1claho11lo th<·111,l\c11l11u·
111c11lt11r<'
For exa1nplc. 111It" 1110,t ren.:111reading of the I fi,f; :--:arrahrc•, I lo1rston Bake1 .1ss11111lates
lht te,t to \l.11,1,t IJnguagc .111drhcl(lric, but .1
111orec·n111enho11,1I
rhetoric ol f.,nuh- reso1111d1.
Bal..c.-r's
read111i;forei;1ou11cl,the cli,n1ptio111,f the , la1c L1111ih
d11doffer. the krnis nf ,t,
reu111011·
cco1101n1c,ohcnc1 '"n1c ,uc-cc,~ful negoh,1ho11 of ,ud1 cco110111,.cs."
<,11sBJl.cr. "i,, .p.irado"c,1lh. the on/\ cours~ th;,t pro11dcs
C'o11d1t
1011\lor .1r<·t1
1111ic,1ho11
ol wm11;111
;md s.1ble111.111
.._Ile co11l1111
1cs.
"the \fn c-an \\ ho ,11c-ce,<f11II}
nci;oll.tlc.'.'~
his 11~1tlirougl, the urc,1d
exchanges of bondJgc: lo the I\ pe ol c,pres~i1e posture char,1cte11zi11g
'the I 1{e\ co11cl11S1011
is surch a 111.111
1d10h,I\ repo"rs,('d hin,,l'II .111cL
thus. ,tchicn·d the ahilit\ lo re11111te
.1 ,cn:rt.•d \fnca11 h11n1J1111\
"- \
sign of lhat sclf-rcposse~1011.Bal..er,ugues. is Dougl,1><<"cerhfi~ate ot
lllJrriJge" ··A, .1 111<111
"'d 111.in."!te t.·011ch1clt·s.
110~1r:;l.1"1111der,t.111ds
th,· n<·(·('"'" (or ,m/11it/11<1/
11.1gec-;1nuni: "" "In lhc co1i,p,1111
of hi, 11c11
hnde," he goes to a '-.e11L11gla11d
L,dory 1111.igc
II l1e1che p.1rtic1pates
"creati,·eh 111IJ1el1!Jerdl1011of 111,pcoplc:" 1 Thi\ reoding\ i111pltc.1tio11
i11an old Jxlln,nchc1I,cripl rc·q111rc,
nnl ,1 glo"mi;, but JII i11>c1
11011,Jltd
u ba,·l.."~rd tr.1cki11g.I fn11c1·c1i111porta11tDougla"'s wa~c-earnino
.
c;1p;1dt1c, J< .1 free11w11
Jrc, 011c could ,a1 ll1al Ul<:p110111agc.1i 1011
will. 11Js.\1111Jl\lnrr,1,\, Dougl.t"\ "ne11·bride".\ fre,ch1n11un,1\Ju1a
"helped lo dclr.11 tltr. c osl\ fo1 1l)oui;l.1ss\J r1111a11
,J\ ,chc111ebl' borro" i11gfn>111
hc·r \,11·111~,
Jnd h) ,dl111g011cof hct katltt·r bed,
\la11 I lcl~n \\ a,bi11gto11i, 011t:of the lt.:11cnhr• lo ,n, ert \111!.l\ltir•
r,iv l)o11gl,is,u1to a cJi,cus,,11111
of tlw I 'i-!5 \ 'urru//n. She asls. "\\ h,le
our cl.J11111.;
l)ou~l""
wa, ltcrnicall) .l'>ccnd111g
f1ccdo111,arc
II hn
... 1,~s JI ho1t1l·!Jk111gcare of 1111.:
d11ld1lll'" B11t,11d1<(llt'\hnn, art·
all lou ra1c·in di,cu1,;1011,
of tl11·\<1rr<1/In' Bcc.111'
c cn l1c.1lco11unt11ta"
.
..
2. 111,1r,h>n 6Jlc.:t 8/un. lJt'tJic , ,
1,;..u;o
Prrn. 19~4,, l~
, IL~t."1', Ml,u~ ~~
.,,lid\fm-·\.1n,nr,1n
I J~rJhJIT ,{·J1u.1;:o l 111Hr,11\nt C1u-
4 H.1l.<.'1'
. Rf11,')~h
, R 1L,t,Hlur,. ~ti
f, \\.1lclo 11. ~1.ulu,
Pu» , l(iM J1 l i
r1t.\f, r,.J vJ l red.:n,t f 1·111~Tua.<:l1.1pc·l
Ir II I 11n-c"'•hal '-or1h C.aa.,1111.
,
lld1. r1\\,1•h11,,t;lu11.,.lhl'\\ SclHm,ulcd \\u1111.;t1 \ l11C' lftli( ...11 r.11nt\\ri,l f•lf.11
I tier~
11..11"' t,f m.,d \\1•llll'II. ~W1ctJl lru(fill
I, Ill r1:tc1 I 1nJ)' llJ\ l 1 (\'t"'fcn:t
abo 11,tll"1 I h 11 1)11,1::l1,,.~ " l 1<1lc.·
>c11-s(;'1,f lauer..il.1\Id(. 111h,lll, tl1l \:tJ1r.rtn·r .a.11,, ;I•-,~ ,,.ioa,.
r" U)O iln 111.mllOCkl, , ••, "''(' 1rum Olll Jtl!,"1llh11~1I I I~ 111l••1t1.l111t"!, 11t'fto ht'( rr-.JJcu 1, u
t ..J.c, ~l.11tl 1ig •1)()<
1J4r 11, In~ NCJfl.'. :.md llliUfJC!li lll:I .,!1ll!J\t 111 lh t!' .._,111('bn,Jth "l't
I rcdrrK"l · ])oo,; ,, ·, Sc-lt-t·
...Juniu1i.,
m \l,m!lt)(id .uu/ ti!~ \m,..,.,,,.m /{nTJmut1t.1· r101, ,;
t orntll l 111\rr,1t\ Ptn'.I. P.l',J'I!, 1:8
... \tm
11n
n~,so1
..
0
Di::BoRAH
E. ~le Do,,~
11
IJ,1s1na111I)repeated thr tc,t's elisio11of won1cn. I ,,ould likt· to re,tort
1he111for the 111on1rnt.to chani:1: tl1c ,ub1c;-eloi the tc,t f101n 1n,111to
wontall.
• • •
Fnr he.111
,,111 .111 11,noghmJtuh r,~l,t
Hide._:mJU\ l1111t~,
hom n1ml.1.I,ight
\\ luch c;d1:h•m
ever c11nie tu lud1t
cxtt'pl upon compu l,1011
-
h«lc11cl Doui;Liss,
'\\h.11\111 I 111)011l~1d11ce,
Fo,ler i<one of tl1eJe\\ cntte, lo dc<cnhe the con,tn1cho11 in
tht· popn !Jr 111M~inution
of tllt' ,la, t ,1on 1,1n,is sex1tJI , ict i111,.i pattern
sh~ sees 1n full e\ldCnt:c 111m,1lcsl.we narr,1b,c-s.Fo,terol,~cl\e~ .1 marlc<lh tLffcrcnl pallf'm in s!J,e 11.rrral1vc,"utl<:n b, ,vo111c11l 11lile !ltc
m,1le n.urati,·es, 1d11ch porlril) g1,1ph1n1lhthe sexual Jhuse of \]a,e
wo111e11
I,, 1d1tlt 111n1
, fcn1~k·narr.1h1e, -b;irely 111enllon,e,u,11 e,peri
C11\:c,,,nd nc,er present rape or setluctJou J> the 1nosl prolo1111d.1,pe<:t
oi their exi\lente."'
The µ~ll~111
tl1JI Fo,tcr dc,cnlws ,s ab11nd,1111h·
e\·idenl 1u all tluee of
Douglass·, aulob1ogrJpb1es ()ne c,111e.t.S1hargu~ lhJt.111tJ1perhc1p,the
t'\ceplio11 oi Jn, 11iotl1erau<li;ra11<l111otltc1,
,IJ\C 1\0111c11
opcr,1le .1hno,1
totalh a, phv,,1t·JIhodic,. ,1, ><'\nal\1rt11ns.".ii the mere," a~ he note,
111 \Ir llo111luge
w,d \Ir 1-'rccdum"of lhe fathers. son> or brotltet> ol
itl1c1rl 111Jster"1601 'll1ough l111,h Ct·rt.11111)
ltu1:, ~lave \\0111c1111crc
1u,1 ,,, oflc11at Ilic 111,·rc-1
of the \1J\C,, sisters, ,,nd 1nnthers of these
9
111c
11," a~ l brnct J.1cobsrecords in Jnndl!111'1n the Life of a Sfove CJT/.
