ARCHITECTURAL
UTILITIEs· 1
PLUMBING AND SANITARY
• THE NEW LADDER
TYPE CURRICULUM
GEO'RGE SALINDA SALVAN ... fuap
• ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
College of Engineering and Architecture .
Baguio Colleges Foundation 1980-1988
First and lone graduate of B.S. Architecture, 1963
North of Manila, St. louis University Baguio City
Former instructor 1965-1969 at St. louis University
Recipient of various ACE certificates. Architects Continuing
Education Program
A licensed Architect, active practitioner and
a licensed building constructor, inventor and a board topnotcher.
Past president of United Architects P~.·•s. Baguio Chapter 1982 and 1963
Elected National Director; UAP, Regionc..· District I for the year 1987.
Conferred the title of "FELLOW" United 1-. ·-:hitects Phils.
College of Fellows, October. 1988
JMC PRESSY INC .
388 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City
Copyright © 1986 by:
JMC PRESS, INC.
and
GEORGES. SALVAN
All rights reserved .
No part of this t>ook may be reproduced in any
manner without permission of the publisher.
FIRST EDITION
ISBN: 971-11 -0322-2
Published and Printed by:
JMC PRESS, INC.
388 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City
Distributed by:
GOODWILL BOOKSTORE
Main Office: Rizal Avenue, Manila
P.O. Box 2942. Manila
Dedicated to all future
Architects and Engineers
The hope for a functional, comfortable
and convenient designs for better living.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The completion of this book was made into reality through the patient and hardworking
artist and graduate of architecture. Johnny T. Camsol who spent most of his time w ith the
illustrations and all the layouts of the dummy.
Special thanks and mention is also acknowledged to the Artists who helped in the illustrations
notably, Clamor C. Lecitona from NU, Fermin Balangcod, Jerry Jun Suyat, Roy Pagador,
Frederick Palasi, and Aey Puna, all from Baguio Colleges Foundations.
To those who lent unselfishly their books, like Dean Aveline Cruz of BCF. Engineering
Department, also to to Mr. Val Gutierrez, and to the BCF library through Ms. Macabior. for
mderstanding my late returns of books.
To Mr. Luis V. Canave who guided me on the complete process of publishing and printing of
books and to Mr. Francisco C. Malicsi, Teresita G. Espinosa, Eduardo C. Villanueva and
Enrico P. Gomez for their untiring cooperation in preparing the manuscripts typewritten by
Ms. Thelma T. Villareal , in computerized typesetting. The many students of architecture
whose curiositY about and interest in the Plumbing and Sanitary its realization in book form
have been a source of inspiration and lastly the writer wishes to acknowledge his heavy
indebtedness to the authors listed in the bibliography.
GEORGES . SALVAN
Baguio City, Philippines
v
PREFACE
The Architect as the prime professional; functions as the creator, coordinator and author of
the building design with which a project will be cQnstructed.
Architects has to be knowledgeable in a number of fields in addition to those that are concerned mainly with building design for him to properly assist and serve his client.
It is not expected that the Architect will actually perform all the services, Rather he is to act
as the agent of the client in procuring and coordinating the necessary services required by a
project.
After the design is approved, the complete construction drawings and specifications are
prepared . It is here where the specifications and detailed construction drawings setting forth
in detail the work required for Plumbing/ Sanitary and other service-connected equipment is
done.
Since the curriculum for B.S. Architecture was revised, there is a need for a more Compre~ensive Study of this subject in Plumbing and Sanitation.
This book is intended for Architectural and engineering students but nevertheless offers information and reference materials for Practicing Professionals. It is arranged in 'a sequential
manner so as to guide the reader from the Water Supply, Fire Protection, Storm Water System to Sanitary drainage systems. To make this book more complete is the addition of the
chapter on RefLJse handling and Solid Waste Disposal and Recycling, from here recycling of
Sewage Water is also included.
Finally the specifications of the different Plumbing Fixtures for each room is included .
Each subject matter is accompanied immediately with the corresponding illustrations for
clarity and the excerpts from the plumbing code is also included.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter
1
WATER SUPPLY ....... .................. ............. ............ ............ ......... .
Water, 2
Water Supply, Equipment, Pumps, 4
Water Tanks, 8
Household Water Supply, 14
Water Pipes and Fi~i ngs , 15
Size~ of Pipes, 26
Flanges, 29
Valve and Control, 30
Hot Water Design and Zoning, 35
Water Tank Capacities
Chapter
Chapter
2
FIRE PROTECTION .. ...... ............................................. .. ........ ......
3
STORM WATER SYSTEM
43
Planning, 44
High Rise Fire Safety, 44
Stand Pipes and Hoses. 46
Sprinklers, 49
53
Drainage, 54
Roof Leader, 59
Chapter
Chapter
4
PLUMBING SYSTEM .... ..... ....... ......... .. ... ... ........... .... .. ...... ....... .. .
5
SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM ............ ......... .. ..... ....... ................
63
Sanitary Drainage System, 64
Elements of the Sanitary System, 65
Pipes Fittings and Accessories, 68
National Plumbing Code, 73
Traps, 84
Vents, 90
Air Gaps and Vacuum Breakers, 87
Sanitary Drain, 100
House Sewer, 101
Inspection and Test, 101
103
Several Types, 104
Septic Tank, 106
Sewage Disposal, 110
Sewage Treatment, 113
ix
Chapter
6
REFUSE HANDLING AND SOLID WASTE ... ..... ................ .. .......
117
Management in Buildings, 118
Recycling Solid Waste, 121
Waste Disposal, 121
Solid Municipal Waste."123·
Liquid Municipal Wastes, 128
Septic Tanks, 128
Industrial Waste,
Chapter
Chapter
7
RECYCLING OF WATER
8
PLUMBING FIXTURES .. ....... .............. ,. .. ... .. ..... .... ........... ............ 143
1~
Sewage Treatment Works, 131
Recycling at N.Y. Institute of Technology, 134
Santee Water Reclamation Plant, 136
Biological Compost Toilet, 138
Water Closet, 144
Lavatories, 157
Bidets, 166
Urinals, 167
Bath Tube , 1®
Bathroom Accessories, 171
Kitchen Sinks. 172
Chapter
9
SANITATION, INSECT, RODENT AND
VERMIN CONTROL ......... .......... ..... ......... ........... ..... ..... .. ..,.......
177
Control Method Against the Mosquito, 17~
The field for drainage, 178
Ditching, 178
Filling. 179
Oil as a larvicide, 179
Oil used, 180
Application, 180
Rodent Control, 181
General Methocis of Control, 181
Poisoning, 181
Trapping: 181
Fumigation, 182
Ratproofing, 182
R~t stoppage, 183
Pest Control, What You Should Know, 1afi
X
APPENDICES ...... .. .. .. .. .. ... ........ .... .. ...... .... ... ... ..... ,... ,.. ..... .. .... ..
191
BIBLIOGRAPHY .. .. ... .. .......... .. .. ...... ...... .. .... .... .... .. .... .... .. .. ... ..... .
201
INDEX
203
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~lUJrP~LY
WATER SUPPLY
WATER
Water is a combination of two elementary substances hydrogen and oxygen . It appears in its
natural state as:
830 times heavier than air .
ice
vapor or steam .. . 133 times
lighter than air
Liquid
Solid
Gas
Weight of water in Liquid form:
3.778 kg. per U.S Gallon
1.000 kg. per cubic meter
There are.three sources of water:
a. Rainfall
b. Natural Surface; water from streams, rivers and lakes, ponds.
c. Underground water-deep and shallow wells
FROM THE RAINFALL
Advantages
Disadvantages
Obtained from roofs and waterstleds. It is
soft pure and good on places where there
is an abundant rainfall.
Hard to store for a long time as it will be a
breeding place for mosquitoes, requires big
containers for storing big quantities for
long uses, roofs may not be clean, bad for
places that receives a little amount of rainfall.
FROM THE NATURAL SURFACE
Advantages
Dissdvantages
Obtained from ponds, lakes, rivers easiness
of procurements and good for locality near
such bodies of water.
Dangerous because it containes large
a·mounts of bacterias, organic and inorganic substances of varying quantities.
FROM UNDERGROUND
Advantages
Disadvantages
Obtained from below ground surface by
means of mechanical and manual equipments.
Because of various organic matter and
chemical elements present, it requires treat·
ment of various nature, such as sedimenta·
tion, chemical, filtration, aerations.
More water can be obtained depending by
equipments used and locality.
METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF WATER
1. Sedimentation -articles of matters that are suspended in the water are allowed to
stay in a container so that they will settle in the bottom, then drawing the water out,
leaving these sediments in the container.
SEDIMENTS
INTeRMITTENT
CONTINUOUS
SEDIMENTATlDN
2. Chemical Treatments - water are given chemical treatments to kill the harmful
bacterias present and to cure the turbid taste or mudtaste, remove clay, salts, iron
etc. commonly used chemical is chlorine.
3. Filtration - water are filtered on various processes, so as to remove the particles of
vegetable matter, mud, and o ther particles of matter present in the water, most
commonly used materials are sand and gravel.
Two Processes
a. Slow Process
,-----SAND
'
b. Mechanical or rapid process
IN
~NO
,... .,::~
..
···
6RAVI!L
GRAV!!L
OUT
BY. ffiES5URE
BY:
GRAVITY
4. Aeration -
r11w wet~r Is made
to pass on plp88 of tlrw sieves and exposed to air of
tiM mi8t.
,
~
..
...
f·-'
L*;
·-~ ·
-~
·---
~~4 p.- ~ 1"'·\t
~
PlpQ
..
BI!JA~_1
-.: .
~
......
~
~"
...
-
I S~lNE~
I
~to eo
hOI's per ~· to d1
WELLS
a. W hen excavated by hand are called dug wells-for shallow water.
b. When sunk by machine are called Deep Wells and are classified as Driven -when
the water is obtained from loose formation above solid rock such as sand and gravel
and drilled ·wells - when th e water is tapped from the fis50res.
WATER SUPPLY EQUIPMENT
PUMPS : arr. used whenever the water supply at its natural p ressure cannot be directly
piped to a building, tank or reservoir.
3 Classes:
a. Lifting water by suction to the level of a pump situated above the source.
b. Raising the water by forcing it to an elevation above a pump situated in the
source.
c. Both lifting the water to the pump by suction and in addition forcing the water
to an elevation above the pump.
TYPES OF APPARATUS TO A CHIEVE THESE ENDS .
1.
2.
3
4.
5.
6.
Lift pump
Force pump
Reciprocating
Rotary
Centrifugal
Hydraulic Rams
OTHER TYPES
a. Deep well reciprocating pump
b . Turbine pump
c. Deep w ell ejector
d. Submersible pump
4
Uft Pump-Consist of a piston traveling up and
down within a cylinder which is connected with a pi~
extendinq down into the source. The piston and the
bottom of the cylinder are each proviqed with a valve
opening upward. UPOA the piston1S upstroke,·valve a
closes and valve b opens. Upon the piston's down·
stroke valve a opens and b closes.
b
Force Pump - used to deliver
water at a point higher than the
~ition of the pump itself. when
the plunger descends; the valve 8
is closed and the ·Nater in the cylinder is forced out through the
valve b and up to the storage.
When the plunger is raised valve
b is closed and 8 open to admit
water to the cylinder.
1
FORCE PUMP
PLUNGER
5
Reciprocating Pump - include that class
of pumps in which the piston moves· to and
fro. either horizontally or vertically.
~liv1.ry
1.
Powt~r
Pumps
a. Horizontal ReCiprocating Pumpsknown as dottble or single acting
piston pumps. Adapted to all purposes where the suction lift, is not
over 22 ft. (6. 70 mts) at sea level.
SUCTION
...
d~l1very
6
b. Vertic<ll. Reciprocating Pump-for suction lifts of less than 22 feet (6.70 mts)
are composed of 3 vertical cylinders
placed side by side.
•
2. Direct Acting-Steam Pumps
sing
Deep Well Plunger Pumps - are used when the
water level of the source is more than 22 feet (6. 70
mts) below the ground, they consist of a cylinder in·
stalled below the water level and connected to the
driving mechanism at or near tf'le ground level by a
wood or steel rod.
wat~r
DISCHARGE
,.b-or-'\l\11""-
Imp~ll.er
l'il:llr::-/-1...-J- E y~
Centr~fugal Pumps - posses moving parts
without valves, revolving around an axis and
centrifugal action is utilized in delivering the
water under pressure. The curved blades re·
valve around an axis and traps the water that
enters and hurls it outward by centrifugal
force.
7
Hydraulic Rams-are automatic and require no mo·
tor since they depend for
operation upon water hammer that is the surging back
~ nd forth in a pipe when
suddenly brought to rest.
Check valve
Tanks - rnay be used either
for the collection of water
without consideration of
pressure, or for storing
water under air pressure or
under a static HEAD for
future distribution by pneumatic or gravity means.
Materials Used
HeAD at- WATeR- v~rt1c.al dlstan ~e
from the. SOUYC4
to~
outlet.
wood, steel, galvanized
iron IG.I. l reinforced
concrete, polyvinyl chloride (PVCl.
FIXTURE USED FOR TANK
1. Cylindrical G.l. Tank
2. Spherical PVC Tank
3. Rectangular Reinforced Concrete
4. Rectangular Steel Tank Riveted
5. Pneumatic Tank (pressurized)
6. Stainless Steel Tank
8
6. Suction Tank - are constructed of riveted or welded
steel plate; the larger tanks often being divided into
two compartments. ·They should be large enough to
contain at least one days' supply for the entire building in case the City main is temporarily shut off.
The suction pipe from the pump to the tank should
be across connected to the City main so that the
water may be pumped directly from the main in case
of Fire.
Suction Tanks are used so that the pneumatic tank
or other pumps sucks the water f.torn this suction
tank and not f rom the Public Main so that, it will not
deprive. The neighbor of water due to pressure .
Suction II ne
toftre PUmp
~ HOUSE SUPPLY
Nonnal pressure
J
Cross Conntd.Jon
SUCTION TANk
9
THE THREE WAYS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION
1. Upfeed System-from normal water pressure from public water main for low rise
buildings.
WATER MAIN
tneur
2. Pneumatic Tank -from air pressure from suction tank for tall buildings which cannot be
reached by normal water pressure.
t
Rt~r
TO 8lJIWN6
~~MAl.. PflJ: ~IJRE
FLOAT ""LYE
an
automat1c SW\td1
aduat~ng
PNI!UMATl' TANK
10
pump
motor
SUC:TIOI'f TA*
This is usualty bek>w the fixtures
to be supplied. When water is
called for by the opening of any
device like a faucet, air pressure
in the top portion of the tank deliver water into the system. A
FLOAT VALVE operates the
pump to make up this water
when the level has become low
enough to actuate the starting
switch. A high level switch turns
it off when ttw water is up to
level. In big water tanks, the
water level is seen on a marker as
made by the f loat valve which
rise or descends.
valve plun_ger shuts
ofT wh112n float
rc; honzontal
arm
I
~ marker
~====:!I
----...___
--
-.
~fdl'i
1,1100
2,0011
~.oao
-.....;....
~.oan
.__,.
5,001l
--
flo ,OOO
11
3. Downfeed System-by gravity
from overhead tanks and are supported either by structural frames
or on the roof decks. Fixtures are
below the gravity Tank. These
elevated Tanks are installed when
normal supply of water from
main public service pipes is not
frequent. It is also used when
normal pressure from the City
main is not enough to force the
water to the h;ghest fixtures.
Ov~rflow
Plptt
float
·to ,th floa-
to 1-th floor
to 3 rd floor
to znd floor
Pump
UP
gatevalw
~ from
12
City MAIO
~ReLIEF
HOT
lWA~R HEATER
SUPPl.Y' PtPE
FROM 'iOOSE
PUMP]
•
OVERFLOW
~Pe
~t:~mc~~--------~~L_~•r-----~H~----Tt~
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CLE;ANOUT
P PAN
t
t
TO DRAIN
HOUSE TANK IN ELEVATED POSITION FOR DOWNFEED IN GRAVITY
A . Sediment in Tank is drawn off through clean-out pipe and is prevented from entering house supply by pipe projection.
B. Humidity on the air condenses on the cold sides and bottom of metal tanks and
must be caught in a copper drip pan .
ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES:
A . Normal Water pressure
Advantages
DiSIIdvantages
1. Eliminates extra cost of pumps and
1. Pressure from water main is inadequate
to supply tall buildings.
tanks.
2. Water supply is affected during peak
load hour.
B. Air Pre••ure
(Pneumatic)
1. Compact pumping unit requires limited
space.
1. In case of power interruption, water supply is greatly affected by the loss of
pressure inside the tank.
13
2. Water chamber being air tight makes
the system a sanitary one.
3. Compressed oxygen air tend to purify
" In large tall buildings. a standby generator is installed to operate in case of
power failure.
the water and make it more palatable.
4. The system is efficient and economical
as it requires smaller diameter pipe and
has few working parts.
5. less initial construction cost and maintenance.
6. It is adoptable to all types of buildings.
C. Overhead Feed System
1. Because of the water stored inside the
tank, water supply is not affected by the
peak load hour even if the pressure at
the water main becomes considerably
low.
1. Water inside the tank exposed to the atmosphere is subject to contamination.
2. Power interruption does not affect the
water supply inside the building.
2. The water distribution unit is very expensive because it has so many working
parts thus increasing maintenance cost.
3. When the pumping unit breaks down,
the time involved to replace the parts
does not affect the water supply of water.
3 The pumping unit including the entire
installation throughout the building occupies valuable space.
4, It requires stronger Foundation and
other structures to sustain the heavy
load of the tank and water.
HOUSEHOLD WATER SUPPLY
Water is conveyed to the plumbing tixtures by means of PIPES.
Materials commonly used are galvanized iron (G.I.I and Plastic
pipes, IPVC) or polyvinyl chloride. Others are brass, copper,
wrought and cast iron.
The pipe from the public water
main or source of water supply to
the building served is called
HOUSE SERVICE or SERVICE
PIPE. The vertical supply pipe
which extends upward from one
floor to the next is called a riser
and the horizontal pipes that
serves the faucets or fixtures are
called BRANCHES.
14
Water Main refers to the public water system laid undernround along the streets where
house service is connected. ·
Galt. valve
c::.h·~kvalve
(Orpor.atlon
Stop (Coc.!c)
GOOSENECK -one end is 0.30 and the
other end is 0.90 long this prevent the
pipe from ·snapping when the soil settles.
CORPORATION COCK -a stop valve placed
in a service pipe close to its connection with a water main.
PIPE FITTINGS -include the equipment required for the joining of the various lengths
of pipe, such as couplings for connections in a straightline, elbows for connections at
90° or 45°; Tees for 45° or 90° branches from one side, and crosses for 90° branches
opposite each other.
Five Types of Fittings:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Threaded or screw connection
Flanged
Soldered or welded
Compression
Glued or cement(adhesive)
)
)G.I.
:copper or
brass
for PVC
Kinds of Malleable Fittings
Commonly in G.l. (Galvanized iron pipe Fittings)
••
-~----------------~)W
ZS TO
·IS' rmt
15
•
V./"?
~LVANIIeD IRON PIPE
lDng
up to 6 -0 Mt~TS (zof\)
. ~-
~
- mshlledtwo pipes to~
STRA16Hi C.OUPI.INc;
to JQ&n
0~
.
., .
··..
I
'
-
CROSS ~E:
RETURN BEND
16
lreDU,IN6 SOCKET
.•
Use for Ordinary shower head.
UNION-used when a pipe has already
been installed but dismantling is difficult.
Thia C.I!JmpjA~ ~le~ent is ad;~~qle and
disengage& by tYfAi~tg and tJlen sliding
away to permit uncouping of pipes.
BU$H !f:.!G ::-:- u~~ ~$ r~d.IJCef if ?.14" tQl /2"
fau~~t
pip@.
Y:/'~T
Connections of galvanized iron pipe are
done by placing TEFLON tape on the
threads or white lead liquid.
TO C.l..OSE A PIPE
17
PLASTIC PIPES AND FITTINGS
There are three Types:
1. Polybutylene or IPB)
size 16 mme (5/8") to 63 mm0 (2 1/2") lengths
from 30m for a (2"'0) to 300m for a (1 /2"'0) comes in
coils used for HOT and COLD in-House water piping
systems.
2. Polyethylene {PE)
Used for service connections, in-house plumbing,
distribution mains, sewer, waste disposal.
3. Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)
...
"
\
,,
' . ' \.I
\
f'
'..\
.
'·
'r
.
'• '·,,
a. uPVC pressure mains-used for waterworks and
irrigations.
Nominal Sizes: in mm
50 (2"), 63 (2 1/2") 75 (3")
100 (4"'), 150 (6") 200 (8")
\, ~
Fittings:
zz.s• BEND
18
b. uPVC potable water pipes and fittings.
Nominal Size mm
Outside Diam
Equ ivalent
in inch
Thickness
(mm)
Length
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
20
112"
2.0
25
3/4"
32
40
50
1"
1 1/4"
1 1 /2"
2.5
2.5
2.5
63
2 ..
2:7
3.4 ·
(mm)
3.00 m
length
,...
Connections of Joints are done by using SOLVENT CEMENT.
( ~ONNE:CTION WITH 6.1· PlPE6)
MAL.E. TltR'EADE.D
ADAPTOR
ELBOW '30• eQ.JAL..
C.AP
SOCKET
FE MALE n+Fn!AOJ::O ADAPTOR
(~ONNEcn·0!-4 WITH G-1. 'FIXTIJ~)
19·
W4TER Ct..OS!:.T
l{;Hrt:I!!Ar:ETJ ELSIJWn,r':}:#;:~~:{)
{ I G . l. N I PPL..C
G. I. 8l.ISHINGr
--~--¥"
Ji'JSDU<I:R
P.UMPING CIRCUIT SYSTEM
This is the process of circulating hot water to the plumbing fixtures by means of a mechanical
device. This type is generally adopted on large buildings where difticulti~s 0f provirlin!=J
natural circulation of hot water is impossible.
c~ntrrfugal
PUm
Heater
Dram
20
~
Hol Wllto"
StorZJge 16nk
1. The pump is installed to the circulating return main pipe closer to the Mating unit.
This type of hot water circulation is dependable it having few~r J)&tt• to function and
maintain.
2. The circulating return pipe is connected to the inlet side Of the j)ump and the outlet
side of the pump is connected into the return pipe to the heater.
3. A gate valve is installed on each side of the pump.
4. The.pump is provided w ith a by-pass line and a valve. In case of trouble the control
valve is closed and the hot water circulate around the pump Into the return of the
heater.
HOT WATER TANK
This is one of the essential requirements for a domestic hot water ·system. It ·should be
strong enough to resist the high pressure of boiling water stored in it :
Two Types:
1. Range boiler - small h'ot water tank.
2. Storage Tank - large hot water tank .
D
1
The Range Boiler is made of galvani1ed sheet,
steel or capper, built into cylinder shape with concave ends either welded or riveted. The range
boiler varies in size from 0.3(>-to 0.60 meter indiameter with a length of not more than 1.80 meters.
Standard Press
=
Extra Heavy
= 6fi7 Newtons (150 Psi)
= 25 nvn or 38 mm
Tapping
378 Newtons (85 Psi)
(1'" or 11/2'")
.,..
Ul
SIZE COMPUTATION OF HOT WATER TANK
"DEPENDS ON"
1. Kind of building served
2. The expected number of occupants
3. The heating capacity of the supply devices.
The water heater must be of sufficient capacity to
replace the discharged water in a reasonable interval. If a Tank installed is required to serve 50 gallons of hot water in any one hour of the day, the
heater must be able to replace this quantity in one
hour. The rating or capacity of water heater is
specified by the manufacturers.
21
Problem :
Determine the size of a residential boiler tank to serve 6 persons in the family: refer to
the Tables below.
f<IND OF BUILDING
GALLONS PER PERSON PER HOUR
410 5
OFFI(E. BUILDING
SCHOOL
APARTMENT
. ·-
. ...
8
.....
--~·
HOTEL
2 to 3
_.....
8 to 10
8to \O
- .. .
4 to6
--
FACTORIES 4 to 6
---- -
...
.,.
·-···- ·-.- - .
lO ..
RESIDENCES
AVERAGE WORKIMG L.OAD
KIND OF Bw.DING
OFFICE, SCHOOL
25%
INDUSTRIAL TYPE
4PARTNENTS
"
3!5%
..--REStO ENCE S
HOTELS ,RESTAURANTS
50%
Solution:
6 person x 10 gals.
60 gallons
35%
21 gallons
working load
X
60 or .35
X
6()
Since 1 cu. m. of water ,\s 264 U.S. gallons 21 + 264
= .08 cu. m. volume.
The formula for finding the size of a Cylindrical Tank is
d2 x 0.784 x height == Volume
d2 X. 0.784 X 1.00 M = .08
height is assumed as 1.00 m .
d2
= ---~~--0.784 X 100
d =..f.l02
= 0.32 m or 32 cnl.
22
Size of Tank is referred in Table below which is 18 gallons or if you wish a 25 gal.
GAlLONS
TOR
H (M)
DIAMETER IN METER
.30
-- --- -- - 0
0
18
-·
··- -
1.40
I
I. 6
0
~~
'· 80
L__
___
..
22
~-;: 1
. 45
AO
· -- -- - ·
-~0
. 60
42
52
74
so
62
89
58
72
33
lO
II 40-
35
1 46
1 - -·-
I
2&
--··t-
.l-- 30_ .. ~
__ .__ _! _._~__l
I
!
!
104
I
40
Sl
45
60
i
67
j 75
I
I
83
I
i
119
93
I
134
I
The Storage ~ank is made of heavy duty metal sheets w ith rust proof paint. The size also
varies from 0.60 to 1.30 meters diameter and its length is up to 5.00 meters long .
manhole - 275 mm x 375 mm
Standard Press
= 289 newtons (65 psi)
Extra - Heavy
:::o 49 newtons ( 100 psi)
Tapping in each Tank = 6 pes.
HOT MTriR
S'R>U.I! TANK
(A""lTY tM
U.S.
~LON&.
~:~~~~ c~~
.7o ·
D~~!~!~fR__!~f~E!~~~l--
. eo
- - --~---
2_·~--·--r-2~-- 265
_ ___
2.50
254
·--:-~~------~-~~~
1.10 1 1.2oj: 1.30
.90
1.00
335
414 1 501 1 597 1 100
-+--1-----·--+----i
331
419 ; 51&
l 627 l
7461
876
::: -7,:+~-~ ::~-,:: ' ::::
-
. ·- - ·- -+--
----+
4.00
406
530
671
829
1003 P94
1401
4.50
457
597
77&
933
1128
1:,7&
5 .oo
soe
6&3
139 to:ss 1254
t492
- -- ____
__._ 17&2__.
t----- - - - - + -- --- -
1343
- -f------+--,1---+--~
__
2.3
TANK TAPP1N6 S'll! Of= HOT WATER STORA(;E. TANK
TANK OlAMETn (•)
TAPPIN8 DIAMETER ti'NI)
o.so
33mm
0.80
38mm
0.7!5
50••
o.eo
!SOmm
1.00
so ....
