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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE
AND GOVERNANCE
Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students are able to:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Define the fundamental concepts related to political science and governacne
Identify the functions, importance and goals of political science
Differentiate the concepts of state and government and explain their difference
Describe the nature of a constitution and its related concepts
PRE TEST
Directions: Write a short essay by answering the following guide questions?
1.
2.
3.
What comes to mind first when you hear the word “political science”?
Is politics present in our daily lives? Explain
As a student, is politics also present in school? Explain
CONTENT
POLITICAL SCIENCE AND GOVERNANCE
Political Science and Governance Defined
Reduced to its simplest terms political science is the systematic study of the state and
government. The word “political” is derived from the Greek Word polis, meaning a city or what
today would be equivalent of a sovereign state. The word “science” comes from the Latin word
scire, “to know” and ciencia, which means “knowledge” or “study”.
(1) The science of politics, therefore, has, as its formal object, a basic knowledge and
understanding of the state and of the principles and ideals which underlie its organization and
activities.
(2) It is primarily concerned with the association of human beings into a “body politic”
or a political community (one organized under government and law)
(3) As such, it deals with those relations among men and groups which are subject to
control by the state, with the relations of men and groups to the state itself, and with the
relations of the state to the other states.
Political Science is considered to be a branch of the social sciences which deals with the
origin, organization, government, theories and practices of the state. However, modern political
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scientists have modified the definition to make the study of political science more relevant to
the changing times. Thus, its acceptable definition is no longer “the study of the state and the
government” but “the study of politics (Ayson & Reyes, 1993; De Leon, 2002), mainly involving
the relations people have with government (Santiago, 2002).”
Governance, on the other hand, specifically deals with power in government and how
this institution exerts power for the benefit of the society. It is also defined as the action or
manner of governing”. Governing is the means of conducting the policy, actions, and affairs of a
state.
Scope of Political Science
Political Science is a very comprehensive field. Its curriculum is almost certain to include
courses in political theory, public law, and public administration as well as in various more
specialized subjects.
(1) Political Theory – The entire body of doctrines relating to the origin, form behaviour
and purposes of the state are dealt with in the study of this subject.
(2) Public law – the (a) organization of governments (b) limitations upon government
authority, (c) the powers and duties of governmental offices and officers and (d) the obligations
of one state to another are handled in the study of public law. In contradiction to the rules of
private law, which governs the relations among individual, public law is so specialized that
separate courses are offered in each of its subdivisions – constitutional law, administrative law
and international law.
(3) Public Administration – In the study of public administration, attention is focused
upon the methods and techniques used in the actual management of state affairs by executive,
legislative and judicial branches of government. As the complexity of government activities
grows, the traditional distinctions among the powers of these branches become even less clear
– cut. Today, legislative bodies have been forced to delegate greater discretion to executive
officers responsible for the conduct of government policies and powers. Thus, we find many
administrative agencies exercising quasi – legislative and quasi – judicial powers i.e., powers
which are legislative ( see Art. VI, Sec. 1, Phil. Constitution) and judicial (see Art VIII, Sec 1. (Phil
Constitution) in nature.
Administrative law already referred to, also falls within the scope of any broad study of
public administration.
Functions and Importance of Political Science
It is said that in the Philippines, politics is everybody’s business. Whether we like it or
not, we are and we will be part of the government and therefore of politics throughout our
lifetime: our birth and death certificates must be registered with the state; when we travel
abroad, we need a passport and visa, which are both state documents. To a large extent, our
lives and activities are governed and regulated by the state
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Functions of Political Science
(1) The function of political science is to discover the principles that should be adhered
to in public affairs and to study the operations of government in order to demonstrate what is
good, to criticize what is bad or inefficient and to suggest improvements.
(2) Its findings and conclusions may be of immense practical use to constitution –
makers, legislators, executives, and judges, who need models or norms that can be applied to
immediate situations. Again, they may be of immense practical use to individuals who seek to
understand the state in which they live.
(3) The study of political science deals also with problems of social welfare,
governmental economic programs, international cooperation and a wide range of other
matters that are urgent concern to public officials and to private citizens.
