PROJECT REPORT
On
Submitted To:
Submitted By:
Mrs. MamtaGhawana
SanyaKapoor
AnnatWadhwa
SonalTayal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompanies the successful completion of
any task would be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it
possible, because success is not only the outcome of hard work and
perseverance, but also of encouraging guidance. So with gratitude, I
acknowledge all those whose guidance and encouragement served to
motivate me towards the successful completion of the project.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the help, guidance and
encouragement given by faculty Mrs. MamtaGhawana
Thanking you
SonalTayal
SanyaKapoor
AnnatWadhwa
WATER SUPPLY
Water supply is the provision by public utilities, commercial organizations,
community endeavors or by individuals of water, usually by a system of pumps
and pipes. Irrigation is covered separately.
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
It can be divided into 2 levels:
1. Municipal level (Macro level)
2. Individual level (Micro level)
METHODS OF
WDS
MUNICIPAL/
MACRO LEVEL
GRAVITY
SYSTEM
PUMPING
SYSTEM
INDIVIDUAL/
MICRO LEVEL
GRAVITY &
PUMPING
SYSTEM
DIRECT SUPPLY
SYSTEM
INDIRECT
SUPPLY
SYSTEM
Municipal level
This includes the network trunk mains and street mains. Municipality is
responsible for the distribution of the water from the service reservoir till it
reaches the street mains. There are two types of municipal levels distribution:
 Gravity system: Best found in hilly areas. In this system, water is
conveyed through pipes by gravity only. This is most reliable method but
it is used only when the source of supply situated at a higher level than
the distribution area.
 Pumping System: This is useful in cities where the ground is flat and
there is no distribution reservoir but water is pumped directly into the
mains at all times as needed. But this has proved to be inconvenient
because of the following reasons:
 In case of power failure, the entire water distribution system
of locality is distributed
 It requires constant attendance because of the fact that the
pumps are to be kept in working condition at all the time so
it is reliable and should be used only for small supply
 Gravity and Pumping System Combined: In this system, water pumped
and stored in an elevated distribution reservoir. The excess water during
low consumption remains in the reservoir and supplied during the peak
period by gravity method.
Advantages:
 In case of fire, motor pumps can be used to develop high
pressure
 Pumps are generally work at uniform rate
 It is economical
 Fairly reliable as some quantity of water is available from
elevated reservoir even during breakdown of pumps
Individual or Domestic Level
At this level, water is conveyed from the street mains to the individual building
and then to taps and other fixtures.
Methods of individual level:
 Direct Supply System: It is also called upward distribution system. In
direct system, supply of water is given directly to various floors from the
water mains, having sufficient water to feed all the floors and fittings at
the highest part of the building. It is recommended only if number of
floors in building is not more than 2.
 Indirect Method or Downward Distribution System: When the water
pressure in the mains is not sufficient for the direct water supply than
indirect system is used. It is further divided into 3 systems:
 Pumped up: Pumped into the overhead storage tank usually
situated at roof of the building from where the water is
supplied to different floors by gravity.
 Storage into the underground storage tank: Where the
water is supplied by gravity.
 Both Method: In this underground tanks and booster pump
both are used together i.e. direct system and indirect system
of water supply.
GENERAL
CONSIDERATION
DISTRIBUTION
OF
PLANNING
OF
Circulation of Water
The layout of distribution system should be such that there is free circulation of
water and the number of dead ends should be very few.
Construction and Design
Construction and design of distribution system should be such that ample
water is available all time at desired pressure in all portion of the distribution
system. If available pressure in the pipes is low it has to boost up.
Contamination by Sewage
The water pipe line should be laid above the sewer at a vertical distance of
about 2m and the horizontal distance between the water pipes and the sewage
should be 3m.
Fire Demands
The distribution system should be such that water for fire demands is easily
available.
Leakage
The loss of water due to leakage should be brought down to the minimum
possible extent. So, all the pipelines should be water tight.
Repairs
The distribution system should be such as it does not contribute to the
pollution of water flowing in it.