But III DouglJ>>">account, lite se,uJI 1'1llain.1.ire "l11k 1nen and the
nc-11111, blacl. ,10111<'11
. Bia('\.n1cn .ire lnrgch tn1potcnt onlookt'fs, C'Oll•
dc111ncdlo \\,Itch the abu,e. \'1,'halJ)ouglass \\ atehes snd then narrates
1> a,to111>hing-U1c,d11µpi1~, of ,1.i,es one afkr JJlolhc.-r.111al111osl
unbroken '>llC'C<'"1on
. \ sca1.'tfouTpages into the tc,t, 1mn1cdiatcl) folio\\ ing h1, JC(·ounl of
111,011g1us,Douglass beg111>to descnbe lltese whippings in ~phic
detail He'''·" \Jr . Plun11nc1,the o,c1scc1, "cut aud ,lush the 1vo111e11's
h~ads- and "seen1 to lake great pleasure" 11111 1I(, r<·n1c:n,hc1,being
olte11a\\JJ..t11edby the lieart-rend1ng,hneks of 111,annt ,1, ,h,· 1, bc.itc11
H,, 't'C; her "tic[d up lo J. J01'1 .i.11d,d11µ,pe<l[upo11her naked back till
,he "·" liler,1ll) c·o\Cfl'<Iw1tlt blood The lou<lcr ,he ,crea1ne<l, the
h,uder he "hipµecl and 1d1er,· the blood ran fa,tc,t. tht:1t he whipped
10111,;esl
He would wl11plter to 1nake lier screan,, and whip her to 1nale
'
fr ..1:tt1 Fu'i1c1 111R.e~pc:dl1J h-ru•1C'~
l)1ffcrf'llC"C'S
m thePortr.n;.il\l:ri\\011"1C"11
l1' \!Jlr
.indFe.nu.le:\,iUt.lt0t1. • Blac:-k.\mtnc:a.••
L1lcr'1l1Jtr
f•,-,mm,.IS Sumn~r 1%) h-
u,,,.,,
Ill'"' ,cknr ru '''"
u Slu,·cc;,r/ a::..·t11 llm,1~U\St.,m... I lil\1
~h.:1ic,tt"ldtlil tht'nu Ire~ ti C'\tf Jt,po..al !u fi11tJAm Ihm~ i,1 plc.t,t
lu::r;
...i,~u nr:,t'tmcuep1ta~edtlun l,jolie:n
-shetees them 111tdcrthe 1.n1t"'
(~J)
11 Ser "'
The
• 11tt1tl
Je.il11 H
\I tr('fl..·
t \lnnl lt'I pot ll
he, l,u,h, ,utcl nnl 1111til
O\'eremne bv fdtigtH', \\011ld he cca,c to s11111<•
the blood-dotted cowskin" t2'il 11-1-lSJ.
"
'I hough tl1e "lupp111g, of won1t:11.ire uol lite onh ones oi "h,ch
l)ougla,,\ \;urrul,ve gin:, ,1cc-ou11Ithe-,prcdorninatc b, f.11 111tlte te,t 's
tr.:onon1, a, Dongla,1 look, on. '!'here was \Ir Severe, \\ hon1 I h,11,
,een • . "l11p a "01nan, causing lite blood to run half an hour .it the
tune" (29) 1171Tliere "a, his 1na,k1 \1ho h< 1,ad seen "lie up J lame
young "on1an, and ,1!tip he, with a hca" ro\\sk111upon her n,ikccl
shoulders, cau\lng the, \\am1 reel blood to drip. l have kno\\11l11n1to tie
lier up early in the 1norn111g
Jnd "h1µ her before breakfJsL leave her,
go to Ju, sto,c. rctL1111
al di11nt'1and "h,p lie, ar;a,n. cutti11g111the plarc,
alrcad, n1adc Id\\ \\ ilh hi, cn1cl l.1,h" 16l;-69) ,-1I 1- There 1\,1<\Ir.
\\ ·eeden, "ho kepi the hack nf .i sb,e wo111a11
"lilernlh ra\\ n1,1cle,o b1
tl1e la,l1 of Uu, rnercile,s, rel1g1ou, 1Httch" (bi)
U1c\arra/n~
p1og1c,sc,, ti ,r bt-.il111gs
p1ol1fuatc and the 11omcn, no longer identified
h, 11a111t·.
beco111cab,olt11i7ed as a blood\, mass of naked bacb.
\\ hat has been n1ade of this reutal of "l11µp111gs'\Villian, l
.\u<lre\\s L\ 0111:ol lite fc" u1tics lo c-0111111<'1tl
011 11,rfunchon of ,,h,rr
p111g,111tlit: tc,t In ,, \Cl')' ,ugg<',tiH· re~ding. he argue, that Dougl.;ss
p1csrnts the fact of whipping in "del,berately std1zed, p!Ju1h 1lido11c,1I
recognizahl} .irtifinal \\JY>" rl1ere" 11oth111g
11111kt'd
;1bontth Vi prc<c11latiou. 011 the c-011tra11,
"Douglas<;\ rhotct' oi r<'petil,011"is hi, "cluef
rhllo11cal effect." It con<hh1tes h,s ·stdisticsi~nature' J11de:"prt:~>C>
lu,
·pcrtom11ng self.'' l11the ,d1ipp111gpm.1gcs. \11drc1,, 1dcl-,"no11i;las_,
call, ,1ttentio11to lr1111>cU
d, an 11
1wha, l1cd ,,rttlic-t'r ., maker of fonn,
.,nd effort, thdl rcco11tc,tl1al17ebrute fuct, accord111gto requ11c111e11ls
ol
,elf. TI1c frccn1~n requires tl,e &ee<lo111
lo de111on,t1alt'lht polcnc·1 nf
hr, o,, n in1e11ti,·e11e,,a11d lite ,ht:el pok1 lli~l11\of lang11.1ge1hdf for
rhcloncal ,11a11
1pu lat1on"
l-111\\<"1
er i11t11guing1tind .\ndrews's re.1c!
i11i;.I it.'ar lh,11to t·,pl.1n1the
1cpct11io11
of,, h1ppini:, wld, ut rl11:loncallcr111,and 1n the inlere~I of
l)o11gla,.,,'ssclf-express1011kc1d, lo ,0111<"
troubl111gelision, an<l rahonal iz.abon,. perhaP' the 1110,ttrn11bl111e,elrs1011being the l>lack \\0111,1n's
bodv, 111other ,1otd<, l)ougla,s·, "frec<lo111"-nJ11,1t11c
:ind ph),icJI
alikl'-dcpc:11ds 01111.,rrahni; black \\Olllcn's bondage I le ad1ie,es his
'\ti l1St1cs1g11al11rc"
ll\ obJt'thl1i11gbl.1c-k1,mnen, lo be sure. dclrneat1ng tlie s<:,11JIab11st:ol blacl..won,en 1> a ,ta11d.i.rdco11,c11t1011
of the
tng1li\'I~11.1,c:11.1na11,c,
l,111the 11Jrralto11
oflhat ,11Ju,c,ccn1s to f1111cllo11
hc·11111d
tl11: mere f<'(jllire111e11L,
of 101111\ ,cconrl look ut ti,,: first
rec<ntkd heahui:, l11s:\nnl I lt·,tcr's, force~ 011IJ d1ffereut e,plan.rt,nn
,,1·\,
I
n
\otlil-'\\' lo r.-11
u Ftn .· ·"trH')C,
I , ·..1c:nc S11,1'11.aho l1ffu~ olli lllh'l(."4,11m;
rea1dm.q
111the
"lur1nn1,," l11c."\
~ 1.,l,lcIlic rf'.1,k, to , 1,u"h.u.·
the bluoJ 111.11
um,li.:nJr;r.,tr 111, tlu-'i ,I .J\f 'l
P4H.li;t'"i1i1u..11
.a) Jl1'1•1,i.l.1,,,\rmt I li.:~k,\ bn11m~· p11,,1<!t
\HtJ
\\.mbob of 111~·
pt11,1.·'-'
of JLl,m11J111,.,1
IOO~I 11.,1.Jn·~1ndn'llent ..~ l11c.:1r
I !d1lo,1el
w 11l,t,:-1,111~
ii-'llJ*d 'i.-UJh\rm(•n·
1111d
.\.ulhonn.,Zl-22
DEBOAAII
1:
l\1t00\\
Doi r.l.AS\
ll I
H,, d1t>1'eof wo1d, 1111l11,,1ccou11t '\pcct.1de," "e,liil1111011"-is
i111h11cl11e.
as 1shis telling .1d111iss1on
tl,.ll, 11111ew111i:
ilil' beal111g,he
heca1ne both "wih1cs, .ind p.irllup:int" 1~~111
SJ.