Importance of Political Science
(1) Studying political science provides a special background for those individuals wanting
to specialize in the social sciences or in professions such as law, education, business, journalism
and foreign services. These professions are intimately linked with the affairs of the government.
(2) Study of political science, even if only within Philippine context, enables every
Filipino to become aware and have a deeper understanding and appreciation of his rights and
duties as a citizen. Consequently, he is able to intelligently exercise his right to suffrage during
elections and his right to free speech. This also provides him with more opportunity to logically
discuss and analyze public issues and questions, criticize cases of graft and corruption, and
other forms of dishonesty in government and if elected, efficiently assume and exercise the
duties and responsibilities of a public official.
(3)The study of Political science provides a useful tool for the Filipino who aims to
participate actively in the country’s political growth and development. The Philippines is still
relatively young, and there are plenty of opportunities for those trained in government to
contribute in nation building.
Goals in the Study of Political Science
Why should the university or college student study political science? What good will it
do him or her, in later life? Will it help in getting a job – in “getting ahead”? Are political science
courses practical (i.e. vocational)?
(1) Education for citizenship – In answer it should be made clear that the primary
objective of the political science curriculum is education for citizenship. The preparation of
students for careers in politics, law teaching, the civil service, and the foreign service (though
vitally important) is secondary to the task of equipping them to discharge the obligations of
democratic citizenship, which grow constantly heavier in the modern world.
(2) Essential parts of liberal education – Most political science courses should be viewed
as essential parts of liberal education, bearing no materialistic price tag and promising no job
security. Such shop – worn adjectives as “practical” and cultural” have no relevance here.
Intelligent, responsible citizenship can save democracy; ignorance and negligence can lose it.
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Democracy has practical advantages which no one can appraise in monetary terms. Just
how much is freedom worth? The oft – repeated but seldom comprehended quotation,
“eternal vigilance is the price of liberty”, requires amendment. Study, information and
understanding of the complexities of modern government and politics are necessary as eternal
vigilance.
(3) Knowledge and understanding of government – Political Science seeks to gather and
impart this knowledge and understanding. The “good” citizen who behaves himself and votes
regularly is no longer enough. He must also be the citizen who knows the answers. He must
know how his government really operates, what interests and forces are behind particular
policies, what the results of such policies are likely to be, what his rights and obligations are,
who his elected representatives are and what they stand for,
CONCEPT AND NATURE OF STATE AND GOVERNMENT
State Defined
State is defined as a community of persons who are more or less numerous,
permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, independent of external control and
possessing an organized government to which the great body of inhabitants render habitual
obedience. In line with this definition, there are four requisites in order for a state to exist.
Elements of the State
The modern state has four (4) essential elements. They are:
(1) People – this refers to the inhabitants living within the state. The number of people
in a state may vary from a few thousand to more than a billion. The smallest state is the Vatican
in Rome, Italy while the largest is the People’s Republic of China.
(2) Territory – Every state must have a territory which consists of the land within its
boundaries, the airspace above the lands, bodies of water may vary from a mere dot on the
map to a continent sized area. The territory is an indispensable element of a state because it
determines its physical and legal existence. Unfortunately, there are groups of people today
who are stateless because they do not have territory of their own. Examples of these are the
Palestinians who are living in Israel, Jordan and other West Asian states; and the Kurds who are
scattered in Iraq, Iran and Turkey.
(3) Government – This is the machinery of the state necessary to maintain its existence
and carry on its functions. It is the essential instrument that pursues its will, purpose and
objectives. It is an institution by which society’s needs for social services are satisfied. The
government is not synonymous with the state because it consists of only a few persons while
the state comprises the entire body of people. Government may change from time to time but
the state is permanent as long as it is able to retain all of its essential elements.
(4) Sovereignty – the term may be defined as the supreme power of the state to
command and enforce obedience to its will from people within its jurisdiction and corollary, to
have freedom from foreign control. It has therefore two manifestations:
(a) internal – the power of the state to rule within its territory
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(b) external – or the freedom of the state to carry out its activities without
subjection to or control by the other states. External sovereignty is often
referred as independence.
These internal and external aspects of sovereignty are not absolutely true in practice
because of the development of international relations and consequently of international law.