Sanitation
The sanitation of area through which the distribution system is passing should
be good so that there are no chances for the water to be polluted.
Safety from Pollution
It should be such as it does not contribute to the pollution of water flowing in
it.
TYPES OF PIPES
 Asbestos Pipes
These are made from mixture of asbestos fibers& cement. These are
used to convey water under very low pressure & their use in conveying &
supplying water is very much restricted.
Advantages of the Asbestos Pipes are:




The inside surface is very smooth
It is anti – corrosive & cheap in cost
The joining of pipes is very good & flexible
They are light in weight, hence easy to handle & transport them
Disadvantages of the Asbestos Pipes are:
 They are brittle & non – durable
 They can’t be laid in exposed areas
 They can’t be used for high pressures
 Cast Iron Pipes
These are extensively used for conveyance of water. They are available in
sizes uptodiameter about 120cm.
Advantages of the Cast Iron Pipes are:
 Their usual life under normal conditions is about 100 years & so
 It is anti – corrosive & cost is moderate
 The joining of pipes is easy & service connections can be made
easily
 They are strong & durable
Disadvantages of the Cast Iron Pipes are:
 Pipes become heavier & uneconomical when size increases beyond
120cm diameter
 Breakage of these pipes is large
 These are not used for pressures greater than 7 kg/sq. cm
 Cement Concrete Pipes
These may be plain, reinforced or pre – stressed with diameter varying
from 50–250cm or more. The reinforcement in R.C.C pipes consists of
rings or longitudinal steel bars & the remaining space is filled up by rich
cement mortar.
Advantages of the Cement Concrete Pipes are:





Their maintenance cost is low
They are strong & durable
The inside surface can be made smooth
They can be cast at site of work so reduction in transportation cost
There is no danger of rusting & corrosion when these pipes are
used
Disadvantages of the Cement Concrete Pipes are:
 They are heavy & difficult to transport
 If no reinforcement is provided these pipes cannot withstand high
pressure
 They are likely to crack during transportation
 The repair of these pipes is difficult
 Copper Pipes
They do not stag or bend due to hot water. Hence their use is restricted
for conveyance of hot water in buildings & steam boilers. They have high
tensile strength & can therefore have thin walls. They are not liable to
corrosion & can be bent easily. But as they are costly, they are not used
for distribution of water. To enhance their appearance copper pipes are
sometimes chromium plated to match with the chromium plated water
supply fittings.
Advantages of the Copper Pipes are:
 They are likely to corrode
 Their bending and joining can easily be made
Disadvantages of the Copper Pipes are:
 They are very costly pipes
 Galvanized Pipes
They are widely used for service connection & their diameter varies
from6 to 75mm. They are wrought steel pipes with zinc coating.
Advantages of the Galvanized Pipes are:
 They are cheap, light in weight
 Easy to handle, transport & join
Disadvantages of the Galvanized Pipes are:
 They are easily affected by acidic & alkaline water
 The useful life of pipe is short about 10 to 15 years
 Plastic Pipes
It is a new material & the use of plastic in the conveyance of water is
increasing day by day. These are being used for supply of cold / normal
water in external & internal plumbing work.
