A CONVENTION HOTEL
presented to the Faculty of the Bachelor of Science in Architecture
LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE
Bacolod City
In partial fulfillment of the requirements in
DESIGN 8
Salgado, Rey Clarence M.
B.S ARCH 4B
JANUARY 30, 2023
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Introduction
2
Statement of the Problem
6
Theoretical Framework
6
Conceptual Framework
11
Scope of the Study
12
Significance of the Study
12
Definition of Terms
13
Chapter 2 - (Themes)
History of Hotels
16
Convention Hotels
31
Best Convention Hotels
36
Functional Requirements
39
Legal Requirements
58
Safety Req.
71
References
75
1
Introduction
Hotels are considered to be the backbone of the hospitality industry providing
accommodation and other services to guests. (Ivanova, Maya, and Rahimi 2019) in which
Architecture plays a vital role in the said backbone. Convention Centers and Hotels are
always linked to each other, interconnected, and interrelated. Conventional Hotels exist to
provide the needs of users in tons of aspects, in terms of business, meetings, and
accommodations. Convention hotel means a facility used in the business of providing
accommodations that has more than 80 rooms for providing accommodations to transient
guests. Convention hotel means a hotel with 50 rooms or greater that provides facilities and
services designed to host meetings or gatherings within or upon the same premises of the
hotel or within a facility (for example: convention centers, auditoriums, outdoor venues, etc.)
that is in close proximity of the hotel. The various determinants of tourism flows, such as real
income growth, price competitiveness of destinations, demographic and social changes,
technological and trading developments, and political and regulatory factors, are changing in
ways which favor continued growth of tourism to and within the region (Wattanakul Siri
2020)
Furthermore Convention centers are among the key players in the convention
industry, make a critical economic contribution to the destination and present an important
consideration in meeting planners' site selection process. (Steitz, Colin, and Joshua Hall
2021) Major events can bring attention to areas and, more importantly, generate economic
benefits to local businesses and communities that host travelers.Large scale events and
conventions are likely to draw visitors to the city but measuring the true net economic effect
of such an event can prove to be a tricky endeavor.Over recent years there has been
tremendous growth in the convention business and commensurately in the number of
convention centers. However, while the expansion in the quantity and size of centers
continues unabated, a number of issues have come to light that question the validity of
continuing on the current path. However Many cities around the world today place
considerable emphasis in their tourism strategies on enhancing their competitiveness as
potential convention hosts.
2
Recently, great interest in value co-creation has been revealed among both academics
and practitioners in the hotel sector . (Moise, Simona, Saura, and Molina. 2020) However,
few studies are analyzing the consequences of co-creation behavior from the customer
perspective in “green” (environmentally-friendly) hotels. This study explores the
relationships between value co-creation and guest trust, satisfaction, and loyalty in the
context of green hotels and post-pandemic set-up. Moreover, the role of trip purpose and
generational cohort as moderating variables in these relationships is tested. Many cities
around the world today place considerable emphasis in their tourism strategies on enhancing
their competitiveness as potential convention hosts. The objective of this research was to
evaluate how site attributes affect the choice of a host city in the international conventions
tourism market in terms of its Green Architecture features and Post-Pandemic Features
Due to growing consumer awareness of environmental problems, more and more
hotels have been developing green practices in response to the environmental concerns of
their guests and improving their image ( Gil-Saura Molina 2021).. This study aimed to test a
model for analyzing the incidence of green practices as drivers for generating positive hotel
image and guest trust and satisfaction, evaluating the moderating role of guest gender in these
relationships. With the growing awareness of the climate change effects, hotel customers
progressively intend to favor green products and services that minimize adverse
environmental effects. (Salama 2022)
In times of unprecedented climate change and energy scarcity, the design and delivery
of energy-efficient and sustainable buildings are of utmost importance. This study aimed to
design a hotel building for hot and dry climate conditions and perform its energy performance
analysis using energy simulation tools (Kobeyev, Sultan, Tokbolat, and Durdyev 2021)
.
In China, A COVID-19 management framework is proposed to address the
anti-pandemic phases, principles, and strategies (Hao, Fei, Xiao, and Chon. 2020). This study
also suggests that COVID-19 will significantly and permanently affect four major aspects of
China's hotel industry—multi-business and multi-channels, product design and investment
preference, digital and intelligent transformation, and market reshuffle. Pandemic created a
shift in various aspect in Convention Hotel, Despite being an exhilarating career path with
many avenues. Customer needs and expectations have also evolved in recent times, largely
3
off the back of the global pandemic of 2020 and 2021 which spurred a seismic shift in
industry trends. Furthermore, The Covid-19 pandemic, which is seen as a source of crisis
worldwide, has also had negative effects in many ways in the tourism industry.(Ergin 2021)
In this process, it is important to find out the problems caused by the Covid-19 pandemic and
its solutions to tourism businesses
In Indonesia, the planning and design of a Hotel & Resort should be in accordance
with the climate and location of the construction. (Rijaluddin 202) especially in areas that
have cool air and are far from air pollution and noise pollution, they have a tropical climate,
so Tropical Architecture is very suitable for planning and designing Hotels & Resorts, but it
is possible to plan and design Hotels & Resorts with other architectural characteristics.
Modeling studies can also be called modeling design and information about buildings, which
is a field of science that examines development planning, development implementation, and
maintaining and repairing if there is damage in a building.
This research aims to investigate environmental management representatives’
perceptions regarding the extent of the contribution of green hotel practices to achieving the
environment‐related sustainable development goals (SDGs). To achieve this aim, a
questionnaire was developed and directed to the person in charge of environmental duties in
the investigated hotels, who were selected by a convenience sample method. A sample of 48
participants from four and five Green Star hotels (Abdou, Hassan, and El Dief. 2020) The
objective of this research was to evaluate how site attributes affect the choice of a host city in
the international conventions tourism market. The study employed discrete choice modeling
using a stated choice approach and analyzed data from a survey of international association
convention planners. he aim of the research is to determine the impact of the Covid-19
pandemic in the tourism industry, to evaluate the views of hotel managers and to offer
solutions to problems in hotels. The research data were collected through face-to-face
interviews with the hotel managers in Bodrum-Muğla. The interviews, in which a
semi-structured interview technique was used to collect data, were held between
July-September 2020. The data were analyzed with the descriptive analysis technique. The
analysis was respectively carried out as the conceptual structure, modeling of data, organizing
data through tables, and interpretation of findings. As a result, it has been revealed that the
Covid-19 pandemic affects hotel businesses economically, socially and psychologically.
4
From the above mentioned problem, The researcher is therefore interested to present
A Human Centered Shopping Center. An effective and efficient approach to innovate and to
answer the rising concerns and challenges that the Hospitality industry faces and to find
solutions that have the capacity to mitigate the emergence of global warming or climate
change and uncertain phenomena.Secondly solving the post-pandemic factors. This study will
help the researcher to unlock immense ideas and to fulfill the passion to create a safe and
thriving space for community design and urban design . Moreover, it will be a way of help for
the government and organizations whose advocacies is to help the targeted beneficiaries. To
find solutions and theories that fit to answer the problems mentioned above.
5
Statement Of The Problem
The primary objective of this study is to design a Conventional Hotel. To formulate,
gather, and collect informations and data that will help in designing an Efficient Convention
Hotel in a tropical setting, moreover answer the following questions:
1. What is the History Of Hotels?
2. What are Convention Hotels?
3. What are the Best Convention Hotels?
4. What are Functional Requirements?
5. What are Legal Requirements?
6. What are Safety Requirements?
Theoretical Framework
In this study, the theory of HCD or Human-Centered Design Theory in Convention
Hotel is incorporated and integrated:
Human-centered design (HCD) refers to a diverse suite of interactive
processes that engage end users in the development of a desired outcome (Black 2023)
Human-centered architecture puts people at the heart of the design process, striving to create
spaces that cater to their needs, enhance their well-being, and promote a sense of connection
to their environment. Including solving climate problems, post-pandemic factors, etc through
considering this allows this theory to thrive and prosper.
6
Human-centered design (HCD) can support complex health system interventions by
navigating thorny implementation problems that often derail population health efforts
(Donelson. 2020). HCD is a pragmatic, ‘practice framework’, not an intervention protocol. It
can build empathy by bringing patient voice, user perspective and innovation to construct and
repair pieces of the intervention or health system.
The architectural practice has always been rooted in what people now call “human-centered
design”. The term, coined by Irish engineer Mike Cooley in his 1987 publication
“Human-Centered Systems” describes a design approach around identifying people’s needs
and solving the right problem with simple interventions. Architecture balances between
aesthetic art and practical design. With multiple collaborators and goals for the project, the
needs of the end-user often get compromised in the design process. To help architects better
design for people, new methodologies may be inspired by human-centered design techniques
developed by user experience designers (Archdaily 2019). Human-centered design is a
creative approach to problem-solving, tailoring creations around the deeply-researched needs
of the end-user. The process emphasizes a built empathy between the designers and the users
to generate ideas and prototypes for innovative solutions. The approach is popularly used by
designers to create digital worlds and extends itself to other fields in interaction design such
as service design, systems design, and product design. In architecture, it may appear as a
system to optimize the relationship between people and buildings to attend to a community’s
needs.
In Convention Hotels Human-centered architecture is vital and extremely essential,
Human Centered Design can go hand in hand with Tropical design and Post-Pandemic
7
design. which puts humans at the center of the design process, seeks to optimize positive
interactions as such between humans and buildings. Human-centered architecture isn’t a
trend, style, or a methodology, but a solution-based approach to optimize the relationship
between people and buildings to attend to a community's needs. Buildings designed with this
quest create solutions for problems and opportunities by focusing on the needs, contexts,
behaviors, and emotions of the people that the answers will serve.
● Ensuring that it solve the core, root issues, not just the problem as presented to it
● Focusing on people
● Taking a systems point of view, realizing that most complications result from different
considerations.
● Continually testing and refining our proposals, ensuring they truly meet the users
needs.
The successful application of Human-Centered Design necessitates consistently
adhering to certain basic principles. These principles represent fundamental conditions for the
effective practice of Human Centered design. They include:
1. Building Functionality -Human-centered architecture places a strong emphasis on
functionality. Spaces are designed to be accessible, efficient, and user-friendly
● Planning and Flow
● Accessibility (PWD Friendly)
● Inclusivity (Gender-Inclusive)
2. Passive Design- By enhancing the application of passive cooling in the building,
tropical architectural design achieves its goal of climatic and
●
User’s Comfort (Thermal Comfort, Acoustics, Olfactory Comfort, etc)
●
Daylighting
8
● Landscaping
● Orientation and Building Configuration
3. Site Selection Architecture has the power to influence social dynamics and foster
connections between people. Human-centered architecture recognizes this potential
and seeks to create spaces that encourage social interaction, collaboration, and a sense
of community through site selections
● Natural Factors (Climate, Orientations, Ecological Considerations)
● Cultural factors ( Social Interactions, Traffic and Transit, Identity)
4. Building Aesthetics ● Psychology Human-centered architecture acknowledges that the built
environment can significantly impact our emotions and mental health.
Designers consider factors such as color, lighting, texture, and spatial
organization to evoke specific emotional responses. For example, warm colors
and natural light can create a sense of warmth and comfort, while open spaces
and well-placed windows can foster a connection with nature, promoting a
feeling of tranquility. By incorporating elements that support emotional
well-being, architects can contribute to spaces that reduce stress, improve
mood, and enhance overall mental health.
●
Thermal Mass
Based on the study of Shafigh et al. (2018), thermal mass is described as a
material's ability to absorb, store, and release heat.
●
Insulation
Using
thermal insulation,
especially roof
overheating(Bodysuit & Suriyothai, 2022).
9
insulation, can minimize
1. Building Technology
●
Solar Panel
Solar energy is converted to electrical energy via solar cells. The efficiency of
solar cells diminishes by around 0.5% for every 1°C increase in surface temperature
When their surface is continually exposed to sunlight Solar architecture is an architectural
approach that takes in account the Sun to harness clean and renewable solar power. It is
related to the fields of optics, thermics, electronics and materials science. Both active and
passive solar housing skills are involved in solar architecture.(Rakino et al., 2019).
●
Rainwater Harvesting System
A rainwater delivery system is designed from the roof to the reservoirs for
flushing without any additional energy consumption according to the storage
Location. It requires no additional pump power and no complex filtration systems
(Kucukkaya et al., 2021).
10
Conceptual Framework
11
Scope of The study
The purpose of the study is to integrate the theory of Human Centered design or HCD
on Convention Hotel in Negros Occidental. This study will takes place in The province of
Negros Occidental, Philippines and will be conducted during the month of February 2024.
The data in this study will be gathered by the researchers through articles and books that will
enable them to come up with answers and solutions.
Significant of the study
Government of Negros Occidental . This study may serve as reference for the
development and analysis of Hotels and Convention Center that can generate more
opportunities for employment and economic growth.
Citizens of Negros Occidental. This study will enable them to understand why is it
important to have Convention Hotel and offer new perspective on what an efficient and
convenient mall would look like
Architects This study will enlighten the Architects the problem that needs to be
solved and appreciate the importance of Human Centered design in a Convention Hotel
Non- Government Organizations. This study will be used by the various
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organizations whose advocacy is to empower nature and solve the environmental issues
rising. This study will give them information and relevant reference on how to put up a
Convention Hotel that will answer the need and change of time.