1.20
751nll'l ( 3 .. )
--
---- - - - ·-·
f-.- · -----~
11,.2
(2 .. )
....
MATERIALS AVAILABLE FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS
1. Galvanized iron (G.U or Steel Pipes made out of a Mild Steel drawn through a die
and welded cast into 6.00 meters long . Its usual life span is from 15 to 20years. However
steel pipe is subject to deposits of salts and lime which gradually accumulate and eventually choke the flow of water. This type of pipe is corroded by alkaline and acid water.
That is why when used fot hot water line, it deteriorates faster than cold water supply
pipe.
2. Plastic or Synthetic Pipe
There are two types
a. Rigid Type
b. Flexible Type
Rigid Type can be:
1. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
2. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (cPVC)
3. Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVCI
4. Polypropylene (PPl
5. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABSI
6. Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
Flexible Types are:
1. Polyethylene (PEl - Coil Form at 30 meters
2. Polybutylene (PB) up to 150 meters long in coil Form
3. Cast Iron Pipe-This is durable and is conveniently installed in most of the plumbing
needs in building which are less than 25 storeys high because water usually leaks at joints
due to vibrations.
Cast Iron is also affected to a certain extent by corrosion caused by the action of carbon
dioxide, sulphur oxide and methane gases forming a solution of carbonic acid and sulphuric acid which attack the metallic materials, causing a slow chemical reaction or
oxidation to take place forming ferrous oxide, called rusts.
Two Types:
1. SV- For building installations.
2. XV -For underground installations this are extra heavy.
24
Spigot.
q
-z..t[_ _ _ _ _
1. STANDARD
2. DOUBLE HUB
[J.._i_ _ ____.
3. SINGLE
HUB
~.
HUBLE:SS P\PE
4. Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe-Made of an alloy of cast iron and silicon. It is commonly installed in chemical laboratories where acid waste are being discharged.
5.
Asb~stos Pipe - made of asbestos fibers and portland cement. The thickness is twice
that of standard cast iron. Most suited for embedment on concrete structures.
6. Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe - Cheapest light in·weight, recommended for house
sewer and septic tank installation. It could take slight soil movement without danger of
cracking or pulling out of its joint.
~.
7. Vitrified Clay Pipe- made from clay and with· a length of 0. 75 n:aeter treated with
gla~
ed compound . This is highly resistant to most acids and is well suited in underground
installations working either as public or house ~wer, or storm in drain. Being made of
clay. The physical property of this pipe is brittle. It easily cracks when laid on unstable
ground or base.
8. Lead Pipe-one of the oldest plumbing materials. Lead is highly resistant and is very
suitable to underground installation. But because it is poisonous and injurious to human
health, it is never recommended to convey water for human consumption .
9. Gatvanized Wrought Iron Pipes - this is better than steel pipe for plumbing installation, because it is more resistant. to acid waste than the steel pipe. ·
10. Brass Pipe - The most expensive of all types of pipe . Made of an alloy of zinc and copper mixed at a proportion of 15% and 85% respectively. The brass pipe is a superior
material for waste and water installation because ot'its smooth surface aside from its
high resistanc.e to acids.
11 . Copper Pipes-A durable material which is extremely corrosive resjstant-easiestto install.
-_..-·
Type K - heaviest for underground installations
Type L - Lighter than type k comes in flexible and rigid type
Type M ...:. thinner and available only in rigid form.
25
SIZE OF PIPE:
The size of the service pipe connecting the main and the house being served is governed by
the:
a) maximum demand and the
b) probable demand or peak load
MAXIMUM DEMAND-refers to the maximum water discharge for plumbing fixtures in
terms of unit. The maximum demand of water supply is equal to the total fixture units in the
plumbing system wherein one unit is approximately'valued at 8 gallons of water discharge
per minute.
Example:
One urinal has 5 Fixtures Units {See Table Below)
5 x 8 gals = 40 gallons-the maximum demand of water supply per minute.
FIXTURE UNIT VALUES
Kind of Fixture
15 sq. m roof drain
Lavatory or Wash Basin
Floor Drain
Residential Sink
Fixture Unit
1
2
1%
~~~
2
Kitchen Sink
Laundry Tub
Shower Bath
Sink, Hotel or Public
Slop Sink
Combination Fixture
2
2
2
2
u~
Water Closet
One bathroom group consisting of Water Closet, Lavatory.
BathTub and Overhead Shower
3
3
5
6
8
PROBABlE DEMAND OR PEAK LOAD
Is another factor considered in determining the size of the water service pipe. The question
of how many fixtures will be used simultaneously is difficult to ascertain. but according to
survey.
a. The Fewer the number of Fixtures installed the higher the percentage or probability
of their simultaneous use.
b. The greater the number of'Fixtures installed, the lesser the percentage or possibility
of simultaneous use.
26
PROBABILI,TY OF SIMULTANEOUS USE Of FIXTURES
Percentage of
Simultaneous Use
Number of
Fixture Units
50 to 100%
26 to 50%
10 to 25%
1 to 5
6 to 50
51 or more
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the maximum and the probable demand of water' for the f.QIIowing fixtures in- .
stalled :
3 water closets; 3 lavatories;
1 kitchen sink; and 3 shower baths .' What size of the servrce
pipe is required to serve the above fixtures?
SOLUTION·:
Solving for the total fixture units as based on the Table above.
=
6 x 3 Waterclosets
2 x 3 Lavatories
2 x 1 Kitchen Sink
=
18 units
6 units
2 units
=
6. units
=
2 x 3 Shower
Total .. ....... ........ .. .... ...... .. .... ........ ... ... . .
32 Fixture Units
Solve for the Maximum demand
=
32 units x 8 Gallons
256 Gallons
Refering to the Table of Probable Use .
32 is between 6 to 50 Fixture Units and between 25 to 50%.
Assume that 30% is safe for 32 units
0.30 x 256 gallons
= 76.80 say 77 gals, per minute.
Refer to t he Tables below. particularly the
Table for 25 mm under 6 r:n length with 178 newtons pressure, the size of pipe is 25 mm
(1"} and could supply 80 gallons per minute.
GALLON'S OF WATER PER MINUTE GALVANIZED IRON OR PLASTIC PIPE
ON tOm•
1/a
..
PRESSURE OF WATER
LENGTH OF PIPE IN METERS
AT MAIN OR TANK
POUNDS
10
NEWTONS
...0
30
133.4
40
eo
~.:
44.5
20
171.0
222.4
e
-
l l 2 •• I 2.4
I
I
iI
10
e
I
4 : 1
42
16
J
3
1----
'---
l
2
.-n--·~-4 -- 4 i
!
I 3
e
4
4
•ol ••
10
1
30
e
7
7
1
II
5
r-;T I
48
84
eo
2
2
2
!
i
3
3
2
I
3
3
3
I
I
I
e
5
J 4
4
4
3
J
I 6
6
s
5
4
4
4
!
I
27
PRESSURE OF WATER
ONISmm
~---:- f -
1/2 ..
LENGtH OFPPE 14 METERS
AT MAIN OR TANk
POUNDS·
8
NEWTONS
12
18
24
~
36
42
46
54
60
3
3
..
lO
44.5
10
8
5
5
4
3
:5
3
20
89.0
14
10
8
6
.' 6
5
5
4
4
30
133.4
18
12
10
7
7
0
6
5
5
40'
1.78.0
20
14
II
8
10
8
8
7
.7
6
6
222.4
20
16
13
ll
10
9
8
7
1
1
50
ott 20inlll
-
PRESSURE OF WA,-ER
:s;.
NEWTONS
10
44.5
r
.
I"
L!N8TH OF PIPE IN METERS
AT MAIN OR 1MK
PQJNDS
ONZBIM
.....
54
60
7
•
6
6
6
6
12
18
24
30
:56
42
22
l4
12
10
8
8
20
89.0
30
22.
18
14
12
12
10
lO
10
·e
30
133.4
38
26
22
18
16
14
t4
12
12
10
40
r71.o
38
30
24
22
19
t7
18
..
18
15
13
50
2a,2.4
38
34
28
24
22
,.,
18
15
PIESSURE OF WATER
.
18
LENGTH OF PIPE IN METERS
AT MAIN ORiTAIIK
NEW TOM
6
t2
18
24
30 38
4.8
54
10
44.5
40
28
22 18
,.
42
15
14
20
89.0
55
40
32 27
24 22
20
,,
&2
18
30
133.4
10
eo
40
27
25
23
22
40
178.0
80
sa
45
40
29
27
215
24
50
222.4
60
65
51
45
33
a
29
Z1
PeutDS
34
3Cl
••
•
40
IS
..
4$0
18
20
/
I
··"'·
PRESSURE OF WATEJ
ON 52• AT MAIN OR TANK
' '"
POUNDS
NEW'R>NS
LENGTH OF PIPE IN METERS
6
12
18
24
30 '36 4~
48
54
60
27
28
2&
24
41
38
36
34
10
44.5
80
55
45 :57
35
30
20
89.0
no
80
65
50
45
55
133.
110 100
80
10
60
5$
so
47
45
43
40
178.0
no no
95
80
72
815
60
56
52
50
50
222.4
1.10
107
92
82 73
88
83
80
.58
'•
30
2S
-
110
4
··-
ON
PRESSURE OF WATER
LEfteTH Of' PIPE · 1N N!TERS
AT MAIN OR TANK
t1
h
POUNDS
NEWTONS
6
12
18
2-4
30
36 .
42
4e
~4
60
10
44 . 5
120
90
70
60
~5
~0
45
«)
40
3S
20
ee.o
170
130
100
90
75
70
6S
80
~s
ss
133.4
170
l80
IS)
110
100
to
eo
7S
178..0
170
170
ISO
1!0
Ito
100 90
80
.,
65
170
170
170
140
130
100
90
80
30
40
'
'
222.4
I
·a·o 2.
PRESSURE OF WATER
LEN 8TH OP
AT t.tAIII OR TANK
POUNDS
NEW TONI
44 . 5
10
.
eo
•
so
ON
70
6
12
18
160
130
300 240
200
240
20
89. 0
30
133 . 4
300
40
178.0
so
222.4
30o 240
120
PIP~
110
'" MBTERS
30
36
42
48
54
eo
110
100
80
eo
80 80
70
1~0
ISO 140
130
120
uo
100
MO .
1!0
180 180
150
200 20( 180
180
24
200 l8l
180
300 300 210
240 220
200· 180
300 '!00
280 240
220
300
ISO
't «)
~
NOTES
a. Doubling the diameter of a pipe line increases its capac ity up to ·4 times.
b. A 20 mm service pipe can supply 2 branches at 13 mm diameter each it could deliver
up to 10 gals/ min. Sufficient enough to serve UJ> to 10 fixtures.
c. A 25 mm service pipe can supply 2 branches at 20 mm diameter . It can deiiver up to
18 gals/ min and serve 20 fixtures.
FLANGES
Consists of Fitting$ _provided with projecting rims or flanges wFiich are screwed over the two
pipe;!.ends to be joined. {The Ranges are then bolted together with a gasket of rubber, metal
or cork between the Fla'nges.
GASKET
Usually used for pipes
bigger then s·0 (0.15 m).
29
SC~EW
Fl...ANGE.
.... .
SLIP FLANGE
VALVES AND CONTROLS:
a. GATE VALVES-- Consists of a weclge-shapefl
plug which is screweci flown to sea t between two
brass nngs surrounrling the in let pipe so that a
double seal1s obtainerl. The inlet and outlet are in
a straight line. This valve is used when a normal
fully open or closefl pos1110n IS rlesirerl. E1ther end
may be userl as inlet.
tt
BRASS RING
b. GLOBE VALVE - are operated by screwing
down a disk with soft packing until it presses
tightly upon a metal seat. When the disk is raised
and the valve is open, the course of water is
deflected up through the opening in the seat and
the Flow is restricted. Used when it is desired to
throttle the water supply. Same end must always
be used as inlet.
30
~· CHECK VALYES-are used when it is desired
that the flow ·through a pipe be always in one directi~n arid there is a possibility of a flow taking
place in the opposite direction.
SWING CHECK VAlVE -has a pivoted
flap which is readily pushed open by the
pressure of water from one side but is tightly
closed by the force of a reverse flow.
a.ose.o
POSITI~
HORIZONTAL~
LIFT C.HEGK VALYE
Consist of a loose disk wh ich closes by gravity
when the pressures on both sides are equal.
~1
~
.
d. ANGLE VALVE-changes the direction of the
flow of water as well as control it. Acts somewhat
lik& globe valve but are usually used for a right
angle turn.
FAUCETS
e.
.b. COMPRESSION COCK-operate by
the oompre~~Jion of eoft packi~ upon
a metat aeet. Thctv close agaii11t the
flow of w•tr tnd c:an be U8ed uPOn
high"· pressure pipes without cauling
water hammer.
KEY COCK - operate by means of a
round, tapering plug, perforated in
one direction perpendicular to its axis
and ground to fit a metal seat. The
faueet it open when the perforation is
in line with the pipe and is quickly clos·
ed by turning the plug so that the per·
foration is across the line of flow •
c. HOSE BIBB -similar to a compres·
lion cock but has a screw outside for
connection of water hose.
d. $ELF CLOSING FAUCETS-arranged
to discharge water while they are held
open by the hand and to close by a
spring inside the Faucet~s soon ftS the
pressure of the hand i$ ·181'Tloved.
PRESSURE REGULATORS:
Devices for limiting the pressure of the water discharged frQm o pipe to • fpttd tmount , ·
whatever may be the pressure of the water suppiMtd to the pipe. Usod to reduce the ~~-
upon the piping wfthin a building when the prttsure In the street mains is too high and to
dliCrease the preuure upon the eranch piping to fixtures on the lower floors of tall buildl.,gs
using a down t.d H~ system. ·
33
·
Excessive pressure produces a rumbling sound
called the Water Hammer and to reduce. this, an
additional 0.30 to 0.90 m length of pipe is added to
the riser to give air pressure which absorb it.
CAP
l
AIR
0.90
CHAM BE.~
STAGK
ltz.O SUPPLY
LlHE.
The normal water pressure for residential houses
ranges f rom 133 to 178 newtons 130 to 40 psi).
Lower than this value may resu lt in insufficient
flow of water particularly during simultaneous use
of fixtures. Likewise, water pressure higher than
222 Newtons (50 psi) may cause pipe hammering
or even bursting of the pipe connection.
34
HOT WATER DESIGN
AND EQUIPMENT
INSTALLATION OF WATER SUPPLY
HOT WATER SUPPLY
Consist of a heater with or without a storage tank, piping to carry the heated water to the
farthest fixture and a continuation of this piping to return the unused cooled water back to
the heater. Brass or copper pipe should always be used although G.l. pipe is commonly used.
Two Methods of Distributing Hot Water Supply and Return Circulation Line.
a- o
I
I
1. An Upfeed supply riser with the
return circulation taken off at a
point just below the highest fixture connection. For building of
moderate height.
D
I
••'
D
MINIMUM OF
0-15 MT$
•
RcTI.JRN
SUPPLY
-2. For high structures, consist of a
main up-feed supply to a distribution line (Over head) at the top
o.f the building from which Downfeed risers are taken off to feed
the several stacks of fixtures.
35
Relief
valv~
To Oram
THI! UPFEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM
This is commonly used in sman residential and
industrial installations. The main objectives are:
1. to provide constant circulation of hot water.
2. to draw hot water immediately from the fixture at a~y time.
3. to provide • circulating return for economy.
4. to eliminate waste of water.
' 36
SUPPLY l>AAIN
HOI WAT'I!R
~
t
Draw
z
Traps
0
Si1
r
SJ
il
~
~
.,
0..
:.'"
i
~ ....
i
s::s
::1
0
~
0
~
a3
i
"'
Valw~ tvalw
::l
Return ~
'1211Ye c.-,
~
(Ro.turn
1-tot
wattr·
~Q
VtJive
Return
D.• 'laal•••
Ta.nk
THE OVERHEAD PfED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM
1. Water distribution is dependent on the expansion of hot water and gravity. In a cloeed
pipe system water rises to the highest point of the installation when heated and the
natural force of gravity retum it to .the ~orage tank.
2. Water will circulate even if there may be defect in its.mechanicaJ construction.
37
- -
:
F~
r--+-
10'\.h f1 CQ"
HaJSe HEAPt=l?
~-
HCAPER
---=~~~~EADEff
_!I~T ~TER
1- - - - - - -
-~- --- I
OOWN PEEO RIS~RS I
1·
et.h floor
-0
1--
r---~-~U---------1'-
HeADER
t--- -----:-.- -
---··t-+---
-----~ -. 1-t:'
9i..h f\ar
- - -- ··---'11--
·
I
~
- ----.-·- II ·I
l
1
:
I
I
l
-~-~---! I~=~~~~14
: ~B~N4iH
I:
: Il
I
1
r--
---
I
---r-1I
WATER
LINE'S
I
I
-aPANsiON
r---.~
1~
·-ti 't1.: :~; ~- i
I
1
1 _ _
4th floor
·-·
~ FEEtl
~-~
IE
HEAT>!R
I
~--v-t--....._::_----:..•--r--i-'-
~=t;:
I
:
OR .JOINTS
VHEADe:l<
-
~
I
I
I
j
.:/'<
I
!
I
1
I
1--.x_~
±----r
-·- -- f-L
. . . . .Th'l
I
I
· - --o
l
II
1
·-1-l
U!- '
~-- ~
LooP-s ri
1 HOT UPFE..ED 'Tt>
I HoT WATER
TO
---.----~r wA"':'
3rd flea--..+-+-----
I
:
I
..0
f=
- .....
b·
:I
.
C::IRt::ULATION
I
~ -~~;;.~;;~--~ ~- +-~- -~--.:£;.~
!'I
I
I . .~
I
...
.__--~----..;;;:;;;=: r -
sLJC.i10)J TA-NK_ Of1tn
I
38
desirable when pump
tnl4!t IS ~" ( odarg4.r)
-•o
·
HOuse PumP
0~
>
fi:; l a ~~~~~
I
\.-- -*- --.:.... ~ J
CHEQ( VALVE
H£AnN6
ti()T WA~~ STORA"E
. HEATl:R
CAPACITY OF CYLINDRICAL WATER TANKS-TOTAL GALLONS
·····-·· ·
DEPTH
... ···-·····
DIAMETER
OF
18"
24"
30"
36"
42~
48"
!S4"
0 .30
0 .4!S
0.60 .
0.7!5 ,
0.90
I.OS
1.20
1.35
0 -49
1.10
LH
3 .06
4.41
!5.98
'ZU 8 .91
0.30 t"O" 5.88
13.22
23.50
36.72
52.88
71.37
84.00 118.97 146.18 IT7.7'2
0 ."5 1! a"
8
20
35
S:U)I
71
108
I-A
178
o.eo
2'·0"
12
2e
47
73
106
144
238
0 .75 2'-8"
15
33
58
92
t32
180
••
23!5
3'-o"
18
40
7t
ItO
159
218
82
128
185
LfNGlH 12"
ozs
0.80
...
...
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72 "
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357
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ess
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·- .- -·-·
39
"'"
.0
CAPACITY
OF
OF
TANK
2'-0"
a•. o•.
2'- ...
31
0
-
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LEMe·TM
WIDTH
3' • 6"
2'-6" 3'-d' :S!.I" 4'·0" 4'- fll' 5'-.0"
a.t2 37.40
........
WATER TANJ<S- GALLONS per ft. of IMnght
RECTANGULAR
TANK
...... e•.o•
'
··-··
1:..o" 7'-8" •• - Cl' 8'-8"
52.341 sta4 67.32 74•• 8Ut ••.7'1 t7.25 04.73 112.21
445.75 58.10 85.45 74.eO 14·18 e&SI
121.54 130.11 1«).28 ••.81
102.881t2~
127.17 134.'5 142.11
usa... let.. II
4'-
6"
1151.48 168.31 ••u4 ~·7
~...
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182.()1 2(15.71
224~
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aeu
157.ot 184.57 '72.0! 179.53
177... 187.01 ..... 20&.71 215.06 224.41
2e1aa 210.5 218.22 317.t2 ~3U2 35»2 574.0:
226.2t 246.84 287... 288.CX 1()8.51 328.!4 .4t.71 ~70.21
6'- 0"
2.3( 2tl.74 JI4J8 33U2 35t~ 381..50
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411.43 430.13 foMUS
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I&C5.92 63958
9' - 6"
392.7~
f4o1M ~-3t 44883 471.27 48J:n
~- 17225
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II
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~
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123.43134.85 4S.8, 15 7.<» f8S.31 '"·" to.75 il!Q(..7 ll!.lt 2M41~S.U
a or
91.64 104.73 117.82 130.91 144.0 57.09 70.18 18!.27 '19fU6 209A5 222.$4 235.63 2-48.73 26L82 214.90 ~8800 ~Loa. ~14.11
119.69 1!4.65 149.81 184.!57 179.53 94.!f9 208.-45 22•US4 2Stt.37 254.34 26t.30 284.26 2tt.22 1314.18 329.14 544.10 iJst.oe
67. 32 78.54 8t.77
6'- 6"
-·
......
fl-o·
905.14
~-
!946.27 18'Z43
9ft2t t032.3
~7'l2
PRIMER
DRAIN
"'»
BOOSTER PUMP- PRESSURE TANK
( Wben
.teroo•
water 11 uftclerorounct >
INSTALLATION tN TALL BUILDINGS:
- - - - - -24ttl
In buildings of more than 20 stories, zoning is generally more
economical for hot and cold water supply and for fire lines. The roof __ - - - __ 2!rd
and intermediate tanks are situated on the top floors of their respective zones and are fiHed by pumps in the basement.~.The hot water _ ___ _ _ ztnd
heaters are located at the bottom of their respective zones and are
supplied from the zone tanks.
.------211t
The cold water distribution line of each zone is carried in a loop
around the building concealed In hung ceilings, the down-feed risers .___ being taken off the loop as required . Each loop is just below its corresponding tank.
Heater
The hot water system is arranged in the same manner with distribution loops and down feed risers, but the ends of the risers in each zone
are connected back to the heaters at the bottom of the zone are connected back to the heaters at the bottom of the zone thus providing
complete circulation for the hot water required for flow.
41
ZONING
When the water supply of very tall buildings is designed as a unit, the required capacities 0 1
tanks, pumps and pipings become unduly large and excessive pressures are developed ir'l
iower portions of tne downfeed risers. Tfie bUild ings therefore is divided 1nto horizontal sections or zones and to design the hot and cold water supply systems separately for each zone.
.. .
VAF\:)ft
RE.Lil!F
---....
--
-· · · - .
c.o
.s~
40
.so
,."_
.ao
.. -····
+:S. - -··-
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TA
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t 2~111
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3
l
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~ ---· r=~:::;;--=r4;;;;;31~==:Jta~--- -J..L---1H--+t ·-+++---~
C.IRC ULATION
C::::O~D
WATER
- - - - - - 1-\DT WATER
42
,.,..
.
FIRE PROTECTION
PLANNING
The preservation of the structure and its contents against fire damage or :destruction,
though secondary in importance, is nonetheless, of serious concern to ownei'S and others
having a financial interest in property.
Although th~ inclusion of Fire-fighting equipment in buildings is always desirable and increasingly mandatory, good practice begins with the design of the structure. This is necessarily affected by the permitted, building density in the locality and by the. flammability of
the building and its expected contents.
Some of the materials and equipment that must be considered are:
a. Fire resistance of the selected structural type and material and the contents of the
building.
b. Limitations of Volumes within Fire-resistant barriers in otherwise vulnerable build ings.
c. Precautions against perforations of approved and required barriers.
d. Exits and Fire Tower Stairs.
e. Protection against fires caused by
d~fective
electrical systems.
f . Protection against fires caused by lightning.
g. Detection and alarm system.
h. Standpipe and hose systems within and near buildings.
i. Automatic sprinkler systems.
j. Automatic smoke and heat venting.
k. Smoke <md heat shafts.
I. Control of air-conditioning ducts.
m. Communication in high-rise buildings.
n. Elevator Control.
o. Fire command station in high-rise buildings.
HIGH-RISE Fl RE SAFETY
Definition of a high-rise building in terms of Fire Protection.
1. Too tall to be completely accessible to fire-fighting equipment from the ground. This
prot»em occurs anywhere from 6 to 12 stories. but usually 8 to 10 stories. depending
upon the reach of aerial ladder equipment available. It means that the fire must be
fought internally above the levels.
2. Too tall to make complete evacuation of occupants feasible. This occurs at about 25
stories, where complete evacuation would take five minutes theoretically and about
50 to 150 percent longer than this· in reality . It means that provision for safety and
life, support for the occupants must be made within the building.
3. Tall enough to make possible chimney or stack effects for air and smoke flow. This is
to some extent true in all buildings, but it becomes especially pronounced in buildings about 8 stories high. This means that provision must be made for the control of
air flow and products of combustion.
For all office Buildings occupied by 100 persons above or below street level or more than a
total of 500 persons in the entire Ibuilding:
·
FIRE SAFETY PLAN
1. Plan for Fire Drill and evacuation procedures~ including appointment of Fire Safety
Director, Fire brigade and Floor Wardens.
2. Signs required at elevators and stairs.
For buildings 100 feet (30 meters) or more in height:
FIRE STAIR DOORS
Door to interior stairs shall not be locked except:
1. On street floor to prevent access to stairs.
2. On stair side if every four stories or less, door is openable.
3. Where failsafe electric door lock, activated by any detector, is provided.
CLASS E FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
1. Combination Fire Alarm signal system consisting of fire alarm and two-way voice
communication system (direct wire radio, or carrier current). With at least one station per floor. Activation of alarm station will identify its floor location at the Fire
command station, mechanical control center, and the regularly assigned location of
the Fire safety director, sound alarm and notify automatically Fire department.
2. Fire Command Station, located in lobby of building containing communication capability (two-way voice) between Fire command station and floor warden stations, mechanical control center elevators, air handling control rooms. Audible alarm signal,
visual display system to indicate activation location on each floor.
DETECTORS
1. On each elevator landing . Activation shall stop all fans, activate smoke exhaust or
stair pressurization fans, return affected elevators to terminal landing, and automa tically_sound alarm and notify fire department.
2. At the return air shafts at each floor.
COMPARTMENTATION
(Applies to Floors located more than 12 meters above grade served by multi·floor air conditioning system)
1. Areas to be compartmented by one hour separations, into spaces not to exceed 750
sq. m.
2. Sub-division of area may be increased to 1500 sq . m., provided such area is completely protected with space detectors.
3. Where total area exceeds 1,000 sq . m. at least one fire separation _shall be two hour
rated and create areas of refuge.
45
SMOKE AND HEAT CONTROL
(Applies to buildings served by multi-floor air conditioning system).
