The principle of progressive realization of economic and social rights is a concept enshrined in
international human rights law, particularly within the International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). It recognizes that certain rights, such as the right to education, health,
and adequate standards of living, may not be fully achievable immediately, but should be
progressively improved over time.
The principle acknowledges that the realization of economic and social rights may be limited by
various factors, such as the availability of resources, the level of economic development, and social
and cultural contexts. It emphasizes that governments have a duty to take deliberate, concrete, and
effective steps towards the full realization of these rights.
In the context of the Nigerian Constitution, Chapter 2 contains the Fundamental Objectives and
Directive Principles of State Policy. These principles outline the socio-economic goals and aspirations
of the Nigerian state, and serve as a guide for governance and policy-making. While they are not
legally enforceable by the courts, they are considered to be fundamental principles that inform the
legislation and policies of the country.
Article 16 of the Nigerian Constitution specifically addresses the progressive realization of economic
and social rights. It states that "the State shall, within the context of the ideals and objectives for
which provisions are made in this Constitution... adopt policies aimed at promoting the welfare of
the people in the community."
Chapter 2 encompasses a wide range of social and economic rights, including the right to education,
health, adequate housing, and employment. These rights highlight the government's duty to ensure
that all citizens have access to essential services and have their basic needs met.
However, the practical implementation and progressive realization of these rights in Nigeria faces
numerous challenges. Limited resources, corruption, inadequate infrastructure, and regional
disparities are some of the obstacles that hinder the realization of economic and social rights for the
Nigerian population.
Nonetheless, efforts have been made by the Nigerian government and civil society to address these
challenges. For example, in education, policies have been implemented to improve access, quality,
and equity in the educational system. The Universal Basic Education Act of 2004 aimed to enhance
access to basic education for all Nigerian children.
Similarly, in the health sector, the government has initiated various programs and policies to
improve healthcare delivery, such as the National Health Insurance Scheme and the revitalization of
primary healthcare centers. These initiatives aim to progressively improve the accessibility and
quality of healthcare services for all Nigerians.
In conclusion, the principle of progressive realization of economic and social rights acknowledges
that the full realization of these rights may take time and effort. In the Nigerian context, Chapter 2 of
the Constitution serves as a guiding framework for policy-making and governance, emphasizing the
government's duty to adopt measures aimed at promoting the welfare of its citizens. While
challenges exist, various initiatives have been undertaken to progressively improve the realization of
economic and social rights in Nigeria.