Criti('JI co111111c111.111
ha, fonised Jl111oslco111pkicl)011Douglass :is
"1tness lo ,laicl) 's ab11ses,o,erlook1ng Ins roll· ,i; p.1rtic1p.1nl,
.111 01111,s1on lhat conce.1h his co1nplex ,tnd troublin~ rdalio11sl11pto ,Ian,
wo11,c11
, l111and 11011l111
.1lilc. l11t,1lli11gfor doser atle11llo11
lo the narrn·
lion of 11liippiui; ,t·cncs. I du not 1nea11to suggest that Dou~ la"\ ,111tobiogrJph1es 11ere alone .1111011g
their co11te1npor,iricsin their ob,e,sion
with corix•ral p11ni,l1111e11
t \~ Rid1.1rd B1odlieJdh.ts obsef\ecl. "Corper
r.11p1111i,l1111e11t
h,1,hcc11ont nflhc 1110,tperc11n1ally 1e,ed of queshon'>
111\1ne11cm1cultural l11stof\."and II had tis ··Ji,storic,ilftnter of grn,1t~
111\r11crit,1111the a111t-bdl11111
tlcc·,1tlcs
.''" Holli in .111l
1,l.1,er1 l1h:r,1l11
1e
and in the litcrnhnc nf the .\111cnc,111
Cot hie, \\ h.1t Brodhcacl call- the
"1111Ji:111dt1011
of the IJ,h" 11,ispel\asiie . 1 hat11111ch
.111hsb,ef\l1ter.1t11r
e
h.1d ,troni; ,c\11.11unucrturrcnt,, h,1sbten \\ell doc11111,•11kd
\~ 111
,1111
rllil<, 11.1,c
ob,cf\cd. 11111d,
.1l1C>litio111.,t
l11t:ralt11,
"t:nl ht'1011cl
.111"H,1c·k
'
on ,la,ef\ to co11cle11111
the South a, a ,a,t l161d1na
l playgru11url
i\h a1111
ht-re. thc11, i, 1101 to ,iri;uc lhat Douglass\ repealed dep1ctio11
of ,d11ppi11i;'lcncs 1, i11,Ill) \\,I\ u11iq11c·
lo hi111
, b11trJthcr to ,11l1111i
t
those scenes to clo,e, ,cr11l111ifor tlu,ir o\\11sake. In other \1ort1'. the
prcpo11ckra11cc
of thjs patkn , 111.1ntehellu111literature' 1ho11ldnot pre•
dude a de1;11ledc,.1111111:1lion
of it, 1cprcsc11tatio11
111 ;11111.11ler
tc-,hial
SJ111pl111g.
Neither is 1nyann lo ps)choan,,1)1.eDnui;la,,, 1101 to oflt·r .111
...1lkr11.1ti,c."111eirc
"coircc-l"read111g,hut rather to reveJI that Dougl,1»
11flt11
l1.1>111oretl1a11one \nice, ont· 111uli,atio11.
a11done rl·,pon,e to his
n:t ~ • 1d of black 1.10111cn·,
abu,e 111111,\urrrJlll'<
~re11dnotes 111Ht'l'/>11tl the Pleu,itr~Prr11c1plt·
lliat "rc:pct1tio11.lhC'
ree,perie11ung of so111eili111g
idc11hr.il. 1, de.uh in ,t,ell' a source of
plc,1surc" • II. as Dot1glassoh,ern,-, the ,la,c 111:islt·r
clC'rl\C>pleasure
fron1 the repeated ,1ctc1l\\h1pp111g.
could Dou!;l,is\, a, oh,tf\l"r, clerin~
a \lc:ar1ousplea,ure f1ui11th<'rcpt~1tc<lnarration of the act? I 1101Licl
sa\
)C> Douglass's rcpchtion of the ,e,11.1l11c<l
sc·ene of 11h1pp1ngprojccis
hir11111to:i 1·o)e11risttcrelation to the \ioltnl·c nga111,tslJ1c, won1t·11.
11l11d,hl' 11atd1e,. ~11dth11sli1 cntrf'i 111toa s\111bol,ccm11ph,·1hwith
the se,ual cnn1e he 111tne.."~'-l11other ll'Ord,, the spectJtor becon1e,
l'O)eur. reinforc-1ng1,I1,1111_1<111}
ft111111i,1
fil111thcori,t.. h,1\C~er,uas11dy
argued: sc"ual11aho11"re\1dc:, in the \el\ act of looki11g." Thus "tht
THt
\1-RO• .\ \U.Rl<'\'1
N.\RR\11\l
T1t~on10,
17'1
rclaho11\h1pbch,ce11 11Cl\l'' a11d,c.:c11c
,, ,1h-.,,~one ot fraeture. partial
1
1dcnhficJl1011,plca,11rcand ,lislru,I."
' lb be sure. D011glc11,
sound~ au 11rge11thand 1,·a1rJ11ted
111oralllt)l<'
i11lht·,c p.1,sages. but he ,ou11cl,an erotic one as ,,ell that 1se,en n1ore
clear if tl1(' trili<'al g.11c1110,c, fro111Ilic li" I ,111lohiograph, lo the sec:•
ond In J chapter titled "Grdductl ln1lwilo11i11tu ihe \h,lenc, of Sl:l\•
Cr\ ·• Dougla" describes m1aken1ngJS a c:hild to a ~la\'c won1an bc,ng
hc.1tt11 ·1be 11<1) 111which Dougla.._,t·on~lruc·t, ihc \tene c,·oke, the
f,11111l1a
1 111.
1lc <hilt!\ 111itia
lio1t i11t<l
lhc lll}'lcric, nf,cx11alill hy pcc·ki11e,
through the ke,hok of l11
s parent,' bed 100111
,
'vly sleepiug place
lhe Hour of J little. rough dosel, 1d1icl1
ope11
ed into Ll1e kikhert; Jnd through tl1c crncls of 1b llllplaned
bo.nd,, I t·cn1lddi,ti11dh ,cc d11<I
he,1111Ji;1I
""' i;o111i:
011, 111tlJJJ11l
be111i:;
seen b, 111,·m,i<ter l·.,ther's wn.,ts were fir111lytied ancl lhe
1\.11,;tcd
rope ,~a,
l,1slcned to ~ strong staple 111a heav, wooden joist
,1bo1r. 11,,.,r
tht· fircpl,1ce I Jere she stood, on a l)ench her Jn1ts
tii;hth dr.1,n 1 o, tT h,·r hn:.ist I lcr h.1ckand sho11lclt·"\\ t're h.irc
to the wa1sl. Belund her stood old 111astcr
, ,nth CO\\>ktnin h.111cl.
ps~p.111111;
l11sbmbarou, 11011111
th all n1a1111c1
ofhJr-;h, ('O,u<e.and
ta11ta]i,:111g
epitl 1t:b T l1c ,~r,·,1111s
of h,, \•1c-t11nwc-rc1110,t
pi<'rc:ing
.
I le wa, crt1ellv dd,beiale, ,1nd protr.1cted the torture a, 011c1d10
11a, cldightcd \\ 1th lhe scene Again and Jgan, he clre\\ tl1<:
hatctul
"h,p 1hro11~hIii~h.111d,adj11,1i11g
11with .i \lei, of <leal111g
the 1110,t
pJtn·gin11gblow. l'oor E, ther l1adnc\cr \Cl bcc11,~,crd1 1,hipped,
m1clher ,ho11lrle" were pl11n1pa11clteudc:r E,1ch bk"' 11i;orn11,lr
hnd 011 broui;lil scrc,1111,
,., ,1cll a, blood l b- -Rh)''
\\.ls
' !'hi, p,hs,1geiu JI! 1b .:1oli(• 01crtonc, cchtJt•, thro111:;ho11t
Doui;l='s
a11tob1oi:;r.,phu:sand goes ",-11bc1ond plt',l<ttreto e1nbrace tb fccqucnl
"1nh1otic eqt11\alc11tpower. It c;111
be ,aid botli lo 11111tJtl'
a11d;1rt1c11latc
the pornogn1phic ,ce11e. "hid1 ,l<11lh rlprt',l' l1h ,111drep1ocl11ces
the
cultural J 11J uppo\lt1<111a
l rda1Ju11of IIK m,1sc11l1ne
to the le11111111K.
the: rcb tion hc11,ee11~ecr ,1nd seen. Ji;ent a11dI itli111,du1111n,1nt
,111d
do1111
11c1
t~tl. po11erf11I
ancl powerk·,,.