Researcher. This study will provide additional resources of knowledge for the
researcher and to have a wide range of perspectives on how vital it is to plan and design
effectively a Convention Hotel.
Future Researchers. This study will provide sufficient information and may serve as
a basis and guidance for future researchers, especially architecture students who want to
conduct a similar study in regards to cultivating Convention Hotels.
Definition Of Terms
Atrium- An open, interior, sky-lit court usually located at the center of a building and
often surrounded by multiple stories. Usually featuring galleries, balconies, or arcades, an
atrium (plural: atria) frequently is enclosed by a glass roof
Climate change - the planet is struggling to keep up. Increases in the average global
temperature, and the frequency of extreme weather events are transforming ecosystems around
the world and threatening entire species of plants and animals.(People in Need, 2021)One of the
most critical problems facing the world today is the issue of climate change. Scientists have
predicted that if drastic measures are not enacted soon, global warming will lead to
catastrophic changes in the climate, desertification, and a rise in coastal flooding, which
13
would all but destroy many communities and even small countries located at sea level
(Association of Diplomatic Studies and Training, 2022)
Carbon Emissions- carbon emissions are the release of carbon compounds such as
carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) into the atmosphere. Similarly to other greenhouse
gasses, these carbon compounds trap heat in the atmosphere when released, resulting in
global warming (Eco Life, 2022)
Convention- a meeting of persons for a common purpose. a constitutional
convention. teachers' convention
Economics- is a social science that focuses on the production, distribution, and
consumption of goods and services, and analyzes the choices that individuals, businesses,
governments, and nations make to allocate resources (Li, 2028)
Greenhouse gasses-that trap heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gasses.
This section provides information on emissions and removals of the main greenhouse gasses
to and from the atmosphere (Environmental Protection Agency, 2017)
Hotels- an establishment that provides lodging and usually meals, entertainment, and
various personal services for the public
Hospitality-the activity or business of providing services to guests in hotels,
restaurants, bars,
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Human Centered Design- Human-centered design (HCD) is a methodology that
places the user at the heart of the design process. It seeks to deeply understand users' needs,
behaviors and experiences to create effective solutions catering to their unique challenges and
desires.
Tropical Architecture - This is defined as a specific design of architectural work that
leads to problem solving caused by tropical climate (Ghassan et al., 2021). In this study this
refers to a concept of architecture that provides answers/adaptation of building forms to the
influence of tropical climate, where tropical climate has certain characteristics caused by
solar heat, humidity, rainfall, wind movement, and others.
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HISTORY OF HOTELS
The history of hotels is intimately connected to that of civilizations (Kevin J., A. K..
Strausz,Maudlin 2019) Or rather, it is a part of that history. Facilities offering guest
hospitality have been in evidence since early biblical times. The Greeks developed thermal
baths in villages designed for rest and recuperation. Later, the Romans built mansions to
provide accommodation for travelers on government business. The Romans were the first to
develop thermal baths in England, Switzerland and the Middle East. Later still, caravanserais
appeared providing a resting place for caravans along Middle Eastern routes. In the Middle
Ages, monasteries and abbeys were the first establishments to offer refuge to travelers on a
regular basis. Religious orders built inns, hospices and hospitals to cater for those on the
move.
In France, at the beginning of the fifteenth century, the law required that hotels keep a
register. English law also introduced rules for inns at that time. At the same time, around
1500 thermal spas were developed at Carlsbad and Marienbad. During this epoch, more than
600 inns were registered in England. Their architecture often consisted of a paved interior
court with access through an arched porch. The bedrooms were situated on the two sides of
the courtyard, the kitchen and the public rooms at the front, and the stables and storehouses at
the back. The first guide books for travelers were published in France during this period.
An embryonic hotel industry began to develop in Europe. Distinctive signs were hung outside
establishments renowned for their refined cuisine. At the end of the 1600s, the first stage
coaches following a regular timetable started operating in England. Half a century later, clubs
similar to English gentlemen’s clubs and Masonic lodges began to appear in America.
In Paris in the time of Louis XIV, the Place Vendôme offered the first example of a
multiple-use architectural complex, where the classical façades accommodated boutiques,
offices, apartments and also hotels. In New York first of all, and then in Copenhagen, hotels
16
were established in city centres. At the beginning of the 1800s, the Royal Hotel was built in
London. Holiday resorts began to flourish along the French and Italian rivieras (rivers).
In Japan, Ryokan guest houses sprang up. In India, the government-run Dak bungalows
provided reliable accommodation for travelers. The Tremont House in Boston was the first
deluxe hotel in the city centre. It offered inside toilets, locks on the doors and an “à la carte”
menu.
In 1822, in Venice, a certain Giuseppe Dal Niel transformed an old palace into a hotel and
gave it his name, “Le Danieli”. As trains began to replace horse-drawn transport, highway
inns for stage coaches started to decline. During this period, the Shepherds Hotel in Cairo
was founded, the result of a complete transformation of an ancient city-centre harem.
L’Hôtel des Bergues was built in the spring of 1834 on the shore of the Lake of Geneva. One
of its founders, Guillaume Henri Dufour, became a famous Swiss general. In 1840, l’Hôtel
des Trois Couronnes was established in Vevey in Switzerland and the Baur au Lac in Zurich,
fully refurbished since 1995.
The “Bayerischer Hof” was built in Munich in 1841, followed in 1852 by the “Vier
Jahreszeiten”. These two famous establishments were completely renovated after the Second
World War. The third boom in the hotel industry began in 1980, marked by more inventive
marketing and the development of hotels increasingly adapted to a particular type of clientele.
This trend prompted the construction of hotels near airports, hotels for conferences, health
hotels, ski holiday hotels, holiday villages and marina hotels. The first Property Management
Systems (Fidelio, Hogatex, etc.) appear in the hospitality market.
In Istanbul in 1984, work began on the renovation and transformation into a hotel of the
prestigious sultans’ residence, the Ciragan Palace in Istanbul. The resulting hotel is no less
prestigious than the Ciragan Palace was. Managed by the Kempinski chain, it opened its 322
rooms to guests in 1991.
The history of the hotel industry seen from the perspective of business history is still a little
discussed field of study. While its material, cultural and symbolic presence shapes a good
17
number of cities and tourist sites, and sets the tone for a way of life, its economic, financial,
technical and managerial significance is linked internationally to a complex dynamic
involving multiple actors who aspire to the same objectives in terms of hospitality, sociability
and environment. It calls upon common denominators capable of meeting their requirements
and expectations, but also capable of conditioning them. This issue is the result of a session
organised in Paris on 11-13 September 2019 as part of the International Congress of Business
History in France. Its aim is to highlight the interactions that take place in this particular
service sector between the various stakeholders (hoteliers, developers, public authorities,
financiers, suppliers and customers) in an attempt, given the current situation, to identify
models – local, national or international – that are capable of influencing economic policies
and anticipating future developments.
A hotel is a combination of elements, as Roth’s text already shows. The notion of system is
perfectly suited to this assembly, that is to say, the whole of the human, economic, political,
technical, professional and symbolic relations that allow the establishment to function. In this
case, the notion of system facilitates the understanding of how these multiple components fit
together and why they can hold together at given times. These considerations apply
particularly to periods of crisis, which are the focus of the six articles gathered here. The
articles by Mathieu Narindal, Grégoire Schneider, Yves-Marie Evanno/Johan Vincent and
Kevin James/Andrew Northey bear witness to the rearrangements brought about by world
wars and economic or political crises, while those by Steve Hagimont and Eugénie Galasso
examine, from a broader perspective, the long-term changes that characterise a specific
territory, the Pyrenees, and the impact of hotel treaties on the industry.
The authors show that, while economic disruptions are obviously very hard on the hotel
sector, the resilience it has shown in terms of commercial and financial strategies or technical
and social innovations is real. Nothing is simple. From an ideological point of view, state
intervention, especially in Switzerland, proved difficult to accept for a large proportion of
hoteliers and the professional organisations that represent them, particularly during the
inter-war and post-war periods. The benefits of Swiss liberalism, which were trumpeted by
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these same circles, were accompanied by more or less profound and long-lasting intrusions
by the public authorities, leading to very lively debates within the corporation. The positions
taken are far from unanimous. But the intensity of the crises and their repetition remain the
determining criterion in the adoption of what historians have called “organised” or
“corporate” capitalism capable of reviving activities in perdition.3 Whether in the form of
cartelisation, as Narindal shows, or feasibility studies (Schneider), the idea is to match the
interests of an economic branch with their long-term viability through ad hoc “aid” in the
form of state guarantees (legal and financial) while claiming to preserve the integrity of
liberalism.
While the Swiss specificity is measured in terms of ideology, the Breton case is discussed
from the point of view of its long-term adaptation (1870-1970) to changing circumstances. In
this respect, Evanno and Vincent distinguish between the impacts of a geopolitical crisis
(wars, for example) whose causes are totally external to the tourist environment and those of
a socio-economic crisis whose consequences lead to differentiated behaviours according to
the establishments. In the first case, the consequences appear to be less for multi-activity
establishments which combine the accommodation function with that of a restaurant and/or
bar. As for the economic crises, the causes of which are less brutal, they do not necessarily
dry up the source of tourist flows, but they do lead the actors to make investment choices
which, very often, result in the specialisation of establishments. The degree of powerlessness
in the face of these events seems to be the element which determines entrepreneurial
reactivity, which nevertheless remains dependent on hotel capacities.
For the hotel industry, the First World War represented a clear break in the resizing of
establishments and in their mode of governance. It marked the end of a Belle Epoque in
which “Palaces” were added one after the other, assured of the arrival of financially
well-to-do customers who were convinced of their power. It inaugurated an unprecedented
period when these same establishments, whether they wanted to or not, participated in the
war effort, a situation that saw them redefine their function and reorganise their operations.
Joseph Roth mentions the presence of prisoners on the upper floors, i.e., on the least
considered floors. Kevin James and Andrew Northey’s article look at how hotels were
involved in the infrastructure of the war and details how the mechanisms of British central
19
government grappled with programmes of requisition, adaptation and compensation for
hotels. In exploring the roles of hotels and other accommodation, James highlights their
singular impacts, not least by better outlining the exact contours of the conflict within the
country and also by revealing them as vehicles and sites of political, economic and social
contestation. The author recommends a directory of the establishments and districts in which
hotels were requisitioned during the war. To do this, he uses theoretical methods of analysis
to systematically compare their functions and operations in wartime and during the transition
to peace.
Steve Hagimont’s questioning of the Pyrenean tourism development is also fuelled by the
concern to perpetuate a hotel activity. In contrast to the Swiss example, the interactions
between hotel companies and the public authorities have continued to play a determining role
in the takeover of the Pyrenees by tourism and, consequently, by hotels.
These local public policies aimed at integrating the Pyrenees into the European investor
networks were implemented in several phases. If in the first half of the 19th century, and in the
largest resorts, the spatial organisation was first provided by the public authorities, motivating
and securing private hotel investment, in the last third of the 19th century and until around
1930, the municipalities delegated the development to limited companies which integrated
the tourist functions: thermal baths, casinos and large hotels. Between 1930 and the 1960s,
the municipalities tried to slow down the closure of the large hotels in order to avoid a
symbolic downgrading. At the same time, from the 1880s onwards, the popularity of railways
and mountain hotels industrialised the exploitation of the countryside and raised fears about
the decision-making powers still left to the municipalities and guides. The pressure of
national and international competition finally led to the support of projects which enabled the
Pyrenees to adopt the winter sports economy without much delay, as early as before 1914.
To consider the crisis in the hotel sector only from the geopolitical or economic angle would
leave a fundamental aspect in hotel management in the dark. If capitalism is defined by its
incessant exposure to change, the hotel cannot conceal what affects its daily governance and
operating methods through product and process innovation. The notion of "crisis" must also
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be extended to the technological aspect, which has a direct impact on the viability and
sustainability of the establishment. The concern to innovate or anticipate remains a constant
preoccupation at the risk of disappearing or, at the very least, of running into serious
disfunctions. In this respect, the study of hotel handbooks is of great interest. It offers the
advantage of understanding the hotel in its purely material functioning. How to welcome,
how to serve, in short, how to satisfy the customer? Eugénie Galasso gets into the routine of
the hotel and shows us how it works, or rather how it should work. A question is asked: have
hotel handbooks contributed to the diffusion of innovations within the hotel industry in
France? The article covers a period from the end of the First World War in 1918, which saw
the publication of the first hotel handbooks, Louis Leospo’s Traité d’industrie hôtelière, to
the present day, when these works have been replaced by consultancy firms.
The cathartic effect of crises or ruptures takes on its full meaning in the case of the hotel
industry. Its capacity for resilience is commensurate with its vulnerability to the slightest
hiccup in the economy. It is perhaps in this aspect that we can detect a specificity which
needs to be better studied.