Origin of States
There are several histories concerning the origin of states among which are:
(1) Divine Right Theory – It holds that the state is of divine creation and the ruler is ordained by
God to govern the people. Reference has been made by advocates of this theory to the laws
which Moses received at Mount Sinai.
(2)Necessity or Force theory – It maintains that states must have been created through force by
some great warriors who imposed their will upon the weak.
(3) Paternalistic theory – It attributes the origin of sates to the enlargement of the family which
remained under the authority of the father or mother. By natural stages, the family grew into a
clan, and then developed into a tribe which broadened into a nation, and the nation became a
state.
(4) Social Contract theory – It asserts that the early states must have been formed by deliberate
and voluntary compact among the people to form a society and organize government for their
common good. This theory justifies the right of the people to revolt against a bad ruler.
(5) Natural Theory – this theory held that the state was a natural institution and not an
abstraction. It was an evolving organism, a living body that had the capacity to grow, develop,
unify its citizens and attain a civilized existence. Simply stated, the state is compared to a
human being composed of several organic parts. All of these organic parts are helping each
other in a natural way to achieve a common goal.
(6) Economic Theory – This theory believed that the state developed out of people’s economic
wants. The individual was not capable of procuring all the things that he needed and, therefore,
he had to associate with his fellow human beings in order to meet his needs through the
exchange of goods and services. This social interaction brought about by man’s economic needs
led to the forming of the state. (Sabine & Throson, 1973)
(7) The Instinctive Theory - this theory claims that the state evolved through the natural
inclination of humans to associate with other people for self – preservation and security.
Among the early exponents of this view was Aristotle who stated that if people were anti –
social they would not have been able to set up a government that would take care of their
needs and wants for themselves.
It is not known, exactly which of the above theories is the correct one. History, however,
has shown that the elements of all theories have played an important part in the formation and
development of states.
State Distinguished from Nation
Nation should not be confused with state as they are not the same.
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(1) The state is a political concept, while nation is an ethnic concept. A nation is a group
of people bound together by certain characteristics, such as common social origin, language,
customs, traditions and who believe that they are one and distinct from others. The term is
more strictly synonymous with people.
(2) A state is not subject to external control while a nation may or may not be
independent of external control; and
(3) A single state may consist of one or more nations or people and conversely, a single
nation may be made up of several states. The United States is a melting pot of several
nationalities. On the other hand, the Arab Nation is divided politically into several sovereign
states. Among them are: Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and others. The Philippines
is a state composed of one nation.
In common usage, however, the two terms are often used synonymously. The
constitution uses them interchangeably.
Purpose and Necessity of the State and Its Government
Inasmuch as the state is the most important subject to talk about in political science,
what then are the purposes and objectives that its government is mandated to undertake?
It is the paramount duty of the state to safeguard the life, liberty, prosperity and
happiness of the people of the country (Zaide, 1997). In fact, the very survival of the nation
depends on how well the state performs its duties. In general, there are five main roles which a
state must perform and they are:
 Domestic Peace and Order – The state must ensure internal peace and order for its
citizens. It must uphold the safety of the people within the state against criminals and
lawless elements. What the government does is to provide laws to regulate the people’s
conduct and to set an effective system of law enforcement.
 National Security – The state must protect and preserve the independence of the
country. To attain this, the state maintains a strong armed forces for defense. It is
empowered to bear arms, go to war, kill if needed, in order to protect the citizens. It is
also authorized to forge military alliances/agreements with other states in order toi
promote collective security.
 Blessings of liberty and justice – It is the objective of the state to secure liberty and
justice for its people. It is the duty of the state to ensure that the people are free to
enjoy their right and is able to dispense legal and social justice to everybody.
 Promotion of social justice and general welfare – Another important purpose of the
state is to promote the general welfare of the people. Thus, it is expected that the
government undertakes service functions, such as the establishment of infrastructures,
promotions of health and sanitation, medical care, relief operations and others.
 Promotion off public morality – this particular function of government is concerned
with moral standards and value judgments. It should set a high standard of morality
especially for the public officials. This can be achieved when public officials consider
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themselves accountable to their constituents which results to the performance of their
duties and functions with a high sense of responsibility and dignity.