Advantages of the Plastic Pipes are:
 They are cheap, durable, flexible & light in weight
 They are easy to transport, bent, join & install
 They are free from corrosion
 They are good insulator of electricity
 They are lower in cost & do not require any threading for
connections
 There is freedom from damage due to throwing &freezing of
water in cold areas
 They can easily resist the sunlight & other atmospheric actions
Disadvantages of the Plastic Pipes are:
 Some type of plastic may impart taste to the water
 They are less resistant to heat
 The coefficient of expansion of plastic is high
ESTIMATION OF WATER REQUIREMENTS
TYPES OF BUILDINGS
RATE PER HEAD PER DAY IN
LITRES
For Residence
135 (90 for domestic & 45 for sanitation)
For Factories, Day schools, offices
For Nursing
boarding, etc
homes,
Hostels,
45
Day
135
For Hotels (per bed)
180
For Hospitals (per bed)
340 (no. of bed < 100)
450 (no. of bed > 100)
For Restaurants (per seat & not person)
70
For Cinema Halls
15
FLUSHING STORAGE CAPACITY
TYPES OF BUILDINGS
For tennats having common toilet
STORAGE CAPACITY
900
tres per wc
For residential purposes
270 litres per wc and 180 litres
each additional seat for same flat
For factories and workshop
900 litres per wc and 180 litres per
urinal seat
For cinemas and public area
900 litres per wc and 360 litres per
urinal seat
DIFFERENT SIZES OF PIPES
TYPE OF PIPES
SIZE
Uptake Pipe
25 mm diameter
Downtake Pipe
25 mm diameter
Branch Pipe
20 mm diameter
Kitchen Pipe for Fresh Water
15 mm diameter
Kitchen Pipe for Upper Tank
20 mm diameter
DRAINAGE
DRAINAGE SUPPLY
The arrangement provided in a house or building for collecting and conveying
waste water through drain pipes by gravity to join either a public sewer or
septic tank is termed as house drainage.
PRINCIPLES OF HOUSE DRAINAGE
1. It is advisable to lay sewers by the side of building rather than below the
building.
2. Drains should be laid straight between inspection chambers or manholes.
All sharp bends & junctions should be avoided.
3. The entire system should be properly ventilated.
4. The house drain should be connected to the public sewer only if level
permits.
5. The house drain should contain enough number of traps at suitable point
for efficient functioning.
6. The house drain should be disconnected from the public sewer by the
provision of an intercepting trap so as to avoid foul gases from public
sewer to enter the house drain.
7. Joints of sewer should be water tight& should be properly tested before
putting the drainage line in use.
8. Sewers should be at proper gradient/ slope so that they will develop selfcleansing properties.
TECHNICAL TERMS
The following technical terms are used in connection with drainage system:
 Soil Appliances – includes WC, urinals, bed- pan washers, etc. It should
be water tight & of uniform dia.
 Soil Pipe – is a pipe which carries discharge from soil appliances.
 Water Appliances – includes WB, sinks, bath tubs, washing trough,
drinking water fountain, etc.
 Water Pipe – is a pipe which carries waste water from kitchens,
bathrooms, floor traps, nahani traps or any other water appliance.
 Ventilation Pipe – also known as vent pipe. is a pipe which ventilates
drainage system. It is open at top & is connected to the soil pipe or waste
pipe at its bottom. It is extended above the building’s roof uptoatleast
the height of 1m from the roof level to permit exit of foul gases into the
atmosphere.
 Cowl–The top of the vent pipe is provided with cowls so that the birds
may not build their nests. They are provided with narrow openings or
slits.
 Siphonage– is the breakage of the water seal of the traps due to siphonic
actions. It is induced when water is suddenly discharged from a fixture
on the upper floor. So due to their action the water seal of lower floor is
broken.
 Anti - Siphonage Pipe– is a pipe to prevent the water seal of the traps. It
maintains proper ventilation & does not allow siphonic actions to take
place.
 Manhole– it is an inspection chamber provided for inspection for
cleaning and repair of house drain. Various pipe provided for drainage
are connected with open u-shaped channel which discharge waste to
manhole and from that through soil waste pipe it convey to the main
sewer lines.
SYSTEM OF PLUMBING
There are 4 principle system adopted in a plumbing of drainage work in a
building:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Single Stack
One Pipe System
One Pipe System partially Ventilated
Two Pipe System
Single Stack
In this system, a single vertical pipe is fixed and all the waste matter from
bathroom, kitchen and water-closet is discharged into it. This pipe also acts as
ventilation pipe. This is economical but it should have effective water sill and
that should be always filled with water. The depth of water sill should not be
less than 75 mm.
One Pipe System
In this system, a separate vent pipe is added and hence it is more effective than
the previous one. Ventilation pipes provide ventilation to water sill to all the
traps.