Furthermore, Heritage hotels attract a large number of foreign and domestic tourists by
offering luxurious experiences while also providing an opportunity to learn about the history,
art, culture, tastes, tradi-tions, and sentiments present in various eras in a region’s history. The
literature on heritage lodging buildings is still sparse, limited, and lacking in well-established
empirical evidence. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between
perceived authenticity, visitor involvement, and nostalgia in heritage hotels, with
self-congruity serving as a mediator and digital technology as a moderator in the tested
relationships. A total of 278 guests of heritage sites participated in this study and the data
were analysed by a structural equation modelling and smart PLS program. The empirical
results provide evidence that perceived authenticity and visitor involvement positively impact
heritage hotel nostalgia experience, this relationship was strengthened by self-congruity as a
mediator and was dampened by digital technology as a moderator. Additionally, the
theoretical and practical implications regarding the application of these findings to the
tourism and hospitality industries are discussed.
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In Africa, Although hotels are at the heart of the international tourism economy, research on
hotels constitutes only a minor theme in tourism scholarship. This article addresses the
essential present-mindedness of tourism studies. More specifically, through archival
documentary sources, it seeks to analyse the emergence and expansion of one leading hotel
group, Southern Sun Hotels, in the context of the changing and challenging business
environment for tourism development of apartheid South Africa. The reference period for this
investigation marks the growing isolation of South Africa in the international community and
the beginnings of boycotts and sanctions. The article represents a contribution to scholarship
on hotel histories and to the growing literature devoted to the impact of sanctions on the
tourism industry and tourism businesses. It is argued that the rise and expansion of Southern
Sun hotels was facilitated by the business environment, which was fostered by the apartheid
state in the context of South Africa’s growing international isolation and the onset of
sanctions. Following Southern Sun’s initial expansion in leisure and business hotels an
important new chapter opened with the apartheid policy of Bantustan development and the
opening of casino-resorts by Southern Sun.
In other part of the world The history of hotels is intimately connected to that of civilisations.
Or rather, it is a part of that history. Facilities offering guests hospitality have been in
evidence since early biblical times. The Greeks developed thermal baths in villages designed
for rest and recuperation. Later, the Romans built mansions to provide accommodation for
travellers on government business. The Romans were the first to develop thermal baths in
England, Switzerland and the Middle East. Later still, caravanserais appeared, providing a
resting place for caravans along Middle Eastern routes. In the Middle Ages, monasteries and
abbeys were the first establishments to offer refuge to travellers on a regular basis. Religious
orders built inns, hospices and hospitals to cater for those on the move.
From antiquity to the Middle Ages - The history of hotels is intimately connected to that of
civilisations. Or rather, it is a part of that history. Facilities offering guests hospitality have
been in evidence since early biblical times. The Greeks developed thermal baths in villages
designed for rest and recuperation. Later, the Romans built mansions to provide
accommodation for travellers on government business. The Romans were the first to develop
thermal baths in England, Switzerland and the Middle East.
Later still, caravanserais appeared, providing a resting place for caravans along Middle
Eastern routes. In the Middle Ages, monasteries and abbeys were the first establishments to
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offer refuge to travellers on a regular basis. Religious orders built inns, hospices and hospitals
to cater for those on the move. Inns multiplied, but they did not yet offer meals. Staging posts
were established for governmental transports and as rest stops. They provided shelter and
allowed horses to be changed more easily. Numerous refuges then sprang up for pilgrims and
crusaders on their way to the Holy Land. Travelling then became progressively more
hazardous. At the same time, inns gradually appeared in most of Europe. Some of them have
remained famous, for example, l' Auberge des Trois Rois in Basle, which dates from the
Middle Ages. Around 1200, staging posts for travellers and stations for couriers were set up
in China and Mongolia. In Europe, or more precisely in Belgium, l' Auberge Cour Saint
Georges opened in Gant, while the Angel Inn was built at Grantham in Lincolnshire,
England. The start of the hotel industry - In France, at the beginning of the fifteenth century,
the law required that hotels keep a register. English law also introduced rules for inns at that
time. At the same time, around 1500 thermal spas were developed at Carlsbad and
Marienbad.
During this epoch, more than 600 inns were registered in England. Their architecture often
consisted of a paved interior court with access through an arched porch. The bedrooms were
situated on the two sides of the courtyard, the kitchen and the public rooms at the front, and
the stables and storehouses at the back. The first guide books for travellers were published in
France during this period.An embryonic hotel industry began to develop in Europe.
Distinctive signs were hung outside establishments renowned for their refined cuisine. At the
end of the 1600s, the first stage coaches following a regular timetable started operating in
England. Half a century later, clubs similar to English gentlemen's clubs and masonic lodges
began to appear in America. In Paris in the time of Louis XIV, the Place Vendôme offered the
first example of a multiple-use architectural complex, where the classical façades
accommodated boutiques, offices, apartments and also hotels.
In the nineteenth century, hotels take over the town -The industrial revolution, which started
in the 1760s, facilitated the construction of hotels everywhere, in mainland Europe, in
England and in America. In New York first of all, and then in Copenhagen, hotels were
established in city centres. At the beginning of the 1800s, the Royal Hotel was built in
London. Holiday resorts began to flourish along the French and Italian rivieras. In Japan,
Ryokan guest houses sprang up. In India, the government-run Dak bungalows provided
reliable accommodation for travellers. The Tremont House in Boston was the first deluxe
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hotel in a city centre. It offered inside toilets, locks on the doors and an "à la carte" menu.The
Holt Hotel in New York City was the first to provide its guests with a lift for their luggage.
In 1822, in Venice, a certain Giuseppe Dal Niel transformed an old palace into a hotel and
gave it his name, "Le Danieli". As trains began to replace horse-drawn transport, highway
inns for stage coaches started to decline. During this period, the Shepheards Hotel in Cairo
was founded, the result of a complete transformation of an ancient city-centre harem. L'Hôtel
des Bergues was built in the spring of 1834 on the shore of the Lake of Geneva. One of its
founders, Guillaume Henri Dufour, became a famous Swiss general. In 1840, l'Hôtel des
Trois Couronnes was established in Vevey in Switzerland and the Baur au Lac in Zurich,
fully refurbished since 1995. In New York, the New York Hotel was the first to be equipped
with private bathrooms. The "Bayerischer Hof" was built in Munich in 1841, followed in
1852 by the "Vier Jahreszeiten" . These two famous establishments were completely
renovated after the Second World War.
Le Grand Hôtel Paris -The inauguration of the Grand Hôtel in Paris took place on 5 May
1862 in the presence of the Empress Eugénie. The orchestra, directed by Jacques Offenbach,
played the Traviata. This building was designed by the architect Alfred Armand, in order to
"show the élite of travellers from all over the world the progress made under the Second
Empire by the sciences, arts and industry". The exterior façades with their high arched doors
and their Louis XIV windows were in the style required for the surroundings of the
Opéra.The greatest names in painting and decoration participated in the completion of this
hotel, the grandest in Europe in its dimensions, luxury and installations. The first hydraulic
lift was installed in this hotel. "Lighting was supplied by 4000 gas jets; heating by 18 stoves
and 354 hot air vents. In 1890, the entire hotel was equipped with electric lighting.
Due to the installation of steam central heating in 1901, baskets of wood were no longer sold
on the floors. Some years later the hotel was renovated. Further renovation took place in 1970
and 1985. In 1982, it became a member of the Intercontinental chain. Since 1992 the hotel
has been equipped with a central Building Management System. In June 2003, Le Grand
Hôtel Paris has re-opened its doors following an eighteen-month multi-million dollar
renovation. The Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City was the first in that period to provide
lifts for its guests. 1869 saw the inauguration, near Cairo, of the Mena House, an oasis of
calm and luxury, at the foot of the famous pyramids of Cheops, Chephren and Mikerinos.In
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1870, the Palmer House Hotel in Chicago was the grandest of all hotels. Its structure, the first
of its kind, was fire-resistant.
In 1873, the Palais de Würtemberg in Vienna was transformed into a superb luxury residence
for the notables of the epoch, l'Hôtel Impérial. Kings and queens became regular visitors to
what is without doubt the finest example of the refined architecture of the Ringstrasse in
Vienna. It is said that Richard Wagner directed the first productions of "Tannhäuser" and
"Lohengrin" there. Two years later in 1875, the Grand Hotel Europe opened its doors in St
Petersburg. This prestigious place where Tchaikoswky spent his honeymoon and where
Shostakovich played a sonata for Prokofiev in his suite. In 1880, the Sagamore Hotel on Lake
George in the state of New York was the very first to provide electricity in all its rooms. The
first school for hoteliers was founded in Lausanne, Switzerland in 1890 by J. Tschumi,
Director of the Beau Rivage in Lausanne, and A.R. Armleder, the "father" of the Richemond
in Genève.In Monte Carlo, l'Hôtel Hermitage opened its doors in 1896, offering its guests the
refined and luxurious atmosphere enjoyed by the rich at the close of the nineteenth century.
Shortly afterwards, the Victoria Hotel in Kansas City offered bathrooms with every room.
The Netherland Hotel in New York City then became the first to provide all its guests with
their own telephone.
In Athens in 1874, Stathis Lampsas, a chef by profession, realised his dream by building
l'Hôtel Grande Bretagne. Athens was suffering at that time from a shortage of water. It is said
that the personnel bought water from carriers in the street to bring to the 80 bedrooms and ...
the two bathrooms. Of course, the establishment has undergone several renovations since that
time. In 1894, the Grand Hôtel became the first Italian hotel to boast an electricity supply.
The Swiss hotelier Caspar Badrutt opened the famous Palace de Saint Moritz in 1896. In
1898, César Ritz, from the Valais in Switzerland, who became, to quote the famous phrase of
King Edward VII, the "king of hoteliers and hotelier to kings", opened the hotel which bears
his famous name in the Place Vendôme in Paris.The twentieth century: the age of prosperity
-The early years of the twentieth century were rich in new hotels which rapidly became
prestigious.Edouard Niiermans, the "architect of palaces", transformed the Villa "Eugenie",
the summer residence of the Emperor Napoléon III and his wife Eugénie de Montijo, in 1900.
In 1905, he built l'Hôtel du Palais in Biarritz. In 1913 his "Négresco" was opened in Nice, in
the presence of seven kings!
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In Madrid, King Alphonse XIII was anxious that the capital should have a luxurious and
prestigious hotel, and as a result the Ritz was inaugurated in 1910. Seville paid its own
homage to the king by opening a splendid establishment, constructed by the architect José
Espiau, the Alphonso XIII. Not to be outdone, Barcelona inaugurated its own Ritz in 1919.
This was equipped with an unheard of luxury at that time, bathrooms with hot as well as cold
water! We could also cite, among many other hotels built in the same period, the Ritz and
Savoy in London, the Beau Rivage Palace in Lausanne, le Négresco in Nice, the Plaza in
New York, the Métropole in Brussels, the Plaza-Athenée and l'Hôtel de Crillon in Paris, the
Taj Mahal in Bombay and so on. The latter was renovated in 1972 by the Inter-Continental
chain. The prosperous nineteen-twenties saw a veritable boom in the hotel industry.
Numerous hotels were established in this decade. In 1923, the architects Marchisio and Prost
constructed a hotel in some wonderful gardens in the heart of Marrakech in Morocco, and for
decades it was considered the most beautiful hotel in the world: La Mamounia. Winston
Churchill helped to forge its reputation by becoming a frequent guest. Hotels were built not
only in cities, but also in the mountains. The first ski resorts in Switzerland (Saint-Moritz,
Gstaad, Montana, etc.) welcomed tourists (often English ones) to some very comfortable
establishments.The worldwide depression which followed in 1929 did not prevent the
construction of the famous Waldorf Astoria in New York. This was the greatest hotel edifice
of those troubled times.
After the war, the fifties saw the second boom in the hotel industry. The Club Méditerranée
(G. Trigano) created the now famous, but then revolutionary concept of the club village.
These years were also notable for the construction of the first casino hotels. This was also the
time when the airline companies began to develop their own hotels. In the sixties, new tourist
resorts flourished around the Mediterranean. From Spain to Greece and from the Balearics to
Yugoslavia, numerous city and beach hotels opened their doors to summer guests hungry for
relaxation and a good dose of sunshine. Portugal and the Scandinavian countries soon
followed their lead. Hotels for business people1970 saw the beginning of the construction of
hotels for business people. This movement was supported by several factors. First of all, there
was the will of the airline companies to extend their efforts in the domain of hotels. Then
there was the sudden prosperity, due to black gold, of Middle Eastern countries which
attracted business people from the entire world. This engendered an important business travel
trend - not limited to this region alone - which initiated the development of hotels primarily
designed for business people in Middle-Eastern cities like Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Riyadh and
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Jeddah, to mention only the most important. Hotel chains, attentive to their customers'
wishes, started to offer an increasingly varied range of services. Their rooms became more
spacious and the cuisine more refined.Gradually, too, various first class hotels (among them
former palaces and city centre hotels) which had fallen into disrepair began systematic
renovation programmes.The end of the seventies, when China opened its doors to foreign
tourists, also saw the first congresses of international hotel experts.
