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Chemistry: The Science in Context (Fourth Edition)
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8 | Chapter 1 | Matter and Energy: The Origin of the Universe
(a) Chemical formulas:
(b) Structural formulas:
H 2O
O
H
H
(c) Ball-and-stick models:
(d) Space-filling models:
Water
FIGURE 1.7 Four ways to represent the
arrangement of atoms in molecules of water
and ethanol: (a) chemical formulas; (b) structural
formulas; (c) ball-and-stick models, where
Page:
substances involved in a chemical reaction. The arrow
in the equation separates the initial materials (the reactants) from the final materials (the products).
H H
Chemical formulas, such as those shown in FigH CC OH
ure 1.7(a), provide information about the proportions
of the elements in a compound, but they do not tell
H H
us how the atoms of those elements are connected
in a molecule of the compound, nor do they tell us
anything about the shape of the molecules. We use
structural formulas and molecular models to show
atom-to-atom connections and molecular shapes. The
atoms in a molecule are linked together by chemical
bonds in a fixed arrangement, and a structural formula
(Figure 1.7b) shows the atoms and the bonds between
them. A structural formula shows how the atoms are
connected but does not necessarily indicate the correct angles between bonds or the three-dimensional
shape of the molecule.
Ball-and-stick models (Figure 1.7c) use spheres
Ethanol
to represent atoms and sticks to represent chemical
bonds. The advantage of ball-and-stick models is that
they show the correct angles between the bonds. However, the relative sizes of
the spheres do not always match the relative sizes of the atoms they represent.
Another disadvantage of these models is that the atoms must be spaced far apart
C2H 6O
44 of 1252
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