1. Smoke shaft to exhaust heat and smoke to outdoors.
2. Systems to be activated automatically upon activation ot any detectors.
ELEVATORS
1. Elevators serving fire floor to be recalled and retained at terminal floor by activation
of landing detectors or command station control.
2. Three elevators servicing each floor shall be equipped with Firemen's service.
3. Interlock wiring for elevator hoistway doors will be required to be resistant to high
temperatures .
...
SPRINKLERS
1. For show rooms exceeding 750 sq. m. located more than 12m. above grade shall be
sprinklered. Use of domestic water permitted.
2. When floor is completely sprinklered, compartmentation and smoke shaft and stair
pressurization is exempted.
WATER AND STANDBY POWER
A very large industrial plant may settle in a suburb or in a small community where the local
company cannot entirely cope. In such cases a reserve underground storage of several
hundred thousand of gallons or an adjacent artificial lake would not be unusual.
When such reserves must be delivered by pumping during a fire, and electrical power outage
could be a tragedy; then standby power must cut in. Diesel-powered pumps take over.
These units and their fuel storage should be separately housed in fire-resistant enclosures.
remote from the possible locations of fire in the main buildings.
A. STANDPIPES AND HOSES
Fire companies with their apparatus find difficulty in fighting fires from the street in tall structures. Standpipes and hoses with a separate water reserve or upfeed pumping are extremely
valuable in any building but become highly essential in tall buildings. The figure drawn here
shows such a ·system, which is intended for use b\ !building personnel until the fire engines
arrive and thereafter by the trained staff of the fire department.
It is not practioal to store enough water on the roof for a protracted fire-fighting period and it
is usually assumed that a half-hour's supply will be more than enough to provide for the
short period it takes the fire engines to arrive.
46
I
1
NO~
HI:AOER
F----._
PENTIWU.sf
·zs -ro
:>7
·cttr=CK VALVE:
FIRE HEADER
FT
ero IS M
~~~--------~--~~----------~--------------~~--------~
~k ~------~----~~---------~~-----------+~--------~
~
4th
50-100FT (lwX3~ M)
200 G PM FLON UNDER
S'( FIRE e:;N~Nt:S.
rn
Pf!E~~
. I
I
3rd
I~ OROFic..e WHa-t ~~SURE:
zna
rE
IS EXG.E.$61 YE
~--------~.~---T--- -
fiE
1st
SlAME.sl: <: p~T­
IDN R>R U.s.!~ BY Fl~E
A PPAJC:b. TllS_t-
.________f ----,L.or---------L--- ;
F ·""~
MAXIMUM
aEt.K
PRI::5SURc
eo f'S\
l
1
S:UCTION TANK
J13rit
a·
. J .-
~
J
V~UTO~
~MPS
,IVER
CAN D£L.IOO
BALL PI?
.
IP
LOWesT HOSE
PUMP..S
When· the system is used by the Fire department its pumps are attached to the street
siamese to deliver water from street hydrants or the building's 'secondary source' .
47
9PM.
11
(·10M) tiALVAN12EP
n~oN
Pl.PE'
SIAMES"E
CONNeCTll>N
SIAME'..sJ:! CDNNECTJON
t=~ liE gy r-:liZE OEPAfl.iMENT
PIN\SKeP A.OOJit.
'--------
,..
r~--.
..........
e
~
HOSE ~~) FIRF.:
SXTINGULUU:Ff lN.
CABlNE,- Ft>R U~
SY pure DJ:PARrME •
, NT..
\
The cbew;k valve closest to the &iamese In use opens and the check valves at the tank closes to
prevent the Wl!Jter from rising in the tank to no avail.
TANK
CHEC.W VALVE.
GLOSS POSITION
~1-l~K
VALVE
OPeN PO S')TION
~
After the engines are disconnected from the Siamese, the water between the siamese and
·
the adjacent check valve drains out through the ball drip.
The overhead tank is considered a most dependable source, but it sometimes requires a
height that is architecturally undesirable. In this case upfeed fire pumps operating automatically to deliver water to higher stories from lower suction reserve tanks may be used.
Another alternate in this case is a pneumatic tank used to deliver water by the power of the
air that is compressed in the upper portion of the tank.
The water zones as shown in the Figure of Hot and cold water Zoning are also generally followed in planning for fire protection. Fire standpipes, and their hoses are usually located at
or near fire stairs from which personnel or Fire Fighters can approach a Fire.
B. SPRINKLERS
Automatic sprinkler systems consist of a horizontal pattern of pipes placed near the ceilings
of industrial buildings, warehouses JtQr88, theatres, and other st(_uctures where the Fire
hazard requires their use. These pipes are provided with outlets and sprinkler heads so constr~cted that temPeratures of 135-to 160°F--(55°to.Jo°Cf'ceiSius Wiil
them
open
automatically and emit a series of fine water sprays.
cause·
to
Two Systems of Sprinklers:
1. Wet Pi~ System -ordinarily with water constantly filling both mains and distribution pipes.
2. Dry Pipe Systsm -gene_r.ally confined to unheated buildings. There is no water in
the distributing pipes of the dry-pipe system except during a fire. Remote valves, may
be actuated by sensitive elements to admit water to sprinklers heads.
·sprinkler Heads-These are of the
quanzoid bulb type. The bulb is transparent and contains a colored liquid. At
136°F the bulb breaks and releases a
water stream.
Two Types:
1. Upright- This type is used above piping when piping is exposed. It is safer
against damage by workers.
:HEAT SEN.Stn'-l't:
BR'EA KABLE BUl-B
1
1
r
2. Pendent- This type projects through
a finished ceiling when piping is concealed.
Spacing of Sprinkler Heads
Is governed by several factors:
a. Type of occupancy and total area.
b. Fire rating of the building 11 or 2 hrsl.
c. Construction of the Ceiling.
d. Spacing of Joists
The coverage of one sprinkler head varies from about 20 sq. m. (200 sq. ft.) per sprinkler for
light hazard occupancy (like hospital, residences) to about 9 or 10 sq. m. {90 sq. ft.} for extra
hazard conditions (like chemical, woodworking, aircraft hangars)
Nozzles are set about 8 to 12 feet 2.40 m to 3.60 apart on the supply pipes that, in turn, are
spaced about 10 to 14ft. apart (3.00-4.20 ml and are usually run at right angles exposed
beams or panels.
Special Installation Requirements:
a. At least one fire department connection on each frontage.
b. A master alarm valve control for all water supplies other than the department connections.
.c .. Special fire walls between protected areas and unprotected areas.
d ..Sloping waterproof floors with drains or scuppers to carry away waste water.
50
! t I
+
l
3.oo
REFLECTED SPRINKLER PLAN
51
NOTES
STORM WATER SYSTEM
REASONS FOR DRAINAGt:
Rainwater collecting on roofs, if not diverted, will run down walls
and can cause wall and window leaks, spill on people who are ap- ...
preaching entry doors, cause settlement by washing the soil away
from under foundations, subject basement walls to unnecessary
groundwater pressure and possible leakage, and erode surrounding
ground, often disfiguring landscap~d areas.
For buildings and houses with flat roofs, leaders can be interior and
concealed by the structure or partitions. Sloping roofs usually require gutters and leaders. Functionally, they can be omitted sometimes in low, basementless, one-story structures with wide overhanging roofs. A gri)vel-filled trench skirting the perimeter and directly below the edge of the eaves catches the water flowing off
the roof.
I
I
I
FL.AT
RooF
PlTCHE:O
ROOF
Reasons for keeping paved areas clear of water are obvious. Puddles are avoided and contiguous areas of earth and grass are not
subjected . to erosion and a soft saturated condition. Areas to be ·
drained - including roofs, balconies, terraces, and pavements-are
usually connected into a storm drainage system and the water discharged to a stream, dry well, nearby gravel bed, recharge basin,
or storm sewer.
54
NO
WITH GUTTER BUT WITHOUr
GUTTER
LEADER
GRAVEL F ILLED TRENCH
WHEN SOIL 15 AB.SORPTIVE
PeRFO~TED
PIPE IS
USED vv;.tEN THE SOIL
I.S NOT PERMEABLE.
AND NEEDS
Glil"AYEL
...:~~m•f-t
------~t~RATED
PREVENTION OF WATER E NTERING
THE ~seMt=NT WITHOUT use: OF
ANY WATERPROOFING.
PI
STORM DRAIN
This is that portion of the plumbing system which cpnveys rain or storrr water to a SUitable
terminal. This is usually discharged into a street gutter conveyed by a public drain system
and carried to some natural drainage terminal such as lakes or rivers.
55
Three Locations:
OUTSIDe
tNSICE
... .
OVeRHEAD
SIZE OF A STORM DRAIN
The following factors should be considered when determining the size ·of a storm drain .
1. Gauging the rainfall, constant, short duration or
heavy shower.
2. The varying roof area and its slope including the dist<fnce of water travel before it reaches the conductors or downspouts of the roof.
3. Water drain is faster on higher pitched roof hence,
requires a larger drainage pipe than that of a flat
roof.
56
4. The height of the- building contributes to the high velocity of water in the vertical condus;tor (pipe) and
accelerate the flow of water entering the storm
drain.
Sl-ORT
NOT RECOMME.NIED
5. Short offsets and indiscriminate use of fittings affect
the flow of water.
As per safe estimate the maximum rainfall in the Philippines is about 20 mm in a 5 minute interval. Using this data an estimate of the approximate volume of water that will be accumulated on the roof in one minute can be computed.
SIZE OF STORM DRAIN
DIAMETER OF PIPE
(mm)
75
100
125
150
inches
3"'
4'"
MAXIMUM OBTAINED ROOF AREA (SQ. M. I
2% Slope
4'16 Slope
142
315
566
903
1,888
3,309
··5,290
170
388
694
1,105
2,313
4,055
6,480
7,203
8,830
114
242
5"
438
6'"
700
200
8"
250
10"'
12"
14"
1,463
2,563
4,100
5,576
300
350
3% Slope
PROBLEM:
Determine the size of a storm drain necessary to
drain a roof graded 2% ~lope with a general di.mension'of 20.00 x 30.00 meters.
.----------20 x 30 = 600 sq. m. roof area refer to tabht above
under 2% slope 600 is near 700 roof area which is
served by a 150 mm (6'") pipe.
size - 150 mm (6"')
ROOF LEADER
This is commonly known as conductor or downspout. It connects the roof terminal to the
storm drain either insider or outside leader.
SIZE OF ROOF LEADER AND GUTTER
Area of Roof
sq. m:
1 to
11 to
26 to
76 to
166 to
336 to
511 to
10
25
75
166
335
510
900
Gutter Top
Dimension
(mm)
75
100
100
125
150
D)
250
Downspout or
Roof IHder
Diameter (mm)
38
50
75
90
100
125
150
59
Area of roof 10 x 20 = 200 sq. m.
refer to table above,
200 is within 166 to 335
Therefore specify 100 mm W'l downspout
However si11ce water is to travel20.00 m.
The gutter might over load and there might be a danger of clogging with dirt and
leaves and so divide
2<f
=
100
100 is within the limit of 76 to 165 sq. m. therefore specify 2 pes of 75 mm (3") pipe
The gutter top dimension is 150 mm (0.15 m)
60
C::ONCRETE FLOOR SLAB
...
"
AI
___ ____ __. ~
ROOF ORAlN (STEEL)
SOME PLAIN GALVANIZED STEEL GUTTER DESIGNS:
61
PLUMBING LAYOUT
ISOMETR~C
WC WA"reR CLOSET
pro FLOOR ORA'N
L.AV LAVATORY
SD SHOWER DRAIN
kSK t<IT,HEN SINK
('.() CL,.J!!!AN OUT
L T LAUNDRY TUIS
WH
WM
62
WATl!R HI!.ATER
W~TI!R
MeTER
GV GA.'fE VAl-ve'
C V 'HECK VALVE
VSTie VENTS~ 1lfRU ROOF
5tt0 SHoWeR HeAD
- ---HOT WATI!R SUPPLV
- - - C:OLD WATI!'R SUPPLY
PLUMBING SYSTEMS
There are three degress or grades of WASTE WATER
1. Storm Water - from the rain.
2. Grey Water - wastes from laundries, wash basins, sinks, showers, bath tubs).
3. Black Water - water plus human waste solid and liquid, urine, that is flushed out of
toilets and urinals.
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
sotl
stacl:
nt
st~~
ELEMENTS OF THE SANITARY SYSTEM
1. Soil Pipe- any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closets, urinals, or fixtures
having similar functions.
2. Stack - a general term used for any vertical line of soil, waste, or vent piping.
3. Soli Stack Pipe-a vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and liquid waste.
4. Stack Vent-an extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain
connected to the stack.
5. Vent - a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system
and for reducing to pressure exerted on trap seals .
6. Unit Vent-an arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipe will serve two 12)
traps.
7. Wet Vent-that portion of a vent pipe through which liquid waste flow.
8. Branch -any part of a piping system other than the main_, riser or stack.
9. Main - the main of any system of continuous piping is the principal artery of the system
to which branches may be connected. ·
10. Branch Vent - a vent pipe connecting from a branch of the drainage system to a vent
stack.
11 . Waste Pipe '-a pipe which conveys only liquid wastes free ~f ! fecal matter.
12. Drain-a sewer or other pipe or conduit used for conveying ground water, surface
water, waste waier~"or sewage.
,-'
13. Sewer-A pipe or' conduit for carrying sewage and waste liquids .
14. Sewage - the liquid wastes conducted away from buildings/structures, also of the
storm water.
15. Sewerage-a comprehensive t&rm, including all construction for collection, transportation, pumping, treatment and final dispOsition of waste.
65
16. Cteanout Ferrule - a metallic sleeve, calked or otherwise, joined to. an opening in a
pipe, ir.to which a plug is screwed that can be removed for the purpose of cleaning or
examining the interior of the pipe. .
17. frap - A fitting or device so constructed as to prevent the passage of air, gas, and some
vermin through a pipe without materially affecting the flow of sewage or waste water
through it.
18. House Drain -that part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which
receives the discharge from soil, waste and other drainage p ipes inside of a building and
conveys it to the house sewer. It should have a slope of at least 1/4" to a foot or .006 for
every .30 meter. .(6 mm for every 300 nvn).
19. House Sewer-the house sewer is that part of a plumbing system extending from a
point about four (4) or five t5l feet from the inner face of the foundation wall of a
building to the junction with another sewer.
20. House Trap - a trap connected to loyvest horizontal piping or House Drain .
21. Relief Vent - a vent the primary (Fresh Air Inlet) functiOn of whrch is to. provide circulation of air between drainage and vent system.
22. Public Sewer-a common sewer directly controlled by public authority to which all
abutters have equal rights .of connection .
23. Slpitonage - a suction caused by the flow of liquids in pipes.
66
24. Spigot-The end of a pipe 'Nhich fits into a bell. Also a word synonymously with
faucet.
25. Seql- The vertical distance between the dip and crown wire of a trap.
26. Roughing-In- The installation of all pipes in the plumbing system that are in partitions
and under floors .
27. Finishing - The setting of Fixtures.
'28. Sump-a pit or receptacle at a low point to which the liquid wastes are drained.
29. Shaft-a vertical opening through a building for elevators, dumbwaiters, light, ventilation, etc.
30. Sleeve-a sheet metal placed when concrete is poured to accomodate future plumbing pipes.
31 . Pipe Chase-an opening or space to accomodate a group of pipes.
. - r - - PIPE CHASE
PIPE sLEEVES.
fjOUCT
32. Duct -Opening for ventillation circulation of air.
67
PIPING. FITTINGS AND ACCESSORIES
The principal materials used for soil and waste piping and for venting are cast iron, copper
and plastic. For vents galvanized iron (G.I.) pipes is sometimes chosen.
CAST 1RON
[J
FITTINGS:
WASTE
~SOIL
PI!'!! (QlUBU! HUe)
0
(1"xsLd) .~oxa.so
-~SOIL
(z.,x s!..o") .l;&xa.so
• r'Or' WAS1"E
HUS(BeLL)
:...,•)( '1-qY (.•ox.10)
4"X 2 (-IOX.OS)
y
2"X Z" Y (.OSX-05)
~SEND
'f (-10)
2." ( .05)
4
68
12.5
4"'A.f {-IOX.IO)
:zull2"' ( .CSIC.o5)
"+"I< z~ (.aox.os)
~NITAAY' Tef!.
TAP~OTEE
"'t.,X 2"
TAPPI!O Tl!E
2"'X2H
CROSS TE'E (SANITARY) DOUBLe WYE BRANCH
4"X .....
+"X~''
GROSS TEE (TAPPEq
4"'X 2'"
OOUBLE W.'<E BR'ANCH
11
--.i(: XZ"
,.
CROSS TeE (TAPPED)
:z"'xz"
t:::ROSS TEE
(SANITAR~
INVERTED WYe
~"'x.z''
4"'x z''
GL~NOUT
FSRRUL...E
S-'TRAP
l-EAD P TRAP
BRASS P. TRAP
69
RUNNIN6 TRAP
5 • TRAP WITH Vi:.NT
LEAO
~p''
TRAP
FE~L.E
muM TRAP
Cf?aNF'OOT
STRAINER
(n.c:kll ptlt-.4}
( ' &r~s~) .
( st~ctl)
CUTTING OF PIPES AND CALKING OF JOINTS
Is done by marking with a chalk then with a cold chisel and hammer, strike all around the
scored line.
OAKUM -Hemp or old hemp rope soaked in oil to make it water proof.
This is drived around the hub connection,, compressed to at least 3/4" (20 mm) to 25 mm
( 1"J clearance then the joint is sealed with molten lead.
CALK lN6 -· pl~mq an
O~nln~
w1th oakum, Llad a~th.n­
matAr~ats thc:~t a~
1nto plaa.
70
pounded
Another method of calking fcaulkingl is to use an EPOXY ADHESIVE.
Wh2n pounn~ a honzontJSL
l~<3.ded Jo1nt., an a.s~os
Jomt runner IS used to KHp
tM lcPad from runntn~ outof
tht hub.
M42thod of J o 1mnc; no
hub 1rcn ptpe.
71
This pipe jointing epoxy adhesive is an epoxy based fonnulation which will work wonders
when trowelled into pipe joints of cast iron, concrete clay. Asbestos, ceramics ancfrigid PVC
pipes. This adhesive comes in two 121 components. The GRAY resin compound and the
BEIGE colored hardener component B which combined forms a highly infusib4e materials
and highly resistant to water, acids, alkalis,· fuel oil, sewer gases and other solv8f'lt when
cured. (Advantage is that it eliminates the expensive and hazardous melting of lead).
+
~
....
-
PLASTIC PIPES AND FITTINGS
Color Coding
PotatHe Water
-Blue
Electric Conduit
- Orange or light Gray
Industrial System
-Gray
Communicatin Cabfe -Yellow
Sewage System
- Orange brown
0
SO<::KET
I'Ft-\Nl:.H SIN&Le
.:t•• WYE
3"X.z", 4-4'X.2: 4f"')C J""
72
@
•.·
P TRAP
WITH FlJ.J(1
REDUGeR
3..,)(2"
TH~D
~H -'INQ.e
1-'x z"
2
ta7.SO TEe
.... )(.a*
111
TeE
X IY4N
- ' Yl'
2" x
nt; ,....)(z•x ...·x3•
Q_ _ _____.l
DIAMEre~
L~N(;TH
-
so,75 an4 uomm
z .ooN and aooro
NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE
GENERAL REGULATION:
SECTION 164. GRADES OF HORIZONTAL PIPING
All horizontal piping shall be run in practical alignment and at a uniform grade of not less
than twO 12%1 percent 20 mm rise per meter length, and shaN be supported or anchored
at intervals not exceeamg 3.000 m 110 feet). All stacks shall be properly supported at ·
their bases and all pipes shall be rigidly secured. Two (2 inches) rise per every one
hundred (100 inches) length.
1I
--=========-~~~~~~~~--------~
l.OOm or 100cm or 1;000 mm
(.02ml
(2 em)
(~mm}
73
A soil branch having a pitch of more than 2% has the tendency of waste separation.
The water flow faster and the heavy suspended materials are left and deposited at the
bottom of the pipe.
SOLID WA5TE
EXCESSIVE PITCH WASTf:.
IS LE.FT AT THE PIPE.
NORMAL PITCH
SECTION 157.
Zfr
CHANGE IN DIRECTIONS
All changes in direction shall be made by the appropriate use of forty-five (45° ) degree
wyes, half wyes, long sweep quarter bends, except that single sanitary tees may be used on vertical stacks, and short quarter bends may be used in $Oil and waste lines where
the change in the direction of flow is from the horizontal to the vertical. Tees and
crosses may be used in vent pipes.
LON6S~P
)4. BEND
sHORT RADIUS (PROHl 6 JTED}
74
SECTION 158.
PROHIBITED FITIINGS
No double hub, double T branch shall be used on horizontal soil or waste line . The drilling and tapJ)ing of house drains, soil waste, or vent pipes and the use of saddle hubs
and bends are prohibited.
OOUBLE TEE
SECTION '\59.
DEAD ENDS AVOIDED on all drainage system installation
SECTION 1/3.
LEAD PIPE
Joints in lead pipes between lead pipes and brass or copper pipes, ferrules, soldering
nipples, bushings or traps, in all cases on the sewer side of tne trap and in concealed
joints or the inlet side of the trap, shall be full wiped joints, w ith an exposed surface of
the solder to _
each side of the thickness at the thickest ;>art of the joint of not less than one
fourth( Y. " ) of an inch .
LeAD WI~ .JaN'[
BRASS
~ERRULE.
SECTION 174.
LEAD TO CAST IRON, STEEL OR W.l .
(Wrought Iron ) - The joints shall be made water tight by the use of copper, lead, or
galvanized iron plates on flashings.
SECTION 175.
ROOF JOINTS -
The joints of protruding pipes thru roofs shall be made water tight by the use of copper,
lead or glavanized iron plates or flashings.
75
---+-
r<=
I
1
I rcirllt- iF1 ot~~
j1m~amu~~!tdli!ilt
.
I l
I
.._._
,"lr
I
l I
I
I
~~
~~~~l========-~==(=~==~====~=N=T===·========~~~X~~~~~T ~
~
4~
'
~
W ·' ·
\)
\)
~-]-1·--,.,....l..A~...
Jl~"'f"1~gt-----t'J1~"'~
-L ..• SOIL PJPI!
;:."j'i
l~ LOOP
...,.
~
SloPe
"I'ISNT lot
~~1u.,[l:"';l]::====t...t===:::tl..-t~"lJ:==:=:==::::l~l)lI"~TJI."rrjA_f!:::
~
..,.
~~liN }'INK
r
W<.
]
W ·G
,..
VENT STA:JC
76
SECTION 176.
SliP JOINTS AND UNIONS
Sltp Joints will be permitted only in tJap seats,or in the inlet side of the trap. Unions on
the sewer side of me trap shall be ground faced, and shall not be concealed or enclosed.
SECTION 182.
TRAPS WHERE REQUIRED
Each fixture shall be separately trapped by a water-seal trap placed as near to the fixture
as possible except that a set of similar fixtures consisting of not more than three (3)
wash basins, or a set of three 131 sinks may connect with a single one and one hatf ( l
1/ 21 inches trap. In no case shall the waste from a bath tub or other fixtufJ discharge into a wat8f closet trap. No fixture shall be double trapped.
------
.t..AVATORY S~ T
SUP JOINT
SECTION 184. TRAP CLEAN OUTS
Etch trap, except those in combination with fixtures in which the trap seal is plainly visible and inaccessible, shall be provided with an accessible brass tap screw of ample size .
SOIL
~~STS
'
CLEAN OUT SHALL.
SECTIOH 187.
(
n
Q
Cw:ANOUT
FERRI.t.E
ee Qll HEAvy RE.O BRASS
PIPE CLEANOUTS WHERE REQUIRED
A clean out easily accessible shall be provided at the upper end of every horizontal
waste or sot! pipe . Also at every change of horizontal direction, unless said change of
directiOn iS made at an angle of not more 1f'lan twenty twCl An~') half (-2 2 l/2°) degreeS
and Is ·e8iifv r88ch8d eonveniendy with sewer rod Wire.
There shall be a clean out within five (~) feet inside the property line before the house
.....,... connection, connected from a fullized branch, except for lhe l~r. clean-outs
shall be of the same nominal siZe as the pipes. The distance be"t'Ween-clean out in horizontal waste or soil lines shall not exceed, fifty (50t feet. ·
77
I.SOm
GROUND
I
,.J. Pl'fOF'eRTY'
41
L.INf!
I
I
PLAN
VIEW
zz)l• C::HANGE OF OfREC..TtON
C.O IS
NOT NECESSA:RY.
4S~' ~HANG!: OF DIREX:llON
IS NEEDED
c.o
SECTION 189.
GREASE TRAPS
Grease traps of adequate capacity must be installed wherever greasy wastes from
hotels, restaurants, club houses,. or similar public eating places are discharged into the
sewer, or septic vault said grease traps shall be placed as near as possible to the fixture
from which it receives the discharge and sl:lall have an air-tight cover, easily removable
to permit its cleaning .
.!SINK
VEI-4r PIPE
~TE
78
PIPE
SECTION .190.
. i
GARAGE TRAPS
Garages, auto repair shops and greasing rack drains shall be intercepted , fo;ce entering
the sewer or septic vault by a suitable garage trap. Similar establishment -shall also be
provided with such trap, when so required by the proper authority.
VSNf .
'
WAS TE
79
IECTION 11/1. FIXTURES PROHIBITED
Pen and Vllw plunger, offlet Wllhout end~ M'-.r1S'-* ,.vinl·inYiMit Nil or
unvtntilt*IIPIC41 or Mtle not thoraughty wuhect ~l t.lt!h fty~ lflll'
M ueed. ~Of\l
t,opper wattr~loeett Qf elm"'-r @-~~ !htlll Jmt M i~:
not
s~c.-r,gN 211· §P~~ ANP WAIT'- §lA@-§ "rnlftl OONNitmftNI
Allaofl and waste stacks and branches ah~ll tat pr9Vi~ witt. G@R'ttltly ftetd inletl for
fixture connections.
80
§@~fi8N lll~ HP9F ~~TINIIONI
~t reef ~@R~! gf fRII ~R~ W""' ,ucb shtlt be run full size at lea•t ont fpot a~ve
th~t roof: If #tt. r~ ~ H~ fer ~~ Rmtn' l~to wetthetr prmec:tfQn, sueh axtena•on
lhalt not be 1111
f'i~N 1m f~ ~~~~ ~ r~ !evel.
tNr
...
.
~~~9~ m~
Tf'API P"9~fJT~R~ V~NT!»