L~a1111n1nr;
the n:11rJt1011of \d11pp1ng,c:t·11~•,
,11thrci;ard lo tl1t.'""' or
z;
r; R~ . ~t·,w,1,1,.
Sec: 1h11 l..tlllJ \lu fl'"\ \'1q1Jl Plc-.mm· ,md N.m.1h\t' C'mt'UU Strt.·,1
1(1 \ulnn,1 1 1?-, 1, .uKJ lcrt:1-J 11\ I 11111
tr. ~/11·cf)u,•m·t; r•rn11rn~•n
. \;f•1J10'1ri Cmn nJ
1Uln'IHU1tftr>11 l11(!1;1HJI l11M·1-.1" l'1n1, 1%'4)
(, Sm I, PJ"' l~('t 11lfl llum.1~?10111\J1 n,,m)d,;1 r111J'h , f'fi'J.om
.. I ,\f.'11Ill tllC'~nt , of ·irt>t'Udi(·(i,
to tl,e ln.t. l>oui1;1.&,,
l.1.:c.11)h1\ fcxut. H\t·k1.l11H lhc \ll•l..l;on of 1l1
c ,lt~C' ~01;uau-. Lot.Iilu
l.cllr, to 1111
1 \uld , fm ,n.unpl~ Le "nto: ""\\l1n1 I S..:1>\ the: " .n c1 UIJ \1J,lu .. I 1111111t.J.
Jn\'t"r 11lt1pJ lJ\v"o111 iii , 111tftt' I !o1,'l\l
nu1 (•i hc:-1nC<.l..i•14.ll1e.uJhc1 p;k'-'ll> 4.fln , I ...,1.1,1
••,,,1\ n1.tn llu:. ((•111f:I nr tl11· lt-t1~c , v.cpt ,md p11ttk,cJ fl\f f lht 111\•1('1) lie clu,'.ll.hl,
\ulJ
2 R,clurd ~'!"
111,~
Sp~11!~1J!cR,"I D"<:1pl11'f"
:.mdf K t..m m \ri:t-bc 111111~uK·nc,1 " &pnr.
•i-nli.ttmm - I \\ ir,lu I1J\!) • 6 Sec al'° 1>.nicll~c-t~J1t \J,rnha:"~/
unJ rht \mrnt1.1nJJ.n1Ju•
"''J~{,,i ii <l.i'ICIJ-.Jllllll of ht.1.lmt;, lrl \Jdq!le ", \1r,ht n,u,J1.J \\/11,...liJd..d ,lfld Ill l•nd.:
lCJmt Cabm
_,. S~m md Frend IJ.c1,ondtht Plt1J~u-rr
Prmuplt- \olomt" lk <•! St,,11J..i.rJ£d1t1uu ,,J th~ C.um
1
fil1 f1 Pml~1l ~4·ut \'"'b <'IStqin,·iJ f'rtud 1l 1111<lnn;rllC HoQrth l..,rc:\.~
l-1li 1 '¼
-I J,1,qud111~
Rnc;t-S'"uu:11,n
ntlh,rf:dd<f\m,mil.t,udw1
\t"nu 19~ ) Il l
\1'()
..,
how ~ ll "lll ,)J l,-1.I 1i h It dJ 1,;l Ill I \~ ('I(' \t'Ut:d ~oJ It (I ··,111priJtc ...I td -J J<;;r .tdcd \Id II I to 1hr
hniL.11
h1)Iof ficn<lhh''''°'-..c..i:n.
, \\f10 \\fu:ld P<,1ll11h:
, l-.hdit.aud hL.tt ihe Liu ,oo.1 tk,111,11
li<'t u rtuc .md :imuluLtc 111 lu, JW:h<lll "-IIthl ..:r.ict:111.11
o11lt11w, lht • cl1J1.11.:l\r ,.; ,,rluon'I,
"ort1.J11li1wdr"
I 1.:
..-~\)
~cc 'ilt<i .1n11c ~ppdt 1 r111Pom,""JCff/_Nn·
,1, R,•,,1,"J,t·1,1,,tlf.l/t\111,lit ,1p1d w l Ot\l'I lh (d \I •1111e\.Ol,I, l'l~M 1114
] 1)0
1)1 801\,\ll
t . :-.leDt)\l'blJ
tJie , laH reinforces th11 gender.:cl d111,io11.ind illu,trates rb c-on1equc11ces\\l,ile the wmnen arc tied up-the class'.: sta~ce of 1101ne11
in pornogr.1phJ-Jlld urwblc tu rc,11t,the 111t1! are fre~, rt \'Oll hl.e: to
•~i;le
\\'ill1a1n Dc1nb1· is" case 111po111t \tier :-.Ir (.o re 1,l11p.1
h 1n1,
De111b,ru·1, to the creek and refuses to ohc, the 01cr,-cc1'scon1111ancls
to co111eout Dernbl' finJlh .t'>~Clh the po\\er o,er h11 ow11boch. e1c11
1ho11i::h
11cosb lun, h1, hfc
But dead, the n,ost relchr.ited "hipping scene of Jil 1s l)ougla,,'s
f\10-hour-long fight with Coni,. on 11h1('h the J ',-f, ,\;urn1ti 1e pi1o_ts.
Positioned ro1u;hll'n11<.h1d\
1hro111.1
l1 1hr te,t. it cou,htul~ also the 1111<l~
\\a1 poHll bcl\1<.•c11
sl.1\en ,incl freedo111.Tlus c,pla,11, 111part "'" the
liglit rs dran1ati7ed and elJborJ led ()\er ,rveral page,, , I ll alloll11c11t
deJrl~ di5proporl.Jou.itelo othl' reported ep is1Xle, \\ 11cJ1the light 1,
o,c:1. Dou,;IJ,s bo,,sts llrnt Cove, "had drJ"1 1 no blood front nte but I
hc1dfrom h1n1··.1nclexpre,1es >Jlr,factiun ,11 · rcpelll111gJ b, forct' tltc
blood, Jnn of , la1ery. I h: ('t111du.lc,, "I h.,d ,c1era l fights. but "J>
11c,e1,duppc<l" tbl 831 5()-51 I
The light with Co,·e1· 1> ll1e part of ll,e l\;arr,1/1l'e 1110,tlrcqnLnll,
antho loi:,'ze<l.and it 1sJ rare cr11iraltc,t 1ndcccllh,11ii;norcs thi5 sce11e.
I agr<:L
' ~\Ith [),>n,1lcl(:ihson that "mo,t con1111e11tutors
on the conOict
h,11c
interpreted il .i., lhoui;h it were ,111arcn.1 bo\.1ng 1n.1t<h." (\1bson altrihuk, ,ud, a,'~" tu II hat 11,·l<·n11,lht· "p11hlicfoc:us"()i l)oug1.r,,\ 11.,n,, I IIc. '\d11 r h reiinncs Ihat the ,la, e defeat the ,laveho lder."' I
would Jdd to Cibso11\ cxplJHJllon tl1Jl tlii, defeat scnes lo 111can1alea
tnh,·al/politic,11 1it:\\ tlut cqLMtc, fl">"t;1nct to p<J\lc."T
1,11h plw,ica l
,11111::11,lc
, ,t 11<:\\th.ti fails to <<'eth.II such sln1ggle cannot function as the
beguuuni; a11dcud of our w1dcr,LJ11<ling
of p<l\\er reblions.