The third hotel industry boom -The third boom in the hotel industry began in 1980, marked
by more inventive marketing and the development of hotels increasingly adapted to a
particular type of clientele.This trend prompted the construction of hotels near airports, hotels
for conferences, health hotels, ski holiday hotels, holiday villages and marina hotels. The first
Property Management Systems (Fidelio, Hogatex, etc.) appear in the hospitality market. In
Istanbul in 1984, work began on the renovation and transformation into a hotel of the
prestigious sultans' residence, the Ciragan Palace in Istanbul. The resulting hotel is no less
prestigious than the Ciragan Palace was. Managed by the Kempinski chain, it opened its 322
rooms to guests in 1991. The first administrative hotel management systems, offering hotels
greater independence from human resources, then appeared on the market. The hotel industry
was becoming more and more competitive. Business travellers and retired people became
important target customers. In the eighties, too, the Far East began to prepare itself to
welcome both business people and the tourists who were beginning to discover the countries
of the rising sun, such as China, South Korea, Thailand and Japan. The international chains
(American for the most part) prepared expansion plans for Europe, the Middle and Far East
which were mainly aimed at congress participants and business people.
The nineties: technology starts to make an impact -The early nineties were characterised by a
recession in the hotel business, without doubt caused by reductions in multinationals' travel
budgets and the growing crisis in the Gulf.
The Gulf War helped to create great insecurity for both individuals and business. 1991 is
considered to be the black year of the hotel trade. It forced hoteliers to become more creative
in finding ways of attracting guests (special programmes, offers for "frequent travellers", high
performance reservation systems) and thus emerge from the crisis with the minimum damage.
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For the first time, the environment and energy conservation played an important role in the
marketing activities of numerous chains (thanks in part to the green movement) and even
helped to win the loyalty of numerous clients while safeguarding assets at the same time.
Reservation systems became more efficient and offered the hotelier a new dimension in the
creation of customer loyalty, the database. The records of each guest's individual history have
helped create individualised marketing programmes and have enabled hotels to satisfy a
guest's personal needs from the moment of his arrival.
Hotel Adlon Berlin is a legend reborn. From its opening in 1907, until it was destroyed in
1945, it was a symbol of Berlin, a lavish host for royalty, heads of government, stage and
screen stars, and the greats of literature and science. Now, it has been rebuilt (1997) on its
original site, the corner of Unter den Linden and Pariser Platz, facing the Brandenburg Gate.
Outside, it is a virtual replica of the original; inside it is testimony to what smart hotel
operators (in this case the Kempinski group) can accomplish with an investment of $260
million. The hotel's 337 rooms and suites are the ultimate in luxury. Interiors, designed by
England's Ezra Attia and Sweden's Lars Malmquist, dazzle with marble, sandstone, stained
glass, gold leaf, stuccowork, cherry wood panelling, and damask draperies. This hotel is
today equipped with the most advanced technology with regards to the Room Management
System communicating with the Property Management System.
Since 1992, the most important international chains have been vying with each other in ever
greater imaginative feats related to the vital process of renovating their establishments
worldwide.Technology has started to take its rightful place in hotel administration
(simplification of check-in and check-out procedures, global reservation systems, marketing
management etc.). In 1995, the first Hotel Room Management System is launched at the
European level. It is linked to the most popular Property Management Systems to make the
front desk more efficient and near to the guests.
At International Technology Forums, speakers unanimously, underlined the impact of
technology on hotel rooms.
Hotel chains have been searching for alliances and some of them. For example: Holyday Inn,
Intercontinental, and Crown Plaza have merged to form Six continents hotels Chain; Marriot
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absorbed Renaissance and Ramada International; Sol Melia opened a new line of Boutique
hotels, Accor signed several joint ventures in the East and the Far East, etc.) Forte acquired
Méridien to reinforce its global position. Starwoods (Sheraton) absorbed the Italian Ciga
chain and Westin.
The main expansion zones for the hotel industry in 1994 remained Asia (particularly China
and India), the Middle East (above all, the United Arab Emirates and Egypt) and Latin
America.
In Europe, hotel enterprises in the eastern countries (Russia, Croatia, Slovakia, etc.) decided
to renovate dilapidated palaces built at the turn of the century. All the European capitals
started to invest in preparations for the major event of this fin de siècle period, that is, the
celebration of our entry into the third millennium.
The 3 star hotel Millennium enjoying top level of On-line Room Management System is
situated at the best site in Opatija at the Mediterranean coast. Opatija in Croatia corresponds,
in terms of reputation, to the level of St. Moritz in Switzerland.
Capitals throughout the world were busy developing the necessary infrastructure to welcome
the millions of tourists for the celebration of this event.
Major hotel chains are drawing up development plans in almost all parts of Europe. These
plans primarily involve the renovation of numerous prestigious hotels in both western and
eastern European countries. Gradually, the great capitals of Europe have been endowed with
hotels boasting three, four and five stars, offering quality services, innovative architecture,
style, charm, and interior design (city Boutique hotels). Specialised hotels offer wellness
programs including health and beauty centres, personalised services and treatments,
anti-stress, revitalising, regenerating programs, etc.
Extravaganza - In 1995 construction began in Dubai of one of the most ambitious and
prestigious tourist complexes in the region, the Jumeirah Beach Hotels (Jumeirah Beach
hotel, Burj Al Arab, etc.). These comprise several establishments capable of satisfying the
needs of average tourists, business people and those who can afford real luxury. The talk now
is of six- and seven-star hotels, a surprising designation which is nevertheless perfectly
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justified by the luxury of the bedrooms and the facilities they offer, the impeccable service,
the high degree of modern technology, as well as the beauty of the surroundings and the
high-quality environment.
In 2004, another Emirate, Abu Dhabi, will welcome the delegates of the Gulf Council
Countries. in the new Conference Palace Hotel (CPH). This superior construction has been
specified "to offer the most outstanding services with a challenging 9 star definition"… We
will, of course, report on it at a later stage.
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Convention Hotel
The age of globalization has increased demand for contemporary and creative conference and
exhibition facilities such as Convention centers with incorporating hotels (Al-Sulaimani,
Rana M., and Anna Klingmann. 2020). Therefore, this work has proposed the development of
an exhibition and convention center at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. In this work, three case studies
were analysed in terms of convention center design and requirements. Based on the case
study analysis, for the proposed convention center, the estimated area is 20462 m2 and the
estimated site area is 68000 m2, which includes the build area, outdoor parks and landscape
and car park spaces. This convention center has several zones such as exhibition organization
and administration spaces, storage area, display area, exhibition maintenance area, work area,
laboratory, workshops, studio, office. In addition, the proposed site is located in the northern
part of Jeddah. This site was selected as it is surrounded by residential areas and it is also
close to the sea area. Hence, it will be an idea place for the convention center. The
development of this exhibition and convention center is expected to benefit the community of
Saudi Arabia and serve as a platform for them to present their own new ideas and inventions.
The meeting is a world culture that's related to an incentive, exhibition, and convention.
Some part of the conference are seminars, wedding receptions, etc. It is the based on creating
a space that accommodates it (Harisdani, D. D., & Kartika, F. 2018). In urban areas which the
areas that have the accretion of rapid occupation with the potential of wides areas of land
need to at least establish one Convention Hall. It is because the public space needs are highly
significantly related to the building development in the city as in Medan. The establishment
of Kualanamu International Airport in Deli Serdang, Medan, Indonesia is the beginning
of the increase of infrastructure development in that urban. It also becomes the main reason to
establish the convention hall which is necessary and needed in residential areas. Related to
the local wisdom is currently discusses in various seminars and several public lectures,
buildings in Indonesia should apply one of the locality in the region. It triggers
traditional architecture, vernacular architecture, and even tropical architecture often apply
to buildings today.
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The digital revolution has changed our lives. Social media, sharing economies, big
data are challenges faced by society today. (Mendieta, Ezequiel N. 2020)The globalised
world offers more opportunities to approach new places. Therefore, people travel more often
around the world and discover different cities, cultures, taste new flavours of local foods, and
many other experiences which tourism can provide. Tourists are involved in complex
relationships because travelling includes many kinds of services such as transport,
accommodation, tours, etc. That condition was recognised in the Tourists Code of United
Nation World Tourism Organization of 1985 by article XIII.2.b. Therefore, tourists are
protected by Consumer Law. In fact, the United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection
were modified in 2015 and added a specific guideline dedicated to tourists (Guideline 78),
which provides that “Member States should ensure that their consumer protection policies are
adequate to address the marketing and provision of goods and services related to tourism.” At
the same time, tourists are considered vulnerable or hypervulnerable consumers because they
are more exposed than any other kind of consumer to suffer damages or unfair treatment. It is
certain that tourists are in a different country or city, where people could speak in a different
language or have different idiosyncrasies. In this context, the digital revolution has had an
important impact on tourism. Nowadays, tourists book their trip by themselves through online
travel agencies or digital platforms such as Airbnb. E-commerce is an important tool for
tourists because they might book transport, buy tickets for attraction, etc., by themselves
without intermediaries. Another significant impact of the technology on tourism is social
media. There are several blogs where tourists may obtain information about the experiences
of other visitors to the same hotel or attraction. Despite all the benefits of the digital age,
tourists have to deal, besides their disadvantaged position as tourists, with another
vulnerability which is that they are e-commerce consumers. In fact, tourists usually have
problems with the accommodation that they have booked by an app or digital platform where
there are no clear about mechanisms to make a complaint against traders. Furthermore,
tourists may be victims of geo-blocking avoiding the access to a particular good or service.
Hence, tourists need a specific and strong cross-border protection like The Hague
Conference’s proposal of Convention on Co-operation and Access to Justice concerning
international tourists. This paper estimates the impact of the digital revolution on tourism and
their benefits. The International Consumer Law protects tourists and the different regulations
about tourism may contribute to our understanding of tourists’ protection. The aim of the
present investigation was to explore the tourists’ challenges facing the digital age by
analysing e-commerce problems and discrimination like geo-blocking. Indeed, it is possible
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to postulate that tourists are vulnerable consumers in the digital age and they need specific
and cross-border protection, mainly in mechanisms of dispute resolution and redress.
As interests in sustainability have been increasing and discussions of environmental
issues are ongoing globally, the MICE industry (Meeting, Incentive Travel, Convention, and
Exhibition), (Kim, Miseong, Hyunji Moon, Minsu Chu, and Yooshik Yoon. 2020) which is
attracting attention as a high value-added industry, also became an important part of the
sustainability domain. Consequently, there has been a rise in hosting 'green conventions', or
'green MICE' which are designed to minimize all the negative impacts on the environment
such as energy and water consumption. At some point, a large number of studies had been
conducted for the development of green conventions, but most of them mainly used empirical
methods. Although the Ministry of Environment has presented guidelines and some domestic
exhibition convention centers have implemented strategies, they are not enough compared to
overseas countries. This study aims to examine the latest guidelines to supplement the
guidelines of Korea's green convention. In this regard, the study will use a comparative
analysis method among the current guidelines of convention centers in Australia (Sydney),
Canada (Vancouver), and the U.S. A (Detroit and San Francisco) and draw up complementary
directions. As a result, we could draw out common items in the facility management and
event planning and operation section. Some items were similar in all convention centers, but
others were included in the guidelines of few centers only. This research is sure to be the
academic background for developing related practices and standards for the future green
convention in Korea. In addition, this study will have value in terms of investigating
sustainable management in the convention industry as the importance of sustainability in the
tourism industry emerges.
In Jedah, Saudi Arabia is a complex of many different categories of showrooms,
exhibitions, meeting and conference halls, theatre, and galleries. (“JEDDAH CONVENTION
AND EXHIBITION CENTER.” 2020)The connection of these spaces can create a place that
will serve the development of Jeddah community as well as for tourists and business. Also,
this project is created to take the convention centers in Saudi Arabia to another level. Several
case studies were analysing for the project design development. Several main zones are
considered in this project namely, exhibition halls, meeting rooms, conferences rooms,
ballroom, auditorium, hotel, amenities, administration, Jeddah chamber of commerce, and
services. The location assessment measures such as accessibility, image/visual quality,
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visibility, site capacity, proximity to support services, proximity to the airport, surrounding
land use, and security are used to identify the most appropriate location for the project. The
proposed project may satisfying the need of the youth in the kingdom to practice their
capabilities and show their knowledge and passion will lead them to the international markets
around the world which will increase the economical level of Saudi Arabia.
For Instance The Charleston Convention Hotel, suggests that convention center
management has a direct ability to influence attendee experiences in only limited ways, while
possibly having indirect or stakeholder influences in other directions. The issue for such
center management is whether the areas in which it holds direct responsibility, such as
signposting, décor, and ambience, are of sufficient importance to impact upon the delegate
experience given the importance of other variables such as destination attractiveness and
program content. The study reports findings from a sample of 256 attendees at a cross section
of events at the Charleston Convention Center. The findings suggest that cleanliness of toilets
and staff interactions are important to attendees. Overall satisfaction also correlated with ease
of finding the car park entrance, the quality of sound systems, overall event layout, the
friendliness of staff, and ease of access to downtown Charleston. Some of these factors lie
within the direct control of management.
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35
Best Convention Hotels
1. THAILAND
Bangkok
Centara Grand & Bangkok Convention Center at CentralWorld
Located in the central business district, the hotel features nine executive floors, including the
51st-floor World Executive Club, with private meeting rooms and a lounge serving
complimentary food and drink throughout the day.
2. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Abu Dhabi
Emirates Palace Abu Dhabi
Not only does this regal property have a Las Vegas-worthy 1,100-seat auditorium and a grand
ballroom for up to 2,400, your conference can even include an outdoor concert for 20,000
guests.