~@f¥ fl*"'FI na !ffl!lt ~ ere~ ~W!iA!t. !i~ ~ ~~Jf~f!~ ~ tif F.ff·
S418li~n IHW~ ~ l'nPttn~ 9f ~ ~mf3Pr ~'.!1tiP.~~ t1° cr~ ~~~II 00 ~"J.f~!!~~;
~~§fi@N §l: Dt~~,.CE ~F V~NT FRQM T~&.P ~EA~
Net tr~ ~ ~ ~ m9f8 ttw1 five (5) feet, (horizontally developed length) from i1s
V@n!~
~NT
Of!@NIN6
"16MB" 'llii\N PtP·
Clfl 'T"RAP
LSO(S'Ft)
. ·-~I~IJM l:!fST~
PR:lw TRAP
§-~·TI()N Ul, CIRCUIT AND LOOPVENTS
~ f.ir~it ctr
lo9p vant wfM be permitted IS follows: A branch soil or waste pipe to which
flW. fit J.fl~ flOt more than eight {8) of the following fixtures: Water cloeets, pedestal
yfin~ll,
standard trap. slop sinks or shower stalls are connected in series, may be vented
tJv ~ FiFF!-lit er !pop vent, which shall be taken of, in front of the first fixture connection.
IIOfiON ~~
§~¥P
AND RECEIVING TANKS
Afl §tl~ hQYH ~Ril;n~ §hell ~j~rge ;mo an •ir-tight sump or receiving tank so located
"@ t{) rtP-8iW ttl@~ by ~vitv, from which sump or~~ tank the sewage shaH
bt ftftld ~tnft -'itffihtrge ints th@ t,~ ....- by pump: ejector, 01 any equaltv ·efficient
mothld, 3utth tMmpa Nil M! ~er !Ut~~ ~and be of sufficient
MPteity to rwMt thiJ mN!@ ~'. ~~~ ~ for not less than twenty four (24)
. hourt
t,~N..
81
SECTION 243.
DRAINAGE BELOW SEWER LEVEL
In all building's in which the whole or part of the house drainage and plumbing system.
Thereof is locateq be~ow the crown level of the main sewer, sewage pr have wastes
shall be lifted by an approved artificial means and discharged into the house sewer.
5EC.OND FI.CC>R
SOI L.
AUTOMA"J"It.:.
S::..J Ec. 1t"'R
.$VVITC..H
VeNT
PIPE
-J" SOU... PIPE;:
SUMP AND
REC.EIVI N6
.,
TAN~
:L)~ SLOPE
PIT OR RECE:PTA.:;:LE
AT A LOW FOINT TtlWP'llt:H
TliE Ll QUI 0 WA51E ARE
DRAINED
SUMP - A
SECTION 244. . EJECTORS VENTED ·
The soil or waste pipe leading to an ejector or other appliance of raising sewage or other
appliance of raising sewage or othe.r waste matter to the street sewer shall, where a
water closet or water closets are installed, be provided with a vent pipe not less than
four {4) inches in diameter and where fixtures other than water closets are installed, thE'
vent pipe shall be of the same diameter as the waste pipe-:SECTION 250.
BAR, SODA AND DRINKING FOUNTAIN WASTE
No plumbing fixture waste except a bar sink, soda fountain sink and a drinking fountain
waste, shall be installed or set up with an indirect connection to a home drain, soil, or
waste pipe. The waste from every bar sink, fountain sink or drinking fountain, if not
directly connected, shall discharge ovet a property vented and .trapped floor drain
located as near its practicable to the fixture.
·
82
· · - -- - -
Woterlenl
LAVATOAY
..,., (b)
•• Yflftt ,,.,.. root
:lr":JC:~lii:::=.:--,
,,..,Dr.... So.t Stoc•
car....-,,._
WATE- CL08£T
83
IICTION 111. RI!FRIGIRATOR WASTES
The Witte pipe from 1 refrlgttatot, 18 box floor drain, or receptacle where food are kept
for ttorege pUtpOielthall not connect directly with any houee drain, soil, or waste pipe.
Such wuttt pipe shall ln atl caeea empty into an open aink or floor drain that ia property
IUpptied with water, connected, trapped, and vented, as that of any other fixture.
Refrigerator waste piP'Ithall not be lets than one and one fourth (1/4) inches (32 mm,
for one (1) opening; one and one halt U 1/2, inches 38 mm for three (3) openings; and
for four (4) or twelve (12) openings must not be less than two (2) inches 50 mm and shall
have It ita opening a trap, and a clean-out angles arranged properly to flush and clean
ptpe.
TRAPS. VENTS and AIR GAPS
a. TRAPS-The only aeparation between the unpleasant and dangerously unhealthy gases
in a senitary drainage system and the air breathed by room occupants is the water caught
in the fixture trap after each discharge from a fixture. Traps are of steel, cast iron, copper, plastic, or brass except in water closets and urinals which is an integrated vitreous
china.
A mtnimum depth of 2 in. (.05. and a maximum of .10 (4") are common standards for
water seal.
AIR
84.
An exception to the rule that each fixture sh04Jid have ita own trap. Common ·~ceptlonl
include two taundlrv trays and a kitchen link connected}to a single trap (not more thin 31
When fixtures are not always uled, the water in traps can evaporate Into the alt, bt'elking
the seal •of the trap. eepecfdy tn floor dtalnt connected to toil piping. !tool odor wt61
emanate in the atr. (alway& fill with waterl
TRAP SEAL LOSS
This il due to an inadequate ventilation of the
trap wherein the atmospheric minus or plua
preteure affect the instalfetion.
Trap &eel-is the vertical distance betWeen the dip and the crown weir of a trap. Aleo it 11
the water in the trap between the dip and the crown weir.
011'11..-T
TRAP SEAL may be LOST under the following ways:
1. Siphonage a . direct self-siphonage
b. indirect or momentum
2. Back presaure
3.' EvaporaUon
4. Capiftery action
1. SIPHONAGE - the resutt of a minus Pf881Ute in the drlinage system. (Preaure is a force
.required to mQV8 gas or liquid) when a large' amount of water flow rapktly through the
trap, self siphoning is automaticalty developed and the water content of the trap (aeal) Is
absolutely discharged . This is knoWn aa a· trap aeallosa. When the aeal is lost, back floW
of gases from the sewer line or septic tank will pass rnto the trap, funds its way to the
fixture drain oudet and spread into the room.
MINJS
85
INDIRECT OR MOMENTUM SIPHONAGE
This type is the result of a minus pressure in the
pipe created by heavy discharge of water from a
fixture installed on a _linQ,serying an.other fixture at
a lower floor.
2. BACK PRESSURE- This condition is caused by a plus pressure which blows the water
out(of the fixture. It happens-~ usually when a large flow of water drop and form as slug
and compress the air inside the pipe. The compressed air will fin d its way out through a
weather point. The trap seal will give way and blow out of the fixture.
3. EVAPORATION....,. T~is process is a minor problem and less probable to drain the water inside the
trap. Evaporation happens only on floor drains not
regularly used to admit water but is expo~ to
extreme temperature.
NO WATER g;.PL
86
4. CAPILLARY ACTION- This kind ot trap seal loss seldom happt:n wrfl ts t<ltety ex
perienced by homeowners. The condition is caused bv a suspen sto•~ ol <i lw t ~IHJ' o iJJ(!Cl
such as a string, rags, strands of hair extended over the outlet arm of the lt i.!p.
STRINGS
OR R.-665
b. AIR GAPS AND VACUUM BREAKERS
The proximity of sewage to potable water at tixt ures is inescapable. It is possible that
sewage could accidentally be siphoned into a pipe carrying potable w ater.
W6~t
.-------"'---... \Nil ter
finm f"rtJall
wole1 J i.Yit.e .
POTABLE WA n: r,
Un9.1ntt:ary wh!O'n c.l~ed
.anti full , blntatmn4te1
w~r t"..ctJILl De! .dr..a.'-.!n Py
>-~tr6n mtc the W<Jter
p1p1n~_1.
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LENGTH OF
VENTS FOR SOIL AND WASTE STACKS
(METERS}
· · - - - -- -- - -
SIZE OF SOil. OR NO.OF FIXTURE
STACk:
WASTE
- - -· -·3 2 "'"'
UNITS
32
-· ·-·-I I 114")
Jamm
&0 "'"'
Of THE VENT PIPE t IIUR)
..----·- -·-··-.
so
31
83
14)0
75
up
to
18 .0
8
up to 18
2"l
( 2 112·)
15.0
27
to
36
13-S
22.5
SIJS
up
to
12
10.2
38.0
540
83.8
7S
up
to
18
!5 .4
21.0
S4.0
83 .a
75
up
to
24
3.8
1!5-0
39.0
83.8
7!5
up
to
38
2 .4
10 .5
28.0
83.8
75
up
to
41
2.1
•••
24.0
63.6
75
up
to
72
1.1
7.5
19.S
63rnm
- - -------.......... ___
,
7!S "'Ill
.__~
..
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..···-
~--···- ·
( 3''}
- ·-··---······-----··----- -- ·-- -100111111
ISO
125
13.S
I I Y2")
(
DIAMET!R
1 4" I
,.,
.
100
liP
too
up
100
·....... -··-- ·-
63 .6
...........
--
-···-··· ..··-
to
24
7.5
33.0
ao.o
90.0
102
to
48
4..7
19.!5
34.!5
90.0
102
to
96
3.6
13.5
252
9<\.0
102.
to
144
27
108
21. 8
900
102
100
..,
to
182
2.4
9.0
... 2
84.a
Kl2
100
up
to
264
2J
6.0
1a.a
73.S
1(2
100
up
to
384
~
&.4
14.1
61.8
102
to
72
..
12.0
•.a
75.0
117
132
144
9.0
14J
54.0
117
132
S7.2
117
lJIZ
2.1.2
••
132
2LO
67.5
132
54
132
- - ----·-·-······· ................. ·------·--··-··----- . 125
''""
Ul" l
.,
125
liP
to
125
up
'0
l2S
up
to 432
4.
l2S
liP
to 721
3.0
12S
up
. ·--· ··. ·- ....
88
-··
to 1020
-·-···-· · -··-- ..............
&4
·· ···· ...... ...
~
- .................._,
... --·· ..
•••
....
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17. 4
2.4
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,....,
_____ ___
...
ISO .... (
..
)
·~
up
to
144
up
to
tn
to
8.1
32..4
102
ISS
~
21
4S8
1153
57&
3.0
12.1
u
121.5
ISO
.,
ISO
up
~
8&4
2.1
9.9
17.5
-.o
·~
to
1294
••
7.5
27..
72.0
to
2070
L2
e.a
22.5
sa.e
to
aao
200
..."'
.,
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200
up
150
;!!()() • • ' •• ,
2 00
200
120
840
to
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9to
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1100
4.8
12.0
2100
a..
te
.tlto
2.1
to
5<'00
1.11
... ........
.,
.,
200
43.2
...
to
.,
200
...
...
....
12.8
a.cr
78.0
11.0
1.4
H .O
21.0
&I
PROBLEM:
How large is the main vent required tor fixtures consisting ot 4 water closets. 4 lavatories 3
showers and 2 kitchen sinks installed on the first floor ot a two storey building 6.00 meters
high?
Solve for the total fixture Units.
6
X
4 W.C.
1 x 4 LAV.
2 X 3 SHO.
2 x 2 K.A.
24units
4
6
4
38 units
Refer to Column 1 (use a 100 mm or 4" pipe)
a 100 mm soil or waste stack can accomodate a maximum of 48 units (sate).
Under Column, diameter of Vent Pipe a 63 mm pipe could ventilate 48 fixture units as high as
19.50 meters very safe for a 6.00 m problem ..
Therefore; specify 63 m (2 1/ 2) Vent Pipe.
PROBLEM:
Determine the size of the main vent required to vent a drainage installation serving 90 fixture
units installed on the first floor of a 5 storey building with a height of 19.00 meters.
refer to column 1
A 100 mm stack could serve 96 units
under column diameter ot vent
A 75 mm 13") pipe could ventilate 96 fixture unit as high as 25.2 meters (sate) for a
19.00 m height.
fheretore use a 75 mm (3") Main Vent Pipe.
~···;·
i c.>VENTS-For the admission of air and the dis·
21 ~.an
.}/ charging of gases, soil and waste stacks are extended through roofs, and a system of air vents,
largey paralleling the drainage system is also provided.
fhc Introduction of air near the fixture (and in the
case of loop venting, at the branch soil (line) breaks
the possible siphonage of water out of the trap.
Loop venting which permits an air and gases to
pass in and out of the soil or waste branch instead
of at its fixture, is fully effective in preventing the
siphonage of trap seals.
wtth
only Dne hole
no ~nttl.at1on
.
'
.
r·~~..'
•:,
.
V<;;!nl
t<> balana
.atmosphenc.
pressune.
~
TWO TYPES OF VENTS
1. MAIN SOIL AND WASTE VENT
This is the portion of the soil pipestack above the highest installed fixture branch extended through the roof. It serves as the te;minal for the main vent and other vents of the
plumbing installations.
2. MAIN EVENT
Is that portion of the vent pipe system which serves as a terminal of the smallest forms of
units and grouped fixture trap ventilation. The main vent is connected full size at their
base to the main soil or waste pipe at or below the lowest fixture branch and should extend undiminished in size above the roof or should be reconnected with the main soil vent
at least 1.00 meter above the highest fixture branch.
The main vent also serves as a relief vent for any back pressure. It must be free from offsets to allow free movement of air. Under this main vent are other different types of vents
such as:
MAI N ::OIL
AND WASTE VENT
~>t F1..00r'
-·- -
- 7
~>--·~J--~.J--~..----u-.....o.-----'1~-"-- - -------"
HOUSE DRAIN
STACk· thiS 1$ .a ~~n~r-al
t~rm for .any v~1~al
hi'\€ of .sti I, t.v a S1e or
V~nt Plf'ln9·
91
3. INDIVIDUAL VENT
Sometimes referred to as back vent. It IS that p ortton ol the vent pipe which serves a
single trap . It should be connected close to the ftx tuw uap as possible, 11 should be
located underneath and back of the fixture and 11 must be connected to the main vent
above the overfl ow line of the fixture.
INDI VI DUAL VENT ABOVE
OVERFl-OW AT LEA.S.T 0.15 fJ1
Ov-ERFLOW LINE.,_
---j<k-.~5"-
AI
WASTE PIPE
TRAPS SHALL NOT
!3E MORE THAN J.SO
Mr.S FROM Tl-IE' MAIN
VENT.
SIZES:
Lavatories, drinking fountains . . . . . . . . .
Sink ...... ............ .. ... .. ...... ... ... ....
Shower, laundry, slop, sink ............ .
Water Closet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 Y2
1 %"
1"
3"
PERMISSIBLE NUMBER OF FIXTURE OF UNIT
Size of Pipe
(mml
33
38
50
( 1 ~")
(l %")
(2")
63
75
(2%")
(3"J
100
(4")
A Number of Fixture
tJnits allowed
8
18
36
72
384
4. UNIT VENT
This is that portion of the vent p1pe wh1cll vent1late two .:ixture traps. Usually used in
apartments arranged bact.. to back.
MAIN VENT
tNOIVIOUAI... VENT
./
WA;iTe
'=
\
WALL HUNG
SOIL
PIPE.
BATH
BAT/-1
TUB
rue
DRUM TRAP
DRUM TRAP
93
5. CIRCUIT OR LOOP VENT
This is employed where two or more fixture traps are installed on a horizontal soil or
w aste branch. The use of circuit vent generally reduces the cost of the plumbing installation.
CIRCUIT VENT FOR A BATTERY OF FIXTURES
VENT
CIRCUI T
~NT
CI~U J T
Battery of Fixtures-Any two or
.nore similar adjacent Fixtures
which discharged into a common
horrz.ontal or soil branch.
w.c:.
VENT
w.c.
SIZE OF CIRCUIT VENT FOR A BATTERY
o ·F WATER CLOSETS
Number of Water Closets
Installed in a Series
Diameter of
Circuit Vent
2
3 to 6
7 or more
~ mm (2"1
75 mm (3" )
100 mm (4")
CIRCUIT VENT FOR A BA I I tHY Ut- t-IX I UKt::;
OF WATER CLOSETS
94
6. RELIEF VENT
Is installed to ventilate the soil and waste pipe and the connecting branches other than
the fixture traps.
Relief vent is provided when waste branches are circuit vented.
so mm ( 2") neue F Vi:! NT - Aru=.AsT )i
a::
11\E. DIAMETER OF~
SOIL. PIPE A~ IN NO
CA$E 6e l-E$
3e rnm
T~N
75 mm (3..,)
~~~UIT
VENT
Fl-OOR_
The base of the soil pipe stack on tall building installations is susceptible to back pressure
due to the large volume of water rushing down inside the pipe, therefore, a relief vent in
this portion is necessary.
111
FLOOR LINE!.
lUl
RELIEF VENr
111111
HOUSE DRAIN
95
Where change of directions are made, relief vent is a must .
~RANCH
Yf!NT
SOIL APe
MAIN VENT
WASTE
PIPE..
OT LeSS "TW\N
~---t--~ ~LIEF.
VENr
SO Mm
tvtAIN
~NT
7. YOKE OR BY-PASS VENTILATION
On a long vertical soil pipe a relief vent is installed at 3 to 5 floor intervals. In this case, the
relief vent is referred to as the YOKE or by-pass ventilation .
9t-i
OWAETE~
ANP SHOULD !IE THE
.sAME DIA.AS' TI-fE
97
8. WET VENTILATION
Refers to the vertical pipe of the plumbing system used as ventilation of the plumbing, in·
stallation and fixture traps which at the same time receives and convey liouid waste discharge from the fixtures. Widely used for small groups of bathroom fixtures particularly
on a one or two storey residential houses.
MAl~ SOIL
.t
LAY.
WASTE VENT
9. LOOPED VENT
Used on Fixtures in a room away from partitions. Common to beauty parlors, barbers
shops and dental clinics and surgical rooms.
LOOPED
FLOOR
98
SIZE OF THE WASTE PlPE
PRO BLEM :
Determine t he size of a horizontal branch waste pipe for one lavatory, one residential sink
and a slop sink.
FIXTURE UNIT VALUES
Lavatory, Wash Basin
15. sq. m. roof drain, floor drain
residential sink
1
1Y2
Bath Tub, Kitchen Sink, Laundry Tub Shower Bath
2
Slop Sink, Combination Fixture (water Closet, Lavatory,
Bath Tub with Shower)
3
Urinal
5
Water Closet
6
Referring to above table,
1 lavatory
1 res. sink
1 slop sink
unit
1Y2
3
5 Y2 units
Total
Referring to the Table below size of Pipes 5 1/ 2 units is nearest to the value of 6 under col umn 1 diameter of pipe a 50 mm pipe is satisfactory.
Tf 1erefore A. 50 mm (2" J pipe is required.
SIZE OF PIPE
--·· -- .... -- -- -· ·- - ·- - MAXIMUM NUMBER OF FIXTURES UNITS THAT MAY BE CONNECTED
OtANETER
- - ·
Of
N
....
-010
10
.0 13
.020
.0 25
.032
.038
.050
.063
.0 75
13
20
25
32
38
-·
-- ·
88
100
.12S
125
150
200
2 50
300
- - -
·--
- -
·--·
·- -
tNT~RVAL
IN I BRANCH
·· - -·
·- -
TOTAL IN
·-
-
-- ·
-
- ·
-·
3/8 "
1/ 2 "
314" .
I"
Jl/4 '
,.,2
3~2"
.088
BRANCH
- ·-·· - ---- - ------- -·- T08lACk WITH 3 OR NOR! BRANCH
INTERVALS
STACJ(
tnch
2"
21/2 "
3"
. 100
.I SO
.2 00
.250
. 3 00
- ·-
·-
NOT OVER
a
BRANCH
63
75
~
· -.. ·- ·- --
ONE HORIZON
PIPE
- · -· -
·--- ·
....
S"
e"
8"
ro~·
12' •
1
2
I
3
6
4
~
10
6
12
20
20
30
eo
1$0
240
Ill
360
6 20
14 00
2500
3800
S40
960
200
1100
9
2
8
24
o4 2
60
~
22 00
aeo
3SO
1900
3800
6000
1 000
ISOO
5600
3600
a~oo
99
SIZE
OF SA·NITARY DRAIN
DIAMI!T!R OF PIP!
....
anoh11
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF FIXTURE UNITS
2% a1ope
a% a lope
4% elope
32
Ill~·
I
I
I
••
1
I 12"
2
2.S
3
so
2"
s
7
63
2'Ja..
12
13
14
71
3"
18
19.0
21
100
4"
96
20!5
114
125
15"
216
240
264
~50
S25
800
1392
1806
2200
... 8
200
......
210
10"
2520
3200
3aoO
300
t2'•
4320
S818
8912
ISO
SANITARY DRAIN -receive the discharges of sanitary and domestic waste only.
a. Industrial drain -this house drain receives the discharges from industrial
equipments. Due to some objectionable acid wastes, this usually terminate into a
separate drainage basin.
b. Storm drain-this receive the discharges of all storm. Clear water or surface water
washes except sanitary wastes this usually terminate into rivers, lakes, etc.
PROBLEM :
Determine the '-size of a Sanitary House Chain for a plumbing installation consisting of 20
water closets, 10 urinals, 5 shower baths 12 wash basins, 4 floor drains and 6 combine fix tures.
Referring to table Fixture Unit Values.
20 W.C . x 6
10 urinals x 5
5 sho. baths x 2
12 wash basins x 1
4 floor drains x 1
6 combination x 3
Total
120 Units
50
10
12
4
18
214 Units
Referring to above Table, column·2 under 2% slope a 125 mm could serve 216 Fixture units.
Specify a 125 mm diameter pipe (5").
too
HOUSE SEWER
This is that portion of the horizontal drainage aystem which starts from the outer face of the
building and terminate at the main sewer in the street or septic tank.
SIZE OF HOUSE SEWER
For ordinary residential installation, a minimum size of 150 mm (6") diameter for vitrified clay
pipe. If cast iron or pla~tic pipe, a 100 mm 14") can be used.
M
INSPECTION AND TESTS
SECTION 252.
All WORK TO BE INSPECTED
All pipes, fittings, traps, fixtures, appurtenances and devices of a plumbing, drainage
and gas piping system shall be inspected and approved by the Plumbing Inspector to insure compliance with all the requirements of this Code.
SECTION 253.
NOTIFICATION
It shall be the duty of the Master Plumber doing the work authorized by the permit to
notify the Plumbing Inspector, in writing that his work is ready for inspection. Such
~otification shall be given not less than eight (8) working hours before the work is to be
inspected.
SECTION 254.
MATERIAL AND LABOR FOR TESTS
The equipment materials, power and labor necessary for the inspection and test shall be
furnished by the Master Plumber.
SECTION 255.
SYSTEM OF TEST
All the pipings of the plumbing system shall be tested with water having a pressure head
of at least fiye (5) feet, or by air as herein after provided.
SECTION 256.
TESTS
Upon the completion of the entire water distribution system including c.on~ections to
appurtenances, devices, tanks, apparatus or fixtures, it shall be tested and inspected,
101
and proven to be tight under a water pressure not less than the maximum pressure
under which it is to be used.
Upon the completion of the setting or installing of the plumbing fixtures, devices, apparatus, appurtenances, or appliances having waste and/ or water connections, and
prior to the general use thereof, it shall be the duty of the Master ·Plumber doing such
work to notify the Plumbing Inspector that such work is ready for inspection.
SECTION 2S7.
METHOD OF TESTING
All pipings of a sanitary plumbing and/or drainage system shall be tested w ith water in
the following manner; (1) WATER TEST: The water test shall be applied to the plumbing system and/ or drainage system in its entirety or in sections. It applied to the entire
system, all openings in the piping shall be tightly closed except the b.ighest opening
above the roof or other highest point and the entire system filled with water to the point
of overflow. All dead ends shall be relieved of air during the process of filling. whether
the rest is by sections or in its entirety. If the system is tested by sections, each opening
shall be tightly closed except the highest opening of the section under test, and each
section shall be filled with water, but no section shall be tested with no less than five (5)
feed head of water or two and one-half (2 Yz} pounds pressure of air test applied.
House's sewer shall be subjected to a water test identical to that of the above except
that the pressure need not exceed that imposed by a five (51 feet head of water.
Under any test, the water of air pressure shall remain constant for not less than ten (101
minutes without any further addition of water or air or showing of leaks.
AIR TEST: The air test shall be made by attaching the air compressor or test apparatus
to any suitable opening, and closing all other inlets and outlets of the system, then forc ing air into the system until there is a uniform pressure sufficient to balance a column of
mercury five (5) inches in height or two and one-half (2-1/ 21 pounds per inch on the entire system. This pressure shall be maintained for ten 110} minutes without any show of
loss in the pressure.
Water or other liquids shall not be used to test gas piping for thightness .
SECTION 258.
COVERING OF WORK
No drainage or plumbing system or part thereof shall be covered until it has been inspected, tested, and approved as provided in this CODE.
SECTION 259.
UNCOVERING OF WORK
If any house drainage including septic vaults or plumbing system or part thereof is
covered before being regularly inspected, tested and approved, as herein provided, it
shall be uncovered upon the order and direction of the Plumbing Inspector.
102
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
SYSTEM
SEVERAL TYPES:
1. CESSPOOL-is a hole in the grolmd with stones and bricks·laid in such a manner as to
allow raw contaminated sewage to leach into the undersurface of the ground. (now
obsolete).
...
2. PRIVY -is a concrete vault constructed for the collection of raw sewage sealed with a
wooden shelter. (obsolete)
3. SEPTIC TANK- is a receptacle or vault used to collect organic waste discharge frt~m the
house sewer.
4. PUBLIC SEWER LINE -is a public sewage disposal system consisting of a sewage
treatment unit which conveys the raw sewage to the disposal system.
a. Combination public sewer-it conveys storm water and sanitary waste.
b. Sanitary Sewer-only carries sanitary waste to a modern sewage disposal plant rainwater is prohibited.
c. Storm Sewer-this carries storm water and terminates jnto a natural drainage such as
lakes & rivers.
MANHOLE-serves as a
clean-out and an access for
inspection and repair. Installed on a public sewer line
at an interval of 75 to 150
meters diameter from 0.90
to 1.20 meters and provided
with iron rungs as ladders
to the bottom. A well fitted
steel cover is provided in
level with the road.
Catch Basin-a receptacle in which liquids
are retained for a sufficient period to the
deposit settleable material.
MANHOLE
104
PROBLEM:
Prepare the bill of materials required to con-struct the sewer line of a 100 meters length,
connected to two 1.00 meter diameter manholes. The size of t he sewer pipe is 0.~.
100
wrs
SOLUTION:
100 tess iD + i o
1 -:fu- (length of one pipe)
= 99.0 M
= 99 pipes
• Subtract 3%
= 96.03 pipes
99 - 2.97
3% to take care of GAPS 25-50 mm (1" to 2") if there are 96 pipes only 95 wifl be grouted
referring to the Table below, a concrete pipe of 0.90 w ill need 0.198 brags cement and .0247
cu.m. sand.
95 x .198
= 18.81 bags cement say 19
95 X .02<7 =
2.35 cu.m. sand
105
QUANTITY .OF CEMENT AND SAND PER PIPE JOINT
CONCRETE PIPE SIZE
IN METER
0.60
0 .90
1.20
1.50
1.80
2.10
2.40
2.70
3.00
BAGS
CU.M.