 Economic Development – It is the duty of the state to promote a climate that would be
beneficial to business and other economic activities in the country. The state can
provide gainful employment and other opportunities for its people.
Forms of Government
The principal forms are the following:
(1) Absolute and limited monarchy – Monarchy is a form of government where the ruler is a
monarch who holds the throne by hereditary right and divine right. In an absolute monarchy,
the ruler wields absolute executive, legislative and judicial powers. Limited or constitutional
monarchy on the other hand is where the monarch shares power with the people’s elected
officials. He/she governs in accordance with the law, especially the constitution.
(2) Dictatorship or Totalitarian – This form of government ruled by a person not coming from a
royal family but from the middle class or sometimes from the common people. In times of
threat or emergency, the people sometimes bestow unrestricted powers to their leader
supposedly on a temporary basis only. Oftentimes though, the ambitious dictator finds a way to
remain office and maintain power. Adolf Hitler, for example, promoted himself as the champion
and protector of the German people and successfully convinced them that he alone can lead
them to greatness.
Dictatorship becomes totalitarian when everything is controlled by the dictator. In other
words, totalitarianism is the most extreme type of dictatorship. It was Benito Mussolini, fascist
dictator of Italy who exemplified totalitarian system. He believed that “everything for the state,
nothing outside of the state, and nothing against the state.”
(3) Aristocracy – This is a popular form of government which is ruled by a few. It is derived from
the Greek word aristo which means “best” and kratia or kratus which is equivalent of “rule”.
Aristocracy, therefore, is a government by the best members of the community who are the
aristocrats, presumably men of highest intelligence and integrity. This reminds us of what Plato
said in his “Republic” that the ideal state is one which is governed by wise and devoted rulers.
(4) Oligarchy – this is another form of government which is ruled by a few. The oligarchs are
different from the aristocrats because they do not come from the nobility unlike the latter.
Oligarchs believe that the most important requisites to power are education, good social
position and wealth. Generally, the oligarchs serve their own vested interest by using
government to promote and protect their wealth and influence. This is the reason why the poor
detests an oligarch form of government.
(5) Pure democracy – Democracy is derived from the Greek word demos, which means
“people”, and kratia and kratius, which means “rule”. Therefore, it means the democracy is a
“government by the people, of the people and for the people”.
Pure democracy is one where the will of the state is expressed directly and immediately
through the people by means of primary assemblies or mass meetings. This kind of democracy
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is applicable only yo small communities where citizens can meet and discuss issues affecting
them,
(6) Representative Democracy – this involves a select body of officials chosen by the people to
act their representatives and through them the will of the state is expressed. The citizens have
a say in their government through their elected officials, their freedom of expression, and th
conduct of free and regular elections. The United States is the classic example of a modern
representative democracy.
(7) Unitary Government – This is the form of government that concentrate powers on the
organ. It is the national or central government to which the local government units owe their
existence and from which they derive their functions and powers. The national government is
the one that distributes administrative powers to the component units.
(8) Federal Government – a federal or dual government is one in which “governmental
authority is divided between two organizations, each having its own and definite sphere of
authority and neither having the power to interfere with or destroy the other” (Zaide, 1997).
Generally, a federal government is associated with large populated countries of different race,
nationalities, languages, cultures and religions.
(9) Presidential Government – This is a form of government in which the executive power
which is exercised by a single president who is elected by popular vote is independent of the
legislative body. He holds office for a specific period of time as imposed by the constitution. The
President is the one who appoints the members of his cabinet who are directly under him.
Separation of powers exists among the three branches of the government. There are also
checks and balances among them.
(10) Parliamentary Government – In this form of government in which executive power
belongs to the prime minister or premier and his cabinet. The executive and the legislative are
fused, because the members of the cabinet are also members of the parliament or legislature
and th party in power. The prime minister and his/her cabinet can remain in office as long as
they have the confidence and support of the majority in the parliament. Ministers are first
elected as members of the parliament and the party with the highest number of seats in it
elects the cabinet ministers from among themselves. The leader of the ruling party usually
becomes the new prime minister.