The c1111c.1I
1alon1..1t1nnof ph1src.1I\llltgglc Jlld ,llb,equc:nl h 1un1pl1
Jllci ('OlltTolfind1 Jn 111teresr111g
parall,•11n cll\ctlS"on of [)ougl.ts<'s 1rnrr,tli1e ,trugglc,, J111011g U1c1110,tprovc,cati,·ebei1u:;tlwt of Robert Stcplo
111From Re/1J11d
th.: \ •,,ii In dr-c11;~1ngU1erelatio11of Dougla»'> Narrat/\'e lo lhc "aulhenlicating" le,h h1 \\ .ill1~rnGJ rnson and Vvcndt'IIPhillip,. Steplo Jrgu<.:SlhJt these a11cillal}lext1 sc<.'1non the 111rrH<
r to bc:
"at 1rc1r\\ 1th Dougla,1', t,1k· for autL()nal co11trolof tlie narrati1e as a
\\hole."'\\ hilt> Stcplo gr.int- thJI thcrt ts J tcn;ron a111oni;all th ree
docurnc11l>.Douglas,'s "tale dominate, 111<.'n,1rralilc hcc,tusc it ,tlone
aul hcnticate, Ih~·n:irr,lltve" ( EnipbJses ad cleel), 1
I11 <.',a111111111g
the "•ne ol authon,tl control 111oregeneral lv. Stepto
argues. "\\ 11e11a n,rrralor wre,t, this I.ind of p1cc1ni11<:11t
..iulhorial conlrnl fro1n the ancill.iry 101ce, nt the narrati1c, \\C rna1 sa1 hc: c:ontrols
Oouild G1l,,-on. Rctone1h11cP1!11l1c.
anJ Pm.1lt 111f r~['l"lC l f.XmgLu,
·, \ .rrrt.1tm~Aitif'fU ""
l.1•1,.,.11,rr)~ d'>rct
·emlJ<',
191,,, '62
0 Rubc:":·I
St«.11t1J,From"BcJnnd
1/u \ ·~•l \ Stl,d\·c,J•\f,o.,\.fl1·,l'C't1n
\drru..lnt 1\lrh,11:.Jl 111,rmh
nt l11111c11
, Prm. l'F ;,1
S!rplo, ( "'"' f·k'1i1:rl1l:S.
lx11 'c 1.,1,s ,r-D I Ht ,,. ~o- \ , 1t 1uc;~N \/.\IIRA1 I\'~ T R,o.orrio'<
I~ I
the pr~enlalion of h,s personal lustol'\, mid llMl lus tale 1, hecom,ni:i
1 I le l'011li
aulob1oi;r.1phic.11."
1111cs,
.. \ulhori.11~011trolof .1narrati,e need
noldh1a), 1c,11l1fro111JI! Ju thot's dcfcal of co 111pcl11111,oicc,
or 11,uf]'l.lhon of arch eh pes or pregenenc 111\lh~.but ~ u,ualh ()Ccas1oncdb}
,ucli ;in, \\l1JI 1na1 d1,ting111Sh
one litcr.iry 111,ton or lrad,tion front
Jllolhcr " 1101 tire 1"11cof ,d1ctl1cr 111d, b,rlll<',Ot<·11r,h11ttlt,1lof who
,, cotnpebng 111th11horn and o, er\\ hat."'
Thi, con1pehhon for aulhonn l control 1n .\t ncan-'\111cncan letlers,
Stcpto a rgue,. doe, not ronto 11n lo Ilic Bloon1ia11oechp,1I P"rad1~11.for
"lhe batt le for authorra l coulrol ha, hccn ,norc or .1 rate rit11.,Ithan .,
c,,se of pa1T1t·1de
., 1Stcplo " right lo nole that co1npelillo11,1n1011i;
.'\f11can \1nericans b "w reh bet11een artist nnd :irll\t," hul bet1,een "artist
and ,1uthe11l1c,1tor (cd,tor. publisher. i;11ar,111lor.
patron, ,"; I Jen:, of
co11rs<.',
Slcplo could c,I\Jh h.1vc 111,cr
led tlr,1tlhe,e authcuht·alor, lra\e
aenernlh bce111,h1te 1nalc, Thu~ the h.,Ule for a11tho1ial control 111
Oougla,s's ca,e lh!S a batllc het1,ec11wlult a11dbl,1tl. 111:,lc,
1:or Skpto, Do11gl,1"·, ull1111
dlt t·onlrol 1c11~011 l11, ·c,trac1rd111.1r1
ahilit) to pursue se,cral 1,pe, of 11rrling11ithease and 111tha degree of
s1ntultane1IY" 1' But again. the e,pl,111.1ho11of Oougbss'> ,t renglh
dcp<·nd1n,en1111C'h
011;, fnt·11,on ,hie c·r11ptied of II, c·u11lc:111,
. 111oilier
wonh, ,dial 1, the "co11lc11t" of DouglJss's "s,ncr<:lit ph1,1smgi' the
"1ntrospec1t,t· ,u1ah1is," the "pa1l1c1pJrtlob1en.1llon," that 111.ikc hi1n .,
n1Jstc1 ,tlhst in St<.>pto\c,1i111Jtin11'lint, ,norc 1111port;111t.
doc, J)c,ui;las,\ "dcfo.,t.. of cn1npelt11g,d1ik 111Jlc,oiccs c:nJhle hitn lo !ind ,1101ce
di,t111ctfro111their,'
Sinu: Dougl.1"·s autl1ori,1lc:nnlrol i, the log1t.1I1111ku1nc
of 111,ljlll'>t
fo1 frccdo111and liter.JC'\,one 1111gh
l approad1 lh,11,111cslio11
fro1n lite
Jnglc of lhe thcntJllts of litc1Jt,, of "hith nu1ch h.1' hec11111Jdcb1
,·rihC's.Rc,cJl111gperh.1p1rnore tlt;in he knl'II in the fnlluwi111;
P·"'·•gc.
l)ouglas, dc,c1 ,be, 011cof 111.1111
s.·cnt·, uf , tokn l.110\\ledge rn the "-:ar•
rallve Bccaus,· hi, reldltug ol tl111episode is ,tll the 111oresui;gesti,c 111
.\fi Ru11d<11!/
and \Iv f 'rcec/wn. l\·e seleckcl 11iu\lcJd "\\·h,·11 11111111sllcs; left n1e in chJ'!,;c of IIK house-, I had ,1 i.;r;1ndhntc. I !lOl ~IJ,ter
Tomn11·~ cop, booJ.., ,ind a pe11 ,111<l
111k,,111<l,
111the ,nnple ,p,,ces
het1,ee11the hill'', I 117r,fe ,,/her l111e~.
c1, ll('urfr /,/:,: hi, <JI ('n\,ibfo" (1,2,
entphasi, ,iddcd ).
.
Tlu, b..indto-hand c.:0111h,11
hl'l\let'n black ,11,d\\h 1tc 111en101pl11'1•
"
11t~,
. fhuN fl<-lund.
~i
F,muHthmd i
l ~kptu Frr.n1ftf'hmd.~ i.
~ <.itq11t1hr,111 111
h1hd•t>.
1
'\It
't 'Slcplo.
•
h ~It plo. Fnim Ekl1,11J.
~()
,
Ccm,p;lle 11111ip.uo;.1se ;nlli ll1l ,;lTtl(' ,.,t11.C II tlit· ,~• Ci \,.1m,11,~· \\hc11 ldl tl1m.. J 1acJ I,,
,pc-itt.J11t'. 111
l1,cl1n.1,, cc.-1\-hool,t.\•p\l!li.:, v.l iJ h~
11c ,11.,..nhu-1!1u tli<."PJu·~lc.-•Im \1.~
la.id •Jilh-n I tHnhmlC\I ludo th,, Ill t1I J tould \\life.. o1 hand \C't) '\Ju11lar
lo tn.11,,I \L, ~tt ,
lltt,111.n llm',. ;1lkr I Ion,;.tnhmo
,..,k-''" JHI
cll11rt
of ,·an,
1 fi11.1lhtuuu,lf'd
111lc.mm,s.;.
h•ft-'111
182
D,R ,JRAII
f
\lcl)owu.1 .
cal, then 11arr.1\h
,.• c·o11lrol o,er hod,e, a11dtexts raise, 1l1e qu<:~tionof
"ho i, 011,dJ<i,,· ,1dc~ For. 111it, allegrn11ce lo Ll1edialc,l1cs of do1ni11a11cc
and s11bord1nJtlo11Dou1:IJ~\\ Nurraln:e is, and not ,urpristn£;1~
,o, .1bv-procluct of\ l.1>tc1I0111111i
, c<ip,boo!..e,pe{'tall) of its £;e11dered
d1,1,1011of puw,·r rcl.11tn11,
. ' I he reprc,cnt,ihon oi \\0111eu LH,i11g
"lt1ppc<l. 111fon11and function. is ooh one n1ajor i11,la11ceof 1111,
p0111t
bul the 1epresentatlon ot wo111t11.
111i;ener.1I. sho\\S i\l,1,tC'rTom1nv·s
nnpnnt
\hou11d111g
1111111,
cnp)book are con,·e11honnlide.1sof 11wle,ubjectnit~ tlwt c,clude wo111enlron1 language ·rlu: ,eene, of rea<l111i;
..1reaga111
c.,,,.,,
i11pn111t·rhr<>11gho11t
tile 11arra1i,eDougla,, e111p
lo,s ,,hat l ill1e
Jui;urtha dpth ten11, "c,c d,~logue." '1 hat 1,. he pre~nh personal
c,diangc, that hme the JppeJrJnce or d1.1loguc:w11ho11t
he111i;chalo~ut'.