CEMENT
SAND
.132
.0165
.0247
.0330
.0400
.0470
.0554
.0620
.0695
.0770
.198
.266
.320
.376
.443
.496
.558
.616
SEPTIC TANK
A watertight receptacle which receives the discharge of a plumbing system or part th.ereof,
and is designed and constructed so as to separate solids from the liquid, digest the organic
matter through a period of detention, and allow the effluent to discharge into a storm drain ;
or directly to the ground outside the tank through a system of open joint or perforated piping.
106
r-- --- -- -·- -'
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
, 'I
~-
I
:
t
I
tl
I
I
I
I
1
L _ -- _
... _ _ _,
I
I
I
'
I
I
I
I
MANHOLE:
I
I
I
I
I
I
~- -- - -- -
i
I
n
I
:
;MANHbL.E :
L-- -- _____ J
j
1
I
I
I
I
I l
I
I
I
I
_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ J I
- --- ------ --- - --- ----J
- ---------- ----
-- - ....... ----,I
L--------- - -----J
L
PLAN
SECTION
AT~A
107
SECIJON BB
SUGGESTED SIZE OF SEPTIC TANKS IN METERS
NUMBER OF PERSON
SERVED
INSIDE DIMENSION OF DIGESTION CHAMBER
0
= Depth
20
1.20
1.20
1.20
25
.1.20
30
35
40
1.30
1.30
1.40
45
1.40
50
60
70
80
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.60
90
100
1 .~
10
15
1.00
w
=Width
0.90
1.10
1.25
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.66
1.75
1.80
1.95
2.00
2.20
2.30
2.50
L
= Length
1.80
2.20
2.50
2.80
3.00
3.20
3.30
3.50
3.60
3.90
4.00
4.40
4.60
5.00
LOCATION/ FEATURES
1. Septic tanks should be located not less than 15 meters away from potable wat9f to
prevent contamination.
2. Where there is public sewer pipe, septic tanks are not allowed.
3. No septic tank shall be installed within or under a house.
4. The inlets and outlets are submerged and arranged so as not to disi.urb the sludge or
SCUM.
5. The bottom of the Tank should slope (1:10) minimum towards the manhole in the
center to facilitate cleaning.
6. The top cover and the manhole are usually extended 15 em abo~ the surface of the
soil to overcome surface water infiltration.
108
TECHNICAL DATA IN DETERMINING VOLUME OF SEPTIC TANK
1. Minimum Width = 0.90 meters
2. Minimum Length = 1.50 meters
3. Minimum Depth
4. For
r~sidentiat
=
1.20 meters
= allocate 0.14 to 0.17 cubic meter of liquid per person.
5. To serve 12 persons == not more than 2.0 cu.m.
6. For school industrial establishment :::: Volume shoud not be less than 0.057 cu.m.
nor more than 0.086 cu .m. per person.
PROBLEM :
Determine the size of a septic tank to serve 200 persons in a commercial building.
200 x 0.057 = 11 .4 cu.m
Assume 1.00M width for 100 persons
2.00M width for 200 persons
l == ?
l
X
2.00 X 1.50 = 11 .40
L .. 11 .40
3.00
L = 3.80 meters
109
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
j
!
iJ\S"TRIBUTING BOX
r
§
LL ·
u..
w
1
POO~
!. F'OOLS
!5 POOLS
KEEP CESSPOOLS 30.00 METERS AWAY FROM WATER SUPPLY
PLAN ( lt.''siONE)
110
'
4 POOLS (or3)
LEACHING CESSPOOL DISPOSAL
Mfflu.Qttt ~W¥
rYJ=.;;;;;;--:--
l ~· 1
dl!ft n b.rh Of1
_...
ba<---'f.--..\
t
I
max.
I S.OOH'I.
(J
1
-.1-tn
~
FOR
mar. t&.oo m.
FLAT .AND .SLIGI1TL.Y SL.OPING GRADES
FOR STEEP GRADES
111
earth
fme
--=:
~1nders --+-~
or .gravel
co.ars:e ~m~r.s --~~
or
--t-- :.r-:~o~::l
-~la:.iton
T-r-------r-
C- - tp.!.
- __.. ..JCt" PLanK
'"'"
____
~~·~UI
4ravel.
l1Je wtth Jfor--""'
( 'JlliT1) ~~ JOint
Jomts ~ (6\4!1rlrl
w1th o.lo(1") of
tar pap42r wtrtd ~
"
lXt
DRAIN TILE TRENCH
~EP1ll. TANK
01 gpoGAL FIEL.D
112
,,
SO~-
'.
-- - dra111 fu1/d
a. Not the best Way to Clean
and recYcle Water.
113
b. Better method but more
~xpensive to install.
c. Fast .becoming illegal because it puts raw sewage in
direct contact with the
earth.
d. Used in low and marshy
ground adjacent to a stream,
requires careful design and
frequent inspection and
servicing.
114
i9Jl'Ur:E
CJSTERN FOR RAINWATER STORAGE
'.( :L----- -o
~~ -- -- -- ---- --~:
Di.a1r1
Vlllv~
\\~...__)
:-~ ~_:-_-:_{ _-=--=-~~\ i
Ov~rlappm1
1
1
1
1
1
Flltu
:I
I
11
1
:
1
: l
:Box
f
11
I
l l
I
I
I
I
I
I t f'latfo rm Dr-a 1n
1 1
I
:i
I 1
1
M6nl1ol e
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
II
I:
:
1
I
1
1 ~Power Pump
1L
1
!- J=-...-=-4
L __ _ _ l
I
:
o-=
----=~ . . qr
. ~ ~-- -
__ _ __ l__ l
eonn~ctton
c1t!movable. ~dtctl 1
of f!lt.er Box Top :
i.o Prtvtnt
sp1a.sh
,_
..
I
I
I I
·)c Mtt.il
E)-·· · ·- - - - ·Pump.s\et.ve
-
V "
C~mp
I
I
I
I
- -
- -
-
-
-
- - -
-
-
-- -
.J.
PLAN
pper Valvt .>c.r4en
Stuffing Box
WHERE EN"TIJZE
OSTEflN AAO F1Llt~
ARE PLAc:E.D BELoW
To N
tnc:rtcs.sed ui )I~
whir~ l«Ahon .lnd re~~u1r~m!fltl
~manti
~uno, MAN+tOlE SHAll.
I3E BRc116H T TD .ru~
AND SEALED.
AVERAGE DAILY HUMAN CONSUMPTION OF WATER:
50 to 100 gallons (189.51iters) per day per person each from 12 to 35
gal. each 100 chickens- 4 gat.
each goat - 2 gal.
each hog
- 4 gal.
115
TANKS AND CISTERN CAPACITIES IN GALLONS
Multiply by 3.79 to get Liters equivalent
DEPTH IN
METERS
SQUARE TANKS
2.40M
3.00M
1.20M
1.80M
2.40M
3.00M
3.60M
1,920gal.
2,880
3,840
3,000
4,500
6,000
7,500
3.60M
4,320
6,480
8,640
10,800
12,960
2.40M
CIRCULAR TANKS
3.00M
3.60M
1,50(}
2,250
3,000
3,760
4,510
2,350.
3,520
4,700
5,870
7,040
4.20M
3,380
3,070
6,76&
8,460
10,150
4,610
6,420
9,220
11,520
13,830
EXAHP\..1
+
1.eo
~-->
PER
f
¥
TABLE
PER
TABLE
= 7, 040 oonons
=26,681.60 litera
=6
000 gallons
: 22,760 liters ( eooo a a. n)
VOL
VOL
:3.00
AVE
X
3.00
IC
=U ,2 X
h
• 3.14{1.50}2 )( 3.60
:c 25.434 cu.m
2. 40
=1,050 Utera/cu.m V
=2 77 gallons /cu.m
21.6cu.mxi.O!SO
25. 434 X I. 050 :
= 22,680
1:
litera
t 22, 740 liters
2!S.43o4 X 277
21.6 cu.rn
lC
277
=53
gallons )
= 0.19 cy.m
DRUM
-
6000
(i
53
GALLON
= U3.2
drums
:. 0036 e)c:v.m
I (6000}: .0036(6;000)
6,000
116
26,68f.60
=
7044.1 gallons
~ 5,983.2
as per toble : 6, 000 901fona
f
26.70!)
=
= 23.16
cu.m
70441
!S3
=!
133 drums
7044.1)( • 0036
c
25.358 cu.m
... .
t
6
t=:=:::.
~~ rF QJJ ·~ rE ~ ~ !Nl [OJ [LJ ~
~'~ A~[Q) ~Ol~[D)
WMllES
~ M~ NAGlE ~IEINJ1' ~IN
~ lUJ ~ !LJQ)~ ~G~
REFUSE HAND.LING AND
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
BUILDINGS
RECYCLING SOLID WASTE
This is another energy conservation influence to which the Kitchen is special!¥ sub}ect. The
separation of dry organic garbage (paper), wet organic garbage, and inorganic wastes such
as glass, plastics, aluminum, and other metals is encouraged by community recycling efforts
in many locations. In the home, wet organic garbage can be composted for garden use, and
dry organic garbage might fuel the fireplace. Thus the kitchen needs direct access to a compost pile, as well as a place {which is cool and dry, to discourage odors) to store various
wa~te metals, plastics, and glass until recycling time.
The Clivus Multrum is one built-in way to deal with wet organic waste from both kitchen and
bathroom, but typically where a clivus multrum has not been installed. a place for food
wastes awaiting composting is also required . Since these wet wastes are particularly odorous, they also need cool temperatures and isolation from the kitchen. In addition to being
roomy, easily accessible, closed off and cool , these spaces must be able to be cleaned . The
energy consuming and ar:Jtirecycling garbage compactor is clearly an easier approach for the
designer as well as the user, but it fails the challenge of resource conservation .
The outdoor compost pile has its own characteristics to challenge the designer. At its best, it
is a frequently turned, quite warm, damp, well-aired source of rich humus (and red worms)
for gardens; odors are noticeable only while the pile is turned. At its v:v-orst, it is a source of
unpleasant odors and a breeding place for ·vermin. (Any disease carrying insects, bugs or
small animals). Where odors are not objectionable, the heat generated in a fre.al!~ntly fed
and tended compost pile could be welcome against the exteriOr.walls of residences. Clearly.
these walls must have inorganic exterior materials.
.
In larger buildings, solid-waste collecting and processing systems are often installed to deal
with volumes of 'specialized' wastes, paper from an office building is one example.
There are 2 basic approaches to these systems:
1. Utilize the waste to recycle both organic and inorganic materials and to recover
heat from nonrecyclable materials.
2. Ship the waste elsewhere as quickly as possible.
The first approach includes composting systems which are available for multistory buildings;
an obvious problem in urban areas is the distribution of compost from so many families to so
.few gardens.
Another example of the first approach is the "INCINERATOR" -(a furnace or other device
for incinerating trash or burning into ash) a potential source of both heat and air pollution.
A major problem is the need for separate waste storage, collection and processing for
various categories of garbage. At best, without separation otherwise recyclable materials are
utilized only for heat, as when paper is incinerated. At worst they become part of our society's growing solidwaste disposal problem.
The second approach, of quickly· shipping these wastes elsewhere, is particularly likely to
generate large quantities of unrecoverable solid waste. Garbage disposal units in apartment
118
kitchens feed the sewer, which le8eena the buildings' solid-waste collection problems, but
not those of the municipal sewage treatment plant . For the wastes that cannot be flu~hed,
compacters are often used to reduce the volume (therefore the cost) of shipped wastes,
once compacted, later separation to recover the material is more difficult. Yet the amount of
space taken up by the collection and storage of unseparated wastes is typically less than that
required for separated wastes, and space becomes more precious as density increases.
Storage and k>ading areas for a downtown apartment toWer are likely to be far smaller than
for a suburban apartment complex.
An example of the second approach to waste handling is shown in the figure below, where
pulping of waste is used to greatly reduce its volume. The~ systems grind waste into pulp in
the presence of water, making a readily transportable SLURRY (a thin, watery mixture of a
fine, insoluble materials, as clay, cement or soil). At the loading docks, this slttrry enters a
water press where about 90% of the water is squeezed out, reducing the volume to about
one·fifth of that of the original wastes. This water is reused and replenished as required.
A PULPJNG INSTALLATiON "'R AMRTMENT
R'EFU~
Such pulping systems are used not only for general refuse, as illustrated, but also for the
destruction of documents and for food service wastes. Pulping systems have limitations:
They should not.be used to handle metal or plastics, so that the recovery of at least these
materials remains a possibility .. Pulping systems are replacing incinerators in urban areasj their
advantages in reduced air pollution must be weighed against the possible heat contribution
from incineration.
Once shipped from buildings, unsorted garbage must undergo energy-intensive processing
if its resources are to be recovered. This procedure .typically involves shredding the mixed
garbage then blowing it through massive "air classifiers" that separate the organic (burnable) wastes from metals and glass. Burnable wastes can then be used, under controlled
combustion. to generate electricity, and the glass and metals (which have been further magnetically separated into ferrous and · non-ferrous metals) can be recycled.
119
SOLID WASTE RECOVERY PROJECT
(Clean Communities Corp. Haverh~l Mass.)
120
WASTE DISPOSAL .... by Corlias G.
Karasov
Every day we throw away countless fonns of waste -from gum wrappers and banana peels
to used car oil, old refrigerators, and an occasional battered car. Add to this the millions of
tons of waste generated by agriculture, industries, mining and oil and gas extraction, and
you have about one million tons of solid waste generatEtd every day in the United States
(about four kilograms for every person 1. Anothef 315 biUion liters of waste-water are poured
into the sewers and septic tanks each day (1370 liters per person).
So much solid and liquid waste is generated that it would be impossible for natural processes
to handle it all. Also many forms of modern waste are persistent-without~pecial treatment
they .do not break down in the environment for many years.
What happens to this waste? Mismanaged waste eventually shows up as pollution in our .
lakes, streams, drinking water, and air, even as an unsightly pile cluttering our view of the
environment. Industrial and municipal wastes are the main source of groundwater contamination (half of our drinking water supply comes from groundwater sources). Waste management is a major nationwide problem today.
SOLID MUNICIPAL WASTES
A. Collection
Modern communities can collect liquid wastes in sewers with ease and with relati~ely little expense per person. But there is no similar method for collecting solid wastes. Collectors still have to go each home or place of business and gather the solid wastes, -largely
QY hand. This of course, is expensive.
However, the work today is more sanitary than it was in the past. SPECIAL Sanitation
Trucks have closed watertight bodies as well as special machinery that presses down the
refuse into a small place.
B. Disposal
Once collected, a satisfactory method of disposing of solids is needed. The two most
commonly used methods are incineration and sanitary landfills, though many other dis.. posal techniques are available:
Open dump, hog feeding, grinding and discharge to sewers, milling, compacting,
dumping and burial at sea, reduction composting, pyrolization (destruction with high
heat), well oxidation, and annaerobic digestion.
a: Incineration, or controlled bu'rning of combustible waste, can be an effective wast~
reduction method for 70 percent of all solid municipal wastes. If an incinerator is
operated properly, it can reduce bulk by 90 to 95 percent. Ash left over is generally
disposed off in a landfill - (soft courses can be estabiished this way).
Environmental laws require specialized pollution control equipment such as scrubbers
and electrostatic precipitators to remove fly ash (fine ash particles that would otherwise rise from chimneys and pollute the air. In the past the heat generated in incinerators went to waste. Today the heat is often channeled to heat boilers.' There·~ produces steam, either for heating buildings or for generating electricity.
121
HOUSEHOl:-0 WASTE -bet~ foadll4
· tntc:=> trod that ~~ts
tt be10re haulln.:1 •t t() d dump
or tnane.r.ra tor.
6A.RBA6'= TRUCK · ~~o1p~ With.
~1al
21rm to lift tr.ash
~nta\ners.
b. Sanitary Landfills -are not open
dumps. In this process, refuse is
dumped at a pre-planned site, compacted, and covered with a layer of
earth. There are two basic approaches in making a sanitary landfill. The trench method and the area
method.
1. Trench Method-a tractor digs a
trench with a bulldozer blade
and trucks. Dump the refuse into it. Then the tractor compacts
the refuse thoroughly and covers it with earth that was dug
up earlier. The. trench method is
primarily used on level ground.
122
2. Area Method -is generally used
on rolling terrain where the existing slope of the land ~a n be used
as a basin. In this method,
trucks deposit refuse over a selected area. Huge, heavy tractors w ith special compacting
wheels press down the refuse.
Then the refuse is covefed with
earth hauled in from elsewhere.
The tractors make the fill so firm
that it later settles only slightly.
SOL.. I 0 WASTE
~ompac:te£:1
tnto
tla~s. e~n ane W~k:Jhtng
almost
l,so:> k•lagrams.
Tht.S a:m~ttd W.dS'te IS
ttum
G1ffeh
Landfall .
~d fa-
.s:a mtar.y
Once a landfill has been compacted and covered the land cannot be used to build
homes or other buildings because of the danger of heavy objects sinl<ing as the fill
settles. However, many fills are used for golf courses and other light uses.
LIQUID MUNICIPAL WASTES
A . COLLECTION
In some underdeveloped areas of the work, open sewers are used . In parts of Asia, people go to home at night to collect human wastes and carry it away in carts. In some parts
of China and Japan, human waste is used as a fertilizer . Today, elaborate sewer systems
are used to carry most liquid sewage to waste treatment plants. When no sewage system
is available, however septic tanks and other subsurface systems are generally the next
choice for homes and business.
SEWERS -are designed to carry sewage from residences, business, and industries
throu~h lar!;Je C()nduits to sewa~e treatment plants where the sewage undergoes a series
of treatment steps to remove polluting materials. Once treated, the wastewater is released
to rivers and lakes to become part of our water resources. Sludge removed from the
wastewater is treated and disposed of in landfills.
123
Most older sewer systems are designed to carry all forms of wastewater together, including both storm water and sanitary sewage. A disadvantage of this "combined"
sewer system is that most treatment plants are not designed to receive the large volume
of sewage that comes through after rainstorms. Rather than damage the treatment plant
with the excess waste after a. storm, wastewater is often allowed to bypass the treatment
plant and enter our waterways untreated.
Newer sewer systems often carry " Blackwater" (Toilet Water) and " Greywater" (any
other water) separately. In the event of any rainstorm, greywater can be released if
necessary while the more concentrated blackwater is treated. A second advantage of separated sewer systems is that greywater can in some cases be released after fewer treatment steps.
41- 6l.A.CKWATER
./'~ ~¢ GRE.YWATE_R
~~~------------~
OLD SYSTEM (c:otnbm~4
~TME.NT
q
R.Af4T
~~~~~ ~~9~~
BY PASSING "eAt:YWATER
an.d R.o\IN WAlER
.. .
9> ~.,......"'
wat42r-
. ways
B. DISPOSAL
At the sewage treatment pJant, sewage is put through a series of treatment steps to
remove any biological and chemical contaminants that can harm human health or ecological systems; to remove final traces of suspended solids; to remove undesirable growths
of algae; to remove taste, color and odor; and to reduce nutrient content then the
treated sewage is released to rivers and lakes to become part of our water resources.
124
The three standard Treatment stages are:
Primary -this is almost always used. Primary treatment is used to remove large floating
or suspended particles, heavier particles such as sand or gravel (called grit) and any excessive amounts of grease or oil from the sewage. A series of screen grit chamber, and
sedimentation tanks is used for this step.
If no further. treatment is performed , the wastewater is disinfected by the addition of
chlorine and discharged into a stream or a body of water. If further treatment is needed.
the wastewater goes to secondary treatment.
..
.
SCREENING
TRAPS COARSE
MATrER
GRIT CHAMBER
LIGHT ~Pe)Q;p ""RT1G.U!S 1"1..0\T
HJ:AW 6"1T t=MT1a..SS SINK
2. Seco41dery Treatment-is the use of aerobic microorganisms (bacteria that thrive in
air) to break down organic matter left in the sewage. The process-called biological
oxidation-involves the use of trickling filten~, activated sludge and stabilization
ponds. Unless tertiary treatment is used, the wastewater is disinfected with chlorine
and discharged.
'
125
rRlGKLIN6 FtLTER
A tnc.l<hn4 i'ttUr: wh•Lh blologtully punflfS U'til4l of or4an•~
matt4!!r
tr~atlhe!nt. ThiS
b4r~au~
u~, or .au· 'Pr~a~. ba~tlttu
proas& IS ~lso )(nown 4K ~btl. ~~Gitaon,
dcriroy 1tw c::njaruc
wast~.~~ pa~
thL¥
~•nc~ mt~
•tta s,ray 1lw'OUgh (»ppni"9 m'four .Arms.
w1th an; lM .uw~c t'hfn lnc~ iloWiy 1br"OU9h a
1)~11" of 'oarul)t uusb.N ~. whf,. 'l>.td8M~ c..arryn19
'lirats ~&k
Mlwn Uw or~tt.; rnat.tful mto humw .t&Jt¥bn~~-
SLUDGE left over the primary and secondary treatment processes is sent to a sludge
digester for further processing. The sludge digester uses aerobic bacteria to break
down volatile matter in the sludge over the course of two to three weeks. Methane, a
by-product of this step, can be used as a fuel source. The remaining sludge can be used as a fertilizer or soil conditioner, incinerated, or deposited in a landfill.
SETTL.IN6 TANK
126
3. Tertiary Treatment, also called advanced wastewater treatment, is used to get
drinking-quality water. At this stage, chemical treatments are used to remove undesirable constituents that remain after Secondary treatment. These includes nitrates,
which can cause public health problems and nitrogen and phosphorus, which encourage the growth of algae. The specific treatment methods used in tertiary treatment
depend oh the source of wastewater being treated. For example, carbon absorption
reverse osmosis, or distillation processes are used to remove organic materials. To
eliminate heavy metals from wastewater, lime treatment or coagulation. and sedimentation treatments are used. {Please refer to Chapter 7 seW'age treatment and
recycling of water).
Pr~~r.a
t1on
ao4
6nt Tan i\S'
127
SEPTIC TANKS
In area& without sewer pipes to cerry sewage to treatment plants, septic tanks and other
subsurface absorption systems are- the mOst commonly used means of treating wastewater.
A septic tank is a watertight tank In which sewage is purified by anaerobic bacteria. Solid
wastea settle to the bottom of the tank, where the anaerobic bacteria aid in their decomposition. Sludge left over is periodically collected from septic tanks and treated or disposed of in
landfills.
The sewage effluent-wastewater-passes out of the tank through perforated pipes and into
the surrounding soil. However, if the. soil is too clayey or clogged with too much waste, the
wastewater will not be able to leave the tank and be purified. Proper use of septic systems is
purified before it reaches nearby lakes, streams, rivers, or underlying groundwater. (Please
refer back to Chapter 5, sewage treatment.)
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Agriculture, mining, -chemical and metal industries, and paper manufacture are responsible
for a big chunk of the waste generated in the United States, and countries with big industries. Industrial mining and agricultural waste amount to more than 380 million metric tons of
solid and liquid waste generated in the.United States each year.
Industries generate most hazardous wastes . The two largest-hazardous waste generators are
the chemical industry (60 percent) and the primary metal industry (10 percent) crude estl·
mates of the hazardous waste disposed of in the United States each year run from 100 to 275
million metric tons.
Industries are now responsible for disposing of their own waste. This is often extremely costly. In response to rising costs for waste disposal, many companies have attempted to reduce
. the waste generated and recycle and reuse waste materials. Many industries have successfully reduced both non-hazardous and hazardous wastes. Almost 35,000 chemicals are etas
sified as either potentially or definitely liazardous to human health. Some of these chemicals
are toxic; the most commonly known can, in certain concentrations, cause birth defects,
cancer, irreversible health problems, and cteath. Other types of hazardous wastes are corro·
sives, such as acids; flammables; explosives; irritants that can cause incapacitating short·
term chronic allergic response reactions.
128
THE RECYCLING
OF WATER
"Today's water supply is tommorow's sewage problem" is a slogan of officials of municipal
Public works department. With great effort and expenses, millions of gallons of potable
water where delivered to a City, only to be continuously polluted by human wastes. Transformed into sewage, it was then run to foul the nearest river or, in more recent times, it was
purified -also at great effort and expense.
Adequate sources of water are now in short supply. Fresh water lakes, deep wetls, and some
less-polluted rivers now often yield insufficient water for this extravagant and wasteful cycle.
We face the scheme of making the purified sewage effluent quite a lot purer and drinking it.
Thus, the slogan is reversed and becomes "Today's Sewage flow can be tommorow's water
supply". Terms such as "Sewage Disposal" are used less often and are replaced by "Water
Reclamation" and "Recycling of Water". However, human sensibility is such that we are reluctant to think that we are drinking purified sewage effluent.
Reclaiming sewage for drinking water is a change that will affect the practice of architects
and planners. It wil1 change the nature of buildings, their mechanical systems, and their
plumbing fixtures. Regional planning will also be affected, since the recycling may take place
in small, newly planned communities and even on college campuses. Space for local treatment plants may be required in the master plans now on the drawing boards or those soon to
be contemplated .
In this fast-moving development, the possible, complete digestion of sewage at an individual
house or even directly at an individual toilet fixture has been seriously considered. At our
present time of writing, the speed of change is so great that any appraisal of the current situation must be considered to be $Ubject to additional changes.
Effluent - the outflow of a sewer, septic tank.
Sludge-any heavy, slimy deposit, sediment or mass, as the waste resulting from the
precipitate in a sewage tank, oil refining or mud brought up by a mining drill.
THREE KINDS OF WATER
As discussed earlier, the descriptive terms· are:
1. Storm water
2. Area water-wastes from laundries, wash basins, sinks, showers, bath tubs.
3. Black water - the water plus-hul)"lan waste that is flushed out of toiletS and
urinals.
FOUR DISTINCT OBJECTIVE STATEMENT IS NEEDED about the planning that should
apply to new buildings in new communities. :_This planning should include:
·
1. Storm water to be recharged to the earth.
2. Grey water to be collected separately and given the lighter treatment sufficient for its
purification.
3. Black water to be collected separately and then treated in city plants, locally or at
each building site.
4. Eliminating the incidence of black water by the use of composting processes.
130
SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS
WARD'S ISLAND, NEW YORK CITY
(ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
GRJT CHAMBER
(MANHATT.
~6:[)):'?.- -:-U
~·.~
.. .
~- ·· -·- ·
PRELIMINAR'Y
~~~~~~-~ETTU
CHAMBe~
FINAL
S~TTl..ING
C HAMf5CRS
.SL.UD'-E
.>TORA~E'
S'UH.• I N6
I::Sl
Sew~
Tratment wortc"s", W.rtis Island. New Ycrk t~ty, Ad•vattd ~u~ Proc..ess.