Precautions:
a. All the joints of waste pipe should be air tight.
b. All traps should be provided with water sill not less than 75 mm.
c. Waste pipe should join the stack above the soil branch pipe at each floor.
d. The diameter of ventilation pipe should not be less than 50 mm.
One Pipe System Partially Ventilated
In this system, there is one soil pipe and all the waste matter from water closet,
baths, sinks is discharged in this pipe. But in addition, there is relief vent pipe
which provides ventilation only to the soil fittings such as water closet,
urinals,etc.
Precautions:
a. All the joints of waste pipe should be air tight.
b. All traps should be provided with water sill not less than 75 mm.
c. Waste pipe should join the stack above the soil branch pipe at each floor.
d. The diameter of ventilation pipe should not be less than 50 mm.
Two Pipe System
In this system, 2 sets of pipes are laid. Soil fixtures such as urinals and water
closet are connected to vertical soil pipes and connection of waste matter from
bathrooms and kitchens are made to another vertical waste pipe. The soil pipe
and waste pipe are provided with separate ventilation pipe, thus, requires 4
pipes, hence, it becomes costly.
SYSTEM OF DRAINAGE
The drainage system can be broadly divided into two parts:1. DRAINAGE BELOW THE GROUND – It consists of a system of vertical
stacks, horizontal branches, floor traps etc provided for conveying
sanitary sewage (soil waste + waste water) & storm water (rain water)
etc to the underground drainage system for final disposal.
2. DRAINAGE ABOVE THE GROUND – It consists of a system of
underground house drain, inspection chamber, sewer or main drain,
manholes, ventilation shafts, etc provided for conveying the sanitary
sewage & storm water for final treatment or disposal. This is further subdivided into three parts:-
 Combined System – In this, storm water is completely mixed
with sanitary sewage & conveyed through a single drain or
sewer to the sewage treatment plant. Thus, only one set of
sewers is laid & it carries both sewage & storm water.
 Separate System – In this, storm water is not allowed to get
mixed with sanitary sewage & the remaining storm water is
conveyed through separate drains.
 Partially Combined System – In this, a part of storm water
(usually run off from roofs, paved yards & streets, etc) is
mixed with sanitary sewage & the remaining storm water is
conveyed through separate surface drains. Thus,
arrangement is made to permit early washings by rain into
the sewers carrying sewage. But when the quantity of storm
water exceeds a particular limit, it is collected & conveyed in
open drains to the natural river or stream.
TRAP
A trap is a fitting provided in a drainage system to prevent the entry of foul air
and gases from the sewer for drains into the building. The barrier to passage of
foul air is provided by the water sea in the trap. In its simplest form, trap is bent
on loop in the sanitary fittings. The depth of water sill is measured as a vertical
distance between the crown and a dip of a trap.
Essentials of a good trap:





It should be capable of being easily clean.
It should not have any internal projections.
It should possess self cleansing properties.
It should possess adequate water sill.
Internal surface should be smooth.
TYPES OF TRAP
 On The Basis Of Shape
a. P Trap
This trap has a shape of letter `P` and the legs of trap are at right angle to
each other.
b. Q Trap
This trap has a shape of letter `Q` and the legs of trap meet at an angle
other than right angle.
c. S Trap
This trap has a shape of letter `S` and the legs of trap are parallel to each
other.
 On The Basis Of Use
a. Flow Trap
It is made of cast iron and is provided in floors to collect used water from
the floors of bathrooms, kitchens and washing rooms are known as flow
trap. So a flow trap forms the starting point of waste water flow. A cover
with grating is provided at its top so as to prevent the entry of solid
matters. Water sill for floor trap should not be less than 40 mm.
b. Gully Trap
Gully trap is a deep sill trap which provided on the external face of wall
for disconnecting the waste water flowing from kitchen, bathroom,
washbasin, floors from main drainage system. It is usually made of stone
wear cast iron, grating is fitted inside the masonry chamber, it has 60-70
mm water sill. It forms the starting point of horizontal flow of waste
water. The deep water sill forms a barrier for preventing the passage of
foul air through drains inside the building size of gully trap 450 x 450 mm.
c. Intercepting Trap
This trap is provided at the junction of house drain and street sewer to
prevent the entry of foul from the sewer into the house drains. This has a
water seal of about 100 mm. It contains an interception arm, for the
purpose of cleaning or inspection, which is kept closed by a lid or plug.