In lht' folio\\ Ill!\ aC'Co1111I
l1011i;l.1ss
<le,crihe, the ,cenc 1111d1id1 l\lis.
\111,lI\ m<lcrcd lo cca,t tcacl11ni;f•redenck lo read
\h . :\ul<l found oul "hat wa, gcnng on, .ind JI onu: forbade \lh
\11ldlo 1n,t111dn1c f1111her.
telling her. J 111011g
otl,cr lh111g,.that ii
11,h 1111l.1\\ful.
·" 11dl "' ttn,afo.. to te.ich a sl.l\e to read To 11,,.h1>
own words . he >..1i<l.
"If ,·ou gl' e a , 11gi,c
I an n 1d1. h<:"i II t.i kc
an ell.
Lean1111g
would ,po1I the best n1ggc1u1 lhe \\Orld . 1f
\UII kal !1that 111gt;c1
(,p,·.1k111g
of 111)sclnho\\ lo rt•J(I.llicr,· \\Olllcl
be- nu l.:cpi1u; 111111
It \\1111ld(01t,er unlit hi111to be J ,l.l\e. He
110111d
.1tonce hecorne 11111nanageahle.
and of no val11eto h1, rna,ler. \, to h1111self,,t "011lcldo h1111no good. hnt a great dea l of
h.ir111
. II \\011ld111,1kc
h1111
cl"c·ontc-111c-cl
.,nd 1111la.1ppy
." 1-191 29'
DOl.'CL.-\SS .. .-,o TIIL
\r RO-\'i[IUC-V.
l\,\IUl\"11\F
TR,1>1no, JS1
turn. created a potcn l a,1d pers1>k1IIc-rilical l.111gu,1ge
th.it fXllil aon, a11<l
reposahons Douglass 011top, that put1 h11n111a position of priont). Tlu s
ordering h:is not on lv helped to establt1h the don1111.1nt
parachgm oi
.\fric-an-.\ 111cric,111
cril ici,1n. h111iI I1." ,1l1n done 1n11c
h to c,lablish llIt'
do1n111Jrlt,ie" of \frica11-A1neric,111literJfl' hi;tor1 111that I rc-11.Doug1:i" 1s. to borrO\\ froni laine; Olne,. ''Lhc founding fa1her" \\ho "produced ,1 kind of Lr te,I of sla1erv ,,nd treedo1n that.. whether iucll\iduJI
"riters ,,ere conscio11,oi ianitating Do11gl.11;or not. would 1nforin the
\f 10-.\n1C'ncan literar1 traclilton froan Ins time to the present."''
It 1s lhi< choic-c of l)oug l~ss a, "lh<-first:· .1<"rcpr~l•t,t,1t11l n1a11."a,
Lhc p.1rt Ll1at,lands for Ilie \\ hole, th.it reproduces the omission of
"0111en lro,11v1C\\, c,l·epl J< afterthougli~ cWiercnt fro111"Ll1e,a1ne"
(hlac-kn1cnl And lhal on11ssion1, not n1cr,·l1 a11o,c1, 1gl1t. but g11e11
lhe discursive sy,;tem thal a11lhori1<-sDrn1gla<;1,
as the ~ource and 1hc011gin thdt 01n1>sio11
is J neccssit). But if. a, [E.dwa1d SJ1d ,uggesh,
"'bcg11rn11u;'1; an et111ncnth rcutwabk ,ubicct," 1 then""' can began
.1g;iin \\ 'c can begin lo thinJ..011hide the nioclcl 1h,1Icirc-11111,crihcs
.,n
entire literar) hi,lon into a genebc n1odel and co111cnptsDougla,s in
Lht· i11tcre,1of 1na.<:ulu1e powe1 and desire. l11other \\Ord,. \\t uu!(hl
,tdrl b) pull111g,111
,·nd lo hcginning,. r,,:11 those thnt 11011lrl put II om-,111
Ill the first place .
In t.:lo»i11,:;
tl1i, pa-,.igc. Jugu1tl1J pt:rcept1vch noltce, that ''tho,rt' 1>
no ,c,ond ,pc.1kcr prc-,ented her,-. no Lttuclla i\uld rc,po11ch11g
to her
h11sb.111d.. (Jae piclnres, though one doe, not he.1r," h11sb,1ndand ,1
\\ 1felall.iug
L 11ub1.J
Usl\d1. per,µecta, e, .1re 1nultipliecl i\ lonologue
n111c-hon<
,1s daaloguc ·· · Th,11 Soph,~ \uld \\as rcga1<lcdbl' D011glw.s
e.Jrll' on a, J substitute rnolher fig11re,linl..sher cra,urt· 1n thc forego111g
pas,Jge to ti,e era,ure of his b1ok>g1cal1nc>lherin the first part of the
1~-15l\,rrra1I1·c~nd, b, t,lc11s1011.to the crasurt of tl1c ic111it1111e.
!11this
,ecuLr rewriting of the <3Crt>dte,t, \trs . \uld 1>C',1letl[10111
the scc11c
of l..t1<l\dedge
, of s1u1bohc Jchdt). A,; a II orn~n she 1snot pen111lted "lo
teach or to lt~,e ;iutho11h 01c1 111c11
, she ts to J..ecpsilent" II Tianoth,
~ _11-12I \\ 'hat critics ha 11:karatcd fco11
1and done ,, ,th J)o111,;l,1ss
1,,(,
olte11 ,·on,lllutcd J corre,pondingh min1ctic proc:es, ,,he1e the feniin,ne " conc(·rned 111other worth. the liter.JI"\,ind interprell,e hi,tor~
of lhe \'arrall\'e h,11.\I ith k" e,c:eplto11,. repe.tlcd \I ith ,1ppro,;1I 1ts
sahe11I&su111pLions
and stn1etural parac.Lg1ns l111srepchho11 Ii.as, i11
9 O)ht,."\'.
-111, ~lu111, hu~r 1·l~t'•- 1-rcdcnclOou~t.c;i,
wnd8<J01.<.f
T \\ Js.l11P4fl)Cl. lll l'>t'bt.,u.
l1
f .. \ I. n,\H·ll .mdA----,old
ft1111pc-u.1d,
cch. Slint'l"i
ct11J
1l1, lJktt.1n· /m~g:n<1hn11
R.1.h11n111C'
Jul1mfl,-l'L,m, J~Q -'<I
£4fo..rd~.ud. fk,;nuUrtb\ln1.-,1tt.,.,,
and \ftt/,«/ (~t'\I,. ,otl Coliuul,,., l IIIH~J",lh rrc:.s..
1
l 1hS1, lo
Frederi c}< Dc)ugla ss :
A C l1ro11ology
•
I818
Ih24
182u
l!,2-
183' 3+
l83S
1619
1~-HJ
PHI
I flf:?
I !i-14
1545
1b-15-•-
1301u a ,la1c 111TalOfllCn11111,1 F.."lcn I Shore,. \lal'I 1.,nd
Tak<'n b1 gr,111dmothcrto \\\e llo11se, 1d1ere 1he1r mayer,
·"non Anlho111·,1s 111a11J,;erBefnended I>~ ma11agcr\
dJugliler. Lu,rel.Ja \uld. 111fe<•fTho111a, \uld
Scul lo Ball111101c
lo l11c"11h Thoma~ \uld 's brother, I !ugh
Auld, ,1nd h" 11ife.Sophia
Returne<I to 'lalbot Couull for rn,tnl>uho11of \ntl ,on1's
estalt:. ·\\\aJded lo Tho111a,\uld . Returned In I !ugh \u(d
111J3<1lt11nc11c
Sent hnck to I hmn,i, Auld. Reuted lo Ed11a1dCoH:\ .,s
llcldhau<l
R"nted In\\ 111
1<1111
F1cdd11d.Pl,1n,c:-;c.1pen 1th othe r 1ol11tg
,la,cs C.i11ght Fscapes ha11gu114
or salt, soutl1 ~enl had, lo
B,1lt11nore,11l1erel,c \\orl,,, as a l',111lkcr
111., ,l11p1
ird \l ee!>
A1111a\lt111.1}
Escape sla,cn \larries \1111.1l\lurr.11 111'c" )o,l C:11\
Thcl' ~c-llle111 Ne11Bedford, l\l.1\,ad1u,l'II,
Ro,etla Dou,;la,, horn Doui.:1~,,li1:c1r,
\Villia111Llo)c.lC,tr•
r1sm1,peetlt
Le111s 1k•nf'I l)oui;l.i« born.