[AJManhatt:an ~nt .c:::hamber [8] Manhattan >Lw~ tunn~l E:] Bron~ {ew31}1 tunnel
[qJ Labor'atory .and Admtn1strat.m. [E:] Power plant (T] t:\Jmp and t=0w1r Bu•ld1n~
~ R'~ltTl&nary ~1.hn~ dam~r.r. fHJ A~.dt•oo tharrtP€1:S [IJ Fmal Settlm~ ~ham bet'>
pJ Sl~e
132
~ta-~ l>u •ld1ng [}:] ..:11'14 [':] Pur~ IVa~ <::bsatar4e
[MJ Dec:t. ·1br .Slu4ge
boaii.
- - - - - - - i A W m CHLORI DE.
·.::, ...· • - - --. SETTL..IN6
·(FERRIC
SUL..FATE
· L..fMe:!
CHLORINE.
$OM A.SW
·· !1 - - --
-
T~
FL..OCCUL.ATION
---· FILT'llATION
PU8LIC
~Urf'LIES --~
.
.
A CITY WATER TREATMENT USING RIVER WATER AS A SOURCE
133
GENERAL:
The individual sewage disposal facility is a system designed to treat sewage from one building plot and dispose of it on the site, itself, usually by some type of soil absorption system
consisting of a septic tank followed by either leaching pools or tile fieldS. The individual
disposal system cannot be considered a satisfactory permanent method of sewage disposal
as compare to a connection to an approved public sewerage system .
RECYCLING AT NEW YORK
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
A new method of sewage treatment, known as the Pasveer Oxidation stream {using the ele·
ments for effective sewage digestion- sunshine and turbulent flow that creates the water
and provides an adequate oxygen content) has been adopted at N.Y. Institute of Technology. Serving the new 450-Acre Campus at old Westbury, Long Island , N.Y., it provides an
on-campus sewage treatment, which returns the purified effluent to the ground through 48
leaching w ells located under the athletic field . The groundwater thus restored, aids in
providing a contributing source of water for 400-ft. (1 20 m.) deep wells, distantly located,
that furnish part of the water supply for the campus buildings.
1. PROCESS
The oxidation stream process is a modified form of the activated sludge process and may
be classified in the extended aeration group. It is not a mechanically aerated lagoon. The
biological removal and conversion of organic solids occur simultaneously in the aeration
basin under aerobic conditions. Aerobic conditions are always maintained by induction of
oxygen into the liquid with a highly efficient mechanical aerator. The surface aerator also
has excellent propulsion capabilities which keep all solids in suspension.
OUIET
LA(!;()ON
134
2. OPERATION
The oxidation stream is operated as a closed system and the net growth of volatile suspended solids will increase so t hat it will periodically be necessary to remove some sludge
lowers the concentration in the stream and keeps the metabolism more active. The excess sludge formed in the process is sufficiently broken down so that the w ater binding
properties, present in sludge produced from other processes is not present. The surplus
sludge may be discharged without offensive odors for direct drying on open sludge drying beds. (The designs according to its designer, Mr. Bogen had provided for a 4,330
equivalent population and a 340,000 gallons per day flow).
F
t.eAt::HING FEILD UNDER
FOOTBALL. FEILD
STORWf DRAIN
LEGEND
A. S UMP PUMP P IT
B- SLU~E. PUMP PIT
C-CHLDR'INE GONTAC.T CHAMBER
0. INFLUENT STRUCTURE
E. LABOAATORY BUILDING
F.CLAF?lFlER
6- ROTOR BRI D6E
H- SL.UD6E ORYI NG BEDS
135
SANTEE WATER RECLAMATION PLANT
and PARK/RECREATIONAL FACILITIES
PADRE [)AM MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRICT
1. Raw Sewage from the community of SANTEE enters the treatment plant, (top of diagram I.
2. The process then proceeds southwards to the point where reclaimed water is pumped to
customers.
3. Sludge does not enter the San Diego River but is pumped to the San Diego Metro System/or can be aerobically treated at the plant.
...
OPEN
CHANNEL
Ill
PERCOLATIDN 6E.05
CHLDRINA"f10N
SlAT ION
.st.UDGE TO SAN Dl56()
METRO GYSTEM
S"EVEN
lifCEE\'\110NAL
LA!<E5
75 WAIER' SURF.Al:E
ACRES
I<'E~LAIMEO IM\TEI'c: D
.::'HLORINA110N ANO
J
PUMPING F.A::IU11E5
136
[l
0
WATER USED IN FLUSHING TOILET
When considering reduction of waste water flows, the biggest water-wasting device that
first come to mind is the water flush toilet. Almost everyone has participated in the use of
about 5 gallons (18.92 liters) of drinking-quality water to flush out of sight, objects of no
more than a cigarette butt. Altogether, water wasted in flushing toilets approach almost half
of all water used in a household:
LOSSES:
When the flusher rubber is faulty, water escapes through the water closet tank at a rate of 20
gallons per minute. This adds to 120 gallons per hour, so that in 10 hrs, a 1,000 gatlcn
tank is emptied.
A leaking faucet will result to loss of water. As an example, the illustration below will explain
the average loss· of water for a period of one month.
i•
•
•
'•' '•••
'
'
•
•
•
••
•
•
lDdrt:lps/ mmutt
;morrth
2~ Lr~r!
137
BIOLOGICAL COMPOST TOILET
or MULLBANK TOILET (Formerly Ecolet)
This is an aesthetically acceptable toilet. That do not use water at all. Its function, appearance, and adaptib ility are shown in the illustration.
FUNCTIONS:
1. A toilet with a controlled humidification process.
2. Developed in Sweden and marketed by Recreation Ecology conservation of the
..
U.S. Inc. 9800 West Bluemound Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226.
3. ODOR-FREE, it can be used continuously without discomfort.
4 . It has a continuous , uniform, biological decomposition when in operation and is
mainly activated by mesophilic microorganisms.
5. Organic kitchen refuse can be received, as w ell as torn up newspaper and wastepaper.
5. The mullbank enables the hygienic handling of waste at the source. No discharge of
waste or chemicals to the earth.
7. It produces a fertilizer and a soil amendment.
8. Domestic water consumption is reduced which implies reduced treatment of
sewage water.
• 9. It will operate in a wide variety of temperature ranges .
.A VEt.JTILATING FAN ANO eXHAUST SYSTE~
rrTO
A MOULDED HI..;H
GLOSS LAMINATED AN!;
IM~T RESISTANT
POt..YSl"ERENE HOUSINEo
~NO
SEAT
EVAR)I?A"l"E LIQUID
WASTE
AND
~EMOVE'
ODOR.
A DISTRIBUTOR Pa'f
I
SPREADING INRJT IN
POUNO.S ( 9·07 J<IL.LG) t.iF
PEAT MDSS WHICH IS SPREAD
,· 20
CVER THE HEATING GDILS
TCJ PROVIDE SOIL BACTERIA
A TRANSR>R'MER :
TO INlER'AC.T WITH WAST~
AND $WITCH-
BA~T ER IA .
A COLLECTION TRAY IN
WHICH DECOM POSeO (POWDER OW'(]
ARE GANE~f;:O FOR REMOVAL
A
HEATING COl~ WITH THERMDSTAT TO
INSURE lliAT A TEMPERATURE 1DEAL FOR
DEC.OMR?.SITlON
A TOILET YOU CAN'T FLUSH
138
IS MAINTAIN
THE CLIVUS IVIULTRUM (U.S.)
(Inclining Compost Room)
METHOD OF ORGANIC WASTE TREATMENT
This method for the treatment of organic wastes is self-contained. It uses no water. Products ofthe toilet and kitchen are retained in a impervious container from which there is no
effluent. It preserves nutrients by conversion to a rich humus suitable for gardens. No ext~r­
nal supply of energy or chemicals is needed to .e ffect the decomposition.
In the Multrum, the bottom of which is sloped, the organic wastes slide down at a rate slow
enough to be thoroughly decomposed before reaching the storage chamber. A draft maintained by natural convection, ensures that there is aerobic action in the process and that kitchen and bathroom are odor free.
Bath, dish and laundry wash waters are not handled by the multrum. It is disposed of in such
a way as not to endanger human health or water quality. With toilet wastes eliminated from
the effluent leaving the house, this danger is greatly reduced.
Invented 30 years ago in Sweden, commercially available in the past decade in Scandinavia , and adaptable to all types of buildings.
- - GARBA6E CHUTE
'
the MULTRUM .at a
bas~ment
..
~ -·
-·--·· ··- -
m- .21
house
139
_,.,
_.,_.
\
EXHAUST VENT
I!IXHALJST AIR OUT
c:;oz , H,o
'-
... .......
'
\
\
\
I
GOUNTJ!.R
ToP
~R8Afie
UNIT
~-+----KIT~HEN
WASTES
CHAMBI!R
...
STARTER LAYER OF
f'EAT }- TOP SOIL
-~~:.;_
TOI&.ST WASTE
CHAMI5&R
COMPOST CHAMBER USING 1.20 x 2.40 Floor space by 2.10 high that receives garbage
and human waste under controlled conditions . The end product is a humus, which is only 5
to 10%·of the volume originally put in. This end product is safe for gardens because of the
long retention in the container (2 to 4 years).
140
THE MICROPHOR FLUSH TOILET
The recycling of water from sewage is not the only way to ease the water supply problem.
Obviously the use of less water at fixtures also helps. This reduces the volume of sewage
produced. The microphor flush toilet for use in conventional plumbing systems is a notable
item for this purpose. It only tlusl)es 2 quarts ( 1.892 liters) as against 5 gallons flush for the
ordinary water closet.
HOW IT WORKS:
The microphor low flush toilet is activated by pressing the flush lever. Water and waste are
immediately deposited into the Lower Secondary chamber which is built into the structure of
the toilet.
The toilet has a complete water wash of the bowl refills to form a seal. At this point, the secondary chamber is pressurizec1 with compressed air and the waste and water is deposited
into the normal sewer line.
Savings
= 2/5 used
3/5 saved
For conventional - say 1,000 gals.
only 400 gal . tor microphor
600 gal. saved.
RIM
FLUSH
FINISHEO
USE: WAX B"OVVL.
FLOOR
RIN~
WHEN INSTALLING TOILET
FINISHE=O WALL.
CXJTLET
141
NOTES
~lUM~~~ceJ
~~xuu~~~
PLUMBING FIXTURES
.P LUMBING FIXTURES
Plumbing fixtures are receptacle~ inten~~g tq r@ceiv~ w~t~r, liquid, @r water c~mied wastes
and discharge them into the dr~in~g~ ~yl),tam.
1. WATER CLOSET
A plumbing
fi~ture use~
to. ~pnvev ~rQ~!lil;! q~qy w~~te ttl the plymbing system.
Dtt:fign-:- This come in the follpwing
type~:
a. '-"~~ow~ - l~i.l~t ~fficiept, nqj~ie~t less expe.nsive, b1,.1lging frqnt.
.. ---...t..
Wlt1'8"
.... ~ ..
b. Reverse Trap-more expensive than
washdown. Flushes through a siphon
action created in the trap way, moderately noisy.
144
tieAL.
~· ~il!hf1n J(ft -e~pensive "'"~
m<>re efficient. larger amount
gf Stlfpdi!"9 water, larger trapway ca~:~sing !e~ clog and
ft4s~ing action is greater.
I-lEAC
SE'Al...
d. Siphon Vortex- very efficient, less, noisy and must expemsiv~ fi!:J.§hirg l:}y whirlpool
action. It hcts JEirg~ amount of
~nding Wflt~r ~lmost covering !he whpl~ 1;)911¥1 i~terior.
~. DlffJQt FIYJh Vf/Jftf- ln places where
is
water is al,l!Jnq~nt and the pressure
high, Flyshing tt{::tiQn can be obtained di·
rectly from iJ fh:l§h value connected into
the bowl. Fo~nd in commercial and institutional installations.
145
TDP .SPLJD DESt&l'l
,~--4-----_§ 7~
$79
<1>----· ------1
!
~---· ..
415
-----
'1~1 ~
I
-~c' ~~,;~4 :w"" "1!\~
MARINA (most expensive)
Flush valve model No. PE-3530 · wall
mounted elongated siphon jet.
146
VENTURA (cheapest)
Flush valve PF-3534-FV Siphonic Washdown.
VALVE (6} SHOULD SHUT" OFF
WATE~ INTAKE WHEN r"L~T
ARM RAISES Ar
g.)
~~~~·R~~VE
~UNGEF? _ SEE
DE:TAIL-S
BELOV-/
TUBE REFILLS
TOILAT BOVVL
WHit....E TANK
RBr~VERH~
I
LIFT ARM AND 1-tFT
WIRES SHOUl-D NOT
JAM AT ANY TIME- WHEN
JAMMED THEY PREVENT
VALVE FROM RE)EATIN&
PROPERLY
/BE
I
I
it.]
~]
FLOAT
VALVe
PLUNGER
UFT
WillE
fVILt...
COGK
STOPPEl? BALL
TUBE:.
WATER
SU PPLY
$"EAT
SHa-lLD aDSE S:MOOTHLY
R'EFILLS
TANK~
PLUNGER
5CREW
-
tc::&~----
TO BOWL REALL TU6E
TANK 1<E FlLL TUB~
DETAIL OF A
TYPICAL BAL..LCOCK VALV~
147
_,.g,
t1
l
t
Ill
.........a.
...,_.-~,.._
I
"i
1:-1'
t\4i
!
148
CARMELA (Less Expensive)
Flush Valve PF3531-FV
Siphon Jet
Concealed P-Trap
Flush Valve Bowl
elongated Siphons
Model No. PF 3631-FV
Recommended for
Institutional/ Commercial
Common/Lobby Toilets
Philstandard - Saniwares
"MARINA"
New Madera - '.'CARMELLA"
Compton FV - "VENTURA"
Elongated Siphon vortex bowl and Tank in
one piece.
~7
t
VICTORIA PF 2000
Most Expensive, Luxurious, one piece design - Flushes at only 13 liters.
Recommended for
Expensive Master's. toilet
Expensive suites
Philstandard - Saniwar~
Car1yte
"VICTORIA"
149
748
CARMELA
PF 2102
Concealed P-Trap
W.C. PF 2103
Floor Mounted, back outlet Toilet combination PF 3631 elongated siphon jet bowl
same tank.
Free standing toilet combinauon PF 3531
elongated bottom outlet siphon jet bowl
with extended rear shelf - P F 4145-01 closedcouple tank .
Phi lsta ndard
elongated compact
Recommended for
Master's Toilet
elongated Yorkville
Concealed P-Trap
150
-
Saniwares
-
Carmela PF 2102
.carmela PF 2103
s
r;78
7
~89
.. 2.9(, .524
t
SABRINA PF 2600
Free Standing Toilet Combination PF 3536
round front bottom outlet siphonic reverse
trap bowl with extended rear sb~lf-PF 4145
close coupled tank with cover .. · ·
Recommended for
Masters toilet,
Children toilet,
Hotel rooms.
Model PF 2601
Floor mounted, bacl< outlet toilet combination - PF 3636 round front siphon jet bowl
same water tank.
Philstandard
new cadet
round front Yorkville
Saniwares ,
Sabrina 2600
Sabrina 2601
151
.5 91
t
.5.14
t
I
t
VENTURA PF 2400
Free standing combination PF 3534 Round
Front bottom outlet siphonic washdown
bowl with extended rear shelf PF 4145 closecoupled tank with cover.
Model
REGINA PF 2XlO
Free Standing Combination PF 3533 bottom
outlet siphon action washdown bowl with
jet-round front with extended rear shelfPF 4145 close coupled tank with cover.
(Recommended for children's room
Guest Rooms
lower budget toilets)
Philstandard
Compton regular
Perfect 2113
-
Saniwares
Ventura
Regina
oe
SYLVANA Model PF 2800
Free standing Toilet Combination PF 3538
round from bottom outlet Siphonic washdown bowl with extended rear self-PF 4144
close coupled tan!( with cover.
Recommended for Driver's maid's caretaker's toilet also for small restaurants.
Sylvana Backspurl Bowl
Model PF 3538 BS
Floor Standing toilet round front bottom
outlet siphonic washdown bowl with 51 mm
back spud.
Philstandard
Perfect 2113
Back Spud
Perfect 3280
Saniwares
Sylvana~
Sylvana
Back Spud PF 3538
400
~
"'~
~
~
i~
7~8
rr
154
.65.5
~
FERNDALE PF 3535Full Flush washdoor bowt with open and
self-draining riverback outlet 95° slope
P-Trap PF 3535 ST) table for high or low
leud cistar.
BIANCA PF Z700
Floor mounted toilet combination - PF 'S1
round front washdown bowl with extended
rear shelf and backoutlet.
Recommended for
budgeted toi'l et
rooms
Philstandard
Coronet PF 440
Coronet PF 441
Saniwares
Ferndale PF 3535
Bianca PF Z70
4-81
.
4-97
~I
430
DIAMANTE BOWL
No. PF 3430
Floor standing bottom outlet pan flush
toilet.
Recommendation tor
Rural: areas
,low cost houses
Public Toilet
PER LAS
SQUAT BOWL
Model No. PF 3431
Pail Flush squat toilet for recess installation.
Philstandard
Bolton
Silangan Squat
PF 3444-S
Saniwares
Model PF 3430
Perlas Squat
PF 3431
Oriental PF 3446
155
ORIENTAL
SQUAT BOWL
Model No. PF 3446
Washd.o wn Squat Bowl with integral f~t
treads for loose P or S - Trap instaUationsuitable for high or low level cisterns
Recommended for low cost and rural housing Public Toilets.
156
LAVATORIES
LAVATORV. is a bowl or basin for washing the face and hands. The basin maybe of the
following forms:
0
D
1. Rounded
D
...
4. Rectangular
5. Trapezoidal
2. Square
3. Oval
6. Triangular
The elevation of the sides could either be any of the two types:
1. shallow or deep
2. Nearly vertical or gradually sloping side.
157
The materials could also be any of these:
1. porcelain
3. enameled cast iron
2. formed steel
4. vitreous china
Another types is the molded one-piece lavatory with an integral countertop having the tollowing varieties.
1. Built-In installation Self-rimming- the lavatory fittings are
installed througl1'1! hole drilled at
the counter top.
2. Fitting ledge installation self
rimming- the lavatory fittings
are installed in a hole provided
within the lavatory itself.
3. Under the Counter-the lavatory is placed below the built-in
counter top.
158
pop JJ p
FAUCET
.>TOPPER
~OM6JNA i10N
SEPARATE FOR 13UILT IN
t:OJJNTE.RS
TYPES:
1. Washer- type faucet
AN6LE. VALVE/
2. Cartridge- faucet
SUPPLY PIPE
3. Diaphragm faucet
ASSEMSl.Y
LAVAlORY
LAVATORY FITTINGS (millimeters)
~
t..l
IYI
SUPP1.Y
ASSEM6LY.
- IOmm A'fltjt IQI~.
- Whffl ttaNJ...
• ln~ 10 mm M.l~
ntREA.DeP .
• ESeutdl£on
~ lu~
P TRAP ASSEMBLY
3L mm P 1'21\P WITf-t
~
LLEANOUT
P.O PUJG WITH
CH.A\ IN AND RUBBeR
STOPPER CHFI'OME
PLATED F"INISH .
159
A..elU-
ns.tr.
TO CLOSE DAAIN
PULL UP
ORA IN
PLUN~ER
ANO l.EVER
A$~MBLY
Fa'· UP
,..._ ORAlN
BOOY
HOW A TYPICAL LAVATORY
WJTH A POP UP OMJN or.eRA115.
HOW A TYPICAL LAVATORY FAUCET WITH POP-UP
DRAlN OA!RA~$.
THE LSFT COUPLING ATTACHEDTO~E PIVOT ROD
MUST 5E l.OOSENeD TO RE:MOVe THE S~R.
TYPES
160
a- WALL.· ~
CARMELA f'F-()()10
CARMELA PF-()011
Wall-hung lavatory with fitting ledge for
102 or 204 holes or with PF 9671 Floor pe-
Recommended for
Expensive suites
Master's Toilet
destal or Trap cover
Philstimdard
Avalon
Saniwares
161
. 5 0~
MELISSA LAV.
Model PF 1008
Self rimming Oval shaped Lav. with front
Overflow for bu11t-in installation.
Recommended for
Master's Toilet
Hotel Rooms
Lobby Toilets
Philstandard
Ovalyn
Avalon
162
Saniwares
Mellissa
Katrina
rr4.
·
SOB
\
!
I h:z;o---.f
~3-4-.S--Jj"
SABRINA
Model PF - 1005
Wall-hung lavatory with rear Overflow and
cast -in soap dishes pocket hanger and integral China brackets.
i
l
I
i
~
DIANA Model 1006
Wall-Hung lavatory
Recommended for
Boy's Room
- Sabrina
G1rl's Room
- Diana
Philstandard
- Saniwares
New Comrade - Sabrina
Copacabana
- Diana
163
VENTURA
PF 1002
Wall-hung lavatory with rear Overflow and
cast in soap dishes- pocket hanger w ith
integral China brackets
Recommended for
Guest Rooms
Other Rooms
Low budget toilets
164
SYLVANA
PF 1003
Same specifications as Ventura.
Philstandard
Laverne
American
- Saniwares
-Ventura
-Sylvana
f
0
*
(,8
0
'
©
~
()
U)
REGINA
Model PF 1007
Wall-hung Lavatory with Minor back skirt
hanger and 10 mm Chain stay hole.
Recommended tor
low budgeted rooms
Philstandard
Granada
Saniwares
REGINA
165 .
BIDET
A fixtures that appears like a water closet, since a person sits down on it. But it is designed
as a combination lavatory which can plug t he drain and collect Hot and Cold water, with an
inverted water sprayer to clean the most delicate and well-guarded parts of the body.
CONTESSA PF 5106
FLUSHING RIM AND SPRAY
Suitable for Expensive
Master;s Toilet
166
Philstandard
Saniwares
- Luxette
- Contessa
URINAL
I
r--~
I
I
I
0
COMMODORE
PF 6600
WaU-hung washout Urinal with flushing rim
and integral trap - 19 mm0 top spud.
ADMIRAL PF 6610
Wall-hung washout urinal with extended
shields and integral flush spreader concealed
wall-hanger pockets 19 mm0 top spud.
Philstandard
Washbrook
Mural
- Saniwares
- Admiral
- Commodore
For M en's Toilet Suitahle for Hotels and Offices .
1G7
BATHTUBS
Tubs are now designed not only for one person but large enough to accomodate couple
bathing together. Some one-person bath tubs are equipped with seats, shelves for soap and
shampoo with non-skid surfaces. Others have built-in water pressure pipes and sprayers for
soothing the muscle pains.
NIPPLE. FOR
SPRAY ,\-lo>E
CONNECT10N
,_?
STUD
RUBBER -71
l:.LOSED
OPeN
GAS.KJ:T.
/e
9/1"
L.~
NUT
6~
STOP FOR Pf..lJ6
PROPS TO C.L05E DRAIN
~TRAINE~
~ c::.o PPISR A~PTCR
"-+--1~ G.OPPF..R EL.BO\N
~-+-,ri'--~U M
TRAP
TYPICAL TUB FIITINGS
168
SHOWER VALVES, HEADS AND TUB
FIXTURE ARRANGEMENTS
, l
,,
II
II
I
II
II
II
1
DlVERTER
I
E:JECT~
TeE
~WINe~:::$~~
~
SPOUT
I
I I
I I
~)
,I I
I I
I
I
PLU6
I I
I I
I I
I
I I
I
I
: I
k1
,- ----l ~~ :o=;
'u~,o~ sa._ce_R+---lo.~ 'T: ~, l
•- .J
1
II
I
I
1 I
~ -•;r,-.~
rr:J
TUB
u;;r-- Ottt::RA.OW
169
F l t-llSHEO WALL.
i
I
~--------------------~~
'I
------ -ti!
~ --·
148!3
1
1·-------~'s~~~'~--------- .......'
TII...E..S: iY j
OTHE.RS
:..:
~ ~
ROU6H FLOOR
t
0
170
2.04r
0
------:fL.
IOZ
_·:.: .:_..:..._: ..:._ .. ....
BATHROOM BASICS
SOAP HOLDER
ROLL PAPER HOLDER
TOWEL RAIL BRACKET
cs,___---2J
SHOWER CURTAIN ROD
·r=:rRs ·T
AID
TOOTH BRUSH
MEDICINE CABINET
AND TUMBLER HOLDER
171
'
STAfNU!SS STfi!L .
MIN. J.tA)(
RE5lDe.NTlAL SlttKS
,
I
L
w
0
L.,
IIYz"
33"
13"
zz_I
sf2.,
12"
ENAMELZD C'AST lib~&
MIN
~X
IZ"
3/)11
12'
Zl¥
L..
w
w
0
r,•
D
e''
R:>RCELASN I!AAMI!LEO
STEEL
L
w
D
STAHU!SS &Tei!L
MIN
MAX
L
28"
22 11
w I(,''
'i".
~
D
w
0
0
5''
1o"
ENAMe..eD
L
w
D
GASr IRON
MIN
32 11
MAX
11
2~"
20
42 1
",,
..
Qll
R)R(l!:LAIN !!NAMEL..I!D
STEEL
MIN
'-
32 11
0
1"
w
172
z,n
MAX
32. 11
.21"
.eYe"
~~+~-------------~--------------~t­
r ,.._..-----.. 0
0
w
0
0
0
0
STAINLS.SS STEEL.
L
MIN
43 11
w
Z2"
D
5"
MAX
Si''
7JI4J(
TRIPJ...e 80\NL..
STAINU:SS STeEL
MIN
L
w
0
M.o\)(
3 }It' 3l.Yl'
31~ '52 1.1 f
71
7~"
STAlNL..ESS STEEL.
MIN
MAX
L...
33H 4f9jl'
w
Zl"
D
7A
25''
7}2"
~ELEOCAST
L-
w
0
MIN
4211
toll
~II
IRON
MA)C
7'Z"
t:5"~~~
SiNGLE BOWL ~DWNIIQtftD
( RtGHr Ol'f Lf!FT")
173
,, ""'' t1
L..O~W
i
t
M IN.
~~==========~~~
'
'
I
I
I
I
I
J
•
'------ ------------ __
__
I
I
)
~
SINK W•TH JIILAT RIM
w
1
M IN ..
I
I
l""------ .... · --- ... -- __ __,'--~
t
w
•'•
'--- ----------- -----··- - - - +
\
I
SINK WITH ~J.EDQ!. 1\NO
Mac:&PLASH.
174
"
L
0
DOUBLE BOWL.
tt
0
DRAJNBCARD
ENAMELED ~T JRQN
STAINLESS STEfL
Ml~
MAX
L
~(/'
12
w
l1 1
zs•
D
.,,,
r
~
11
L
MrN
MAX
.5tf
72 11
1.5"
i w i 2+11
(,''
I 0
7 Yz"
B"
l.
ooo
0
0
.._______0
STAINLESS STEEL
MIN
MAX
l-
84'1
w
z.s''
0
1~·
175
L
M'N.
~
S+'
72.
2.5-
w
21.