3. USA
Aspen
Aspen Meadows Resort
The Bauhaus-style property was designed with events in mind, and to that end, even its
all-suite accommodations (furnished with collectible accent pieces) are executive-friendly,
featuring separate work areas with complimentary Wi-Fi, multi-line phones and
floor-to-ceiling windows with river and mountain views.
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4. USA
Los Angeles
Hyatt Regency Century Plaza
Whether you need space for a private executive session or a gala ball, you'll find it at this
Century City lodging, along with an international business center, gourmet catering and the
Spa at Equinox Century City for unwinding during breaks.
5. UNITED KINGDOM
London
Hilton London Metropole
Able to accommodate gatherings of up to 3,000 delegates, this stylish Hilton is one of
Europe's largest conference hotels. Its 42 business and social event spaces include ten
extensively renovated state-of-the-art meeting rooms and a pillar-free hall that measures in at
4,100 square feet.
6. TURKEY
Ankara
Sheraton Ankara Hotel & Convention Center
The lavish Grand Ballroom with its ornate chandeliers can accommodate up to 1,650, while
the Tulipia Ballroom offers a more contemporary setting. Integrated into the conference
rooms is a 14,000-plus-square-foot exhibition hall for trade fairs and product launches.
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7. USA
New York
The New York Palace
Regal without being fussy, the Palace offers 22,000 square feet of meeting and event space,
including the Villard Mansion, a beautifully restored Gilded Age landmark where gatherings
can be held in the historic Library or Drawing Room, among many stunning venues.
8. CHINA
Hong Kong
Four Seasons Hotel Hong Kong
At this property in Hong Kong's International Finance Centre, business-friendly facilities
include East-meets-West designer meeting rooms, striking ballrooms and the gorgeous
45th-floor Peak Suite for exclusive executive gatherings.
9. USA
San Francisco
The Fairmont San Francisco
The 55,000 square feet of well-equipped function space also includes the historic Garden
Room, where the charter for the United Nations was drafted in 1945. An extensive business
center caters to high-tech needs, and guest rooms are fully equipped with business-friendly
amenities.
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Functional Requirements
Classification of Hotels. For purposes of accreditation, hotels are hereby classified into the
following categories, namely:
a. De Luxe Class
b. First Class
c. Standard Class
d. Economy Class
Requirements for a De Luxe Class Hotel. The following are the minimum requirements for
the establishment, operation and maintenance of a De Luxe Class Hotel:
a. Location
1. The locality and environs including approaches shall be suitable for a luxury hotel of
international standard;
2. The facade, architectural features and general construction of the building shall have the
distinctive qualities of a luxury hotel.
b. Bedroom Facilities and Furnishings
*Size
All single and double rooms shall have a floor area of not less than twenty five (25) square
meters, inclusive of bathrooms.
*Suite
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There shall be one suite per thirty guest rooms.
*Bathrooms
1. All rooms must have bathrooms which shall be equipped with fittings of the highest quality
befitting a luxury hotel with 24-hour service of hot and cold running water;
2. Bathrooms shall be provided with bathtubs and showers;
3. Floors and walls shall be covered with impervious material of elegant design and high
quality workmanship.
There shall be a cold drinking water and glasses in each bedroom.
*Furnishings and Lighting
1. All guest room shall have adequate furniture of the highest standard and elegant design;
floors shall have superior quality wall- to- wall carpeting; walls shall be well furnished with
well tailored draperies of rich materials;
2. Lighting arrangements and fixtures in the rooms and bathrooms shall be so designed as to
ensure aesthetic as well as functional excellence.
*Information Materials
Room tariffs shall be prominently displayed in each bedroom plus prominent notices for
services offered by the hotel, including food and beverage outlets and hours of operation, fire
exit guidelines and house rules for guests.
c. Front Office/Reception
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There shall be reception, information counter and guest relations office providing 24-hour
service and attended by highly qualified, trained and experienced staff.
*Lounge
There shall be a well-appointed lounge with seating facilities, the size of which is
commensurate with the size of hotel.
*Porter Service
There shall be a 24-hour porter service.
*Foreign Exchange Counter
There shall be a duly licensed and authorized foreign exchange counter.
*Mailing Facilities
Mailing facilities including sale of stamps and envelopes shall be available in the premises.
*Long Distance/Overseas Calls
Long distance and overseas telephone calls shall be made available in the establishment.
*Reception Amenities
There shall be a left-luggage room and safety deposit boxes in the establishment.
*Telex and Facsimile
There shall be telex-transceiver and facsimile facilities in the establishment.
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d. Housekeeping
Housekeeping shall be of the highest possible standard.
*Linen
There shall be plentiful supply of linens, blankets, towels, etc., which shall be of the highest
quality and shall be spotlessly clean. The linens, blankets and towels shall be changed daily.
*Laundry/Dry Cleaning Service
Laundry and dry cleaning services shall be available in the establishment.
*Carpeting
All public and private rooms shall have superior quality carpeting which shall be well kept at
all times.
e. Food and Beverage
*Dining Room
There shall be a coffee shop and at least one specialty dining room which are well -equipped,
well- furnished and well- maintained ,serving high quality cuisine and providing
entertainment.
*Bar
Wherever permissible by law, there shall be an elegant and well-stocked bar with an
atmosphere of comfort and luxury.
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*Kitchen
1. The kitchen, pantry and cold storage shall be professionally designed to ensure efficiency
of operation and shall be well-equipped, well-maintained, clean and hygienic.
2. The kitchen shall have an adequate floor area with non-slip flooring and tiled walls and
adequate light and ventilation.
*Crockery
1. The crockery shall be of elegant design and of superior quality,
2. There shall be ample supply of it;
3. No piece of crockery in use shall be chipped, cracked or grazed. The silverware shall be
well-plated and polished at all times.
f. Recreational Facilities
*Swimming Pool
There shall be a well-designed and properly equipped swimming pool.
*Tennis/Golf/Squash/Gym Facilities
There shall be at least one recreational facility or a tie-up with one within the vicinity of the
hotel.
g. Entertainment
Live entertainment shall be provided.
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h. Engineering and Maintenance
*Maintenance
Maintenance of all sections of the hotel (i.e., building, furniture, fixtures, etc. shall be of
superior standard.
*Airconditioning
There shall be centralized air-conditioning for the entire building (except in the areas which
are at a minimum of 3,000 feet above sea level.
*Ventilation
There shall be a technologically advanced, efficient and adequate ventilation in all areas of
the hotel.
*Lighting
There shall be adequate lighting in all public and private rooms.
*Emergency Power
There shall be a high-powered generator capable of providing sufficient lighting for all the
guest rooms, hallways, public areas/rooms, and operating elevators, food refrigeration and
water services.
*Fire Prevention Facilities
The fire prevention facilities shall conform with the requirements of the Fire Code of the
Philippines.
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i. General Facilities
*Outdoor Area
The hotel shall have a common outdoor area for guests ( e.g.,: a roof garden or a spacious
common terrace.
*Parking /Valet
There shall be an adequate parking space and valet service.
*Function/Conference Facilities
There shall be one or more of each of the following: conference room, banquet hall (with a
capacity of not less than 200 people seated and private dining room.
*Shops
There shall be barber shop,DOT-accredited travel agency/tour counter, beauty parlor,sundries
shop.
*Security
Adequate security on a 24-hour basis shall be provided in all entrances and exits of the hotel
premises.
*Medical Service
A medical clinic to service guests and employees shall have a registered nurse on a 24-hour
basis and a doctor on-call.
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j. Service and Staff
1. Professionally qualified, highly trained, experienced, efficient and courteous staff shall be
employed;
2. The staff shall be in smart and clean uniforms.
k. Special Facilities
Business Center, limousine service and airport transfers shall be provided.
Section 4. Requirements for a First Class Hotel. The following are the minimum
requirements for the establishment, operation and maintenance of a first class hotel:
Location
1. The Location and environs including approaches shall be suitable for a first class hotel of
international standard;
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2. The façade, architectural features and general construction of the building shall have the
distinctive qualities of a first class hotel.
Bedroom Facilities and Furnishings
*Size
All single and double rooms shall have a floor area of not less than twenty-five (25 square
meters, inclusive of bathrooms.
*Suite
There shall be one (1 suite per forty (40 guest rooms.
*Bathrooms
1. All rooms shall have bathrooms which shall be equipped with fittings of the highest quality
befitting a first class hotel with a 24-hour service of hot and cold running water;
2. Bathrooms shall be provided with showers and or/bathtubs;
3. Floors and walls shall be covered with impervious material of aesthetic design and high
quality workmanship.
*Telephone
There shall be a telephone in each guest room.
*Radio/Television
There shall be a radio, television and relayed piped-in music in each guest room.
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*Cold Drinking Water
There shall be cold drinking water and glasses in each bedroom.
*Room Service
There shall be a 24-hour room service (including provisions for snacks and light
refreshments.
*Furnishing and Lighting
1. All guest room shall have adequate furniture of very high standard and very good design;
floors shall have wall-to-wall carpeting; or if the flooring is of high quality (marble, mosaic,
etc., carpets shall be provided and shall be of a size proportionate to the size of the room;
walls shall be well-furnished with well tailored draperies of very high quality material;
2. Lighting arrangements and fixtures in the rooms and bathrooms shall be so designed as to
ensure functional excellence.
*Information Materials
Room tariffs shall be prominently displayed in each bedroom plus prominent notices for
services offered by the hotel, including food and beverage outlets and hour of operation, fire
exit guidelines and house rules for guests.
Front Office/ Reception
There shall be a reception and information counter providing 24-hour service and staffed by
trained and experienced personnel.
*Lounge
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There shall be a lobby and well-appointed lounge with seating facilities, the size of which is
commensurate with the size of the hotel.
*Porter Service
There shall be a 24-hour porter service.
*Foreign Exchange Counter
There shall be a duly licensed and authorized foreign exchange counter.
*Mailing Facilities
Mailing facilities including sale of stamps and envelopes shall be available in the premises.
*Long Distance/Overseas Calls
Long distance and overseas telephone calls shall be made available in the establishment.
*Reception Amenities
There shall be a left - luggage room and safety deposit boxes in the establishment.
*Telex and Facsimile
There shall be available telex-transceiver and facsimile facilities in the establishment.
d. Housekeeping shall be high of standard.
*Linen
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There shall be a good supply of linens, blankets, and towels shall be changed daily.
*Laundry/Dry Cleaning Services
Laundry and dry cleaning shall be available in the establishment.
*Carpeting
All public and private rooms shall have high quality carpeting which should be well kept at
all times.
e. Food and Beverage
*Dining Room
There shall be a coffee shop and at least one specialty dining room which are well-equipped,
well furnished and well-maintained, serving good quality cuisine and providing
entertainment.
*Bar
Wherever permissible by law, there shall be an elegant and well –stocked bar with an
atmosphere of comfort.
*Kitchen
1. The Kitchen, pantry and cold storage shall be professionally designed to ensure efficiency
of operation and shall be well-equipped, well-maintained, clean and tiled walls and adequate
light and ventilation.
2. The kitchen shall have an adequate floor area with non-slip flooring and tiled walls and
adequate light and ventilation.
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Adequate security on a 24-hour basis shall be provided in all entrances and exits of the hotel
premises.
*Medical Service
There shall be a registered nurse on a 24-hour duty and a doctor on call.
h. Service and Staff
1. Only qualified and trained, experienced, efficient and courteous staff shall be employed;
2. The staff shall be in clean uniforms.
i. Special Facilities
Facilities for airport transfer shall be provided.
Section 6. Requirements for an Economy Class Hotel. The following are the minimum
requirements for the establishment, operation and maintenance of an Economy class hotel.
a. Location
1. The locality and environs including approaches shall be such as are suitable for a good
hotel;
2. The architectural features and general construction of the building shall be of good
standard.
b. Bedroom Facilities and Furnishings
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*Size
All single and double rooms shall have a floor area of not less than eighteen (18 square
meters, inclusive of bathroom.
*Bathrooms
All rooms shall have bathrooms equipped with showers and basic fittings of good standard
with cold running water on a 24-hour basis and hot running water at selected areas.
*TelephonesThere shall be a call bell in each guest room.
*Cold Drinking Water
There shall be cold drinking water and glasses in each bedroom.
*Room Service
Room Service shall be provided at selected hours.
*Furnishing and Lighting
1. All guest rooms shall have basic furniture of good design; floors shall be well finished;
2. .Lighting arrangements and fixtures in all rooms and bathrooms shall be of good standard.
*Information Materials
Room tariffs shall be prominently displayed in each bedroom plus prominent notices for
services offered by the hotel including food and beverage outlets and hours of operation, fire
exit guidelines and house rules for guests.
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c. Front Office/ Reception
*Reception and Information Counter
There shall be a reception and information counter providing a 24-hour service and equipped
with telephone.
*Lounge
There shall be a reasonably furnished lounge commensurate with the size of the hotel.
*Porter Service
Porter service shall be made available upon request.
*Mailing Facilities
There shall be mailing facilities.
*Long Distance/Overseas Calls
Long distance/overseas calls shall be made available upon request.
*Reception Amenities
There shall be a left-luggage room and safe deposit boxes.
*Telex Facilities
Telex facilities shall be optional.
d. Housekeeping
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Premises shall be kept clean and tidy.
*Linen
Clean ,good quality linen/blankets/ towels, etc. shall be supplied and changed daily.