\hikes lir,I i;n,.11puhli.: a11ti,la1cr..'P<'1.·d1,
'\,1ntnckel. \I&
,ad111,etb. Begins tour\ as an ,1genl of the :--e,, cnghnd
\11t1-Sl,,11cl'\
Soc1el'. \lo1es lo L11111.
\l ,t.s,Jlh11>clt,
F1cdenck ()0111:la,,,Jr l>oru
ChJrl('s Rc·111011d
Douglas, ho111.
P11hl"hc, \arr<1/11e of the /.i{c of I rcdcntk l)uu~!<J"
'I r,11cl, 111 lrel,11,dS,otbnd . .111d~.11glJ11d
g11 ,ng ,1ntisl11en
']:X:CCh~
1819
Jo'il
1852
lflS~
\101es lo Rocl1t:slc1, ,c,1 )orl l'ubl1,he, ~or//, Slur
( l ')-1- -51) ( .c1nlume1bis ,peakint,; lours
\11111c
Dougl.1,, bun,
l'11hli,l11:,
/•rcd('n,k I )oug/<1-sf'uper Is:; 1-nO).
l~i,c, "5th of J11h spcccl1
Puhh,hc, Tire l lcroi, Slave. J 110,clla.
186
Is:;:;
IS'i9
FREDERIQ.
00UCL\SS:
\ CHRo,01
()G)
Publi,he, \h· l3011cl<1g~
<111cl
\h f'reec/0111
..\ccu\cd ol bc111g,111 Jccon,plic-e lo John Brcl\,11, goe, to
1<:ni;bnd,,i,1('.a,ud,, Pnhlhhcs I )uuf!l<I·"
·s \ /011tlrlrt l 8~'l-
6~),
1860
Ill6 I
186,
1s--1
1s-7
ISSI
1882
18S4
JS89-91
1892
189~
169-1
189>
Selected Bibliography
\nnte Douglass <lies.Dougla.s rctunu to Rochester
'I he Ci\'II \\.n hei;i11s.l),n ,gl.11;,nrge, tlul the enrliui; nf
,la,el) bt: the 11.ir', ;11111.
Renu1ts £or the. \fncan \JnencJn 5• th l\las,ad1u,eth reg1•
1ne11t
Publ.,he, .'\t~• \',1t1oru1/l•,r<1! Ib70-741
Secretan of co1111111s"on
,enl to at1e111pl lo anne, the Do1n1111can
Republic
Rocl1e,tc, hons<:b11n1c<llJ1 ,tNmn<I '-lo,t·s lo \\'a,l1111gto11,
\rt'.(YI, ll'l ,w~(l,
\\ •,tt,n b, ,, nl\.f ,, ~hlotJ \1t1('rt<\.nh•\b,rr\ ~ncu·h, 1"\-f~
\(\ IJ.-,1J.J.._
llUd\h httdr1m ~ev, \etrl \hlkr 011011 .md \folli~.111 h'i
J ,fr ,mJ T1)1'K..,
of F,,J,nd, /)(.1,.gl~
i. \\ nrt,n I>, IJ 111:.t.lJ 1111•lo1d
l~ P.u~ Pnhli-..1,m,.,,
l\~I
DC.
I
Prt>sidcnlof Frcedn1.1n
\ SJ, ing, 8Jnk. ,1h1ch fail,.
'\ L1r,l1,,llol Dist11rt<ll Col11111b1.
1
Rt'corde1 of l)eed,. \\.1,hi1t!;lnn, D.(:. Pnhli,hcs L1/e 1111cl
'/'1me.,of FrederickDouglas.,.
.\111w\ h11T,I\ l)oui.;l.1<s,lacs.
\larne, I lclen P111,J)oui;J.,.,_,_
United Stntcs ~lin1~terto I lml1.
Publasht:slt:\ aseu I i/et1nclT,m~• o/ Frederickf)ougfa.,s
Co1111111..,.1tl11er
of tl,e Rcpuhli<" of I la1lr .11 the Ch,caoo
\Vorld's 17,iir
"
Cl\es b,t 1;1e,1t ~crl1,
"Lessons of the !lour. op1x1s111~
h 11cl1111g
D,e, in \\',1'h111gton,D.C. B1111cd
111Rod1t·stcr. ,e11 Yori.
\I \IOR \\OR!sS 8\ l·REDL!Ul:t,; [')(JtrCl.\SS
'-am,tlh fJJJhc-t,,, o/J ,,J1..ru.ll>.iucl.J\ an
t::.UI
ll<> If\~?
Jr~""''
T
ntt,•11i, Hu ;// ,r •,ul, l1/, U\ u ~··fl\V. 1111oc.apt /to,,
tl1t•prcwur t,mr 8<1 lri-1 l"lt.\\ollc_ I I le:.,l1'V2
\111,,f
..,,r;rupbn l~I llt"un I ,u1sC.,h~ Jr """" \01l l.1br.10 ol \rncnr.,, I }';..i.
r,'l.Jc.·rrclLXX.,!,1.:J.
, Qt! \\wllt'tt I Ru.:f,,. ( i l'I ,I r i.; f-n I\r \\~I )'lff ( "l <,rc<,l\\l)\"!d19':'6
n~ f·rt"d,n, j ')ou,:;I.,~,r.:,prn •·d. Jnlm \\ Bf.1 iug,mic et 11 s \'Ol't,.'C\\ 1-lJ\.'CU ' Jlc L"P
u{ Fu d,,lf l D ,ui;fll\J,
and hu ,'funpl, t.. h, 1 n
1"10
ltond"-',>r.
\\
lo
,q-q_
I ~fr-..rnd\\ nt,ng, o/ f·n:dcni( Doue,/dn £<I rl ,lip" Fc,1,,, ;: ,t11 'C'V. ,,,rl lukm tlNUl..al
l~SH-7S
Ox/urd I ti.:dttit~ D( u!!/,Ju RN:d~r F<I ,, 111,1111 I \n lrc\U :\I~
O).fo,J l P IQQG:.
'"'l.
\ I \IOR 810<.,K.\Pl IIL'1,J tlt•ut:'4
I luU.mJ t ,uku'- ~I F1c.'(J<'1
tht (~.J ri ii 014Jt,, 'c-"' ,o,i I w l i.\. \\'.;u;:n.afh.
I ~-ll
I lu~1n,, 1' h " In 1 1 S/1,1 .md Cil,~1 ,, l'I,\ t,t,• 1/ I rrdcnd f)o.:.,~/J)-~ l(mton l.1·tlt: B1v\\.11
l~s I
•\1d rt"h, \\ ,I 1.Jrn S f·rl•d~rirl l>oul:(,sq\"orL \\ \\ ,otto11, 1')91
l're\10n. 01t.l~,1 J }or1n.t;I red'-'mLPouill.t'>'- lh~ \twn/,1rtdl1..JI'\.b.1h1n1or("J I 11'.'lh,.1L111
11r, "'J
Quark ... Bt111 111111 f ,~a't:nc.l l:>c,u~la,\\.1•li1•1&.;,tnH n t; \U,C"-1lk'tl rui,1i l('I) 1'.H~ Rc-rnint
Nt..•· ,1,rk, l9N·l
,("\I,
CJ '\J R\I
• \nJrc'A'J, \\ 11h,.PII
fo Jdl
iJ
ltl~l<ll\lC\l
\1'll Ll l l R\ln
'-ll'l>II-.S
("t) Cnti,ul E,
orr r ,l,nd: l">u1,..;f,1~, ..tou l: ~ 1Ldl IWL
r,rr St,,n T/11 I mJ Crtrfon r/ Vrn \rn<'ncJ,1 .\r,1ohKt~hlpl1,.
f.l}t,)
,-,i{l..
lltl:r;,11,1ll i ( lllm,n t>.IQM,
•S.tlc:i. lJ1)U~h-•H-\ It !Hu
IJmlugi,
1.111d
\f,,, \m~1m;,•1 l.1t,rufutr
Clu~.l~
l oiCf,teJi.;V r.
Mirl
11,,/riu11u·,A.Jck C liK'J~•• l c 1( lut aco I" l 1h!)