0
~
..
gn
L·-.r--...;;;;._---1-
r---------.jl ~
0
0
STAINLeSS STI!fl
0
~IN
w
0
'"------~ - f.-
,____________________
,_~
= 1_____J
0
0
0
0
176
0
0
w
M,.4)(
L
lift.'/
w
I"~'
14"
20X."
D
"''
~
MOSQUITOES-CONTROL METHODS
CONTROL METHODS AGAINST THE MOSQUITO
Malaria control involves a complex organization requiring the services of physicians who are
malariologists, entomologists who obtain information of the vectors and their habits, publichealth nurses who make contacts with the infected persons, and the public in general, is required. Not the least important is the work of the sanitary engineer and sanitarian in controlling the mosquito vector.
...
Mosquito control is applied against the aquatic forms by means of drainage, filling, and the
use of oil and other Larvicidal agents. These procedures may be grouped under the term
"Larvicidal" methods. Other methods, which we may call "adulticidal" methods, are
directed against the mature winged mosquito and include the use of sprays under various
circumstances and mosquito proofing of occupied buildings.
LARVICIDAL METHODS
THE FIELD FOR DRAINAGE
Drainage improvement includes installation of open ditches, subsurface drains, vertical
drains, filling low areas, the cleaning and draining of natural streams, and control of impounding reservoirs. In tidal areas it may also include construction of dykes and tide gates.
Since the malaria mosquito breeds only in waters containing vegetation, it is obvious that
elimination of such waters by drainage or otherwise will prevent the production of
anophelines. Drainage frequently makes it possible to eliminate permanently some large
breeding area as a swamp or many small temporary or permanent pools. However, drainage
is costly and therefore it cannot be justified unless it will protect a large number of people.
DITCHING
The first step in drainage is to make a tentative layout of the system of ditches. If the pro·
blem is to drain a swampy area formed by seepage at the bottom of a hill, the main ditch
should parallel the bottom of the hill and the deep enough to intersect all the ground-water
flow before it appears on the ground surface. Flat swampy areas and ponds will require a
main ditch leading from the deepest point of the area. The main ditch should always be dug
first and drainage allowed to occur. After a few days the lateral ditches may be dug, and it
may be discovered that not so m~ny will be required as was first supposed. Frequently they
will be smaller ditches connecting holes with the main ditch.
178
Ditches should have clean sides sloped as steeply as the earth or other material will permit.
The bottoms should be as narrow as possible to confine the stream. Wide ditches are undesirable as they permit pools of water to stand and breed mosquitoes. Where a very wide
ditch is necessary, this danger may be eliminated by constructing a small ditch in the bottom
of the large one so that the small flows wil be concentrated and kept moving. Sharp bends
should be avoided when making changes of difecUon, and branch ditches should join the
main ditch at acute angles or with a curve. The grade of an unlined ditch should be great
enough to give a cleaning velocity but not so great that erosion will occur. A grade or fall of
0.05 foot per 100 feet is the minimum (approx. 1.5 em or .015 m per 31 m) for an unlined
ditch, while 0.6 to 0.8 foot per 100 feet is the maximum (approx. 0.18 m to 0.24 m or 24 em
per 31 m is the maximum}.
Side slopes of earth ditches are usually 1 horizontal to 1 venicat in firm loam or sand clay. In
soft loose soil it should be 1.5 horizontal to 1 vertical. In hard rocky material it may be steeper
than 1 to 1.
FILliNG
Areas that cannot be drained can sometimes be economically and adequately kept from
breeding mosquitoes by filling. This may be done with shovels if the hole is small, with
scrapers if the hole is larger and if there is earth available nearby, Large fills along water fronts
• may be done with hydraulic dredges. In some cases it is possible to fill low areas on the outskirts of towns with rubbish. This, if properly done, is satisfactory, but care should be taken
that cans, buckets, and other containers are covered with earth, ashes, cinders, or sawdust
so that they will not hold water and breed mosquitoes or cause other nuisances.
Sanitary fill differs from ordinary dumping in that the material is adequately covered with
earth at the end of the working day.
If possible, sites should be chosen so that the prevailing winds will carry occasional odors
away from built-up areas. Generally it is believed that odors will be unnoticeable more than
300 feet from the dumping area. Low areas such as ravines, abandoned borrow pits, and
swamps, are particulary suitable provided the fill will not obstruct natural surface drainage.
Springs are also to be avoided. Water that d~ains through the fill will. of course, show considerable pollution and effect adversely near-by bathing beaches and water courses.
OIL AS A LARVICIDE
The larvae and pupae of the common varieties of mosquitoes are air breathers and must
come to the water surface to renew their air supply by means of their breathing tubes. Oil
when applied to the water surface forms a film over the water surface, and some of it will
enter the breathing tubes. The oils used have a poisoning effect rather than mere clogging
or choking. Experiments have shown that if the larvae once obtain a dose of kerosene and
then are removed to clear water they will die in about 15 minutes, practically the same length
of time as reQuired to kill those remaining beneath a kerosene film. With the heavier crude
oils 3 hours may be required before· the larvae die. Pupae seem to be somewhat more resistant than larvae.
179
OILS UIED
KetOMNA Is a vttV tlpid destrovor of thelitvat. It alto has the advantage of good spreading
tbilltv ovet thlt watttt surface, ·Itt dllddvanttgel 1r1 higher COlt compared with some other
olli; QUIOlt Wflpotatlon from tnt 8utfaoe t)f the wttet, particularly In hot weather; end a lack
of cotor which makM It dlffloult for tht oiler to be certain that a complete film has been
pllU)IKJ
~
thO Wltet.
Ctude lind fuol oils vary eomewhl!t In toxic: power 1nd tpreading ability. The latter quality is
u~tually the governing factor. Proper spr.adlng can be obtained by diluting tha heavy oil with
a suffioltnt amount of ketosette. Tlw crude oils have the advantage of being easily inspected
for continuous film and in addition Will remain On the water surface for several days thereby
Increasing the Intervals required betWeen application&.
It Is oftlfn l)ostlble to obtain from ger1ges west• oil Which has been drained from crankcases
and 11 therefore a mixture of lubri~ting oil, kerosene and gasoline. Its efficiency is not so
great as that of the lighter crude oils, it being somewhat deficient in spreading and toxic
power. Objections are sometimes raised to the oiling of some waters, such as ornamental
ponds and areas where fish and water fowl are raised or encouraged to congregate.
APPLICATION
Oil is applied by means of spraying apparatus that will produce an even thin film over the
water surface. The knapsack spray can is widely used. It holds about 5 gallons of oil and is
strapped to the back of the laborer. It has a pump located in the can which is operated by a
lever to force the oil through a flexible hose to a nozzle.
The amount of oil require will depend upon conditions. If the oil spreads well and there are
no obstractions, it is possible to cover a 1/2 hectare of water surface with 10 gallons (38
liters) of oil, but in actual practice losses cause by vegetation and uneven application figures
of 20 to 60 gallons of oil (76 to 2281iters) of oil per 1/2 hectare of water surface covered. The
amount of oil applied by one man in an 8-hour day will also be variable but should be within
the limits of 40 to 80 gallons (152 to 3041iters) per day with knapsack sprayers.
In large bodies of water, oiling is necessary· only along the edge or in patches of vegetation
where the larvae are protected from wave action and natural enemies. In ornamental pools
where there may be objection to use of heavy oils, kerosene will be useful and will not be injurious to vegetation. Oiling should be done at close enough intervals to prevent emergence
of a crop of mosquitos.
180
RODENT CONTROL
RODENTS AND PUBLIC HEALTH
«•
Rats and other rodents are I"8S8fYYirs
number of important diaeases. End6n'llc or
Murine Typhus fever and plaque are ~r•••.a.d from domestic rats and other rodent• to
man by fleas. Ratbite f ever is transnctl8d bv baa ot rata and mice to man . Well's dis&ald ot
infectious jaundice may be contracted by eecmg food contaminated by the urine of rats.
GENERAL METHODS OF CONTROL
The chief means of rodent control are through I'M\nl enemies, by poiSoning, trapping,
fumigation, viruses, ratproofing, and elimination of food, if poasible coordinated Into
organized community campaigns. To these has recet•ttv been added the use of DDT as a
means of killing the rats f leas which are the vehicles oM infection. This, however, Is not rodent control. Natural enemies of rodents, among which mB'f be counted cats, dogs, snakes,
and birds of prey, m ice, will not usually p~ove suffic:ienttr effective to exterminate these
pests from a given area without human aid.
1. POISONING
In general, poison has proved one of the most effective methods of destroying rats, where it
can be used without danger to man or domestic animals. The poisons commonly used in the
past were arsenic, strychnine, phosphorus, red squill and barium carbonate. Of these f ive
poisons, powdered barium carbonate is generally found the most satisfactory for ord inary
use. It is odorless and tasteless, and its action is slow enough to allow rats to leave a building
in search of water before they die.
Meats, vegetables, fruits and cereals or meal are recommended as baits, and are mixed with
barium carbonate in about the proportion of 1 part poison to 4 parts of the bait, divided into
portions the size of a walnut. Untaken baits should be removed the following morning, as
they will sour and cause an acid condition which results in a taste so bitter than the rats will
not take them.
2. TRAPPING
This is an effective method of freeing premises from rats when properly done. Among the
many traps on the market advertised for this purpose, the simple inexpensive "snap" or
" guillotine" trap is usually found best adapted for all - round usage. Cage traps are sometimes used if it is desired to capture rats alive for inspectionaf purposes in regard to their
fleas. Among the baits found effective for use in traps are cheese, bread, raw and cooked
meats, fish, apples or vegetables. Traps should be set in runways, behind boxes and cans,
along walts, and in any sheltered ~where rat is liketv to enter in order to hide. Traps placed in the open are not generalty so effectNe as thole placed in the manner mentioned above,
as rats usually seek sheltered places wtae conc:aalment is easy. The tfaps may be concealed
· or camouflaged with leaves, ~of grass or hay, or scraps of paper. For good restuls
·plenty.of traps are necessary. A dozen or more trapS for a heavily infested dwelling and 50 to
181
100 or more for a large building or farm. The trapping campaign must be short and decisive,
or the rats become wary and avoid the traps.
3. FUMIGATION
This is the application of disinfectants in gaseous form, although the meaning of the term
has been extended to include use of gas as an insecticide. Fumigation affects surfaces only
and will not exercise any germicidal effect within fabrics. For buildings, the safest and most
effective method in general usage is fumigation by sulphur dioxide. A drawback to the use of
fumigants in buildings is the possibility of unpleasant odors resulting from dead rats in the
walls.
Approximately fumigation is the use of calcium cyanide, which is sold under the name of
Cyanogas. When exposed for the atmosphere it slowly gives off hydrocyanic acid gas which
will spread through any enclosed space. The poison can be obtained in granular or
powdered form, and it can be sprayed into burrows by means of a sprayer. Old vacant
houses have been deratted by using an average of about 5 pounds per house. Houses so
treated should be tightly closed, with door and window cracks sealed with paper, for at least
4 hours. Doors and windows may then be opened without danger to neighbors, but the
house should not be occupied for 24 hours, and bedding, clothing, etc. should be aired.
During actual applications the workman should use a gas mask.
4. RATPROOFING
Rats tend to breed and increase in numbers up to the food supply available for them. Trapping and other measures, therefore, unless carried on continuously, are of only temporary
benefit unless the rats are starved out by being excluded from food. The rat proofing of
buildings is, therefore, the most effective means of rat control. It is a simple matter to make
buildings of rat proof construction and an ordinance requiring such construction, properly
enforced, will. in the course of time, result in a practi~ally rat-free city.
Buildings in which food is handled or stored should have floors of rat proof material or of
concrete not less than 8 em. or 3 inches thick, in addition to the top dre~ing and the floor
must rest directly upon the ground or filling of earth, cinders, etc. The floor must be sealed
into walls surrounding it, and the walls must be of ratproof material or of concrete, stove, or
brick laid in cement mortar, and not less than 6 inches thick. To prevent burrowing beneath,
this wall must extend at least 60 em. into the ground to a horizontal offset of 30 em or 12 inches, and must extend at least 0.30 em or 1 foot above the floor.
Other buildings lacking cellars must be rat proofed by elevating on pillars at least 45 em or 18
inches above the ground and the ground surface beneath kept free of rubbish or other ratharboring material or a curtain wall may b~ constructed at least 10 em or 4 inches thick and
extending at least 0.60 m or 2 feet into the ground, with a 30 em. or 12 inch horizontal offset,
at the margin of the ground area of the building such a wall may have ventilation openings
with gratings having a 1 em or 3/8 inch openings or hardware cloth of 1 em or 3/8 inch openings with wire not less than 12 gauge thickness.
In all classes of buildings all unnecessary spaces and holes, ventilators, and openings other
than doors and windows must be closed. Spaces between inner and outer walls are required
to be closed with cement mortar or ratproof material, and such closing material must extend
for at least 30 em or 1 foot above the floor level. Cellar and basement walls must also be of
materials as specified above but not less than 23 em or 9 inches thick with no openings except for doors, windows, ventilators, or plumbing, and these must be protected as specified
below. Cellar and basement floors must be of the specified wall material, be at least 3 inc.hes
thick, and be sealed to the walls.
182
~'----r-......----------VElz."fiCAL.
SlUDS
..,...._.---#-~-------INNER. ~L
--~---------aASE ~
~------F~I~
,.---
-
-
f'L.Q:)R. j;)IST
~-- -- ~PlATE
.----PIER
In this figure, when buildings are supported on posts or piers, they are made ratproof by raising them 0.45 m or 18 inches or more above ground l.evel and by placing concrete between
inner and outer walls above sill.
5. RAT STOPPAGE
This is a method applicable to all buildings, especially old ones. It is a modified method of the
orthodox ratproofing procedu re. It consists of closing all the openings of the outside walls
and the roof of a building or block of buildings through which rats may enter.
It is accomplished in part by sealing with bricks or Portland cement mortar all holes or cracks
in foundation, walls, or around pipes passing through walls. Holes in wood floors or walls
are stopped with sheet metal. The lower edges of doors, the door casings, and thresholds
are covered with 24-gauge gatvanized sheet iron. Preferably this should be " channeled" or
bent around the edge of the door. The channels or plates at the vertical edges should extend
at least 15 em or 6 inches above the door bottom. Cellar and basement windows and other
w indows or ventilators, both cellar and roof, allowing access by rats from the ground, roof,
or trees are protected with galvaniz~ 16-gauge metal screen of 1 em or 3/ 8-inch or smaller
mesh securely fastened.
183
·-~j.SIDI~ (WQDO)
,--------~ I~SlDE ~L.L OF
.r--- ---iv
.
ME~OOS
Or £XCLU01Nw RA-rs
HOUSE
EA.TlGAL. WDOO .$'llJD
FROM WAU..S
.-.f1~i--~---i~O
SToP
--~BAse eaA~
g~~~~;;;!l:=t}-- --~ MiiiTAL
PLATE
~~~~===:::::...:...-l:s-------'FL.OOI2lNt;
~~-- ---IFl..DC)R
.J01a"
~~~~~~~~~~~
- -----1FOUI-.IMT1/>W
Metal guards or other means are used to prevent rats from climbing pipes, rain spouts, or
wires and using them as a means of entrance. Sheet aluminum is not satisfactory for stopping rats as they are able to gnaw through it. Attention should be given to points where
plumbing and other pipes pass through walls. If openings have been left, they should be filled with good concrete mortar or covered with metal plates. If the foundations are less than
60 em or 24 inches deep, a curtain wall is installed outside and in contact with the original
..._.,an to a depth of at least 60 em or 24-inches with a 12-inch (0.30) horizontal extension as
shown in the figures below. The curtain wall may be of good concrete, 3 to 4 inches thick
(0.08 to 0.10 ml or of 24-gauge galvanized metal.
184
~
-
-
TA12. JoiNT
...
---·-
r-
• • ·•
§!
,..·..
:
...:.
·':
CONCJ:2.EIE Ft.a::>R.
~
•
!
-
~'
. .:._
I
II
Floor and Foundation construction of a new
building without a basement. This type of
construction should be use~ for building
where food will be stored.
'
_ _CoNC I:tETE FLOOR.
t .SL.AB ON FILL)
.~
'
~
"'
."
300
'9
too
Old building made ratproof by placing curtain walt around old foundation.
185
After all the vents have been stopped, trapping, poisoning, or fumigation should be used to
kill the rats already within the building. These measures should proceed for about 6 weeks
and should be accompanied by precautions to exclude rats from food inside the building.
Maintenance of the rat stoppages will be required oUhey are to retain their efficiency.
PEST CONTROL
What You Should Know
(by Carol Duval, source, Reader's Digest 1988)
Insect pests have plagued mankind since the dawn of history. Until recently, efforts to control them met with little success. Most of the insecticides used liberally only a generation
ago, such as arsenic and cyanide, endangered the people and pets they were intended to
protect. More recently, however, newly developed insecticides and increased scientific
knowledge of pest physiology and behavior have enabled us to control pests much more effectively with less-toxic chemicals. Many modern insecticides are safe for householders to
use. Here are some hints to get the most out of the products you choose. But remember, all
pesticides can be dangerous. The key to safety is correct use. Always carefully read and
follow the instructions on the label.
ANTS
Although they do little damage, ants can carry disease, and some species give painful bites
or stings. For effective tong-term control, first locate their nesting sites by following ant
trails. Saturate the nests, usually found in the garden, with liquid insecti~ides containing
chlorpyrifos or diazinon. Use a surface spray on all paths the ants can use to reach their food
sources. Ants usually enter over windowsills, door jambs, under skirting boards or through
cracks and crevices in walls. Treating only the paths already in use isn't sufficient, as ants
will quickly find new routes. Insecticidal dusts can be used instead near electric wiring or in
inaccessible spots, such as behind the fridge or in the cavities of walls.
To prevent reinfestation, remove all the food sources you can. Wipe kitchen benches and
sweep floors regularly, wash dishes and utensils immediately after use, and dispose of opeOed soft-drink cans.
186
SILVERFISH
These nocturnal animals eat almost anvthing that contains glue, paste. starch or sugar, including fabrics and paper. They can live in any dark and relatively undisturbed spot, but are
~articularly common in ceiling cavities. Store books and papers in light. airy conditions to
prevent damage. If you discover a silverfish infestation. spray surfaces over which the insects travel, such as wardrobe sides and bookcases. Ousts can be used in ceiling voids and
in places where wet surface sprays might cause damage, such as around valuable books.
Space ·sprays can be used as a backup treatment. But remember that inhaling such sprays
can be dangerous; leave the house for four hours after use.
_ :·~-~
../
,/
I
··'. '
.···
·, ,
I
BEDBUGS
Although they do not damage household goods or carry serious diseases, bedbugs can keep
you awake all night and itchy all day. To eradicate these pests, first try to discover their
davtime hiding places. The likeliest spots are in the seams and under the buttons of mattresses. but they also inhabit cracks and crevices in skirting boards and architraves, furniture, picture frames and shelves. Thoroughly clean and vaccum infested rooms, then apply a surface spray to all harborage areas, and around bed frames, skirting boards and furniture to prevent further infestation. If the problem is severe. spray mattresses with a
pyrethrin-based insecticide, but air them for at least four hours before reuse. For fast. effective results, use a space spray as well. Before spraying. open all wardrobe doors and remove
mattresses from beds to maximize exposure to the spray.
187
COCKROACHES
Only a few of the couple. of thousand cockroach species infest homes. The commonest pest
varieties in Asia are the German cockroach (pale brown, up to 2/3 Inch long) and the
American cockroach (a reddish-brown insect between one and two inches long}. All species
hide by day in warm, dark spots. The German cockroach can often be found beneath the
sink, behind the stove, fridge, dishwasher and near the hot-water heater. The American species usually prefers subfloor areas, grease traps, drains and rubbish dumps. At night, cockroaches seek food and water, carrying germs from garbage and sewage to food.
Perhaps the most despised of household pests, cockroaches are also among--the hardest to
control. Absolute cleanliness is essential in cockroach prevention and eradication. Clean all
dirty dishes and utensils immediately after meals (don't forget pets' dishes); store food in
sealed containers or the refrigerator; keep garbage in a tightly closed bin; r&gu Ia rly wipe benches, cupboard shelves and the spaces near the stove and fridge to remove food particles
and grease.
The most effective insecticides against cockroaches are surface sprays and dusts, used
where the insects hide or walk. Before using surface sprays inside cupboards, remove all
food and utensils; never spray bench tops or areas where food is prepared. In rarely disturbed spots or spaces where spraying is awkward, such as inside wall cavities, use a light application of dust. Cockroach baits and traps are of limited use.
Cockroaches are sensitive to the smell of many insecticides, so don't use more than therecommended amounts. The pests will avoid treated areas if alternatives are available, so
make sure you treat all possible hiding paces. Keeping treated areas free of dirt and grease
will also maximize the amount of poison the cockroaches pick up. If you don't follow these
rules, a few cockroaches are likely to survive your attacks; their offspring may be more resistant genetically to the chemicals you used, and thus harder than ever to eradicate. To prevent reinfestation, fill in all cracks and crevices, particularly in warm places such as around
hot-water pipes.
CLOTHES MOTHS
Clothes moths lay their eggs in dark, undisturbed areas on clothing, carpets and blankets.
Since the developing larvae prefer materials of animal origin such as wool, silk and fur, increasing use of synthetic materials has lessened the damage these moths cause. However,
many modern fabrics contain at least a proportion of animal fibers or carry residues of
perspiration or spilled food, and are thus susceptible to attack.
W8
Moths will not attack clothes regularly exposed to light and air. To safeguard garmer~ts you
won't wear for months, clean them thoroughly and then wrap them tightly in plastic.
Clothing already infested should be placed in a tightly sealed black plastic bag and left in
direct sunlight for about three hours to kill any larvae. For further protection, use an insecticide that gives off toxic vapors such as naphthalene balls or flakes or dichlorvos-impregnated resin strips. Hang mothball containers or pest strips in cupboards where the
vapors will build up and penetrate atl stored articles.
To ensure complete eradication, vacuum all carpets and apply surface spray to all possible
feeding sites, such as cupboards, carpets and the folds of upholstery.
CARPET BEETLES
• Like clothes moths, these breed in quiet, protected places among clothing, beneath furniture, around carpet edges and in the crevices of upholstery. The larvae eat materials of
animal origin and seeds, pollen, nectar, grains and cereals, leaving sandlike droppings, and
small castoff skins.
To avoid carpet-beetle infestation, protect furniture, stored clothing and blankets as for
clothes moths. If carpet beetles infest rugs or carpets, shake or vacuum the affected items to
remove eggs and spray with a surface insecticide. To check that the insecticide won't stain
your carpet, first spray a spot normally hidden from view. Also apply insecticide to cracks
and cervices along skirting boards, under furniture and inside cupboards. Regularly check all
stored food, disposing of any that is infested.
FLEAS
Fleas in a house usually arrive on a dog or cat. They lay their eggs in the animal's fur or bedding. The eggs hatch out as larvae, which feed on organic debris such as dead skin flakes in
carpets or between floorboards. When the larvae grow into adult fleas, they hop back on to
your pet, or infest places like the creases of upholstery. From here they go to work on you.
1H9
The key to flea eradication is control of the larvae. First, thoroughly vacuum your carpet to
remove as many· eggs as possible and to pull the pile upright so th~t insecticide can
penetrate it fully. Vacuum your pet's bedding and places where it sleeps, then incinerate the
vacuum dust and treat the vacuum bag with insecticidal spray. Vacuum or sweep and wash
uncarpeted areas thoroughly. Next, treat all floors, soft furniture and the pet's bedding with
a surface spray to destroy larvae. (Always spot-test to check that the spray won't stain.)
Wash your pet with an anti-flea shampoo and, for long-term protection, attach an insecticidal collar. Regular sweeping and vacuuming should prevent reinfestation of fleas.
DO PESTICIDES POISON PEOPLE?
Any substance that will kill an insect can be dangerous to humans. In sufficient quantity,
some can be lethal. When properly used, however, pesticides are not dangerous. Important
safety rules to remember are:
1. Follow the directions included with the product you have chosen.
2. If you use a spray, cover all food utensils as well as surfaces where food is prepared·
or served.
3. If you spray or dust for any length of time, wear protective gloves. Always make sure
you wash thoroughly after using any insecticide.
PROFESSIONAL PEST CONTROL
If you find you can't control pests yourself, consult the experts. How can you tell if you're
getting skilled service? Says Stephen K. H. lp, deputY managing director of Flick Pest Con·
trol Limited and president of the Hong Kong Pest Control Association: "A good pest-contol
serviceman does a thorough survey of the client's premises, which may include the roof,
ceiling and every room so that he will know where and how to apply the chemicals." As well
as chemical treatments, a reputable company should offer what professionals call "integrated pest management" - a program including hygiene hints, pest-proofing (locating
and mending pest-entry points, such as holes in the roof and gaps around pipes), furniture
and carpet treatment protection and follow-up services. Ask whether these services are included in the quoted price. If they are, you should get the treatment best suited to your requirements- as. well as your money's woah.
190
APPENDICES:
_
M ETRICATION
120
2
212~
BOILS
LOOt
90
80
70
f ohre nheit l 4 0
50
40
30
20
10
·slF
WATER
0°C
f re ezes
-10
-20
-3o
40
-5o
Temp. at -40°F and -40°C:
15 the same
·so
CONVERSION, FAHRENHEIT
DEGREES TO CELSIUS DEGREES.
9 )( °C
5
------- + 32
FORMULA
oc = ---g5 (°F - 32)
--
RULES AND GUIDES FOR USAGE OF Sl
EXAMPLES OF Sl DERIVED UNITS EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF
THE BASE UNITS AND OTHER UN.I TS
Quantity
Description
Expressed in
terms of
other Units
Expressed in
terms of Base or
Supplementary Units
area
square metre
m2
volume
cubic metre
m3
speed-linear
metre per
second
-angular
m /s
radian per
second
rad/s
metre per
second
squared
m/s2
radian per
second
squared
rad / s2
wave number •
1 per metre
m-1
density, mass
density
kilogram per
cubic metre
kg/ m3
concentration
(amount of
substance)
mole per cubic
metre
specific
volume
cubic metre
per kilogram
m3/kg
luminance
candela per
square metre
cd/ m2
acceleration
-Linear
-angular
mol / m3
dynamic
viscosity
pascal second
moment of force
surface tension
Pa.s
m-1.kg .s-2
newton metre
N.m
m2.kg.s - 2
newton per
metre
N/m
kg.s- 2
1./>J® m2
kg.s- 2
J/K
m2.kg .s- 2. K -1
J/(kg.K)
m2.kg.s- 2.K-1
J/kg
m2.s - 2
heat flu x
density,
irradiance
water per
square
metre
heat capacity,
entropy
joule per
kelvin
specific heat
capacity,
specific
entropy
joule per
kilogram
kelvin
specific energy
joule per
kilogram
19:~
thermal
conductivity
watt per metre
kelvin
W/(m.K)
m.kg.s-3.K-1
energy density
Joule per cubic
metre
J/rrtJ
m-l.kg.s-2
electric field
strength
Volet per
metre
V/m
m.kg.s-3.A-1
electric charge
density
coulomb per
cubic meter
C/m3
m-l.s.A
electric flux
density
coulomb per
square metre
Clm2
m-2.s.A
permittivity
farad per metre
F/m
m-l.kg. -1.S4.A2
current density
ampere per
square metre
A.m-2
magnetic field
strength
ampere per
metre
A.mt
permeability
henry per metre
H/m
m.kg.s-2.A-
solar energy
Joule per mole
J/mol
m2kg.s-2.mol-1
molar entropy
solar heat
capacity
Joule per mole
kelvin
J(moi.K)
m2.kg.s-2.K -l.mol-1
watt per
steradian
W/sr
m2.kg.s-3 .sr-1
• radiant intensity
* The wave number is the reciprocal of the wave length, expressed in metres, of an
electromagnetic radiation.