SANITARY APPLIANCES
The term sanitary appliances and fittings are used to indicate all the fittings
required in the house drainage for the efficient collection and removal of waste
water for the house to the house drain.
Common sanitary fittings are:
Bath Tab
Bath tab may be pre-cast or cast in situ. If there are cast in situ, they are
finished marble chips, terrazzo tiles or otherwise they may be steel fibre glass,
terracotta, marble, stone, etc. They may be with parallel side or with tapering
side. It is provided with outlet and overflow pipes which are usually 40 mm dia.
The length of bath tab varies from 1.75 m and width varies from 0.7 m abd
general depth is around 0.45 m.
Drinking Fountain
In factories, schools, colleges and public buildings, drinking fountains are
provided to supply drinking water. This arrangement is simple and it avoids undue wastage of water. In push type drinking fountain, valve is pushed and then
water comes out of the top and after being consumed. The remaining water
falls on the platform and it is conveyed to the floor trap.
Flushing Cistern
Flushing cistern is used for storage and discharge of water for flushing of
content from water closet or urinals. Cistern is made of cast iron, porcelain
china, steel, plastic, etc. capacity of flushing cistern varies from 5-15ltrs. There
are 3 types of flushing cisterns:
a. Bell Type
b. Piston Type
c. Automatic Flushing Tank
Sink
Sink is a rectangular basin, generally, made of glazed earthen wear stones,
porcelain, fiber sheets, plastic, steel and used for washing hands and utensils. It
is commonly used in kitchens, labs, hospitals, etc. It has flat bottom and all its
internal angles are made round for easy cleaning. They are available in different
sizes. Sink has an outlet usually 40 mm diameter and outlet pipes discharges
over a floor trap. The kitchen sink is provided with a drain board.
Urinals
Urinals fall under the category of soil appliances and as such the discharge
from urinals is connected to soil pipe either directly or through a trap. Urinals
are of two types:
a. Bowl Type
b. Stall Type
Usually centre to centre placing for bowl type is about 60 cm and generally
adopted for public building. They made of porcelain and plastic. It is necessary
to provide vertical partition between 2 urinals. This type of urinal is
manufactured either as a single unit or as a range of 2 or more units. In case of
single unit, the width of the stall should not be less than 75 cm.
Thedischargefrom stall is carried through a glazed semi circular drain which has
a sharp fall towards the trap.
Water Closet
Water closet is defined as a sanitary fitting which is designed to receive human
waste directly from the person using it. They are of 2 types:
a. Indian Type
b. European type
Indian type is generally made of porcelain and in the pan style. The trap has an
opening for anti siphonage pipe. The pan has a flushing rim to spread the flush
water. It is fixed in sitting position at floor level. The overall length generally
varies from 450-675 mm and the width nearly from 225-250 mm. The height
including the trap is about 400-500 mm. A pair foot rest is provided for
convenience.
European type water closet is used in sitting position over a plastic seat hinged
to the appliances. This is a pedestal type of appliance with a pan and trap in
single piece. The pan is shaped in the form of short inverted cone with an
almost vertical back. The flushing rim of the pan is attached to the cistern.
Overall length varies from 500-600 mm and height varies from 350-400 mm.
Wash Basin
Wash basin is used for washing hands, face, etc. it is made of porcelain, steel
and plastic. It is available in different shapes and sizes. It may be fixed on wall
with cast iron brackets and pedestal type of wash basin, rest independently on
floors. They are generally provided 2 taps- one for hot water and other for cold
water. The mouth of outlet pipe discharges into the waste through the trap.
Sometimes, bottle trap may be attached to the fittings and the trap wash basin
should be kept at a height of 75-85 cm from floor level.