*Laundry/Dry Cleaning Services
Laundry and dry cleaning services shall be available by arrangement.
e. Food and Beverage
*Dining Room
There shall be at least one equipped and well-maintained dining room/restaurant serving
good, clean and wholesome food.
*Kitchen
1. There shall be a clean, hygienic and well-equipped and maintained kitchen and pantry;
2. The Kitchen shall have adequate floor area with non-slip flooring and tiled walls and
adequate light and ventilation.
*Crockery
The crockery shall be of good quality.
f. Engineering and Maintenance
*Maintenance
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Maintenance in all hotel in all sections (i.e., building, furniture, fixtures, etc. shall be of good
standard.
*Airconditioning
At least 50% of the rooms shall be airconditioned (except in areas which are at a minimum of
3,000 feet above sea level.
*Ventilation
There shall be adequate ventilation in all rooms.
*Lighting
There shall be adequate lighting in all public and private rooms.
*Emergency Power
There shall be a spare generator to provide light and power in emergency cases.
*Fire Prevention
The fire prevention facilities shall conform with the requirements of the Fire Code of the
Philippines.
g. General Facilities
*Shops
There shall be a sundries counter.
*Security
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Adequate security on a 24-hour basis shall be provided in all entrances and exits of the hotel
premises.
*Medical Service
The services of a doctor shall be available when needed.
h. Service and Staff
1. The staff shall be well-trained, experienced, courteous and efficient;
2. The staff shall be in clean uniforms.
Requirements for Tourist Inn — For purposes of registration and licensing, the following are
the basic requirements for the establishment, operation and maintenance of a tourist inn:
a. Location — The tourist inn, except those already existing and licensed by the Department
of Tourism, shall be located along the principal highways or transportation routes and open to
business on a twenty-four hour basis.
b. Bedroom Facilities and Furnishings — All bedrooms shall have attached toilet and bath
equipped with 24-hour service of running water. They shall have adequate natural as well as
artificial light and ventilation and shall be furnished with comfortable beds and quality
furniture (mirror, writing table, chair, closet, dresser per room).
Walls shall be painted, wall papered or architecturally designed, clean and pleasing to
the eye. Windows shall be furnished with clean and appropriate draperies. Floor shall be of
good flooring materials.
All single bedrooms shall have a floor area of not less than nine (9) square meters and
all twin-rooms or double-rooms shall have a floor area of not less than sixteen (16) square
meters.
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There shall be vacuum jugs or thermos flasks with drinking water with glasses in each
bedroom. There shall be adequate supply of good clean, linen, blankets and towels that shall
be changed regularly in each occupied room.
c. Facilities — There shall be adequate parking space for vehicles proportionate to the
number of lettable rooms and other public facilities of the inn.
There shall be a reception and information counter attended by qualified, trained and
experienced staff. There shall be a lobby and a well-appointed lounge for seating and/or
reading purposes.
There shall be adequate telephone facilities for the use of all guests at least in all
public areas. Services for long distance telephone calls or overseas shall be made available to
guests.
There shall be provisions for radios and/or TV sets for the use of guests upon request.
There
shall
be well-equipped,
well-furnished
and well-maintained
dining
room/restaurant for its guests as well as the public in general. A kitchen, pantry and cold
storage shall be designed and organized to ensure efficiency of operation and should be
well-maintained, clean and hygienic.
Washing of cooking utensils, crockery, cutlery,
glassware, etc. should be sanitarily done.
Adequate security shall be provided to all guests and their belongings.
Inns with more than fifty (50) lettable rooms shall have emergency power facilities to
light the common areas and emergency exits in case of "brown-outs" or power failure.
Adequate fire-fighting facilities shall be available as required and specified by the
local fire department in the locality and/or the Fire Code of the Philippines.
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Legal Requirements
Maximum Height of Buildings
The maximum height and number of storeys of every building shall be dependent
upon the character of occupancy and the type of construction as determined by the Secretary
considering population density, building bulk, widths of streets and car parking requirements.
The height shall be measured from the highest adjoining sidewalk or ground surface:
Provided, that the height measured from the lowest adjoining surface shall not exceed such
maximum height by more than 3.00 meters: Except, that towers, spires, and steeples, erected
as part of a building and not used for habitation or storage are limited as to height only by
structural design if completely of incombustible materials, or may extend not to exceed 6.00
meters above the height limits for each occupancy group if of combustible materials.
Occupancy Classified
(2) Group B – Residentials, Hotels and Apartments Group B Occupancies shall be
multiple dwelling units including boarding or lodging houses, hotels, apartment buildings,
row houses, convents, monasteries and other similar building each of which accommodates
more than 10 persons.
Location on Property
(a) General No building shall be constructed unless it adjoins or has direct access to a
public space, yard or street on at least one of its sides. For the purpose of this Section, the
center line of an adjoining street or alley shall be considered an adjacent property line. Eaves
over required windows shall not be less than 750 millimeters from the side and rear property
lines. (b) Fire Resistance of Walls Exterior walls shall have fire resistance and opening
protection in accordance with the requirements set forth by the Secretary. Projections beyond
the exterior wall shall not exceed beyond a point one-third the distance from an assumed
vertical plane located where the fire-resistive protection of openings is first required to the
location on property whichever is the least restrictive. Distance shall be measured at right
angles from the property line. When openings in exterior walls are required to be protected
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due to distance from property line, the sum of the areas of such openings in any storey shall
not exceed 50 percent of the total area of the wall in that storey. (c) Buildings on Same
Property and Buildings Containing Courts For the purpose of determining the required wall
and opening protection, buildings on the same property and court walls shall be assumed to
have a property line between them. When a new building is to be erected on the same
property with an existing building, the assumed property line from the existing building shall
be the distance to the property line for each occupancy as set forth by the Secretary:
Provided, that two or more buildings on the same property may be considered as one building
if the aggregate area of such building is within the limits of allowable floor areas for a single
building, and when the buildings so considered, house different occupancies or are of
different types of construction, the area shall be that allowed for the most restrictive
occupancy or construction.
Requirements for Other Group Occupancies (including Group B where hotels belong)
Subject to the provisions of this Code, the Secretary shall promulgate rules and
regulations for each of the other Group Occupancies covering: allowable construction, height,
and area; location on property, exit facilities, light, ventilation, and sanitation; enclosures of
vertical openings; fire extinguishing systems; and special hazards.
Size and Dimension of Rooms
Minimum sizes of rooms and their least horizontal dimensions shall be as follows: 1.
Rooms for Human Habitations – 6.00 square meters with a least dimension of 2.00 meters; 2.
Kitchens – 3.0 square meters with a least dimension of 1.50 meters; 3. Bath and toilet – 1.20
square meters with a least dimension of 0.90 meter
General Requirements of Light and Ventilation
(a) Subject to the provisions of the Civil Code of the Philippines on Easements of
Light and View, and to the provisions of this part of the Code, every building shall be
designed, constructed, and equipped to provide adequate light and ventilation. (b) All
buildings shall face a street or public alley or a private street which has been duly approved.
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(c) No building shall be altered nor arranged so as to reduce the size of any room or the
relative area of windows to less than that provided for buildings under this Code, or to create
an additional room, unless such additional room conforms to the requirements of this Code.
(d) No building shall be enlarged so that the dimensions of the required court or yard would
be less than that prescribed for such building
Ceiling Heights
(a) Habitable rooms provided with artificial ventilation shall have ceiling heights not
less than 2.40 meters measured from the floor to the ceiling; Provided that for buildings of
more than onestorey, the minimum ceiling height of the first storey shall be 2.70 meters and
that for the second storey 2.40 meters and succeeding storeys shall have an unobstructed
typical head-room clearance of not less than 2.10 meters above the finished floor. Above
stated rooms with a natural ventilation shall have ceiling heights not less than 2.70 meters. (b)
Mezzanine floors shall have a clear ceiling height not less than 1.80 meters above and below
it.
Artificial Ventilation
(a) Rooms or spaces housing industrial or heating equipment shall be provided with
artificial means of ventilation to prevent excessive accumulation of hot and/or polluted air.
(b) Whenever artificial ventilation is required, the equipment shall be designed and
constructed to meet the following minimum requirements in air changes:
Stairs, Exits, and Occupant Loads
(a) General. The construction of stairs and exits shall conform to the occupant load
requirements of buildings, reviewing stands, bleachers, and grandstands.
(1) Determination of Occupant Loads. The occupant load permitted in any building or
portion thereof shall be determined by dividing the floor area assigned to that use by the unit
area allowed per occupant as determined by the Secretary.
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(2) Exit Requirements. Exist requirements of a building or portion thereof used for different
purposes shall be determined by the occupant load which gives the largest number of persons.
No obstruction shall be placed in the required width of an exit except projections permitted
by this Code.
(3) Posting of Room Capacity. Any room having an occupant load of more than 50 where
fixed seats are not installed, and which is used for classroom, assembly, or similar purpose
shall have the capacity of the room posted in a conspicuous place near the main exit from the
room.
(4) Changes in Elevation. Except in Group A Occupancies, changes in floor elevations of less
than 300 millimeters along any exit serving a tributary occupant load of 10 or more shall be
by means of ramps:
(b) Exits The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) 32
(1) Number of Exits. Every building or usable portion thereof shall have at lease one exit. In
all occupancies, floors above the first storey having an occupant load of more than 10 shall
not have less than two exits. Each mezzanine floor used for other than storage purposes, if
greater in area than 185 square meters or more than 18.00 meters in any dimension, shall
have at least two stairways to an adjacent floor. Every storey or portion thereof, having an
occupant load of 500 to 999 shall have at least three exits. Every storey or portion thereof
having an occupant load of 1000 or more shall have at least four (4) exits. The number of
exits required from any storey of a building shall be determined by using the occupant loads
of floors which exit through the level under consideration as follows: 50 percent of the
occupant load in the first adjacent storey above (and the first adjacent storey below, when a
storey below exits through the level under consideration) and 25 percent of the occupant load
in the storey immediately beyond the first adjacent storey. The maximum number of exits
required for any storey shall be maintained until egress is provided from the structures. For
purposes of this Section basement or cellars and occupied roofs shall be provided with exits
as required for storeys. Floors above the second storey, basements and cellars used for other
than service of the building shall have not less than two exits.
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(2) Width. The total width of exits in meters shall not be less than the total occupant load
served divided by 165. Such width of exits shall be divided approximately equally among the
separate exits. The total exit width required from any storey of a building shall be determined
by using the occupant load of that storey plus the percentage of the occupant loads of floors
which exits through the level under consideration as follows: fifty (50) percent of the
occupant load in the first adjacent storey above (and the first adjacent storey below when a
storey below exits through the level under consideration) and twenty five percent of the
occupant load in the storey immediately beyond the first adjacent storey. The maximum exit
width from any storey of a building shall be maintained.
(3) Arrangement of Exits. If only two exits are required they shall be placed a distance apart
to not less than one-fifth of the perimeter of the area served measured in a straight line
between exits. Where three or more exits are required they shall be arranged a reasonable
distance apart so that if one becomes blocked, the others will be available. (4) Distance to
Exists. No point in a building without a sprinkler system shall be more than 45.00 meters
from an exterior exit door, a horizontal exit, exit passageway, or an enclosed stairway,
measured along the line of travel. In a building equipped with a complete automatic fire
extinguishing system the distance from exits may be increased to 60.00 meters.
(c) Doors. The provisions herein shall apply to every exit door serving an area having an
occupant load of more than 10, or serving hazardous rooms or areas.
(1) Swing. Exit door shall swing in the direction of exit travel when serving any hazardous
areas or when serving an occupant load of 50 or more. Double acting doors shall not be used
as exits serving a tributary occupant load of more than 100; nor shall they be used as a part of
fire assembly, nor equipped with panic hardware. A double acting door shall be provided with
a view panel of not less than 1,300 square centimeters.
(2) Type of Lock or Latch. Exit door shall be openable from the inside without the use of a
key or any special knowledge or effort: Except, that this requirement shall not apply to
exterior exit doors in a group E or F Occupancy if there is a conspicuous, readily visible and
durable sign on or adjacent to the door, stating that the door is to remain unlocked during
business hours. The locking device must be of a type that will readily be distinguishable as
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locked. Flush bolts or surface bolts are prohibited. (3) Width and Height. Every required exit
doorway shall be of a size as to permit the installation of a door not less than 900 millimeters
in width and not less than 2.00 meters in height. When installed in exit doorways, exit doors
shall be capable of opening at least 90 degrees and shall be so mounted that the clear width of
the exitway is not less than 700 millimeters. In computing the required exit width the net
dimension of the exitway shall be used. (4) Door Leaf Width. No leaf of an exit door shall
exceed 1.20 meters in width. (5) Special Doors. Revolving, sliding, and overhead doors shall
not be used as required exits. (6) Egress from Door. Every required exit door shall give
immediate access to an approved means of egress from the building. (7) Change in Floor
Level at Doors. Regardless of the occupant load there shall be a floor or landing on each side
of an exit door. The floor or landing shall be leveled with, or not The National Building Code
(P.D. 1096) 33 more than 50 millimeters lower than the threshold of the doorway: Except,
that in Group A and B Occupancies, a door may open on the top step of a flight of stairs or an
exterior landing provided the door does not swing over the top step or exterior landing and
the landing is not more than 200 millimeters below the floor level. (8) Door Identification.