NOTE: The values: of certain so-called dimension less quantities, such as refractice: index, relative permeability or relative permeability are expressed by pure
numbers.
194
MOW TO CONVERT COMMON MEASUREMENTS
FROM ENGLtSH TO METRIC UNITS
FOR ORDINARY USE
TO
MEASURE
English Units
TAKE THE NUMBER OF
Length
inches (in)
inches (in)
inches (in)
feet
(ft)
(ft)
feet
yards {yd)
miles (mi)
Area
square
square
square
square
square
inches (in2)
feet (ft2)
feet (ft2)
yards (yd2)
mil es (m2)
MULTIPLY BYl
25.4*
2.54*
0.025
0 ..305
30.48*
0.914
1.009
6.45
929.0
0.093
0.84
2.59
cubic inches (in3)
cubic feet (ft3)
cubic yards (yci3)
16.39
Volume
Liquids)
fluid ounces (fl.oz.)
pints (pt)
29.57
u.s.
quarts (gtl
gallons (gal)
English
fluid ounces (fl.oz.)
pints (pt)
quartz (qt)
gallons (gal)
Mass or
ounces (oz)
pounds (lb)
short tons (s.t.)
(2000 lb)
long tons (l. t.)
Volume
(solids)
Weight
A voir
dupois
(16 oz 1 lb)
0.028
0.765
Metric Units
EQUALS THE NUMBER IN
millimetres (mm)2
centimetres (em)
metres (m)
metres (m)
centimeters (em)
metres (m)
kilometres (km)
..
square centimetres (cm2)
square centimeters (cm2)
square metres (m2)
square metres (m2)
square kHornetres fkm2)
cubic centimeters (cm3)
cubic metres (M3)
cubic metres (m3)
0.47
millilitres (ml)
litres (L)
0.95
3.79
litres (L)
Litres (Ll
28.41
0.57
1.14
4.55
28.35
453.6
907.18
0.907
1,01 6.05
1.016
millilitres (mil
litres (l)
litres (L)
litres (L)
grams (g)
grams (g)
kilograms (kg)
tonnes (f)
kilograms (kg)
tonnes (t)
Troy
(12 troy
ounces•
1 lb; for
jewelers)
ounces loz)
Temperature
degrees Fahrenheit (°F)
Time
Same units are used in both the Metric and English systems: second (s),
minute (min) and hour (hl.
Speed or
Velocity
miles per hour (mph)
feet per second (f/s)
knots
Frequency
(Radio,
FM,AM,
TV, etc.)
pounds (lbs)
cycle per second (c/s)
31.104
373.341
grams (g)2
grams (g)
5/9 (after sub-degress Celsius (°C)
1.609
0.305
1
kilometers per hour (km/hl
metre per second (m/s)
hertz (hz)
195
Power
horsepower (hpJ
Electric
ampere (A) (Some unit in both Metric and English systems)
0.746
kilowatt (kw)
Current
Energy
British Thermal Unit
(BTU)
calories, int'l table
(cal. ITI
calories, thermo-chemicai
1.055
kilo joule (kjl
4.187
joules (J)
4.184
joules (J)
pound-force (lbf)
kilogram-force. (kgf)
4.448
9.007
newton IN)
newton IN) ....
Pressure
or Stress
pound per square inch
(psi)
6.895
kilo pascal (kPa)
Density
pound per cubic inch
(lb/in3)
leal.)
Force
27.600
grams per cubic centimetre
(g'cm)
1 Last figure was. rounded out, for ordinary uses, except those ma.r ked* which are exact.
2 The letter and figures enclosed in parentheses under this tolumn. are the symbols of the
measurement units. Examples of use: 25.4 mm, 9m2, 32°C, 110 km/h, 7 g/<:m3.
19(}
RULES AND GU,DES FOR
Co nve~sion , ~able
from
En~lish
USAG~
Of Sl
Met~ic
Units:
to
LENGTH OR HEIG.HT
ft(') in(")
1
1/8
1/4
3/ 8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0
1
2
3
6
7
10
11
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
=em ft (')
in(")
0.3
0.6
1.0
1.3
1.6
1.9 .
2.2
2.5
5. 1
2
7.6
10.2
12.7
15.2
17.8
20.3
22.9
25.4
27.9
30.5
33.0
35.6
3
38. 1
4
208.3
210.8
213.4
2·15.9
218.4
221.0
223.5
226.1
228.6
231. 1
7
8
s·
6
78
9.
10 ..
11
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
·7
8
9
10
11
.0
8
9
10
11
0
1
2
3.
4
5
=em
40.6
43.2
45.7
ft (')
3
in{")
==em ft (')
in( ")
=em
2
99. 1
5
99..1·
101.6
104.1
106,7
109,1
11 1.8
114.3
116.8
11-9.4
12L9
124.5
127.0
6
129.5
132.1
134.6
137.2
139.7 .
142.2.
144.8
147.3
149.9
0
1
,2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
152.4
152.4
157.5
160.0
162.6
165.1
167.6
170.2
-172.7
175.3
177.8
180.3
182.9
185.4
188.0
190.5
193.0
195.6
198.1
200.7
203.2
205.7
259.1 .
261 .6
264.2
266.7
269.2
271.8 .
.Z74.3
276.9
279.4
281.9
4
5
6
7
·8
9
10
11
0
284.5
284.5
289.6
292.1
294.6
297;2
299.7
302.3
304.8
3 '·
4
48.3
5
50.8
6
7
53.3
55.9
58.4
61.0
63.0
66.0
68.6
71.1
73.7
76.2
78.7
81 .3
83.8
86.4
88.9
91 .4
94.0
233.7
236.2
238.8
241.3
243.8
246.4
248.9
251.5
254.0
256.5
8
9
10
11
4
o.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
8
.·.
6
7
.8
9
10
n
9
0
1
2
5
9
10
4
To find the equivalent of height, length, width or thickness in metric unit, convert the
English units of feet (ftl and inches (in) to centimetric (em). The figure under the column
"em" is the nearest metric equivalent of the corresponding figures under " ft" and " in".
Thus, 5 ft . 4 in w ould be equivalent to 162.6 em or, rounded out, 163 em or 1.63 meters
(1.63). 100 em = 1 m.
197
Conversion Table from English to Metric Units
for Prae~ical Uses
KNOW YOUR HEIGHT IN METRtC
ft(')
6'
6'
6'
6'
6'
6'
6'
6'
6'
6'
6'
6'
5'
5'
5'
5'
5•
5'
5'
5'
5'
5'
5'
5'
in(")
11"
10"
9"
8"
7"
6"
5"
4"
3"
=
=
-.
2"
1"
0"
11"
10"
9"
8"
7"
6"
5"
4"
3"
2"
1"
0"
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
in(")
centimeters
(em)
ft(')
211 em
208cm
206cm
203cm
201 em
198cm
196 em
193 em
191 em
188cm
185cm
183 em
180 em
178em
175cm
173cm
170cm
168 em
165cm
163 em
160cm
158cm
155 em
152 em
4'
4'
4'
4'
4'
4'
4'
4'
4'
4'
4'
4'
11"
10"
9"
8"
7"
6"
3'
11,
3'
3'
3'
10"
3'
3'
3'
5"
4"
3"
2"
1"
=
=
=
=
=
""
=
=
=
=
=
=
0"
9"
8"
7"
6"
..
!;"
3'
4"
3'
3"
3'
=
=
=
=
=
=
2"
3'
,,
=
=
3'
0"
=
centimeters ft(') in(=)
Iem~
150 em
147 em
145cm
142cm
140cm
137 em
135cm
132 em
130em
127 em
125 em
122 em
119 em
117 em
114 em
112 em
109cm
107 em
104 em
102 em
99cm
97cm
94cm
91 em
2'
2'
2'
2'
2'
2'
2'
2'
2'
2'
2'
2'
1'
1'
1'
1'
1'
1'
1'
1'
,.
1'
1'
1'
11"
10""
9"
8"
=
centimeters
(em I
=
=
=
89cm
86cm
84em
81 em
79cm
76cm
74cm
71 em
69cm
66cm
64cm
61cm
58 em
56 em
53 em
51 em
48cm
46em
43cm
40cm
38cm
36cm
33cm
31 em
r
6"
5"
4"
3"
2"
1"
0"
11"
10"
9"
8"
7"
6"
5"
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
4'"
3"
2"
1"
0"
=
=
..
NOTE: This' handy conversion table is designed to make it easy for a person to know his height or
measure the length of a baby in the metric unit, centimetre, which is used in most metric
countries for this purpose. A person 168 centimeters tall may conveniently say, in speaking,
that his height is One Six Eight See Em 1168 em). Once metric units are widely used and
English units are no longer used, there will be no need for conversion tables like this one.
Where greater accuracy is needed to the first decimal point.
198
Sl PREFIXES
Symbol
Factor by which the
Unit is Multiplied
Meaning
(No. of times multiplied)
exa•
E
1018
peta*
p
tera*
T
1015
1012
1 000 000 000 000 000 000
1 000 000 000 000 000
giga
mega
G
M
kilo
K
hecto**
h
deca**
da
deci*
d
centi
c
milli
m
micro
u
nano•
n
pico•
p
femto*
f
attom•
a
Name
109
108
101
102
10
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
10-18
1 000 000 000 000
1 000 000000
.,.
1 000 000
1 000
100
10
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000 001
0.000 000 001
0.000 000 000 001
0.000 000 000 000 001
0.000 000 000 000 000 001
* Rarely used, mostly in highly scientific work.
**Not preferred.
CONVERSION FACTORS
To Convert
To
Multi~y
4.448
4.448
9.81
Kip
KN
lb
N
Kg
Kn
N
Kip
psi
ksi
mPa
MPa
Mpa
ft-Kip
Kn M
Kip/ft
Kp/ft2
psi
Kn/M
psi
Kn-m
ft Kip
KN/M2
KN/m
KN/m2
N/nll
Kip/ft
Kip/ft2
By
0.2248
0.006895
6.895
145.0
1.356
0.7376
14.59
47.88
47.88
0.06862
0.02()89
199
'
~
MPW FOAM NO. 77-CIO'I ..
-~~~~~ty...,_..~ITV
I
!
AAMCODf - - . - - --
l I1
-
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eo• liTO 11·~ ....10 , ., ~AllY
foiAiolt Of'
~
.
T·~ JIIXT. 110.
~JWOAV , C:ITVIU\II'I~I,AI.IT'I'
TIUotiO'IC 100.
Mo.. tTiltiT, IAAAMGAY , CITV~ALITY
0
'IIWti..TAI.I.ATIOIII
. ._...,,., ....,........
ljO, " " ' "'
-
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-··'-"
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D--0•----Of '
c
..... Oil fVPI 01' ~loiC"I
----------·- -.--------------
0
0
0
1'10Uifll14\
Q
tiiiTITVfiOIIAl
IIUtOIMTt41.
IX)WoKI'ICIAI.
0
0
AGIII~'UI.TVIIAI.
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01UC:IIUTIOIII4 1.
Do,.,.,,.. '"'c:""'
. ..
fl:llfUIII ~.TO - ..,t.LU D·
QTY.
- -·
-
- -·
-
..
Nllr
IXtlniiiCi llt..O Of
• IIITUJIII PUCTUflft PIUUJI'I
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0 ,....1tlt CU)I!If
0
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0
0
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8
0
0
0
D
8
0
0
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0
0
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........
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·-·----.
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..
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0
B
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
KITCHt 'l So'll(
, ...uen
~. ..,,..1'1).
twOWllt I<EAO
WATlA V tflll
QIIIJISI Til ...
0
---- 8
0
-·--·- D0
0
-- - 00
0
-0
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fi XTVIIIU f l)(TUII II
UIIIIIJioL
Jltll COIIIOntON•Nq UI\MT
WATI.. TA"'Iti"UI .. VOIII
0
0
0
0
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8
0
§
0
0
80 g
~
ll.()e &INI(
- - ·- -- fO TAI.
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f iiC~JI
llforrt'l
lAVIIOIIY TII4Yf
0111 T4 I. C:UII I0011
"'"''J"
041
li.I CHIIC: lf('J ioflll
-TUitoiLI It
0111 NIC tWO Fau.tfJ1 IIf
...... l llllll
IOOA FO\HfTAIN 1 1..11
l.lloto"JifOIIY 11011(
80 8 .,,..........
0
0
.,_110 ~
OTifllli iS,_ CIPYI-.-
--- - --TO~ AI.
0
t AfjtTA.. Y llJWI III IYITIM
U
ITO..M OAAIOIAOI JVITfM
tYITIM t)f' 0- . - l:
..... Till IIUPPC. y '
IHA~ lOWWf i.L
DH ' WILl i
U T
(1 CITV_,..lCif'Al WATt• IYITl¥
C: OTMEA&
Q
r.-
0
"VMtfll OF t TOAna Of' lUlL DING
8
8l\'t4VII' •....o ,..,...
WAaTI "A Till ntUUU'IT f' I.N"
S'.P'!IC V l-UI. Tl IMHOf', T.....
S4JotT ...... 11'-111 CO,...fCTIOII
0 I VIIFACI OIIAIOIJIOE
0 IT'll IT CAl' llol.
0 .,..,... ctJUIIII
~·
TOTAL. 41114 o · · I UILD<NC>/SUI OIVIIIOIII
"". II,
r q(II'OfoEO DATI
lTAHT OF I"SUI.lAliOOI
TOTAl. ecl$T
Of 111/JTAI.LATtOI'I.I'
lllrlCUO OATl
OF ( OW'UTtON
'lllf'lloii (O • "
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:no.on
THAl TNI "''O''itQ t...TALL4 '110N $i<4l l. t l ltll '\CCOAOA>o(f
WITH ~VID , LA... ' f i&.IO Wlf" Tt<tl QHICC AND '" CON• O\IIITY fr1T14 flf' ,.A'IIO..AL itUli.IH'IG COOt
~ . T..AT A OVlY I.IC:I .... II 14..<TMIY l ..GINHII "IIIASTI• PlVOOIUI
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(NGtNJI•~AST(II l'l UI\II tot ... CHA..Cit OF IN$TALLI'TION ·~· ··
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200
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--
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. National Plumbing Code of the Philippines
2. Architectural Graphic Standard Ramsey and Sleeper
3. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Builclings 6th Edition MacguinG&s, Stein,
Reynold
4. Planning & Remodeling Bathrooms Sunset books & Sunset Magazine
5. Homeowners Guide to Plumbing Robert Scharff
6. Philippine Standard Product Catalog
7. Saniwares Product Catalog; "Plumbing Fixtures"
8. Popular Science-Grolier Inc.
9. Parade Magazine-1979
10. How to Design and Install Plumbing-A.S. Mathips, Jr. and Smith, Jr.
11. Building and Subdivision Regulations in the Philippines -Adolfo B. Bencividez and Antonio S. Gabriel
12. Municipal and Rural San i t::~tion·-V ictor Ehlers and Ernest Steel
13. Moldex Product, Inc•.. : ••.• uPVC ptpes
14. Att.nta tndustlres, Inc... . •.•. uPVC pipes
I
201
I
INDEX
E
A
A£id Resistant Cast ln:ln , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . •. . 25
Adaptor ........... ... ...... ... . .. ... . .... .. .. .. ......
15
~ .. ............... .... .. . .. ....................
Mo.p.&Vacuum~ .. .. . .. ..... .... ,..
. .. ...... .. ..
4
ff1
34
»T~ ........................... .. _ ...... ....... .. .
102
»
CNmber Stack .. .. . ... .. . .
B
130
Elevator& .. ... .. .... .. .. .. ...... ... .... .... . :':.......... .
46
88
32
46
45
EvapOration ..... .... .... ..... ........ .. ............ ..
F8u<:etl ...... .... .... ......... .. .. ............. ...... ..
Are Safety Plan ..... ..... .. .... .. .... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Fire Stair Door ................ ....... .... .... .. ..... .
Fire Extinguiahet' .. .. .... .. .. ... .......... .. .... ... ..
.....................- -- ..··--··
16
.... .......... ...... .... ..... ........ .. ....... .
3
80
29
Axtu,_Pr~
88
_____..
~
147
a...rv af F'JXtures .... ... ......... .... ---- -· .. - - M
_
..... Tut. .. .... .. ...... .. ............. .......... .... .
168'
. . . ................ ...................................
166
... ca.; ............................................ .
5
Galvlll'liz.ed Wrought Iron Pipes . .. .. .. .. . .. .. •.. .
25
Galvanized Pipe F'rttings .. .... . : .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. 15, 16
Galvanized Steel Gutter Oelign .. , . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .
61
Gate Valve ........ .. ... ...... .......................... 30
Garage Trap .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . • . 79
25
25
14
17
c
Calking ............. ........ .......... ............ .....
........... ... ................................ .
G
138
........................ ..................... ........
.. ... ..... .. .... .. .... ........ ..
Force Pumps . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. ............. .. .. ..
m
s..ic .... .. ................- - -- - ·
48
Rtlingl .. .... .. .... ........... ............... .. .. .... ..
~
······· ··········------·-·
~
Effluent ............. ........ .. .. ..... .......... . .. .. .. .
Globe Vetve . .. . ... . .. . . .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...
Gooteneek .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .
30
16
G1'81teTrap . .... ...... .... . .. .. .. .... ...... ... .. .....
79
58
Gutter .............. ...... .. ... ......................... .
70
Cap. .............. .. .... .. ... .... ................ ... ... ..
17
Capillary Af;;fii:Jn . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. • . .. . . • . • .. . . . .. •
'"
Cast Iron ~.... .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .....
2lt
Cast Iron~ & Fiaing. ..... .. ....... .... .. .... .. . ..
•
Hange111 .... ... .... ........ .... .. ... .. .. .. .... .. . ... ... .
HNd af Water .. . .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. .. .... .. .. ... . .... .
8
Catch Basin ... .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. .....
•
Heet Control .. .. ... . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ..
46
High Riee Fire Safety............ .... .. .... ........ ...
Hot Water Supply .... . ..... , . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. ..
Hot Water Tank .... ... ...... .. ....... .... .. ... ... ... ..
44
36
21
3
,.._ ............... ......................... .. ..... .. ...
48
Circuit Vent . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .... .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 94
Cistern tor Watet' .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. 116
Clean Out .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . ... .. . . .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . 66
Continuous Sedimeo•r.tian ........... .. ......... ..
3
Compartmentation .. ..... ... ....... .... .... ... .. .. . 46
Corporetion Cock ....................................
15
Coupling . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. ..... .. .. .. . .. . .. . . 11
CUrb Cock .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. ...... . .. .. . .. 15
C\lindrical G .I. Tank .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .............
8
..... Reck .. .... .... ... .. .... .. .... .. .......... .. .... ..
48
33
Centrifugal Pump ..... .... .. ....... .. .............. , .
7
Ce.pool.... .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. •. .. .. .. .. . . 110
Check Value .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ... . .. ... . .. .. .. .. ... . ... ... 31
ChemicafTI'881J'nllnt .. ..... .... ....... ... .... .. .. ... .
Deep Well Plunget' Pumps .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. ..
7
~ ..... .. ........... .. ..... ........... .........
DiNct Aultl Valve . .. . .. . . .. .... .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. ..
46
144
12
Oowi~.Wat1K Distribution ..... .. ..............
12
Onlin Tie Trendh . .... ...·.. .... .. ... ...... .. ......... · 112
Dry~ System . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. ...
70
Duct ........... .. .. ......_..... ... ... ........ ... ........
..... Bibb ...... ...... .. ........... ............ ........
Hal-. Senrice .... ..... ...... ............ .......... ..
HaYIItSewer... .......................................
~Tnp .. .... .. .. ........ .. .........................
~~ .. .. ..... ... ................ ...... .. ......
HOUIIIIIdd W.. Supply .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. ..
86
66
66
14
IncineratOr ....... ...... , .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. ... 110
lndiYidu8l Vent .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. 92
D
OoM.-ct Sywt~Kn. ... ......... ....... ..... ...........
H
fS1
Indirect Siphouq ...... .. .......·.... ..... .........
88
Industrial w-..... .... .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ..... .. .. . 128
lnspec1ion aod T.a ...... ..... ... .... ... .. .......... 101
Kitchen Sink . .. ...... .. .... .. . 172. 173, 174, 176, 176
Key Cock .. .. .. .. .. . .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ..
32
203
L
Lavatories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lavatory Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LavatorY witt. a Pop up Drain . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .
Lead Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
L.eaching Cet8POOI Oiapo681. .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lift Check Valv~J . . . . .. . . . ....... . .. . .. .. .... .... ... .. ..
liftPump ........ .. ....... .......... ... ...... .........
liquid Municipal Waste ... ............... .........
Looped Vent .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .
167
159
180
25
1t 1
31
5
123
98
M
Manhole .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. ... .. . .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . •.. . .
Mierophor Flush Toiiet ...... . , .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .
Momentum Siphonage .... .. .. . .. .... .. .. .... .......
104
1<10
86
N
National Plumbing Codes . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. ..
70
Tank and Ciatem capacities .. ............ .. ........
Trap Seal Loss .. . .. . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .
Trap Seal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . ..
Tr.etment of Water . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . ..
Trickling Filter .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .
Tub Fixture Ammgement.. ........ .. ...... .........
68
Pressure Regulator .. . .. .......... ..... ....... ... .. .
Privy
......... ... .... ... . .......... . .. . .. .... ....... .. .
Pumps ....... ..... .... .. ........ .. .. ...... ... ... . .. .... .
Pumping Circuit System ... ... ... ................ . .
26
50
55
15
ffl
75
17
64
18
18
85
86
3
126
189
Upfaed System .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. ... .. . .. . .. . .. .. . 310
Upfaed and Gravity Return System.. ... ....... . . .
37
Unioo .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .... .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .
17
Unioo Vent............ ........... .. .. .......... ........
93
Urinals.... ................ . ... .. .... .. .......... ... ...... lffl
v
v.....ea .. .. ..................... ....... .... ...............
4-8
Vitrified Clay Pipe .. .. ..... .. ..... .. ..... .. .. .........
30
Vents ..... .... ........ ..... ... . .. .. .. .... . ... .. ... .. .. ..
90
ty~ ....................... .. ............ .... .... 90, 98
25
20
w
Recycling of Water .. ... ............ .. ............ .. 130
6
Reciprocating Pump ........... ...... .. .. ........... .
Recycling Solid Waste .......... ........... ..... ... . 118
R11flected Sprinkler Plan ........ .. .. ........... ....
51
Refuse Handling
.. .. ...... .. ... .... ........ .... .. 110
61
Roof Drain ... ....... .......... ...... .. .. .... ......... ..
59
Roof leader .. .. .. .... ........ .. .. .............. ... . ..
Roof Leader and Gutter
59
s
64
65
122
3
128
104
131
169
Si'!mese Conn«:tioo .... ... . , .. . .. .... .. ... .... .. ... .
48
204
116
u
18
33
104
R
Sanitary Drainage System . . .......... ........... .
Sanitary Systems .. .. .... ....... ....... ........ .... ..
Sanitary Landfills .. .. .. .. .... . .. ...... ....... ... . ... .
Sedimentation ....... .. ........................ ..... .
Septic Tanks ... . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .... .. .... . .. .
Sewage Disposal System ...... ........... ......... .
Sewage Treatment Work ...... .... ................ .
ShowerH~ ................ . ...... .. . .... ... .... . ..
56
54
Storage Tank . .. . .. . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ......
8
Suction Tank .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . . ... ...... .. ... .. .. 9. 38
Swing Check Valve ... .. ... .... .. .. .. ... ... . .. ......
31
T
p
Peak Load .... ..... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... ..... .. .. ........ .
• Pendent ...... .......... . .. .. ... ..... ... .. ...... .. .. .. ..
Perforated Pipe .............................. ........ .
Pipe Fittings ....... .......... ............... .. ....... .
Pipe Chase .... .... ..... .. .......... .... . .. . ... ........ .
Plastic Pipes ... .... . ....... .. .... . . ...... ........ .. .. .
Plug .. .. ... .. . ... ....... .... , ........ ....... .. .. ..... ... ..
Plumbing System ......... .... ... ........... ........ .
Polyvinyl Chloride .. . .. .. .... ........ ....... .. ...... ..
Polyethylene ...... ..... ..................... ......... .
Polybutylene .......... ......... ................. ..... .
Storm Drain .......... .. .......... ........ ~. ...... . ..
Storm Water System . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ..
73
0
Oakum .......... . .... .. .. .. ... ........................
Offset Bend ................ .... ........ .. . ,..........
Siphon<lge ..... ...... ... ... .... .. .. ...... .. .. ...... .... . 86
Siphon Vonex ..... .. ........... .. .......... .. .. ..... 143
Size of Roof Leader and Gutter ........ .. ...... ..
Size of Sanitary Drain ·. ...... ................... .. .. 100
Size of Pipe .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. 99
Sludge ......... ............. ......... .. .... .. .. ..... .. 126
Solid Waste Recovery Project .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 120
Solid Municipal Wa.te .......... .... ... .. .. ......... 121
Sources of Water .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. . 2, 26
Sprinklers ............. .. ... , .. . .. .. . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. . 49
Sprinklers Head . ........... .. . ..... .... . .. . ... ... .....
50
S~ndby Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
Standby Power .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ..
46
Waste .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. . . ... .. ..
Water .... ....... ... .... .. ..... ......... ....... .........
Water Treatment .. .. . . ...... ...... .. . .... .. .. .. .....
Water Supply Equipment .. .... ......... .... . -.....
Water Re<:lamation Plant .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
Water Closet . .. . .... .. . .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .
Water Hammer . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. ..
Waste Pipe Size............. .. .......... . ........ .. ...
Waste Disposal .. .• .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ..
Wells ......... ......... ........ .. ..... ........ ...........
Wet Pipe System .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
WetVent .............. ........ ............. ... . .. ....
121
7
3
4
136
144
34
99
l21
4
~
98
y
Yoke Ventila1ion .... .. ...................... .... ....98, 97
z
Zoning ..... .... .. ..... ....... .. . .. ... ..... . .. .. .... .... ..
42