Classification of the Philippine Government
On the basis of the above classifications of government, it can be said that the Philippine
government is a representative democracy, a unitary and presidential government with
separation of powers. It also embodies some aspects of pure democracy such as, for instance,
the constitutional provision on initiative and referendum. (see Art. VI, Sec. 32)
CONCEPT AND NATURE OF CONSTITUTION
Constitution and Constitutionalism Defined
The word “constitution” comes from the Latin word, constituo, meaning “established,
fix, or settled”. It is an organized and accepted body of fundamental laws, rules, norms,
standards and principles or established precedents. Furthermore, it is defined as:
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“A written instrument, a precise text or
series of texts enacted at a given time by
sovereign power; or it may be the more or less
definite result of a series of legislative acts,
ordinances, judicial decisions, precedents and
customs of diverse origin and of unequal value
and importance”
The purpose of the constitution is to clearly define the organization of the government
and to equally delegate governmental powers in order to bring stability, predictability and
order to the actions of government. In short, a constitution is a set of rules that provides
guidance and direction for the conduct of government.
Related to constitution is the concept of constitutionalism. It refers to an essentially
limited government with a system of restraints on both rulers and ruled. It asserts that there
are fundamental limits that must be observed in the relationship between the ruler and
constituents. Regardless of the actual form of effectiveness of restraints, it assumes limitations
on government as opposed to arbitrary government.
Constitution of the Philippines, It’s Nature and Purpose
In the Philippines, the constitution is the embodiment of the highest goals of the Filipino
people. Its most significant function is symbolic because the final test is not what is on paper
but what is practiced by the government and the people. The Philippine constitution is
important because it serves as the supreme or fundamental law of the land; it establishes basic
framework and underlying principles of government; it empowers the state, it ideally ensures
government stability; it legitimizes the regime, it protects freedom; it promotes social and
economic development; and it is a symbol of the national unity and cultural values of the
people.
The constitution is the supreme or fundamental law as it speaks for the entire people
from whom it derives its authority. It is therefore binding on all individual citizens and all
instrumentalities of the government. It also prescribes our system of framework and the basic
principles on which the government is founded and the respective powers and duties of tis
various departments or branches.
Our constitution empowers the state because it is the document that formalizes the
jurisdiction of the state over our territory and establishes the government that will effectively
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exercise that jurisdiction. It also stabilizes the government by regulating the relationship among
its three branches: executive, judicial and legislative.
Finally, the constitution legitimizes the regime because it promotes respect and
compliance among the Filipino citizens and solicits recognition from the international
community. Also, it protects the freedom of the citizens by limiting government power.
Moreover, it gears the government towards social and economic development through the
elimination of socio – economic inequities in order to achieve progress and social justice. A
sound constitution symbolizes the basic moral values, customs and traditions of the people, as
well as their aspirations and common ideals. This is evident in our constitution.
Classification of Constitutions
Constitutions are classified in various ways. According to Aruego and Aruego – Torres
(1981), they may be classified as follows:




According to the type of government they provide, whether it is aristocratic, autocratic,
democratic, or oligarch
According to form, whether written or unwritten
According to the difficulty of the amending process, as flexible or rigid; and
According to their origin, whether the product of growth is through a long period of
time, like that of the English constitution; granted by ruling monarch or prince, like the
Japanese Constitution of 1899, or became the product of the deliberate act of a
sovereign people, like the constitution of the United States.
On the other hand, Santiago (2002) points out two more classifications. They are as follows:


On the basis of the degree to which the constitution is observed in practice whether
effective or nominal façade;
On the basis of the content of the constitution and the institutional structure that
establishes, whether monarchical or republican, federal or unitary and presidential or
parliamentary
Furthermore, according to Santiago, the old system of classifying constitution into written or
unwritten is now obsolete. Even when there is a written constitution, it is still modified by
customs and traditions, as well as judicial precedents. In other words, every modern
constitution is a blend of both written and unwritten rules and regulations.