Glass doors shall conform to the requirements in Section 1805. Other exit doors shall be so
marked that they are readily distinguishable from the adjacent construction. (9) Additional
Doors. When additional doors are provided for egress purposes, they shall conform to all
provisions in the following cases: Approved revolving doors having leaves which will
collapse under opposing pressures may be used in exit situations; provided; that such doors
have a minimum width of 2.00 meters or they are not used in occupancies where exits are
required to be equipped with panic hardware or at least one conforming exit door is located
adjacent to each revolving doors installed in a building and the revolving door shall not be
considered to provide nay exit width. (d) Corridors and Exterior Exit Balconies. The
provisions herein shall apply to every corridor and exterior exit balcony serving as a required
exit for an occupant load of more than ten. (1) Width. Every corridor or exit balcony shall not
be less than 1.10 meters in width. (2) Projections. The required width of corridors and
exterior exit balconies shall be unobstructed. Except, that trim handrails, and doors when
fully opened shall not reduce the required width by more than 200 millimeters. Doors in any
position shall not reduce the required width of the corridor by more than one-half. (3) Access
to Exits. When more than one exit is required, they shall be so arranged to allow going to
either direction from any point in the corridor or exterior exit balcony to a separate exit,
except for dead ends permitted by this Code. (4) Dead Ends. Corridors and exterior exit
balconies with dead ends are permitted when the dead end does not exceed 6.00 meters in
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length. (5) Construction. Walls and ceilings of corridors shall not be less than one-hour
fireresistive construction. Provided, that this requirement shall not apply to exterior exit
balconies, railings, and corridors of one-storey building housing a Group E and F Occupancy
occupied by one tenant only and which serves an occupant load of 30 or less, nor to corridors,
formed by temporary partitions. Exterior exit balconies shall not project into an area where
protected openings are required. (6) Openings. Where corridor wall are required to be
one-hour fire-resistive construction, every interior door opening shall be protected as set forth
in generally recognized and accepted requirements for dual purpose fire exit doors. Other
interior openings except ventilation louvers equipped with approved automatic fire shutters
shall be 7 millimeters thick fixed wire glass set in steel frames. The total area of all openings
other than doors, in any portion of an interior corridor wall shall not exceed twenty-five
percent of the area of the corridor wall of the room being separated from the corridor. (e)
Stairways. Except stairs or ladders used only to access equipment, every stairway serving any
building or portion thereof shall conform to the following requirements: (1) Width. Stairways
serving an occupant load of more than 50 shall not be less than 1.10 meters. Stairways
serving an occupant load of 50 or less may be 900 millimeters wide. Private stairways serving
an occupant load of less than 10 may be 750 millimeters. Trim and handrails shall not reduce
the required width by more than 100 millimeters. (2) Rise and Run. The rise of every step in a
stairway shall not exceed 200 millimeters and the run shall not be less than 250 millimeters.
The maximum variations in the height of risers and the width of treads in any one flight shall
be 5 millimeters: Except, in case of private stairways serving an occupant load of less than
10, the rise may be 200 millimeters and the run may be 250 millimeters, except as provided
in sub-paragraph (3) below. (3) Winding Stairways. In Group A Occupancy and in private
stairways in Group B Occupancies, winders may be used if the required width of run is
provided at a point not more than 300 millimeters from the side of the stairway where the
treads are narrower but in no case shall any width of run be less than 150 millimeters at any
point. (4) Circular Stairways. Circular stairs may be used as an exit provided the minimum
width of run is not less than 250 millimeters. All treads in any one flight between landings
shall have identical dimensions within a 5 millimeter tolerance. The National Building Code
(P.D. 1096) 34 (5) Landings. Every landing shall have a dimension measured in the direction
of travel equal to the width of the stairway. Such dimension need not exceed 1.20 meters
when the stairs has a straight run. Landings when provided shall not be reduced in width by
more than 100 millimeters by a door when fully open. (6) Basement Stairways. Where a
basement stairway and a stairway to an upper storey terminate in the same exit enclosure, an
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approved barrier shall be provided to prevent persons from continuing on to the basements.
Directional exit signs shall be provided as specified in this Code. (7) Distance Between
Landings. There shall be not more than 3.60 meters vertical distance between landings. (8)
Handrails. Stairways shall have handrails on each side and every stairway required to be
more than 3.00 meters in width shall be provided with not less than one intermediate handrail
for each 3.00 meters of required width. Intermediate handrails shall be spaced approximately
equal within the entire width of the stairway. Handrails shall be placed not less than 800
millimeters nor more than 900 millimeters above the nosing of treads, and ends of handrails
shall be returned or shall terminate in newel posts or safety terminals: Except, in the
following cases: Stairways 1.10 meters or less in width and stairways serving one individual
dwelling unit in Group A or B Occupancies may have one handrail, except that such stairway,
open on one or both, sides shall have handrails provided on the open side or sides: or
stairways having less than four risers need not have handrails. (9) Exterior Stairway
Protection. All openings in the exterior wall below or within 3.00 meters, measured
horizontally, of an exterior exit stairway serving a building over two storeys in height shall be
protected by a self-closing fire assembly having a three-fourths hour fireresistive rating:
Except, that openings may be unprotected when two separated exterior stairways serve an
exterior exit balcony. (10a) Stairways Construction - Interior. Interior stairways shall be
constructed as specified in this Code. Where there is enclosed usable space under the stairs
the walls and soffits of the enclosed space shall be protected on the enclosed side as required
for one-hour fire resistive construction. (10b) Stairway Construction - Exterior. Exterior
stairways shall be of incombustible material: Except, that on Type III buildings which do not
exceed two storeys in height, which are located in less fire-restrictive Fire Zones, as well as
on Type I buildings which may be of wood not less than 50 millimeters in nominal thickness.
Exterior stairs shall be protected as required for exterior walls due to location on property as
specified in this Code. Exterior stairways shall not project into an area where openings are
required to be protected. Where there is enclosed usable space under stairs, the walls and
soffits of the enclosed space shall be protected on the enclosed side as required for one-hour
fire-resistive construction. (11) Stairway to Roof. In every building four or more storeys in
height, one stairway shall extend to the roof unless the roof has C slope greater than 1 in 3.
(12) Headroom. Every required stairway shall have a headroom clearance of not less than
2.00 meters. Such clearance shall be established by measuring vertically from a plane parallel
and tangent to the stairway tread nosing to the soffit above all points. (f) Ramps. A ramp
conforming to the provisions of this Code may be used as an exit. The width of ramps shall
65
be as required for corridors. (g) Horizontal Exit. If conforming to the provisions of this Code,
a horizontal exit may be considered as the required exit. All openings in a separation wall
shall be protected by a fire assembly having a fire-resistive rating of not less than one hour. A
horizontal exit shall not lead into a floor area having a capacity for an occupant load not less
than the occupant load served by such exit. The capacity shall be determined by allowing
0.30 square meter of net floor area per ambulatory occupant and 1.90 square meters per
non-ambulatory occupant. The dispersal area into which the horizontal exit leads shall be
provided with exits as required by this Code. (h) Exit Enclosure. Every interior stairway,
ramp, or escalator shall be enclosed as specified in this Code: Except, that in other than
Group D Occupancies, an enclosure will not be required for stairway, ramp, or escalator
serving only one adjacent floor and not connected with corridors or stairways serving other
floors. Stairs in Group A Occupancies need not be enclosed. The National Building Code
(P.D. 1096) 35 (1) Enclosure walls shall not be less than two-hour fire-resistive construction.
There shall be no openings into exit enclosures except exit doorways and openings in exterior
walls. All exit doors in an exit enclosure shall be appropriately protected. (2) Stairway and
ramp enclosures shall include landings and parts of floors connecting stairway flights and
shall include a corridor on the ground floor leading from the stairway to the exterior of the
building. Enclosed corridors or passageways are not required for unenclosed stairways. (3) A
stairway in an exit enclosure shall not continue below the grade level exit unless an approved
barrier is provided at the ground floor level to prevent persons from accidentally continuing
into the basement. (4) There shall be no enclosed usable space under stairways in an exit
enclosure, nor shall the open space under such stairways be used for any purpose. (i)
Smokeproof Enclosures A smokeproof enclosure shall consist of a vestibule and a continuous
stairway enclosed from the highest point to the lowest point by walls of two-hour
fire-resistive construction. In buildings five storeys or more in height, one of the required
exits shall be a smokeproof enclosure. (1) Stairs in smokeproof enclosures shall be of
incombustible construction. (2) There shall be no openings in smokeproof enclosures, except
exit doorways and openings in exterior walls. There shall be no openings directly into the
interior of the building. Access shall be through a vestibule with one wall at least fifty percent
open to the exterior and having an exit door from the interior of the building and an exit door
leading to the smokeproof enclosure. In lieu of a vestibule, access may be by way of an open
exterior balcony of incombustible materials. (3) The opening from the building to the
vestibule or balcony shall be protected with a self-closing fire assembly having one-hour
fire-resistive rating. The opening from the vestibule or balcony to the stair tower shall be
66
protected by a self-closing fire assembly having a one-hour fire-resistive rating. (4) A
smokeproof enclosure shall exit into a public way or into an exit passageway leading to a
public way. The exit passageway shall be without other openings and shall have walls, floors,
and ceilings of two-hour fire-resistance. (5) A stairway in a smokeproof enclosure shall not
continue below the grade level exit unless an approved barrier is provided at a ground floor
level to prevent persons from accidentally walking into the basement. (j) Exit Outlets, Courts,
and Passageways Every exit shall discharge into a public way, exit court, or exit passageway.
Every exit court shall discharge into a public way or an exit passageway. Passageways shall
be without openings other than required exits and shall have walls, floors, and ceilings of the
same period of fire-resistance as the walls, floors and ceilings of the building but shall not be
less than one-hour fire-resistive construction. (1) Width. Every exit court and exit
passageways shall be at least as wide as the required total width of the tributary exits, such
required width being based on the occupant load served. The required width of exit courts or
exit passageways shall be unobstructed except as permitted in corridors. At any point where
the width of an exit court is reduced from any cause, the reduction in width shall be affected
gradually by a guardrail at least 900 millimeters in height. The guardrail shall make an angle
of not more than 30 degrees with the axis of the exit court. (2) Slope. The slope of exit courts
shall not exceed 1 in 10. The slope of exit passageway shall not exceed 1 in 8. (3) Number of
Exits. Every exit court shall be provided with exits as required in this Code. (4) Openings. All
openings into an exit court less than 3.00 meters wide shall be protected by fire assemblies
having not less than three-fourth hour fire-resistive rating. Except, that openings more than
3.00 meters above the floor of the exit court may be unprotected. (k) Exit Signs and
Illuminations Exits shall be illuminated at any time the building is occupied with lights
having an intensity of not less than 10.7 lux at floor level: Except, that for Group A
Occupancies, the exit illumination shall The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) 36 be
provided with separate circuits or separated sources of power (but not necessarily separate
from exit signs when these are required for exit sign illumination) (l) Aisles Every portion or
every building in which are installed seats, tables, merchandise, equipment, or similar
materials shall be provided with aisles leading to an exit. (1) Width. Every aisle shall be not
less than 800 millimeters wide if serving only one side, and not less than 1 meter wide if
serving both sides. Such minimum width shall be measured at the point farthest from an exit,
cross aisle, or foyer and shall be increased by 30 millimeters for every meter in length
towards the exit, cross aisle or foyer. Side aisles shall not be less than 1.10 meters in width.
(2) Exit Distance. In areas occupied by seats and in Groups H and I Occupancies without
67
seats, the line of travel to an exit door by an aisle shall be not more than 45.00 meters. With
standard spacing, as specified in this Code, aisles shall be so located that there will be not
more than seven seats between the wall and an aisle and not more than fourteen seats between
aisles. The number of seats between aisles may be increased to 30 where exits doors are
provided along each side aisle of the row of seats at the rate of one pair of exit doors for
every five rows of seats, provided further that the distance between seats back to back is at
least one meter. Such exit doors shall provide a minimum clear width of 1.70 meters. (3)
Cross aisles. Aisles shall terminate in a cross aisle, foyer, or exit. The width of the cross aisle
shall be not less than the sum of the required width of the widest aisle plus fifty percent of the
total required width of the remaining aisle leading thereto. In Groups C, H and E
Occupancies, aisles shall not be provided a dead end greater than 6.00 meters in length. (4)
Vomitories. Vomitories connecting the foyer or main exit with the cross aisles shall have a
total width not less than the sum of the required width of the widest aisles leading thereto
plus fifty percent of the total required width of the remaining aisles leading thereto. (5) Slope.
