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Definitions
In this lecture we will cover:
1) Terminology associated
with animal nutrition
2) Introduce the 6 major
classes of nutrients
a. Nutrition
Series of processes in which food is taken in
and absorbed into the body of an organism –
for purposes of maintenance, growth, work,
production (milk, eggs, wool etc. ) and
repair of vital processes.
Maintenance requirement
Nutrients required for general body
function/life. This ____________ include
producing any output, reproduction or growth.
The processes of nutrition include:
(4) Absorption –
The movement of nutrients or other substances from
the digestive tract (or through the skin), into the blood
and/or lymph system.
(1) Ingestion –
_____________ of food or the act of taking food into
the body
(2) Mastication –
(5) Metabolism –
all the chemical processes of the body involved in the
maintenance of life
process of _______________
(3) Digestion –
(6) Excretion –
removal of ___________________from the body,
primarily in the form of _____________________.
processes involved in the breaking down feed into
substances that can be absorbed into the blood stream
and used by the body’s cells
b. Nutrient –
any chemical element or compound in the diet that
supports maintenance of life processes, normal
reproduction, growth or production (lactation, egg
production , wool, etc.)
d.
Balanced Ration –
a ration that supplies all of the required nutrients in
the correct amounts and proportions to properly
nourish the target animal for a specific purpose of
production
e. Total mixed ration (TMR)
c. Ration –
the amount of feed ….
A variety of feedstuffs are used in rations.
a method of feeding animals in which all feedstuffs
are …
f. Sort
when an animal …
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g.
Ad Libitum (free choice) –
Animals are able to access at any time. Water for
example, should be provided free-choice. Other feed
ingredients can be also be provided free choice. One
common example is minerals. While minerals can be
included in a TMR, they can also be fed free choice in
blocks. This allows animals to lick them any time
they choose.
h. Feed/feedstuff –
refers to food but is more commonly applied to
animal food than to human food
k.
Feed additive –
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
by an animal. They are primarily included in diets to
improve the health, productivity, and profitability of
the animal.
Water
Concentrate –
i.
Concentrates include energy rich grains (ex. corn) or
protein rich grains (ex. soybeans), byproduct feeds,
vitamins and minerals.
j.
Forage/Roughage–
Forages include grasses, legumes (alfalfa) and silages
(corn silage, haylage etc.). Forages are higher in
fiber and lower in energy compared to concentrates
such as corn or soybeans.
What Nutrients Do Animals Need?
There are Six Major Classes
water, protein, carbohydrates, fats,
minerals and vitamins
General Description of Six Classes of Nutrients
Various functions:
• transports nutrients and aids in excretion
1) Water – ___________________________
a)
• medium that allows chemical reactions
b)
65 to 85% of animal body weight at _________
and 45 to 65% of body weight at _____________
c)
percentage of body water ___________ with
animal age and has an _____________
relationship with body fat
• body temperature regulation
• lubricates joints and organs in body cavity
Accounts for: 90 to 95% of blood
70 to 90% of tissues
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2) Carbohydrates
3) Lipids (Fats)
a) The __________________ in animal diets
a) defined as insoluble in water but soluble in organic
solvents
b) Generally classified in animal nutrition as either
structural (fibrous) or non-structural (non-fibrous).
b) fat sources can be plant or animal based.
c)
c) required for absorption of fat soluble vitamins
d)
Structural carbohydrates (such as forages) are a
source of energy and a source of bulk (important to
keep the digestive tract working smoothly)
Examples of non-structural carbohydrates include
starches (from grains such as corn, oat, milo) and
sugars.
4) Proteins
a) Made up of amino acids which are required for
tissues and muscle production.
b) Protein sources in diets can be animal (blood meal,
fish meal, meat and bone meal) or plant based
(soybean meal, canola meal, cottonseed, alfalfa).
c) Twenty-two amino acids are commonly found in
proteins, 10 are required in the animal diet. These
are __________________________ because the
animal body cannot synthesize them fast enough to
meet its requirement.
5) Minerals
c) Excess minerals in diets can decrease animal
performance, or result in toxicity and/or death.
For example, sheep are particularly sensitive to
high copper levels.
d) most ________________ nutrient
One gram of fat yields about 9.45 kcal gross energy
(heat) compared with 4.2 kcal for a typical CHO.
5) Minerals
a) ______________ compounds required for normal
growth of bones, teeth and tissue. Additionally
they are important for many of the body’s chemical
processes. Included in small quantities in diets.
b) Total mineral content of plants or animals is called
______________
Macrominerals: essential elements required in
relatively large amounts – Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K
Microminerals: trace elements required in much
smaller amounts – Co, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn
6) Vitamins – fat and water soluble
a) __________________ compounds required in
small quantities
b) Required for normal digestion, cell metabolism,
growth and reproduction.
c) classified as ________________________
d) Vitamins can be obtained from feedstuffs and/or
added to diets (dependent on requirement).
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