Contents of a written Constitution
A written constitution usually consists of the following:








A preamble which expresses the ideals of the nation
Definition of national territory
Definition of citizenship
Rights and obligations of citizens in a so – called Bill of Rights
The method of suffrage and elections for government officials
The structure and functions of the government – executive, legislative and judiciary
The local government, the other constitutional agencies and others
The method of amending the constitution
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
The date of its effectivity
Constitution Distinguished from Statutes
(1) A constitution is legislation direct from the people, while a statute (see Art. Vi,
Sec.1.) is a legislation from the people’s representative;
(2) A constitution merely states the general framework of the law and the government,
while a statute provides the details of the subject of which it treats.
(3) A constitution is intended not merely to meet existing conditions but to govern the
future, while a statute is intended primarily to meet existing conditions only; and
(4) A constitution is the supreme or fundamental law of the State which statutes and all
other laws must conform.
The Development of the 1987 Constitution
The 1987 Constitution is one of the most widely and exhaustively deliberated document
on our history. More than twenty – million copies of this constitution had saturated practically
all corners of the Republic of the Philippines. The 1987 Constitution took effect on February 2,
1987.
The following events led to the birth of the 1987 Constitution:
1. With the forced departure of President E. Marcos for Hawaii on February 25, 1986,
Corazon C. Aquino formally assumed office as the President of the Republic of the
Philippines, pursuant to a peaceful revolution and not through the election process.
2. On March 23, 1986, President Aquino issued Proclamation No, 3 which promulgated as
a Provisional Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, otherwise known as the
“Freedom Constitution”. The government established under it was in the nature of a
Revolutionary Government which was described as “revolutionary in origin democratic
in essence and transitional in character.
The Provisional Constitution provided for a transitional government to precede a
constitution one by inclusion of a provision in the said constitution calling for a
constitutional commission to draft and adopt a new constitution for subsequent
ratification by the electorate.
3. On April 23, 1986. President Corazon C. Aquino issued Proclamation No. 9., otherwise
known as the “Law Governing the Constitutional Commission of 1986”. Thereafter, the
President appointed forty – eight (48) Con – Com commissioners, upon meeting the
qualifications provided for in Proclamation No. 9, which stipulated that “No person shall
be appointed members of the Commission unless he be a natural born citizen of the
Philippines, a qualified voter, a person with recognized probity, independence,
nationalism and patriotism. Later, only (47) forty – seven Commissioners of the
Constitutional Commission were able to qualify.
4. On June 2, 1986, the commissioners met in a formal inaugural session at the session hall
of the Batasang Pambansa Building in Quezon City, with Vice President Salvador H.
Laurel declaring the ceremony formally open. Thereafter, the Commission elected
Commissioner Cecilia Muñoz Palma unanimously as President of the body.
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5. On October 12, 1986, the proposed Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines was
approved by the 1986 Constitutional Commission (45 votes in favour and 2 against). On
October 15, 1986 the signing of the New Constitution by the Commission took place.
6. On February 2, 1987, the Constitution was submitted to the people for ratification in a
plebiscite. The results of the votes for the ratification were made and proclaimed by
President Aquino on February 11, 1987 under Proclamation No. 58.
7. Finally, the Supreme Court ruled that the proposed Constitution be ratified on February
2, 1987, Article XVIII of the Constitution which provides: “This Constitution shall take
effect immediately upon its ratification by a majority of the votes and shall supersede all
previous constitutions.
The new charter was the product of the sacrifice and patriotism on the part of the Con –
Com Commissioners and on the part of thousands of unnamed persons (basically the trainers
and volunteers) who showed their views as expressed on the provisions of the fundamental
charter and who unselfishly assisted the Con – Com Commissioners and members in the
campaign for ratification.
Learning Activity
A. Define the following terms:
1. Political Science
2. State
3. Constitution
4. Politics
5. Sovereignty
B. Create a timeline of the Development of the 1987 Constitution as mentioned in this
module.
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Assessment
A. Essay. Please answer the given questions:
1. As a Filipino, is it really necessary for us to have a constitution? Yes or No? Explain.
2. How is political science of importance to you as a Filipino citizen? Explain.
B. Multiple Choice. Please select the letter of the best possible answer.
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
4.
a)
b)
c)
d)
5.
a)
b)
c)
d)
6.
a)
b)
c)
d)
7.
a)
b)
c)
d)
8.
a)
b)
"Political" in Political Science is derived from what Greek word?
Polis
Polistico
Politica
Polistico
Political Science Is defined as
The action or manner of governing.