The slope portion of aisles shall not exceed a fall of 1 in 8. (m) Seats (1) Seat Spacing. With
standard seating, the spacing of rows of seats from back-toback shall be not less than 840
millimeters. With continental seating, the spacing of rows of unoccupied seats shall provide a
clear width measured horizontally, as follows: 450 millimeters clear for rows of 18 seats or
less; 500 millimeters clear for rows of 35 seats or less; 525 millimeters clear for rows of 45
seats or less; and 550 millimeters clear for rows of 46 seats or more. (2) Width. The width of
any seat shall be not less than 450 millimeters. (n) Reviewing Stands, Grandstands, and
Bleachers (1) Height of Stands. Stands made of combustible framing shall be limited to 11
rows or 2.70 meters in height. (2) Design Requirements. The minimum unit live load for
reviewing stands, grandstands, and bleachers shall be 500 kilograms per square meter of
horizontal projection for the structure as a whole. Seat and footboards shall be 180 kilograms
per linear meter. The sway force, applied to seats, shall be 35 kilograms per linear meter
parallel to the seats and 15 kilograms per linear meter perpendicular to the seats. Sway forces
need not be applied simultaneously with other lateral forces. (3) Spacing of Seats (3.1) Row
Spacing. The minimum spacing of rows of seats measured from back-toback shall be: 600
millimeters for seats without backrests in open air stands; 750 millimeters for seats with
backrests; and 850 millimeters for chair seating. There shall be a space of not less than 300
millimeters between the back of each seat and the front of the seat immediately behind it.
(3.2) Rise Between Rows. The maximum rise from one row of seats to the next shall not
exceed 400 millimeters. (3.3) Seating Capacity. For determining the seating capacity of a
68
stand, the width of any seat shall not be less than 450 millimeters nor more than 480
millimeters. (3.4) Number of Seats Between Aisles. The number of seats between any seat
and an aisle shall not be greater than 15 for open air stands with seats without backrests, a far
The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) 37 open air stands with seats having backrests and
seats without backrests within buildings and 6 for seats with backrests in buildings. (4) Aisles
(4.1) Aisles Required. Aisles shall be provided in all stands; Except, that aisles may be
omitted when all the following conditions exist: Seats are without backrests; the rise from
row to row does not exceed 300 millimeters per row; the number of rows does not exceed 11
in height; the top seating board is not over 3.00 meters above grade; and the first seating
board is not more than 500 millimeters above grade. (4.2) Obstructions. No obstruction shall
be placed in the required width of any aisle or exitway. (4.3) Stairs Required. When an aisle
is elevated more than 200 millimeters above grade, the aisle shall be provided with a stairway
or ramp whose width is not less than the width of the aisle. (4.4) Dead End. No vertical aisle
shall have a dead end more than 16 rows in depth regardless of the number of exits required.
(4.5) Width. Aisles shall have a minimum width of 1.10 meters. (5) Stairs and Ramps The
requirements in this Code shall apply to all stairs and ramps except for portions that pass
through the seating area. (5.1) Stair Rise and Run. The maximum rise of treads shall not
exceed 200 millimeters and the minimum width of the run shall be 280 millimeters. The
maximum variation in the width of treads in any one flight shall not be more than 5
millimeters and the maximum variation in one height of two adjacent rises shall not exceed 5
millimeters. (5.2) Ramp Slope. The slope of a ramp shall not exceed 1 in 8. Ramps shall be
roughened or shall be of approved nonslip material. (5.3) Handrails. A ramp with a slope
exceeding 1 in 10 shall have handrails. Stairs for stands shall have handrails. Handrails shall
conform to the requirements of this Code. (6) Guardrails (6.1) Guardrails shall be required in
all locations where the top of a seat plank is more than 1.20 meters above the grade and at the
front of stands elevated more than 600 millimeters above grade. Where only sections of
stands are used, guardrails shall be provided as required in this Code. (6.2) Railings shall be
1.10 meters above the rear of a seat plank or 1.10 meters above the rear of the steps in an
aisle when the guardrail is parallel and adjacent to the aisle: Except, that the height may be
reduced to 900 millimeters for guardrails located in front of the grandstand. (6.3) A midrail
shall be placed adjacent to any seat to limit the open distance above the top of any part of a
seat to 250 millimeters where the seat is at the extreme end or at the extreme rear of the
bleachers or grandstand. The intervening space shall have one additional rail midway in the
opening: Except, that railings may be omitted when stands are placed directly against a wall
69
or fence giving equivalent protection; stairs and ramps shall be provided with guardrails.
Handrails at the front of stands and adjacent to an aisle shall be designed to resist a load of 75
kilograms per linear meter applied at the top rail. Other handrails shall be designed to resist a
load of 40 kilograms per linear meter. (7) Foot Boards Footboards shall be provided for all
rows of seats above the third row or beginning at such point where the seating plank is more
than 600 millimeters above grade. (8) Exits (8.1) Distance to Exit. The line of travel to an exit
shall not be more than 45.00 meters. For stands with seats without backseats this distance
may be measured by direct line from a seat to the exit from the stand. (8.2) Aisle Used as
Exit. An aisle may be considered as only one exit unless it is continuous at both ends to a
legal building exit or to a safe dispersal area. (8.3) Two Exits Required. A stand with the first
seating board not more than 500 millimeters above grade of floor may be considered to have
two exits when the bottom of the stand is open at both ends. Every stand or section of a stand
within a building shall have at least two means of egress when the stand accommodates more
than 50 persons. Every open air stand having seats without backrests shall have at least two
means of egress when the stand accommodates more than 300 persons. The National
Building Code (P.D. 1096) 38 (8.4) Three Exits Required. Three exits shall be required for
stands within a building when there are more than 300 occupants within a stand and for open
air stands with seats without backrests where a stand or section of a stand accommodates
more than 1000 occupants. (8.5) Four Exits Required. Four exits shall be required when a
stand or section of a stand accommodates more than 1000 occupants: Except, that for an open
air stand with seats without backrest four exits need not be provided unless there are
accommodations for more than 3000 occupants. (8.6) Width. The total width of exits in
meters shall not be less than the total occupant load served divided by 165: Except, that for
open air stands with seats without backrest the total width of exits in meters shall be not less
than the total occupant load served divided by 500 when exiting by stairs, and divided by 650
when exiting by ramps or horizontally. When both horizontal and stair exits are used, the total
width of exits shall be determined by using both figures as applicable. No exit shall be less
than 1.10 meters in width. Exits shall be located at a reasonable distance apart. When only
two exits are provided, they shall be spaced not less than one-fifth of the perimeter apart. (9)
Securing of Chairs Chairs and benches used on raised stands shall be secured to the platforms
upon which they are placed: Except, that when less than 25 chairs are used upon a single
raised platform the fastening of seats to the platform may be omitted. When more than 500
loose chairs are used in connection with athletic events, chairs shall be fastened together in
groups of not less than three, and shall be tied or staked to the ground. (10) Safe Dispersal
70
Area Each safe dispersal area shall have at least two exits. If more than 6000 persons are to
be accommodated within such an area, there shall be a minimum of three exits, and for more
than 9000 persons there shall be a minimum of four exits. The aggregate clear width of exits
from a safe dispersal area shall be determined on the basis of not less than one exit unit of
600 millimeters for each 500 persons to be accommodated and no exit shall be less than 1.10
meters in width, a reasonable distance apart but shall be spaced not less than one-fifth of the
perimeter of the area apart from each other. (o) Special Hazards (1) Boiler Rooms. Except in
Group A Occupancies, every boiler room and every room containing an incinerator or
liquefied petroleum gas or liquid fuel-fired equipment shall be provided with at least two
means of egress, one of which may be a ladder. All interior openings shall be protected as
provided for in this Code. (2) Cellulose Nitrate Handling. Film laboratories, projection
rooms, and nitro-cellulose processing rooms shall have not less than two exits.
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Access to Exits
a. Travel distance between any room or intended as exit access and an exit shall not exceed
thirty and a half meters (30.50 m); b. Travel distance between any point in a room and an exit
shall not exceed forty five and eight-tenths meters (45.80m); c. Travel distance between any
point in a sleeping room or suite shall not exceed fifteen and one fourth meters (15.25 m). d.
The travel distance in (a) and (b) above may be increased by fifteen and one fourth meters
(15.25 m) in building completely equipped with an approved, supervised sprinkler system. e.
Travel distance shall be measured in accordance with Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR.
Doors
a. Doors in means of egress shall swing in the direction of exit travel and shall meet the
requirements of Section 10.2.9.2 of this IRR. b. Every closet door latch shall be such that
children can open the door from inside the closet. c. Every bathroom door lock shall be
designed to permit opening of the locked door from the outside in an emergency, and the
opening device shall be readily accessible to the staff.
71
Stairs a. Exit stairs shall be enclosed in accordance with Section 10.2.6.2of this IRR b. There
shall be no enclosed usable space under stairs in an exit enclosure nor shall the open space
under such stairs be used for any purpose.
Extinguishing and Alarm Systems a. Smoke and/or heat detectors shall be installed on the
ceiling of each storey in front of the doors to the stairways and at no greater than nine meters
(9 m) spacing in the corridors of all floors containing the centers. Detectors shall also be
installed in lounges and recreation areas in centers. The detectors may be single station unit
with an integral local alarm having a decibel rating of at least 85, and shall be electrically
connected to the centralized fire alarm system. b. There shall be manually operated switch for
the fire alarm system on each floor of the center. In centers with more than one hundred (100)
children, the fire alarm system shall be installed to transmit an alarm by the most direct and
reliable method. c. Portable fire extinguishers, suitable for Class B fires shall be installed in
kitchens and cooking areas and extinguishers suitable for Class A fires shall be installed
throughout the remainder of the center. (See Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR). d. Standpipes shall
be installed in all buildings of four (4) storeys or more housing child day care centers
Construction of Corridor Walls
1. Corridors shall be separated from use areas by partitions having a fireresistance rating of
at least one (1) hour. 2. These walls shall be continuous from the floor slab to the underside of
the floor or rood slab above, through any concealed spaces such as those above the,
suspended ceilings and through interstitial structural and mechanical spaces. 3. Doors with a
twenty (20) minute fire protection rating shall be used on openings other than those serving
exits or hazardous areas. Doors shall be provided with latches of a type suitable for keeping
the door tightly closed. 4. Transfer grills, whether protected by fusible link-operated dampers
or not, shall not be used in these walls or doors. 5. Fixed wired glass vision panels may be
placed in corridor walls, provided they do not exceed eighty four-hundredth square meters
(0.84 m2) in size and are installed in approved steel frames. Fixed wired glass vision panels
may be installed in wooden doors, provided they do not exceed forty six-hundredth square
meters (0.46 m2) size and are installed in approved steel frames.
72
Protection of Vertical Openings and Fire-stopping
Any stairway, ramp, elevator shaft, light and ventilation shaft, chute and other openings
between storeys shall be enclosed with noncombustible materials in accordance with Section
10.2.5.2., Section 10.2.6.2 of this IRR and this Section
. Detection, Alarm and Communication Systems
1. Detention and correctional occupancies shall be provided with a fire alarm system in
accordance with Section 10.2.6.4 of this IRR, except as modified by the succeeding
paragraphs. 2. Initiation of the required fire alarm system shall be by manual means in
accordance with Section 10.2.6.4 of this IRR, by means of any required detection devices or
detection systems, and by means of waterflow alarm in the sprinkler system. Exception No.
1: Manual fire alarm boxes shall be permitted to be locked, provided that staff is present
within the area when it is occupied and staff has keys readily available to unlock the boxes.
Exception No. 2: Manual fire alarm boxes shall be permitted to be located in a staff location,
provided that the staff location is attended when the building is occupied and that the staff
attendant has direct supervision of the sleeping area. 3. Occupant notification shall be
accomplished automatically in accordance with Section 10.2.6.4 of this IRR, a positive alarm
sequence shall be permitted. Exception: any smoke detectors required by this chapter shall be
permitted to be arranged to alarm at a constantly attended location only and shall not be
required to accomplish general occupanCY
CLASSIFICATION Residential occupancies shall include all occupancies so classified in
Division 3 of this IRR. They shall be classified in the following groups, subject to
determination by the Chief, BFP or his duly authorized representative.
A. Hotels – includes buildings or groups of building under the same management in which
there are more than fifteen (15) sleeping accommodations for hire, primarily used by
transients who are lodged with or without meals, whether designated as a hotel, inn, motel, or
by any other name. So-called appartelle, condotel or pension houses shall be classified as
hotels, because they are potentially subject to transient 170 occupancy like that of hotels.
73
SECTION 10.2.12.2 REQUIREMENTS
A. Occupant Load The occupant load of residential occupancies in number of persons for
whom exits are to be provided except in detached single-and-two-family dwellings shall be
determined on the basis of one
(1) person per eighteen and six-tenths square meters (18.6 m2) gross floor area, or the
maximum probable population of any room or section under consideration, whichever is
greater. The occupant load of any open mezzanine or balcony shall be added to the occupant
load of the floor below for the purpose of determining exit capacity.
B. Capacity of Exits Capacity of means of egress shall be in accordance with Section 10.2.5.2
paragraph “C” of this IRR.
C. Maintenance of Exits 1. No door in any means of egress shall be locked against egress
when the building is occupied. 2. No residential occupancy shall have its means of egress
pass through any nonresidential occupancy in the same building, except in buildings provided
with approved, supervised sprinkler system provided that the means of egress shall not pass
through a high hazard content 171 area as determined by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal
having jurisdiction and the means of egress shall be separated by a construction of not less
than 1 hour. 3. No guest room or guest suite shall be permitted to be located above a
nonresidential occupancy except when the guest room or guest suite and its exits are
separated from the nonresidential occupancy by construction having a fire resistance rating of
not less than 1 hour or when the nonresidential occupancy is protected throughout by
approved, supervised sprinkler system.
74
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