Hlui.mt,UllC, J,Jlm\\ llu• Sfllh (,tlmmum() .!ud ed '\\ Y. "'\oc~ O\tc..,rdl 1r Jlr'I
1
1,:1,I
rnt,mnrn SJroo Rouge: l,OIHWll:I '\•al l p 19..,.
liLa;t,t ().,1\111\\ l'ri·Jnul [kJtn,)ct C1~.t\\'tJr B1t1.11Rou-'c lnum.111.1Statc.llf. Jc;ii-.i1
HuHerfid,l Stc1lf1tn Black \uf; btf.)-Q!rnph~
in ·\n1u11.11 \1 1l1r1,I l I ut \ 1.,~hu
dh P I } ,.
l l.l\ u, ( ·ti..ult· I 111111li.:nrvl.l•llli C.11 fr cd~ f ht ~f1.11 l' • \..rrrJ/1~ \;1:M '"'~ Chi rJ l P.
,,;ltt
I9';5
[ludlt."\ 0,1,1'1I \h· f "titru:T,'h,iduw ln/c.ru m :,iflrNt.tl (':<,uf/1,' 111 \/n, ,1•, -\m,ric.an \ ftn •
\UIIJ/.JIJ~u/1h, Phil 1dcl1,t11.1
l! uf II I ,h.1m.1 p Jl)QI
•• ,I <-I IN',ttr :md IVll-.(:'1'1
B Strpl11, t"CI,-\fr1J-..\Jrki.t1<ct"
J ,t....-1Jh..•~ li1tt f«'t."l)ffltr•1<1n•11
c,(
rl
lu tru,lPJn :\:N ,ruL \lc-.J~m l..11~u~ \wo1l •u1, 19-J
Ioli r,..
m,aSnud, \\,t,1,'AJl111t.;,\l1J1-cff
"oded ~1.&dun11l of\\ncoo"mf. IQ9'
hctln,l-.111 l"'>rs< \I llll fll.,cklm,rs, in ,1.,.11/i,r, \lonJ .,_..,. l',,-L I l1'J>C'r
.S.I\JM fQ-1
ii..-
Sn I c:no
C,ite\ I knn
U::,1111,. Jr
B101 JWR\l'Hl
F c:.11ro;11 Rl,u t :'\r-..,,Ynrl O,inrd l P Jtl~l.
.,.,q
I ..t\ClC'f\7., r>j\·1d \"1n}10ffd a11dth~ \nr,;na,n kc,n,11 ~urtt.·t· ldt;h,~-NY Comdl l!P I
\kl~dJ.
l~hr.rttll L, 2ud.\mold R.rn)X'l'\JJ. ~<l,SW\l,I"\,411.J 1},.: Ut"''"'',,,,,,.::111Jh011.
8 ,'111110,i.:Joli1s 1-L,pkmJ
l P. 19:\'9
\brim. \\;,iUu, L 1he \1,nJ,,f I ml"ml: Pou~fo:i,;~
C upd f1t11I t.r\,11111Ca1ol1111I'. JQ~
~ltter \11yn1 .\t:-,•o fhnu~ht1.-iAm,r:t:u, J\'J,0-J~I; \unArbor l ofMKloJf;-lllf.19(-l,.
p 1!1t1H)I,' 01 L1.n,do
<;/u,('I I'
s,..'"' l), :..itliC,m 1huJi:,t. 1-IJo""-II IQ:t,l,
Qwrks, B<:11j.Ju11n fJfocl \J'lbl,t1'>m
h. '°t'.") Ul~ lhiu1J llP. J96Q
Rtrh"' G Pd('( ('I ~1 ed ,. I he nt,·t \br1l1lit>-'Jl)t P41/t<N, ) wl, (. lupd I f,I 1' of '\orli
,r.
.,.,d
r
C"11ol111J
1'-'S~IWl
'"Th~ \u10!:m1,;r~l1u .•,,
\\11tn~ll
I)(
1-rede:ud, IKJu.J,:lous.•
~uulhtrm Mudw, ~• I Spm1t
19,;1 ,.,19
~l.11;1
lt•Iu
l lrmcnth
,11td D.11,.i,111I
Tuuu-r, .:J fM '\tt 1,f~l,,1r
\'drt,rlo"r
\tx:011,h. \\'nfctfl llhut>t\
llJt;!
'c,,11·1 \ .ilcru.· .\t/f./1uvn 111 ,mJ -\.u.Jhonh·
m Afrn--\.,,.w,1'
uu \/a:r1ul1u c::.11•1bndr:cl lJr\.ml l If'
1%"
''' pto, R,ihut D l'mm lxhmd tht \ f1/ .\ ~tuJ, o/ V11>,j\1tttnti.ltt
:\arru'lnY, t 'ct:HiJ l ol lllmOL'i
1
P, IfJ-Y.
'u111JquI,I f.u1.;J t'<.I,-,,1J1;mI: flou:,;l11Q 1\(11,l' I ,1tnc1rlarul II nt(l,llC(}Ib,14-:rp;
<::.1mbn..~~ C:irn•
I ,1trf.._l IP.I >90
fo \\aC-., thl" :V..tmnt. R•.w.. Ill th,· \luJ:w1:VJ \rr••'Tlc.'d!Iu,,,ratur~ Ca11,l,11di.:c1-l.,n,1.tJ
PP l'l'll.
\\~ltJ rrtcl f \fo,,tJIC/1t,1(t'I \frmon Dts"'·' 1.mdl!!W~flwlwn JIJ •\'m.._'«nth c.-,,t1.ry
.\m,·11
C..Jff \ho/n,011 BJlnn l<<•n
~
l,,..u,,u,u ~, ,te I I'. )tr~
LIi 1: OF FREDERIC~
NARR\11\'Lc Ot, llll,
-\I\ ,\\IEHIC.AN
DOLCLASS,
~I \\ F., '\'Bl J"l E'\ 8) Hl\l'iELt
18-l'i , ,\ 'arratirc of the l.,fe ,,JF,etlen,·k
D"rrgla", 111111111eri• ·1111Sl,n'l', H ·rille11Ill /lim,clf became an un •
111ed1.1tebcst -,,·llcr In addition lo 1h f.,r-rc.1.hinl( i111p,ict on
the ant1;,Ja,er, n1ovement 1n Lhc L;n,tcJ Statt•s Jnd ahr11,1<l
,
Dougl.i,s"s fui,t1tl\e slJ,c n.,rr.111\t·\\nil rc<:11gn111on
ror its lttcrJI) c\ccllence , \\htch has \Ince cilrncJ ll d place arn,,ng th,·
classic, of 11111etecnth-1.:entur~,\n1t•r1e.1n ,1utoh1o~ruphy. ·1his
'llortun Critical Edition reprint, thl' I 8-l'i first ,,d1110n
(,rDnugb,s's
,0111pcll111g
dutob1oi,traphr. E,pl.1n.llon .1nn11t.1t1ons
a,comp"n'
Upon
its
publicdtion
111
the tc,1.
,\ nd1 ,elet Lion ul "C11n1,•,1," pro1idc·s rc.Jders wnh co1nern por,1ry pcrspc~tlvc . lndud,·J art • the lntl,· -h.nr""n pref.it,· tlrnt
Do11gl,1,s"rote in I X-16._.,pres,li for th,• ~ccond lrhh eJ1t1011nf
h1, .\/"rraltt'l' ; ., puhlk <.",chJngc of lt•UC'rs hc-1,1c,·11\. ( ' C
I homp,on, d funner sla,chnlder. and Dnugl.i,, ; three ,1uLnl-no
11.rJphicalporlr,111,ol Dougl.iss", p.rr<'nl~ Dou~l.is,\ account 11f
his ,·<c-1,p,· fro1n ,Ja1 ery. ,, hich he- ,:hose· nnt 10 in.Jude 111the
hi-1~ ,\,,, r11t11·c:
,;1mplc, uf IJuugl.1,,\ u,c- of h1, ,l.11t• e,peri
en,<' 111two uf h" mu,1 u1fluen11al ant1slJvC'rvspccehc, .. ,n<l
rs·m1n1<,rn<·c, ol Dougl.i,, a, h<1thor.Hur 1111dfn,·nd hy JJn1e,
:\Ion rne C;rq,:n~ .ind F liz.ibeth C.1<ly!-,1,1111on
"Cn11c1sn1· ..:ollccts "' t'S><'llltnl •""''"ncnt,
ol the 1\/rrrra·
t,n ·s h1,1oric1I .ind l1t.-ra1: s1g?11'ic.1ncc·
hr \\'1111,1111..,
\ki:t•t·h·,
Pi.,ter R1pl,·y,Hohert 13. '-;1ep10.\ \'ill1.1n1I. ·\ndrew,. 1-lou,lon ,\.
Hake,, Jr., ,111J Dd,or;ih L l\l~Dowell
,\ Chronology and <;elected Bihhvgraphv ,1r"ealso included
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''Narrative
"Do:Ulasi
,. oftheOleofFri!derick
Wit
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