It is the study of the state and the government
It is the study of society
It is the study of the laws governing the state
It is also defined as the action or manner of governing
Law
Political Science
Governance
Public law
It is a scope of political science that deals with the body of doctrines relating to the
origin, form behaviour and purposes of the state.
Public Law
Political theory
Public Administration
Administrative Law
It is considered as the fundamental law of the land or state.
Doctrines
Constitution
Statutes
Provisions
It is an element of the state that is a necessary instrument that pursues its will, purpose
and objectives.
People
Territory
Government
Sovereignty
Internal Sovereignty is the power of the state to rule withine its territory whereas
external sovereignty is the_________
The freedom of the state to invade another country
the freedom of the state to expand its territories disregarding international laws
the freedom of the state to carry out its activities without subject to or control by other
states
the freedom to colonize other nations.
It is one of the theories of the origin of states that believes that the state must have
been formed by deliberate and voluntary compact among the people to form a society
and organize for their common good.
Paternalistic theory
Necessity or Force Theory
DO NOT PUBLISH. FOR CLASSROOM PURPOSES ONLY.
c)
d)
9.
a)
b)
c)
d)
10.
a)
b)
c)
d)
11.
a)
b)
c)
d)
12.
a)
b)
c)
d)
13.
a)
b)
c)
d)
14.
a)
b)
c)
d)
15.
a)
b)
c)
d)
16.
a)
b)
c)
d)
17.
a)
Economic theory
Social Contract Theory
The following are the differences between state and nation EXCEPT for:
A state is not subject to external control while a nation may or may not be independent
of external control
State is an ethnic concept while nation is a political concept
A state is subject to external control while a nation is independent of external control
State is an political concept while a nation is an ethnic concept
It is a role of the state that ensures the internal peace and order for its citizens.
National Security
Blessings of liberty and justice
Economic development
Domestic Peace and Order
the Philippine government is classified as the following types of government EXCEPT for:
Representative Democracy
Parliamentary
Presidential government
Unitary Government
Constitution comes from the Latin word:
Constituo
Constantine
Constentia
Constenar
State is defined as:
organized and accepted body of fundamental laws, rules, norms, standards and
principles or established precedents
the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to its will from
people within its jurisdiction and corollary, to have freedom from foreign control
primarily concerned with the association of human beings into a “body politic” or a
political community (one organized under government and law)
a community of persons who are more or less numerous, permanently occupying a
definite portion of territory, independent of external control and possessing an
organized government to which the great body of inhabitants render habitual
obedience.
Why the constitution is considered the supreme fundamental law of the land?
Because it speaks for the entire people from whom it derives its authority
Because the one who made it is the one who has the power to rule the state.
Because it formalizes the jurisdiction of the state over its territory
None of the above
It is a classification of a constitution that classifies it on the basis of it being written or
unwritten.
According to the type of government
According to form
According to their origin
According to the difficulty of the amending process
A written constitution is usually consists of the following EXCEPT for:
A preamble which expresses the ideals of the nation
Definition of citizenship
`Definition of local territory
Methods of amending the constitution
Who was the President of the Philippines when the 1987 Constitution was developed?
President Manuel Roxas
DO NOT PUBLISH. FOR CLASSROOM PURPOSES ONLY.
b) President Corazon Aquino
c) President Ferdinand Marcos
d) President Fidel Ramos
18. The 1987 Philippine Constitution was ratified on:
a) February 2, 1987
b) February 11, 1987
c) February 12, 1987
d) February 4, 1987
19. There are how many members appointed by the President for Proclamation No.(9)
otherwise known as the Law Governing and Constitutional Commission of 1986"?
a) 46
b) 48
c) 47
d) 49
20. The following are the differences between a Constitution and Statute EXCEPT for
a) A constitution merely states the general framework of the law and the government,
while a statute provides the details of the subject of which it treats
b) A constitution is intended not merely to meet existing conditions but to govern the
future, while a statute is intended primarily to meet existing conditions only
c) A constitution is the supreme or fundamental law of the State which statutes and all
other laws must conform
d) A constitution is a legislation from the people's representative while an statute is a
legislation direct from the people